''The Golden Bird'' (

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

: ''Der goldene Vogel'') is a fairy tale collected by the

Brothers Grimm The Brothers Grimm ( or ), Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm (1786–1859), were a brother duo of German academics, philologists, cultural researchers, lexicographers, and authors who together collected and published folklore. They are among the ...

(KHM 57) about the pursuit of a golden bird by a gardener's three sons. It is classified in the

Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index The Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index (ATU Index) is a catalogue of folktale types used in folklore studies. The ATU Index is the product of a series of revisions and expansions by an international group of scholars: originally composed in German by ...

as type ATU 550, "Bird, Horse and Princess", a folktale type that involves Supernatural Helper (Animal as Helper). Other tales of this type include ''

The Bird 'Grip' The Bird 'Grip' is a Swedish fairy tale.Andrew Lang, ''The Pink Fairy Book'',The Bird 'Grip' Andrew Lang included it in ''The Pink Fairy Book''. It is Aarne-Thompson type 550, the quest for the golden bird/firebird; other tales of this type inclu ...

'', '' The Greek Princess and the Young Gardener'', '' Tsarevitch Ivan, the Firebird and the Gray Wolf'', ''

How Ian Direach got the Blue Falcon How Ian Direach got the Blue Falcon (Scottish Gaelic: ''Sgeulachd Mic Iain Dirich'') is a Scottish fairy tale, collected by John Francis Campbell in '' Popular Tales of the West Highlands''. He recorded it from a quarryman in Knockderry, Roseneath ...

'', and ''

The Nunda, Eater of People The Nunda, Eater of People is an abridged version of a Swahili fairy tale titled " ''Sultan Majnun''" (), collected by Edward Steere (1828–1882) in ''Swahili Tales, as told by natives of Zanzibar'' (1870). Andrew Lang included it in ''The Viol ...

''.

Origin

A similar version of the story was previously collected in 1808 and published as ''Die weisse Taube'' ("The White Dove"), provided by Ms. Gretchen Wild and published along ''The Golden Bird'' in the first edition of the Brothers Grimm compilation. In the original tale, the youngest son of the king is known as ''Dummling'', a typical name for naïve or foolish characters in German fairy tales. In newer editions that restore the original tale, it is known as "The Simpleton".

Synopsis

Every year, a king's apple tree is robbed of one

golden apple The golden apple is an element that appears in various national and ethnic folk legends or fairy tales. Recurring themes depict a hero (for example Hercules or Făt-Frumos) retrieving the golden apples hidden or stolen by a monstrous antagonist. ...

during the night. He sets his gardener's sons to watch, and though the first two fall asleep, the youngest stays awake and sees that the thief is a golden bird. He tries to shoot it, but only knocks a feather off. Der goldene Vogel

The feather is so valuable that the king decides he must have the bird. He sends his gardener's three sons, one after another, to capture the priceless golden bird. The sons each meet a talking fox, who gives them advice for their quest: to choose an old and shabby inn over a rich and pleasant one. The first two sons ignore the advice and, in the pleasant inn, abandon their quest. The third son obeys the fox, so the fox advises him to take the bird in its wooden cage from the castle in which it lives, instead of putting it into the golden cage next to it, because this is a signal. But he disobeys, and the golden bird rouses the castle, resulting in his capture. The king of the castle agrees to spare him and give him the golden bird only if he can retrieve the golden horse. The fox advises him to use a dark gray leather saddle rather than a golden one which is a signal again, but he fails again by putting a golden saddle on a horse, resulting in his capture by a different castle. This castle's king sent him after the princess from the golden castle. The fox advises him not to let her say farewell to her parents, but he disobeys, and the princess's father orders him to remove a hill in eight days as the price of his life. The fox removes it for him, and then, as they set out, he advises the prince how to keep all the things he has won since then. It then asks the prince to shoot it and cut off its head. When the prince refuses, it warns him against buying gallows' flesh and sitting on the edge of rivers. He finds that his older brothers, who have been carousing and living sinfully in the meantime, are to be hanged (on the gallows) and buys their liberty. They find out what he has done. When he sits on a river's edge, they push him in, take the bird, horse and princess and bring them to their father. However, all three grieve for the youngest son. The fox rescues the prince, and when he returns to his father's castle dressed in a beggar's cloak, the bird, the horse, and the princess all recognize him as the man who won them, and become cheerful again. His older brothers got punished for their good-less deeds, and he marries the princess. Finally, the third son cuts off the fox's head and feet at the creature's request. The fox is revealed to be a man, the brother of the princess who had been enchanted by a witch after being lost for great many years.

Analysis

The tale type is characterized by a chain of quests, one after the other, that the hero must fulfill before he takes the prizes to his father. In many variants, the first object is the bird that steals the golden apples from the king's garden; in others, it is a magical fruit or a magical plant, which sets up the next parts of the quest: the horse and the princess.

The animal helper

The helper of the hero differs between versions: usually a fox or a wolf in most versions, but very rarely there is another type of animal, like a lion, a bear or a hare. In some variants, it is a grateful dead who helps the hero as retribution for a good deed of the protagonist. In a variant collected in Austria, by Ignaz and Joseph Zingerle (''Der Vogel Phönix, das Wasser des Lebens und die Wunderblume'', or "The Phoenix Bird, the Water of Life and the Most beautiful Flower"), the tale begins with the motif of the birth of twin wonder-children, akin to ''

The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird is a Sicilian fairy tale collected by Giuseppe Pitrè, and translated by Thomas Frederick Crane for his ''Italian Popular Tales''. Joseph Jacobs included a reconstruction of the s ...

''. Cast away from home, the twins grow up and take refuge in their (unbeknownst to them) father's house. Their aunt asks for the titular items, and the fox who helps the hero is his mother's reincarnation. In a Polish variant by

Oskar Kolberg Henryk Oskar Kolberg (22 February 1814 – 3 June 1890) was a Polish ethnographer, folklorist, and composer active during the foreign Partitions of Poland.

The bird as the object of the quest

The character of the Golden Bird has been noted to resemble the mythological

phoenix Phoenix most often refers to: * Phoenix (mythology), a legendary bird from ancient Greek folklore * Phoenix, Arizona, a city in the United States Phoenix may also refer to: Mythology Greek mythological figures * Phoenix (son of Amyntor), a ...

bird. Indeed, in many variants the hero quests for the Phoenix bird. In other variants from the Middle East and Turkey the bird's name is ''Hezārān

Nightingale The common nightingale, rufous nightingale or simply nightingale (''Luscinia megarhynchos''), is a small passerine bird best known for its powerful and beautiful song. It was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is no ...

''.

August Leskien August Leskien (; 8 July 1840 – 20 September 1916) was a German linguist active in the field of comparative linguistics, particularly relating to the Baltic and Slavic languages. Biography Leskien was born in Kiel. He studied philology at the ...

explained that the Hazaran bird may appear in

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...

n tales as ''Gisar'', and both names derive from the

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

word ''hezâr'' ('a thousand'), although the name may be translated as "a thousand songs" or "a thousand voices". The Golden Bird of the Brothers Grimm tale can be seen as a counterpart to the

Firebird Firebird and fire bird may refer to: Mythical birds * Phoenix (mythology), sacred firebird found in the mythologies of many cultures * Bennu, Egyptian firebird * Huma bird, Persian firebird * Firebird (Slavic folklore) Bird species ''Various sp ...

Slavic folklore Slavic folklore encompasses the folklore of the Slavic peoples from their earliest records until today. Folklorists have published a variety of works focused specifically on the topic over the years.See, for example, Kononenko 2007. See also * ...

, a bird said to possess magical powers and a radiant brilliance, in many fairy tales. The Slavic Firebird can also be known by the name ''Ohnivak'' ''Zhar Bird'' or ''Bird Zhar''; ''Glowing Bird'', or ''The Bird of Light''. Sometimes, the king or the hero's father send the hero on his quest for the bird to cure him of his illness or blindness, instead of finding out who has been destroying his garden and/or stealing his precious

s. Under this lens, the tale veers close to ATU 551, "The Water of Life" (The Sons on a quest for a wonderful remedy for their father), also collected by the Brothers Grimm. In many variants, the reason for the quest is to bring the bird to decorate a newly built church, temple or mosque, as per the suggestion of a passing beggar or hermit that informed the king of its existence. In 20th century Dutch collections, the bird is sometimes called ''Vogel Vinus'' or ''Vogel Venus''. Scholarship suggests that the name is a corruption of the name ''Phönix'' by the narrators. The name also appears in the 19th century Hungarian tale ''A Vénus madara'' ("The Bird Venus"). In a variant published by illustrator

Howard Pyle Howard Pyle (March 5, 1853 – November 9, 1911) was an American illustrator and author, primarily of books for young people. He was a native of Wilmington, Delaware, and he spent the last year of his life in Florence, Italy. In 1894, he began ...

, ''The White Bird'', the prince takes part in a chain of quests: for the Fruit of Happiness, the Sword of Brightness and the titular White Bird. When the prince captures the White Bird, it transforms into a beautiful princess. In the Hungarian variant ''Az aranymadár'' ("The Golden Bird"), the king wants to own a fabled golden bird. A prince captures the bird and it reveals it is a princess cursed into the avian form by a witch. In an Ossetian tale titled "Соловей горной долины" ("The Nightingale from the Mountain Valley"), youth Warri/Wari lives with his old father. When the old man dies, he marries a girl and they build a house near a crossroads. Three times, passing hermits tell them the house is defective or lacks something. After much time passes, and three sons are born to them, the hermits compliment the building, but notice that their house will be even more beautiful if Warri has the Nightingale from the Mountain Valley. Frustrated with all the years, and now of an old age, his three sons promise to go on a quest for it. This tale lacks the princess and the horse, however.

The horse as the object of the quest

The horse of the variants of the tale is sometimes referenced along with the bird, attached to a special trait, such as in

Flemish Flemish (''Vlaams'') is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language. It is sometimes referred to as Flemish Dutch (), Belgian Dutch ( ), or Southern Dutch (). Flemish is native to Flanders, a historical region in northern Belgium; ...

versions ''Van de Gouden Vogel, het Gouden Peerde en de Prinses'', and ''Van de wonderschoone Prinses, het zilveren Paardeken en de gouden Vogel'', and in French-Flanders version ''Van Vogel Venus, Peerdeken-Muishaar en Glooremonde''. The horse, in many variants of the tale, is the means by which the hero escapes with the princess. In one Italian variant, the horse is described as ''irraggiungibile'' ("unreachable"). In the Hungarian variant ''A vak király'' ("The Blind King"), a king is going blind and his three sons quest for the only cure: the golden-feathered bird. The youngest prince, with the help of a fox, joins the quest for the golden bird, the horse with silver coat and golden mane, and a princess from another kingdom. In a French tale from

Poitou Poitou (, , ; ; Poitevin: ''Poetou'') was a province of west-central France whose capital city was Poitiers. Both Poitou and Poitiers are named after the Pictones Gallic tribe. Geography The main historical cities are Poitiers (historical c ...

, ''Le merle blanc'' ("The White Blackbird"), an old king sends his sons to find the titular white blackbird so he can be young again. When the youngest prince begins his quest, he finds a friendly fox, which informs him about the lengthy chain of quests he must make: to get the bird, he must take the "belle fille" first; to get her, he must find the mule whose every step can jump seven leagues.

The princess as the object of the quest

In the title of many variants, the Princess as the last object the hero's quest is referenced in the title. The tales usually reference a peculiar characteristic or special trait, such as in Corsican variant ''La jument qui marche comme le vent, l'oiseau qui chante et joue de la musique et la dame des sept beautés'' ( Corsican: "A jumenta chi biaghja quant'u ventu, l'agellu chi canta e chi sona, a donna di sette bellezze"; English: "The she-donkey that rides like the wind, the bird that sings and plays music, and the maiden of seven beauties"), collected by Genevieve Massignon. In Italian variant ''L'acqua di l'occhi e la bella di setti veli'' ("The water for the eyes and the beauty with seven veils"), the prince is sent on a quest for "l'acqua di l'occhi", the beauty with seven veils, the talking horse and the "aceddu Bonvirdi" (a kind of bird). In Romanian variant ''Pasărea cîntă, domnii dorm'', the emperor asks for the golden bird whose song makes men sleep. His son travels the lands for the fabled bird, and discovers its owner is the princess of the golden kingdom. In Hungarian variant ''A próbára tett királyfi'' ("The king's son put to the test"), the prince is helped by a fox in his quest a golden bird and a golden horse. In the final part of the quest, the prince is tasked with kidnapping a fairy princess from her witch mother. With his faithful fox companion, which transforms into a replica of the fairy maiden to trick her mother, the prince obtains the fairy maiden. In a tale collected by Andrew Lang and attributed to the Brothers Grimm, ''The Golden Mermaid'', the king's golden apples are stolen by some creature or thief, so he sends his sons to find it. The youngest son, however, is the only one successful: he discovers the thief is a magic bird that belongs to an Emperor; steals a golden horse and obtains the titular golden mermaid as his wife. The tale is actually

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...

n and was collected by Arthur and Albert Schott from the

Banat Banat (, ; hu, Bánság; sr, Банат, Banat) is a geographical and historical region that straddles Central and Eastern Europe and which is currently divided among three countries: the eastern part lies in western Romania (the counties of T ...

region with the title ''Das goldene Meermädchen'' ("The Golden Sea-Maiden"). In a collection of

Upper Silesia Upper Silesia ( pl, Górny Śląsk; szl, Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk; cs, Horní Slezsko; german: Oberschlesien; Silesian German: ; la, Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, locate ...

n fairy tales by

Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff (10 March 178826 November 1857) was a German poet, novelist, playwright, literary critic, translator, and anthologist. Eichendorff was one of the major writers and critics of Romanticism.Cf. J. A. Cuddon: ' ...

(unpublished at the time, but in print only later by his descendant containing the tale ''Der Vogel Venus'' ("The Bird Venus") or ''Das Märchen vom Vogel Venus, dem Pferd Pontifar und der schönen Amalia aus dem schwarzen Wald'' ("The Tale of the Bird Venus, the Horse Pontifar and the beautiful Amalia of the Dark Forest"), the king wants the bird Venus to regain his youth. The prince also quests for the horse Pontifar and lady Amalia, a mysterious maiden who lives in a dark castle in a dark forest, guarded by wolves, lions and bears. When the hero is ready to take her on his journey back, she is seen at the castle's gates wearing a black dress. The story is a combination of types: ATU 506, "The Grateful Dead", since the fox helper is the spirit of a dead man; ATU 551, "The Water of Life", and ATU 550, "Bird, Horse and Princess".

Other interpretations

A mythological interpretation of the tale type suggests an approximation of the Golden Bird with a peacock, a bird with astral and solar symbolism in world cultures. Likewise, the hero of the tale also rides a golden horse and rescues a beautiful maiden, which can be equated to Venus (the Morning Star) - or, according to Lithuanian scholarship, its Baltic counterpart, Aušrinė. Historical linguist

Václav Blažek Václav Blažek (born 23 April 1959 in Sokolov, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech historical linguist. He is a professor at Masaryk University (Brno, Czech Republic) and also teaches at the University of West Bohemia ( Pilsen, Czech Republic). His ma ...

argues for parallels of certain motifs (the night watch of the heroes, the golden apples, the avian thief) to Ossetian

Nart saga The Nart sagas ( Abkhaz: Нарҭаа ражәабжьқәа; ''Nartaa raƶuabƶkua''; ady, Нарт тхыдэжъхэр, translit=Nart txıdəĵxər; os, Нарты кадджытæ; ''Narty kaddžytæ''; ''Nartı kadjıtæ'') are a series of ...

s and the Greek myth of the

Garden of the Hesperides In Greek mythology, the Hesperides (; , ) are the nymphs of evening and golden light of sunsets, who were the "Daughters of the Evening" or "Nymphs of the West". They were also called the Atlantides () from their reputed father, the Titan (mytho ...

Variants

Scholarship acknowledges that the character of the "magic bird with glowing feathers" or with the golden plumage is known in the folklore of many peoples around the world, such as Russian “zhar-ptica”, Slovak “fire bird” and Armenian "Kush-Pari". It has been noted that the tale "is told in Middle East and in Europe", but its variants are present in traditions from the world over, including India, Indonesia and Central Africa, as well as North Africa, North, Central and South America. Swedish folktale collectors

George Stephens George Stephens may refer to: *George Stephens (playwright) (1800–1851), English author and dramatist *George Stephens (philologist) (1813–1895), British archaeologist and philologist, who worked in Scandinavia * George Washington Stephens, Sr. ...

and

Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius (1818–1889) was a Swedish scholar of cultural history, librarian, theatre director, and diplomat. Gunnar was the son of a clergyman from Vislanda, Småland, and the brother of the chemist Carl Erengisle Hyltén-C ...

suggested an Eastern origin for the story.

Literary history

Scholars Stith Thompson,

Johannes Bolte Johannes Bolte (11 February 1858 – 25 July 1937) was a German folklorist. A prolific writer, he wrote over 1,400 publications, including monographs, articles, notes and book reviews. Works * ''Zeugnisse zur Geschichte unserer Kinderspiele'', ''Ze ...

and Jiří Polívka traced a long literary history of the tale type: an ancient version is attested in

The Arabian Nights ''One Thousand and One Nights'' ( ar, أَلْفُ لَيْلَةٍ وَلَيْلَةٌ, italic=yes, ) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known in English as the ''Arabian ...

. A story titled ''Sagan af Artus Fagra'' is reported to contain a tale of three brothers, Carolo, Vilhiamo and Arturo of the Fagra clan, sons of the King of the Angles, who depart to India on a quest for the Phoenix bird to heal their father. It was published in an

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in ...

of the 14th century. Swedish folktale collectors

and

listed Danish tale ''Kong Edvard och Prints Artus'', collected in 1816, as a story related to ''Sagan of Artus Fagra''. Dutch scholarship states that a Flemish medieval manuscript from the 11th century, ''Roman van Walewein (en het schaakspel)'' (English: "The Romance of Walewein (and the chessboard)") ( nl), is an ancestor of the ATU 550 tale type. In that vein, folklorist

Joseph Jacobs Joseph Jacobs (29 August 1854 – 30 January 1916) was an Australian folklorist, translator, literary critic, social scientist, historian and writer of English literature who became a notable collector and publisher of English folklore. Jacobs ...

also suggested the romance of ''Walewein'' as predecessor to "The Golden Bird" tale, albeit in regards to an Irish variant of the type. Scholars Willem de Blécourt and Suzanne Magnanini indicate as a literary version a tale written by Lorenzo Selva, in his ''Metamorfosi'': an illegitimate son of a king searches for the ''Pistis'', a plant with healing powers. Later, he is forced to seek the maiden Agape, a foreign princess from a distant land, and a winged horse to finish the quest. An almost immediate predecessor to the Grimms' tale was published in 1787, in an anonymous compilation of fairy tales. In this story, ''Der treue Fuchs'' ("The loyal fox"), the youngest son of King Romwald, Prince Nanell, shares his food with a fox and the animal helps him acquire the Phoenix bird, the "bunte Pferdchen" ("colored horse") and the beautiful Trako Maid. The publisher was later identified as Wilhelm Christoph Günther ( de).

Oral versions

Europe

=France

= A French version, collected by

Paul Sébillot Paul Sébillot (6 February 1843 in Matignon, Côtes-d'Armor, France – 23 April 1918 in Paris) was a French folklorist, painter, and writer. Many of his works are about his native province, Brittany. Early life and art Sébillot came from an ...

in ''Littérature orale de la Haute-Bretagne'', is called ''Le Merle d'or'' (The Golden Blackbird).

Andrew Lang Andrew Lang (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scottish poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University o ...

included that variant in ''

The Green Fairy Book ''The Langs' Fairy Books'' are a series of 25 collections of true and fictional stories for children published between 1889 and 1913 by Andrew Lang and his wife, Leonora Blanche Alleyne. The best known books of the series are the 12 collections ...

'' (1892). In ''The Golden Blackbird'', the gardener's son set out because the doctors have prescribed the golden blackbird for their ill father. The two older brothers are lured into the inn without any warning, and the youngest meets the talking hare that aids him only after he passes it by. The horse is featured only as a purchase, and he did not have to perform two tasks to win the Porcelain Maiden, the princess figure. Also, the hare is not transformed at the end of the tale. Another version, collected by

François-Marie Luzel François-Marie Luzel (6 June 1821 – 26 February 1895), often known by his Breton name ''Fañch an Uhel'',He signed his name as ''Francès-Mary an Uhel'' in the ''Les Chants de l'épée'' (1856), although Joseph Ollivier, in his 1943 preface to ...

, is called Princess Marcassa and the Dreadaine Bird. There, the sick man is a king rather than a gardener, and the animal - a white fox in this variant - isn't the brother of the princess, but the soul of a poor old man whom the prince, after being robbed by his older brothers, buries with the last of his money. The prince, while stealing the bird, impregnates the princess as she sleeps, and it's the child's insistence on finding his father which makes the princess follow him and reveal the truth.

=Ireland

= An Irish variant of the type, published in 1936 (''Le roi magicien sous la terre''), seems to contain the Celtic motif of "the journey to the Other World". In another Irish variant, ''The Bird of the Golden Land'', the king sets his sons on the quest for the titular bird, and whoever brings it with him shall have the crown. The three brothers arrive at a house of an old man, who gives a sledge to the oldest prince, a rope to the second and a cradle to the youngest. He also directs them to a secret underground passage that leads to the Golden Land. The youngest descends on the cradle and arrives at the hut of an old woman, who seems to know the reason for his quest. She directs him to a stable, where he finds a mare that can take him across seas and to the King of the Golden Land. After he meets the King, His Majesty proposes a challenge: the king will hide three times in different locations, and thrice the prince must find him (which he does, by accident). Secondly, the prince must hide and the king must look for him (which the prince accomplishes with the help of the mare). After the youngest prince returns with the Bird of the Golden Land to the hut of the old woman, she reveals she is a queen, the mare is another queen and the Bird itself is a third queen.

=Southern Europe

= Galician ethnographer publihsed a Galician tale titled ''O Páxaro de Ouro'', wherein the king owns an orchard where there is a tree with red Portuguese apples that are stolen by the titular golden bird. He is helped by a fox and completes the quest by obtaining a golden horse and a princess with golden hair. The "Istituto centrale per i beni sonori ed audiovisivi" ("Central Institute of Sound and Audiovisual Heritage") promoted research and registration throughout the Italian territory between the years 1968–1969 and 1972. In 1975 the Institute published a catalog edited by and Liliana Serafini reported 13 variants of type 550 across Italian sources, under the name ''La Ricerca dell'Uccello d'Oro''. Author

Wentworth Webster Wentworth Webster (16 June 1828 – 2 April 1907) was an Anglican clergyman, scholar, and collector of folk tales of the Basque Country. Biography After studying in a private school in Brighton, he entered Lincoln College, Oxford at the ag ...

published two Basque tales: he summarized one wherein the youngest of three princes obtains the water of life to heal his father, a magic horse and a bird. In another, titled ''The White Blackbird'', the third prince quests for a white blackbird to cure his blind father, the king, as well as a young lady from the king's house and a very beautiful horse.

=Germany

= Folklorist

Jeremiah Curtin Jeremiah Curtin (6 September 1835 – 14 December 1906) was an American ethnographer, folklorist, and translator. Curtin had an abiding interest in languages and was conversant with several. From 1883 to 1891 he was employed by the Bureau of Am ...

noted that the Russian, Slavic and German variants are many, such as ''Die drei Gärtnerssöhne'' ("The gardener's three sons"); or ''Der Goldvogel, das Goldpferd und die Prinzeßin'', by German theologue Johann Andreas Christian Löhr. In the Plattdeutsche ( Low German) variant collected by Wilhelm Wisser, ''Vagel Fenus'', the protagonist searches for the bird Fenus because his father dreamt that it could restore his health, while in the tale ''De gollen Vagel'', the tale begins with the usual vigil at the garden to protect the tree of golden apples. In a variant from Flensburg, ''Guldfuglen'' ("Goldbird"), the gardener's youngest son, with the help of a fox, searches for the White

Hart Hart often refers to: * Hart (deer) Hart may also refer to: Organizations * Hart Racing Engines, a former Formula One engine manufacturer * Hart Skis, US ski manufacturer * Hart Stores, a Canadian chain of department stores * Hart's Reptile Wo ...

and the "White Maiden" ("hivde Jomfru").

=Romania

= In a

n variant, ''Boy-Beautiful, the Golden Apples, and the Were-Wolf'', the sons of the emperor investigate who has been eating the emperor's prized apples, and the youngest prince (possibly

Făt-Frumos Făt-Frumos (from Romanian ''făt'': son, infant; ''frumos'': handsome) is a knight hero in Romanian folklore, usually present in fairy tales. Akin to Prince Charming, he possesses such essential attributes as courage, purity, justness, physic ...

) finds two shining golden feathers in the foliage. The prince then quests for the golden bird, the white saddle-horse with golden-bridle of another Emperor, and the golden-haired "divine Craiessa" ("queen"). In Romanian variant ''Povestea lupului năsdrăvan şi a Ilenei Cosinzene'', a wolf helps the prince in his quest for the feather of a golden dove, a golden apple, a horse and the legendary princess

Ileana Cosânzeana Ileana Cosânzeana is a figure in Romanian mythology. She is represented as a beautiful good-natured princess or daughter of an Emperor,ro)), the king sends his sons for a bird to decorate a newly built church. His elder sons return with the bird and a poultry maid, the bird does not sing and the maid seems to be despondent. The youngest prince returns incognito to his father's kingdom and tells his story: the bird begins to sing when the prince enters the church, recognizing its master. In the tale ''Der Vogel des Paradieses'' ("The Bird of Paradise"), collected by Romanian ethnologue from , the king wants to find the Bird of Paradise to become young again. The third prince's helper is an old man (implied by the narrative to be

God In monotheistic thought, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Honderich, Ted. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995. God is typically ...

Himself), and both quest for the Bird of Paradise, the horse of "Negru Dovedit", the saber of the Red King and the daughter of the Green King. In a variant from Bukovina translated into German as ''Der närrische Prinz'' ("The Foolish Prince"), a king has three sons, the elder two smart, but the third one considered a fool. He also has in his garden a tree that yields golden apples, which are stolen overnight by a mysterious thief. The three princes offer to keep watch on the tree ati night, but the elder two fail and the third discovers the true culprit: a bird with golden feather and golden talons. He captures the bird and presents it to the king the next morning, but lets it escape, save for some feathers. The king then orders the three princes to get him the bird. The youngest prince begins his quest by finding an injured wolf and giving it a piece of meat. After the animal regains his strength, it aids the prince in a chains of quests: for the golden bird, a golden horse ("goldenes pferde") and for the princess that lives in the land where the Sun first shines.

=Moldova

= In a Moldavian tale published by author Grigore Botezatu with the title ''Break-of-Day'', an emperor has no children, but is advised that his empress is to walk an untrodden path in the woods, where the dew was untouchd. The empress becomes pregnant and gives birth to a boy named Break-of-Day. He grows up very quickly. after a row with his father, he climbs a very tall tree for 12 years to get the fruits on its top. He gets three golden apples, but a white bird with a golden tail eats two of them. Break-of-Day keeps the last apple with him and plucks a feather from the white bird, then climbs down the tall tree for another 7 years. He shows his father the only apple he saved and declares he will go after the white bird. Break-of-Day goes on a journey and meets a "thick-lipped" man named Black Arab, also with magic powers. The Black Arab tells Break-of-Day about the golden-tailed white bird: it is an enchanted maiden that the Devil keeps in a cradle. Break-of-Day tries to steal the maiden in the cradle, but the Devil intercepts him. The Devil promises him the maiden, but Break-of-Day needs first to get the Devil's horses from his brother in the netherworld. Break-of-Day and the Black Arab then take part in a chain of quests: to get the Devil's horses from the Tartar, prince of the underworld, and find the maiden Ilyana Kosinzyana, as wife for the Tartar. At the end of the tale, they release Ilyana Kosinzyana from the Tartar's grasp, and disenchant the golden-tailed white bird by killing the Devil.

=Hungary

= In a Hungarian tale titled ''A csodás szőlőtő'' ("The Wonderful Grapevine"), three princes ask his father, the king, why one of his eyes laughs while the other cries. This prompts a quest for the king's lost grapevine and, later, for the savage ''paripa'' (horse) from another king and a beautiful princess. In another Hungarian variant translated by Michel Klimo as an alternative version of ''L'Oiseau de Feu'', the hero is a king's son who is helped by a wolf. In his quest, the prince gets the golden-feathered bird, a golden-maned horse from the seven-headed dragon, and the golden-haired princess from the twelve-headed dragon.

=Poland

= In a Polish variant, ''About Jan the Prince'', the fabled bird is named "The Flamebird". The tale was originally collected by Antoni Josef Glinski, with the title ''O Janie królewiczu, żar-ptaku i o wilku wiatrolocie'' ("About Jan the Prince, the Flamebird and the Wind-like Wolf"). With the help of the wind-wolf, Prince Jan takes part in a quest for the Flamebird, a golden-maned steed and Princess Wonderface.

=South Slavs

= In a

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...

n variant, ''The Little Lame Fox'', Janko, the naive but good-hearted youngest son of a farmer, is helped by a fox in his quest for the Golden Apple-Tree, the Golden Horse, the Golden Cradle and the Golden Maiden. The Golden Maiden, a princess herself, insists that she will marry Janko, for his good and brave heart.

=Slovakia

= In a

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...

n tale ''Popelvár'', the foolish hero gets the bird for his father, the king, but he is killed by his brothers, who also take his wife, princess Sipsindilona. In this tale, the princess shows more agency than other heroines and tries to find a way back to her beloved on her own terms.

=Czech republic

= In a

Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...

tale collected by

Karel Jaromír Erben Karel Jaromír Erben (; 7 November 1811 – 21 November 1870) was a Czech folklorist and poet of the mid-19th century, best known for his collection '' Kytice'', which contains poems based on traditional and folkloric themes. He also wrote ''P ...

, ''Ptak Ohnivák a Liška Ryška'' ("The Firebird and the Red Fox"), the youngest prince is helped by a red fox in his quest for the Ohnivák, the horse Zlatohřivák and the maiden Zlatovláska ("Golden-Hair"). He also published the tale in the Czech almanac

Máj ''Máj'' ( Czech for the month ''May''; ) is a romantic poem by Karel Hynek Mácha in four cantos. It was fiercely criticized when first published, but since then has gained the status of one of the most prominent works of Czech literature; in t ...

, and even compared it to the German tale by the Grimms.

=Bulgaria

= In a

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

n variant, "Златното птиче" ("The Golden Bird"), the king orders his sons to guard his prized golden apple-tree from the nocturnal thief. The youngest prince discovers it is a bird with "fiery-like, luminous feathers". The kings sends his sons to look for the bird: the two elders give up on the quest as soon as they begin, while the youngest meets an old man who helps him. The prince gets the bird and a flying horse as part of the quest, and marries the daughter of the king who owns the golden bird.

=Udmurt people

= In a tale from the

Udmurt people The Udmurts ( udm, Удмуртъёс, ) are a Permian ( Finnic) ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. In the course of history, Russian-speakers have referred to them as ' (), Otyaks, Wotyaks or Votyaks. Etymology The ...

published by folklorist with the title "Дочь хозяина мира" ("The Daughter of the Lord of the World"), a poor man has three sons and tasks them with watching the crops against a nocturnal thief. The elder two fail, but the youngest, Petir, discovers a bird of dazzling beauty and golden plumage. They go on a journey and meet a man on the road; the elder two are rude to him and the old man sends them to their deaths at the hands of a bear and a wolf. The youngest is kind and the old man gives him a flying carpet. Petir, then, takes part in a chain of quests for the golden bird from the lord of the air, the golden-maned horse from the lord of the earth, the golden-scaled perch from the lord of the water, and the daughter of the lord of the world. The tale was also translated into Hungarian with the title ''A világgazda lánya'' ("The Daughter of the Lord of the World"), and sourced from the Votjak (another designation for the Udmurt people).

=Slovenia

= In a

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...

n variant published by author and linguist with the title ''Zlata tica'' ("Golden Bird"), the hero is the youngest of three princes. He is helped by a bear (

Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Slovenia, a country in Central Europe * Slovene language, a South Slavic language mainly spoken in Slovenia * Slovenes The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians ( sl, Sloven ...

: ''medved'') and quests for the titular golden bird, a horse "unlike any other in nine realms" and a mermaid (Slovenian: ''morsko deklico''; 'maiden from the sea'). The tale is considered to be the earliest appearance in print of the tale type in Slovenia.

=Scandinavian

= Variants from Scandinavia countries have been attested in the works of Svend Grundtvig (Danish variant "The Golden Bird" or ''Guldfuglen'') and

Peter Asbjornsen Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a su ...

(Norwegian variant "The Golden Bird" or ''Gullfuglen''). According to scholar 's ''The Types of the Norwegian Folktale'', tale type 550, known in Norway as ''Gullfuglen'', registers 25 variants across Norwegian sources.

=Baltic Countries

Lithuania

collected variants from Lithuania, where the wolf is the helper, akin to Slavic variants: ''Vom Dummbart und dem Wolf, der sein Freund war''. In this tale, a blind king has an orchard with a golden-apple tree. A luminous bird steals the apples and the youngest son, a fool, goes after it and takes part in a quest for a white horse and a princess who has never set eyes on any man. In another Lithuanian tale by Leskian and Brugmann, also titled ''Von dem Dummbart und dem Wolf, der sein Freund war'', the apples are made of diamond and the thieving bird is a falcon. The foolish youngest son gets the bird, a fine horse and a princess of great beauty.

Latvia

In a Latvian variant collected in 1877 by , "одарѣ раскрасавицѣ царевић и братѣдуракѣ съ его помощниками" ("The talented princes, the foolish brother and his helpers"), the king sets a deadline for his three sons: one year from now, they must capture and bring him the golden bird that ate his golden apples. The youngest son is the only one that soldiers on, and eventually captures the bird, two dogs, a steed and a princess. Fricis Brīvzemnieks, in the same book, gave an abridged summary of two other variants: in one, the prince abducts a princess with golden hair, eyes like dew and fingernails like diamonds, and in the other, when the prince captures the golden bird, it uses its power to revive the older brothers who were petrified.

=Armenia

= Armenian scholarship reports at least 60 variants of tale type ATU 550 in Armenian publications.

=Caucasus Region

= In a variant from the

Karachay-Balkar Karachay-Balkar (, ), or Mountain Turkic (, ), is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. ...

s with the title "Золотая птица" ("Golden Bird"), the titular golden bird steals magic apples from the king's garden that grant youth and restore vitality. For three years, the king orders his three sons to guard the tree. On the third year, the youngest prince discovers the bird. With the help of a wolf, he then takes part in a quest for the golden-maned horse of the Earth Khan and a goldfish from the lake of Khan Dadiyana. In a tale from the

Nogais The Nogais ( Nogai: Ногай, , Ногайлар, ) are a Turkic ethnic group who live in the North Caucasus region. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia and Astrakhan Oblast; some als ...

titled "Золотая птица" ("Golden Bird"), an old man has three sons and an apple tree in his garden. Someone creeps into his garden and steals the golden apples from the tree, so he orders his sons to stand guard on the garden. The elder two fail, but the youngest, taken to be a fool by his elders, discovers the golden bird. With the help of a wolf, he also acquires a gray horse with golden mane and liberates a golden-haired maiden from the many-headed azdahas.

Asia

=Middle East

= In a Syrian tale collected by Uwe Kuhr with the title ''Der Falke'' ("The Falcon"), a king has two sons named Saif ad-Din and Baha ad-Din by his first wife, and a son named Aladdin by his Black concubine. He also has a beautiful tree in his garden, with leaves of gold, silver and diamonds that are stolen by a giant falcon. The three sons stand guard on the tree, but only Aladdin discovers the falcon. The king then sends them after the bird. Aladdin rescues a snake that becomes a girl and offers him guidance in his quest: for the bird from the Hall of Birds of Prey, for the flying horse of the giant demons, for the all-crushing sword that vanquishes enemies, and for princess Fatima, taken by the ghouls.

=South Asia

= In an Indian variant, ''In Search of a Dream'', the youngest prince quests for an emerald bird, because his father, the king, had a dream about a beautiful garden, with a tree in it where the bird was perched. Apart from this tale, Indian scholar

A. K. Ramanujan Attipate Krishnaswami Ramanujan (16 March 1929 – 13 July 1993) was an Indian poet and scholar of Indian literature and Linguistics. Ramanujan was also a professor of Linguistics at University of Chicago. Ramanujan was a poet, scholar, ...

pointed the existence of twenty-seven variants collected from all over India.

=North Asia

= In a

Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different

tale collected in

Tobolsk Tobolsk (russian: Тобо́льск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh rivers. Founded in 1590, Tobolsk is the second-oldest Russian settlement east of the Ural Mountains in Asian Russia, an ...

, ''Der den Vogel suchende Fürstensohn'' ("The Prince's Son that seeks the bird") and published in

Vasily Radlov Vasily Vasilievich Radlov or Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Ра́длов; in Berlin – 12 May 1918 in Petrograd) was a German-born Russian founder of Turkology, a scientific study of Turkic peoples ...

's collection, the prince's youngest son watches his father's house at night and finds a bird. Soon, he travels to capture the bird and bring it home. With the help of a wolf, he later steals seven wonderful horses and a golden cithara from two different foreign princes and finally abducts a princess from a fourth realm. In a tale from a Shor teller, titled "ПТИЦА СЧАСТЬЯ" ("The Bird of Good Fortune"), a rich man has three sons, the youngest named Alyg Ool. Alyg Ool is considered a fool and has slept by the fireplace so many years his skin is full of soot. One day, the father orders his sons to stand guard at their crops and shoo away the birds. Near the crops stands a beautiful

birch tree A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ''Betula'' (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae. The genus ''Betula'' contains 30 ...

. They notice that the birch leaves are being eaten by something, so they spend the next three nights on a vigil. The elder two fail, but Alyg Ool, the youngest, discovers a golden bird. He decides to pluck a feather from its body, instead of shooting it, and chases after it. To help him, he buys a horse. He follows the bird to the kingdom of a kaan. Alyg Ool tries to take the bird, but he accidentally sounds the bells and alerts the kaan. The kaan wakes up and asks Alyg Ool to bring him a maiden named Altyn Tarak.

=Central Asia

= In a Tajik tale, "ХАСАН И ВОЛК" ("Hasan and the Wolf"), the king is quite sad, until he is convinced to visit other cities and their gardens. He learns that on the fortieth garden, a wondrous tree produces a flower and a fruit, but they are stolen by a bird. He asks his son Hasan to stand guard on the tree and bring him the flower, the fruit and the bird. Hasan stands guard on three nights, and on the third discovers the bird. He shoots at it and it drops a feather with something writing on it. He is approached by a wolf, who helps him obtain the beautiful daughter of another padishah, and the yellow horse that belongs to a ''

div Div or DIV may refer to: Science and technology * Division (mathematics), the mathematical operation that is the inverse of multiplication * Span and div, HTML tags that implement generic elements * div, a C mathematical function * Divergence, ...

''. In an Uzbek variant, "Сладкоголосый соловей" ("The Nightingale with the Sweet Voice"), a cruel sheik or shah orders the construction of a splendid tree made of gold and jewels he collected all his life. After it is made, some nocturnal thief begins to steal pieces of the tree. The shah's three sons decide to hold a night watch. Only the youngest discovers the culprit: a bird of immense beauty - its beak of ruby, the feathers of pearls and coral, and with a sweet-sounding voice. The shah decides that whoever brings the bird shall inherit the throne. A monkey is the helper in this variant, and the prince also quests for a beautiful princess that sleeps in a golden ark, and a horse named Kara Kaldyrgotsch from magician Orsaky, who lives in the Isle of Diamonds.

=East Asia

= In a

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...

n tale translated as ''Die goldenen Äpfel'' ("The Golden Apples"), a prince plants apple trees in a his garden, and they wield beautiful apples. One year, however, the apples begin to disappear, and the prince asks his three sons to investigate into the matter. The youngest brother discovers that, at night, a rainbow appears and some birds fly about to eat the apples. The third son snatches a feather and shows it to his father, who proclaims that whoever brings him the bird shall inherit his throne. The third son begins the quest: he sacrifices his horse to feed a wolf who becomes his mount and guide, and eventually steals a horse from the chaan and rescues one of the Prince Olgör's daughters from an unwanted marriage. At the end of the tale, the wolf asks for a heavy golden axe to be made and to be used on him. The prince's third son, reluctantly, kills the wolf, but the animal changes back into his original human form.

Africa

=Northeast Africa

= German ethnologue

Leo Frobenius Leo Viktor Frobenius (29 June 1873 – 9 August 1938) was a German self-taught ethnologist and archaeologist and a major figure in German ethnography. Life He was born in Berlin as the son of a Prussian officer and died in Biganzolo, Lago ...

collected a tale from

Kordofan Kordofan ( ar, كردفان ') is a former province of central Sudan. In 1994 it was divided into three new federal states: North Kordofan, South Kordofan and West Kordofan. In August 2005, West Kordofan State was abolished and its territory ...

with the title ''Vogel, Pferd, Büchse'' ("The Bird, The Horse, The Box"): a Melik has a beautiful tree in the garden that yields seven apricot-like fruits. However, one night, a bird comes and takes one of the seven fruits, until there it none. The youngest son offers to stand guard on the tree the next night and shoot at the bird, which leaves a feather. The youth takes the feather and shows his father, who wants the bird for himself. The three sons go on a quest for the bird; the two elders brothers stop at a crossroads, read the signposts and cease their questing. The youngest son continues on his quest, with the help of an Aldjann: he obtains a bird, a horse that can be summoned everywhere by simpling rubbing some hairs from his mane, and a box that holds another king's servants, drummers and trumpeters. When he gets the box, the prince opens it and a large retinue comes out. The Aldjann helps the prince put everyone inside again and close the box.

=Central Africa

= In a variant from Congo, ''The Tale of the Golden Birds'', a flock of golden-coloured Golden Birds fly over the kraal, and the local king sends his 11 sons after them. During their long journey, every one of the brothers decide to settle in a local village, until there is only one brother left to continue their quest. He arrives at the city of the Golden Birds, whose people demand the Magic Drum. In turn, the people who have the drum ask for the Golden Queen from the city that rules over all the land and who shines like the sun. The youngest gets the prizes and visits his brothers before returning to their father. His brothers, however, kill him and take the birds, the drum and the woman to their father. A little dog, which the Golden Queen took with her, resurrects the slain brother, who goes to his home city and reveals his brothers' treachery.

=Eastern Africa

= German linguist published a Swahili tale titled ''Kisa cha binti Matlai Shems'' (

: "Die Geschichte von Fräulein Matlai Shems"): a king with six sons by his official wife and a seventh by a concubine sees a bird with golden wings and legs of mother-of-pearl. The king wants the bird for himself and sends his seven sons after him. The six elders begin their quest, but cease midway, for they believe their father lost his mind. Only the youngest soldiers on, and obtains the bird, a Sword of Thunder and princess Matlai Shems ('East, the place where the Sun rises'). Büttner, on a footnote, supposed that the tale was a fragment of a larger story. In an Eastern African variant, "История Маталаи Шамси, принцессы Заря" ("The Story of Matalai Shamsi, Princess of the Dawn"), a king and his seven sons are sitting in the garden, when a beautiful luminous bird passes by them. The king wants his sons to get the bird for him and sends them. Six of them decide to give up the quest partway through, while their youngest half-brother, Shamsudini, vows to fulfil their father's request. He meets a

djinn Jinn ( ar, , ') – also romanized as djinn or anglicized as genies (with the broader meaning of spirit or demon, depending on sources) – are invisible creatures in early pre-Islamic Arabian religious systems and later in Islamic myt ...

on his way who becomes his helper after getting him food. Shamsudini embarks on a quest for the Thunder-Sword and Matalai Shamsi, the "Princess Sunrise". The story was first published by Dutch linguist Jan Knappert with the title ''The Story of Bibi Matalai Shamsi, 'Princess Sunrise, and sourced as from the Swahili people, Swahili. German linguist published another Swahili tale titled ''Msiwanda'' ('The lastborn son'). In this tale, a king has seven sons: Salem, Sleman, Nasur, Said, Hemedi, Abdallah and Msiwanda ('The last born son'). One day, a beautiful bird perches on a tree in their garden and the king marvels at the bird, wanting to have it for himself. He sends his seven sons after the bird. On the journey, each of them eventually gives up and stops by every city on the way. Only Msiwanda continues the journey, and obtains the bird, the Thunder Sword, the Drum that sound seven times louder and a woman named Binti Sanabu.

= Western Africa

= In a tale from the Ndowe people of Equatorial Guinea, ''Los tres reyes'' ("The Three Kings"), there are three kings, one that owns an orchard, the second a golden bird and the third a golden horse. The golden bird flies over to the first king's orchard to eat fruits, which greatly inconveniences the first king. So he announces that whoever brings him the bird, shall marry his daughter. A youth leaves his village and walks to the second king to get the bird, which he brings to the first king, and later to the third king to get golden horse. However, the youth has a last task from the first king: raze a mountain to the ground. With the help of an old woman, the youth fullills the task and marries the princess. He then prepares to go back to his village with the bird, the horse, and his wife, but the old woman appears again to warn him that his brothers will trick him and steal his possessions and his wife. In another tale from the Ndowe people with the title ''Los cuatro reyes'' ("The Four Kings"), there live four kings, one with a golden apple tree, another that owns a golden bird, a third a golden horse, and the fourth has a golden daughter. The son of the first king watches over the golden apple tree for the thieving golden bird, and later goes on a quest for the golden horse and the fourth king's golden daughter, with the help of a leopard.

Americas

=Canada

= A similar variant fairy tale of French-Canadian origin is ''The Golden Phoenix'' collected by Marius Barbeau, and retold by Michael Hornyansky. It follows the hero Petit Jean, the youngest son of the King, who discovers the thief of his father's golden apple to be a golden Phoenix, a legendary bird. Other differences include a battle with 3 mythical beasts, a Sultan's game of hide-and-seek and his marriage with the Sultan's beautiful daughter.

=United States

= Variants have been recorded from American regions and states: a version named ''The Golden Duck'' from West Virginia; a tale ''The King's Golden Apple Tree'', from Kentucky; a version from the American Southwest. In a French-Missourian variant, ''L'Zouéseau d'Or'' ("The Golden Bird"), the youngest prince, P'tit Jean (Little John) finds out that the golden bird is the thief from his father's garden. He then goes on a quest for a golden-maned horse and the Prettiest Princess in the World, with the help of a fox. At the end of the tale, the fox is revealed to be the princess's brother.

=Mexico

= J. Alden Mason collected a variant from Mexico, titled ''Cuento del Pájaro del Dulce Canto'' (English: "The Bird of the Sweet Song").

=Brazil

= In a Brazilian variant collected by Sílvio Romero in Sergipe, ''A Raposinha'' (English: "The little fox"), a prince stops three men from beating a dead person, and in gratitude is helped by a fox in his search for a parrot from the Kingdom of Parrots as a cure for the king's blindness.

Literary versions

French author Edouard Laboulaye included a literary version named ''The Three Wonders of the World'' in his book ''Last Fairy Tales'': the queen wishes for a magical bird that can rejuvenate people with its song. The youngest prince also acquires the winged horse Griffon and a wife for himself, the princess Fairest of the Fair. Italian author Luigi Capuana used the motif of the golden-coloured bird stealing the apples in his literary ''fiaba'' ''Le arance d'oro'' ("The Golden Apples"), where a European goldfinch, goldfinch is sent to steal the oranges in the King's orchard. Professor Jack Zipes states that the tale type inspired Russian poet Pyotr Pavlovich Yershov to write his fairy tale poem ''Pyotr Pavlovich Yershov#The Humpbacked Horse, The Little Humpbacked Horse''. The tale begins akin to ATU 530, "The Princess on the Glass Mountain", (hero finds or captures wild horse(s) with magical powers) and continues as ATU 550: the envious Tsar asks the peasant Ivan to bring him the firebird and the beautiful Tsar-Maid. A literary treatment of the tale exists in ''The True Annals of Fairy-Land: The Reign of King Herla'', titled ''The Golden Bird'': with the help of friendly fox, the king's youngest son ventures to seek the Golden Bird, the Golden Horse and a princess, the Beautiful Daughter of the King of the Golden Castle. At the conclusion of the tale, the fox is revealed to be the Princess's brother, Shapeshifting, transfomed into a vulpine shape. Czech school teacher Ludmila Tesařová (:cs:Ludmila Tesařová, cs) published a literary version of the tale, named ''Pták Zlatohlav'', wherein the knight quests for the golden-headed bird whose marvellous singing can cure an ailing princess.

Adaptations

A Hungarian variant of the tale was adapted into an episode of the Hungarian television series Hungarian Folk Tales (''Magyar népmesék''). It was titled The Fox Princess (''A rókaszemü menyecske''). The tale type also inspired the composition of the ''Märchenoper'' ''L'Upupa und der Triumph der Sohnesliebe'' ("The Hoopoe and the Triumph of Filial Love"), inspired by a Syrian fairy tale titled ''Die Geschichte von dem Vogel mit der Feder''.Gier, Albert. "Hans Werner Henze, 'L'Upupa und der Triumph der Sohnesliebe'. Probleme der Märchenoper im 21. Jahrhundert". In: ''Fabula'' 50, no. 3-4 (2009): 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1515/FABL.2009.021

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

* Bolte, Johannes; Polívka, Jiri. ''Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- u. hausmärchen der brüder Grimm''. Erster Band (NR. 1-60). Germany, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1913. pp. 503–515. * Cosquin, Emmanuel. ''Contes populaires de Lorraine comparés avec les contes des autres provinces de France et des pays étrangers, et précedés d'un essai sur l'origine et la propagation des contes populaires européens''. Tome I. Paris: Vieweg. 1887. pp. 212–222. * Hyltén-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. ''Svenska Folk-Sagor och Äfventyr''. Förste Delen. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Förlag. 1844. pp. 151–152 and 164–168. * Hyltén-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. ''Svenska Folk-Sagor och Äfventyr''. Förste Delen. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Förlag. 1849. pp. 488–489. * Schott, Arthur and Schott, Albert. ''Walachische Maehrchen''. Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta. 1845. pp. 368–370.

External links

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The Golden Blackbird
a fairytale interpretation following v. Franz's school * {{DEFAULTSORT:Golden Bird, The Grimms' Fairy Tales, Golden Bird Fictional birds, Golden Bird Literature featuring anthropomorphic foxes, Golden Bird Fiction about shapeshifting, Golden Bird ATU 500-559 False hero

Origin

Synopsis

Analysis

The animal helper

The horse as the object of the quest

The princess as the object of the quest

Other interpretations

Variants

Literary history

Oral versions

Europe

=France

=Ireland

=Southern Europe

=Germany

=Romania

=Moldova

=Hungary

=Poland

=South Slavs

=Slovakia

=Czech republic

=Bulgaria

=Udmurt people

=Slovenia

=Scandinavian

=Baltic Countries

=Armenia

=Caucasus Region

Asia

=Middle East

=South Asia

=North Asia

=Central Asia

=East Asia

Africa

=Northeast Africa

=Central Africa

=Eastern Africa

= Western Africa

Americas

=Canada

=United States

=Mexico

=Brazil

Literary versions

Adaptations

See also

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links