''Tylopilus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of over 100 species of

mycorrhizal A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plan ...

bolete {{refimprove, date=July 2020 A bolete is a type of mushroom, or fungal fruiting body. It can be identified thanks to a unique mushroom cap. The cap is clearly different from the stem. On the underside of the cap there is usually a spongy surf ...

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

separated from ''

Boletus ''Boletus'' is a genus of mushroom-producing fungi, comprising over 100 species. The genus ''Boletus'' was originally broadly defined and described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, essentially containing all fungi with hymenial pores instead of ...

''. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (''

Tylopilus felleus ''Tylopilus felleus'', commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A m ...

''), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, such as the

edible An edible item is any item that is safe for humans to eat. "Edible" is differentiated from "eatable" because it does not indicate how an item tastes, only whether it is fit to be eaten. Nonpoisonous items found in nature – such as some mushroo ...

species '' T. alboater''. Australia is another continent where many species are found. All members of the genus form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. Members of the genus are distinguished by their pinkish pore surfaces.

Taxonomy

The genus was first defined by

Petter Adolf Karsten Petter Adolf Karsten (16 February 1834 – 22 March 1917) was a Finnish mycologist, the foremost expert on the fungi of Finland in his day, and known in consequence as the "father of Finnish mycology". Karsten was born in Merimasku near Turku, st ...

in 1881. The

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

, ''

'', was originally described in 1788 as a species of ''Boletus'' by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard. ''Tylopilus'' means "bumpy or swollen pileus", from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

''tylos'' "bump" and ''pilos'' "hat".

Molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

analysis indicates the genus, like other large genera within the Boletales, is

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...

. A lineage of ''Tylopilus chromapes'' (now '' Harrya chromapes'' and related species) has been shown to be only distantly related to other members of ''Tylopilus''. Hence ''T. chromapes'' is now the type species of the new genus '' Harrya'' and, related to it, several Australian species moved to '' Australopilus''. ''T. valens'' was also moved to its own genus, '' Pseudoaustroboletus''.

Description

Fruit bodies of the genus ''Tylopilus'' are encountered as large stout bolete mushrooms, which generally arise from the ground or occasionally from wood. They have stout stipes, which do not have a ring. A key field character which distinguishes them from members of the genus ''Boletus'' is the presence of their pink-tinged pores (though these may be white when young). The "pink pore" feature is a polyphyletic morphology that does not unite the ''Tylopilus'' species using traditional morphological characters (Smith and Thiers or Singer's concepts). The

spore print 300px, Making a spore print of the mushroom ''Volvariella volvacea'' shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print. A 3.5-centimeter ...

manifests various shades of pinkish-brown, through reddish-brown and even chocolate brown.

Edibility

Many species have a bitter taste and are thus inedible, taste being a key feature in identification of this genus. The black velvet bolete ('' T. alboater'') is a good edible, but is often ignored.

Species

Index Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of M ...

lists 111 valid species of ''Tylopilus''. About 40 are found in western North America. A large number have been recorded from Australia, with 26 aligned with existing taxa and another 15 not assignable. Members of the genus are also abundant in South America, particularly in forests with trees of the genus '' Dicymbe'' in

Guyana Guyana ( or ), officially the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America. Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters". The capital city is Georgetown. Guyana is bordered by the ...

, as well as Central America and elsewhere across tropical regions around the world. All are

mycorrhiza A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant ...

*'' Tylopilus acutesquamosus'' *'' Tylopilus albirubens'' *'' Tylopilus alboater'' *'' Tylopilus albofarinaceus'' *'' Tylopilus alkalixanthus'' *'' Tylopilus alpinus'' *'' Tylopilus alutaceoumbrinus'' *'' Tylopilus ammiratii'' *'' Tylopilus appalachiensis'' *'' Tylopilus arenarius'' *'' Tylopilus areolatus'' *'' Tylopilus argentatae'' *''

Tylopilus argillaceus ''Tylopilus'' is a genus of over 100 species of mycorrhizal bolete fungi separated from ''Boletus''. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (''Tylopilus felleus''), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, s ...

'' *'' Tylopilus ascendens'' *'' Tylopilus atratus'' *'' Tylopilus atrobrunneus'' *'' Tylopilus austrofelleus'' *'' Tylopilus atronicotianus'' *'' Tylopilus badiceps'' *'' Tylopilus beelii'' *'' Tylopilus brachypus'' *''

Tylopilus brevisporus ''Tylopilus brevisporus'' is a bolete fungus found in Australia. It is similar in appearance to ''Tylopilus felleus'', but is distinguishable from that species by its smaller spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reprod ...

'' *'' Tylopilus brunneirubens'' *'' Tylopilus bulbosus'' *'' Tylopilus brunneus'' *'' Tylopilus callainus'' *'' Tylopilus castanoides'' *'' Tylopilus cellulosus'' *'' Tylopilus cervicolor'' *'' Tylopilus cervinicoccineus'' *'' Tylopilus chromoreticulatus'' *'' Tylopilus conspicuocystidiata'' *'' Tylopilus corneri'' *'' Tylopilus costaricensis'' *'' Tylopilus cremeus'' *'' Tylopilus cyanescens'' *'' Tylopilus cyanogranulifer'' *'' Tylopilus dunensis'' *'' Tylopilus exiguus'' *''

'' *'' Tylopilus ferrugineus'' *'' Tylopilus fuligineoviolaceus'' *'' Tylopilus fumosipes'' *'' Tylopilus funerarius'' *'' Tylopilus glutinosus'' *'' Tylopilus gomezii'' *'' Tylopilus griseocarneus'' *'' Tylopilus guanacastensis'' *'' Tylopilus hayatae'' *'' Tylopilus hondurensis'' *''

Tylopilus hongoi ''Tylopilus hongoi'' is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Japan, where it grows in coniferous forest under fir, spruce, and birch. It is named after mycologist Tsuguo Hongo was a Japanese mycologist who specialized in the biog ...

'' *'' Tylopilus humilis'' *'' Tylopilus indecisus'' *''

Tylopilus intermedius ''Tylopilus intermedius'', commonly known as the bitter parchment bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to the eastern United States. Taxonomy The bolete was first officially described in Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Th ...

References

External links

* *
Mushroom Expert - The Genus ''Tylopilus''
* {{taxonbar , from=Q1492335 Boletales genera Taxa named by Petter Adolf Karsten