Tele-snap Reconstructions

Several portions of the long-running British science-fiction television programme ''Doctor Who'' are no longer held by the BBC. Between 1967 and 1978 the BBC routinely deleted archive programmes for various practical reasons—lack of space, scarcity of materials, and a lack of rebroadcast rights. As a result, 97 of 253 episodes from the programme's first six years are currently missing, primarily from seasons 3, 4 and 5, leaving 26 serials incomplete. Many more were considered lost until recovered from various sources, mostly overseas broadcasters.

''Doctor Who'' is not unique in its losses, as many broadcasters routinely cleared their archives in this manner. Until the BBC changed its archiving policy in 1978, thousands of hours of programming in all genres were deleted. Other affected BBC series include '' Dad's Army'', '' Z-Cars'', '' The Wednesday Play'', '' Till Death Us Do Part'', '' Steptoe and Son'' and '' Not Only... But Also''. ITV regional franchisees, such as Rediffusion Television and Associated Television, also deleted many programmes, including early videotaped episodes of ''The Avengers''.

''Doctor Who'' is unusual, however, in that each of its 97 missing episodes survives in audio form, recorded off-air by fans at home. Most episodes are also represented by production stills, tele-snaps, or short video clips. Furthermore, after careful restoration, all 1970s episodes are available in full colour, which is not always the case for other series.

Efforts to locate missing episodes continue, both by the BBC and by fans of the series. Recovered episodes have been extensively restored for release on VHS and DVD; surviving soundtracks have been released on cassette and compact disc. Many missing episodes have had their visuals reconstructed, either through specially commissioned animation or use of surviving footage and photographs.

Background

Between approximately 1967 and 1978, large quantities of videotape and film stored in the BBC's Engineering department and film libraries, respectively, were wiped or destroyed to make way for newer programmes. This happened for several reasons, primarily the belief that there was no practical value to its retention.

The actors' union Equity had actively fought against the introduction of TV recording since the 1950s, when it first became a practical proposition. Before workable television recording was developed, if a broadcaster wished to repeat a programme (usually a one-off play), they had to re-hire the actors to perform it again, live, for additional fees. Equity's concern was that if broadcasters kept recordings of the original performances, they would be able to re-broadcast them indefinitely, which would reduce the amount of new production and threaten the livelihoods of its members. Although Equity could not prevent recording altogether, it added standard clauses to its members' contracts that stipulated that recordings could only be repeated a limited number of times within a specific timeframe, and deliberately set the fees for further use so high that broadcasters would consider it unjustifiable to spend so much money repeating an old programme rather than making a new one. Consequently, recordings whose repeat rights had expired were considered to be of no further domestic use to the broadcasters.

Most ''Doctor Who'' episodes were made on two-inch videotape for initial broadcast and then telerecorded onto 16 mm film by BBC Enterprises for further commercial use. Enterprises used 16 mm for overseas sales as it was considerably cheaper to buy and easier to transport than videotape. It also circumvented the problem of different countries' incompatible video standards, as film was a universal medium whereas videotape was not. The BBC had no central archive at the time; the Film Library kept programmes that had been made on film, while the Engineering Department was responsible for storing videotapes. BBC Enterprises only kept copies of programmes that they deemed commercially valuable. They had little dedicated storage space, and tended to place piles of film canisters wherever they could find space for them at their Villiers House property.

The Engineering Department had no mandate to archive the programme videotapes they held, although typically they would not be wiped or junked until the relevant production department or BBC Enterprises indicated that they had no further use for the tapes. The first ''Doctor Who'' master videotapes to be wiped were those for the serial '' The Highlanders'', which were erased on 9 March 1967, a mere two months after Episode 4's original transmission. Further erasing of ''Doctor Who'' master videotapes by the Engineering Department continued into the 1970s. Eventually, every master videotape of the programme's first 253 episodes (1963–69) was destroyed or wiped. The final 1960s master tapes to be erased were those for the 1968 serial '' Fury from the Deep'', in late 1974.

Despite the destruction of these masters, BBC Enterprises held an almost complete archive (bar the possible exception of a single episode of '' The Daleks' Master Plan'') of the series in the form of their 16 mm film telerecording copies until approximately 1972. From around 1972 to 1978, BBC Enterprises also disposed of much of their older material, including many episodes of ''Doctor Who.''

The purge of the archives

Enterprises' episodes were usually junked because their rights agreements with the actors and writers to sell the programmes abroad had expired. With many broadcasters around the world now switching to colour transmission, it was not deemed worthwhile extending agreements to sell the older black-and-white material.

The BBC Film Library, meanwhile, had no responsibility for storing programmes that had not originated on film, and there were conflicting views between the Film Library and BBC Enterprises over which party held the responsibility for archiving programmes. As each body believed it the other's responsibility to archive the material, each thought nothing of destroying its own copies as necessary. This lack of communication contributed to the erasure of much of the Corporation's film archive of older black-and-white programming. While thousands of other programmes have been destroyed in this way around the world, the missing ''Doctor Who'' episodes are probably the best-known example of how the lack of a consistent programme archiving policy risks permanent loss.

Following the purges and subsequent recoveries, gaps in the ''Doctor Who'' archive are spread unevenly through its first 11 seasons. Major losses mostly affect First and Second Doctor serials; although two stories are missing just one episode each ('' The Tenth Planet'', Episode 4 and '' The Web of Fear'' Episode 3), other stories are lost altogether. Patrick Troughton's era as the Second Doctor is particularly affected; of the 14 stories comprising his first two seasons, only '' The Tomb of the Cybermen'' and '' The Enemy of the World'' are complete, and these only exist due to telerecordings later returned from Hong Kong and Nigeria, respectively.

All stories starring Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor are complete, though many episodes no longer survive on their original videotapes and were only available from black-and-white overseas prints upon recovery; these episodes have subsequently been restored to colour using a variety of methods. In order of original transmissions, the very last ''Doctor Who'' master videotapes to be wiped were the first episodes of the 1974 serials '' Invasion of the Dinosaurs'' and '' Death to the Daleks''. The latter was recovered from overseas, initially from a tape in the NTSC format, and later in the original PAL format on a tape returned from Dubai.

For four years, Episode 1 of '' Invasion of the Dinosaurs'' was the only Pertwee episode to be entirely missing from the archives, until a black-and-white 16 mm copy was returned to the BBC in June 1983. The story was released on DVD with a partially recolourised version of Episode 1, alongside a higher-quality monochrome transfer of the episode, in ''The UNIT Files'' box set. With the exception of the final shot of episode 3 of '' The Deadly Assassin'' (1976), archival holdings from ''Death to the Daleks'' Episode 2 onwards are complete on the original broadcast videotapes.

Unrelated to the regular archive purges, the final shot of ''The Deadly Assassin'' Episode 3 (1976) has been excised from the master copy. The shot was removed after its initial UK transmission, following complaints from Mary Whitehouse of the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association. Subsequent repeats and commercial releases have restored the shot from off-air video copies.

The end of the junkings

Internally, the wiping policy officially came to an end in 1978, when the means to further exploit programmes by taking advantage of the new market for home videocassette recordings started to become apparent. The prevailing view had also begun to shift toward the attitude that archive programmes should, in any case, be preserved for posterity and historical and cultural reasons.

The BBC Film Library was turned into a combined Film & Videotape Library for the preservation of both media. The Film Library at the time held only 47 episodes of 1960s ''Doctor Who''; they had once held 53, but six episodes had either been junked or gone missing. Junkings at BBC Enterprises, however, continued until the intervention of Ian Levine, a record producer and fan of the programme. Following the transfer of episodes still held by Enterprises, there were 152 episodes of ''Doctor Who'' no longer held by the BBC, although subsequent efforts have reduced that number to 97.

Among the most sought-after single lost episode is Episode 4 of the final William Hartnell serial, '' The Tenth Planet'', which ends with the First Doctor's regeneration into the Second. The only portion of the episode still in existence, bar a few poor-quality silent 8mm clips, is the final 27 seconds, comprising the regeneration itself and a few seconds leading up to it. The sequence had been shown in a 1973 episode of ''Blue Peter'' and was retained in that show's archive.

Even after the end of the purge, other archive issues persist. Serials from Seasons 22–26 were shown in Germany, with soundtracks dubbed into the German language; some of these episodes no longer exist in German television archives.

Continuing search

On 20 April 2006, it was announced on ''Blue Peter'' that a life-sized Dalek would be given to anyone who found and returned one of the missing episodes.

In January 2007, ITV began a campaign called "Raiders of the Lost Archive" and although the campaign was run by ITV, they were also looking to find ''Doctor Who'' episodes and other BBC shows. One episode of the Raiders of the Lost Archive show aired in January 2007 and a further two episodes in July 2009.

In December 2012, the ''Radio Times'' listings magazine announced it was launching the hunt for more ''Doctor Who'' episodes, to tie-in with the show's 50th anniversary. The ''Radio Times'' issued its own list of missing episodes. The magazine has also set up an email address specifically for ''Doctor Who'' missing episodes that the public can use to contact it if they have any information.

Compared with other series

Compared with other BBC series broadcast in the 1960s, ''Doctor Who'' is well-represented in surviving episodes. Of the 253 episodes broadcast during the 1960s, 156 still exist – mainly due to copies produced for overseas sales. For example, Seasons 1 and 2, the most widely sold abroad of the 1960s era, are missing only nine and two episodes, respectively. By contrast, the less well-sold Season 4 has no complete serials, while Season 5 has only two complete serials ('' The Tomb of the Cybermen'' and '' The Enemy of the World''). ''Doctor Who''s high-profile have also helped to ensure the return of episodes which, for other less well-remembered programmes, might never have occurred.

Of all ongoing BBC series from the 1960s, only '' Steptoe and Son'' and '' Maigret'' have a similar survival record, with all episodes from both series existing in some form.

''Doctor Who'' is also comparatively rare amongst contemporaries in that all of its 1970s episodes exist as masters or telerecordings, while other series such as '' Z-Cars'' and '' Dixon of Dock Green'' are missing episodes from as late as 1975.

Missing episodes

List of missing episodes

, there were 97 episodes unaccounted for. The missing episodes span 26 serials, including 10 full serials. Most of the gaps are from seasons 3, 4, and 5, which currently lack a total of 79 episodes across 21 (out of 26) serials. By contrast, seasons 1, 2, and 6 are missing just 18 episodes, across 5 (out of 26) serials. Of these missing stories, all but three – ''Marco Polo'', " Mission to the Unknown", and '' The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve'' – have surviving clips. All episodes also have full surviving audio tracks.

, many of these missing serials have been officially "completed" by using animation and/or telesnap reconstruction, and then subsequently released commercially by BBC Worldwide.

While the Patrick Troughton era is missing more episodes (53 as compared to 44 for William Hartnell), there are more Hartnell stories completely missing (6 as compared to 4). Serials highlighted in are missing all episodes.

Orphaned episodes

Serials that are over 50% complete (e.g., ''The Reign of Terror'', '' The Tenth Planet'') have been issued as standalone releases, with the missing episodes bridged using animation, visual reconstructions, or narration to the camera. Surviving episodes which form 50% or less of a complete story – referred to as "orphaned" episodes – have been released by the BBC in compilations (e.g., '' Lost in Time''), or as extras on releases of complete serials. A few four-episode serials of which 50% remain (e.g., '' The Underwater Menace'', '' The Moonbase'') have also been issued as standalone releases.

Unaired missing episode

'' Planet of Giants'' was directed by Mervyn Pinfield and Douglas Camfield, and originally recorded as four episodes. To create a faster-paced climax, Episodes 3 and 4 were combined and reduced to form a single episode. The serial's 2012 DVD release features a reconstruction of the original episodes, directed by Ian Levine. The production rebuilds the deleted scenes using CGI, footage from elsewhere in the serial, and re-recorded dialogue from Carole Ann Ford, William Russell, and actors impersonating the rest of the cast.

Recovery

Episodes

When the BBC's complete holdings (both the BBC Film & Videotape Library and the BBC Enterprises) were first audited in 1978, the following episodes were absent from their collective archives, but have subsequently been returned to the Corporation through various methods. The 16 stories have all episodes existing as a result. Except where indicated, all episodes were returned as 16 mm telerecording negatives or prints:

Sources of recovered episodes

In the years since the BBC archive was first audited in 1978, a number of episodes then absent have been returned from various sources.

=BBC holdings

=

Film Library oddities

When the BBC audited its Film Library in 1977, only 47 episodes were found to exist. These Film Library copies were a random sampling of viewing prints for various episodes, along with seven of the nine episodes that had originally been telerecorded onto film for editing and/or transmission, rather than recorded to videotape. These film-originated masters were stored in the Film Library, rather than in the Engineering Department with the videotapes. The presence of the viewing prints is less easily explained.

The Film Library's remit covers material originated on film, not on videotape – yet two of the film-originated episodes of ''Doctor Who'' (''The Power of the Daleks'' Episode 6 and ''The Wheel in Space'' Episode 5) were junked by the Film Library, while it held such unexplained material as 16 mm copies of ''The Tenth Planet'' Episodes 1–3, presumably viewing prints which were mistakenly returned to them at some point instead of BBC Enterprises. Most surprisingly of all, they also retained a 16 mm telerecording copy of the original untransmitted pilot, presumably a viewing print made in 1963 and subsequently lodged at the Library.

The Film Library also held high-quality original film sequences made for insertion into videotaped episodes. Some of these, such as those from Episodes 1–2 of ''The Daleks' Master Plan'', survive to this day. Other junked sequences were mistakenly entered into a film library computer system, leading to an impression that they had existed for some years afterward, and inaccurate speculation that the BBC was still destroying clips well into the early 1980s.

Engineering Department

Following the establishment of the Film and Videotape Library, an audit of the Engineering Department found 60 of the 128 Third Doctor episodes starring Jon Pertwee, which in addition to the Film Library's copies of the film-originated '' Spearhead from Space'', brought that Doctor's episode count up to 64 out of 128.

Villiers House

In 1978, Ian Levine located another 65 episodes from the show's first six seasons (plus 14 previously existing episodes), at the BBC Enterprises film vault at Villiers House in London. The episodes comprise 17 full serials, mostly from seasons 1 and 2. According to Levine, the prints of '' The Daleks'' were flagged to be junked that very day.

Levine alerted the new Film and Videotape Library's archive selector, Sue Malden, who paid her own visit to Villiers House and found every remaining Jon Pertwee episode (albeit as a 16 mm black-and-white telerecording), except for two from his final season: '' Death to the Daleks'' and '' Invasion of the Dinosaurs'', Episodes 1.

In August 1988, 10 years after Levine's and Malden's visits, Episodes 1 and 4–6 of the six-part story '' The Ice Warriors'' were discovered in a cupboard at Villiers House when the Corporation was in the process of moving out of the building.

National Film and Television Archive

Shortly after the junking process was halted and the BBC established its Film and Videotape Library for the purpose of storage and preservation, archive selector Sue Malden began to audit what material remained in the BBC's stores. When investigations revealed large gaps in the collection, Malden turned her inquiries to the National Film and Television Archive – which promptly returned three full Second Doctor serials – '' The Dominators'', '' The Krotons'', and '' The War Games'', adding seven more episodes and completing two of those serials. These all were standard 16 mm film telerecordings with the exception of ''The Dominators'' Episode 3, which was a 35 mm print.

Episodes 4 and 5 of ''The Dominators'' originated from a foreign broadcaster, and had been slightly edited; the missing footage was restored later, through a mix of censor clips and more complete prints held by private collectors.

=Overseas broadcasters that purchased missing episodes

=
An appeal to broadcasters in other countries who had shown the programme (notably Canada and African nations such as Nigeria) produced "lost" episodes from the archives of their television companies. '' The Tomb of the Cybermen'', for example, was recovered in this manner from Rediffusion Television in Hong Kong in 1992. Of the 50 episodes recovered since the original BBC audit of its holdings, 24 have been returned from overseas broadcasters:

Note that on occasion some broadcasters purchased ''Doctor Who'' telerecordings (usually 16 mm) but subsequently cancelled the order.

Nigerian television has been a particularly fruitful source for episode recovery; a total of 15 out of the 50 episodes recovered since 1978 have been reclaimed from Nigeria, leading to the completion of three full serials (''The Time Meddler'', ''The War Machines'', and ''The Enemy of the World'').

''The Reign of Terror''

In October 1984, copies of "A Land of Fear", "Guests of Madame Guillotine", and "A Change of Identity", along with another copy of "Prisoners of Conciergerie" (which was already found in 1982), were found in Cyprus. They were duly returned early in 1985 and the recovery was formally announced in July of that year. Cyprus did not screen'' The Reign of Terror'' (broadcasts ended with the showing of episode 6 of ''The Sensorites'' on 25 November 1966). As a result of these episode recoveries only two episodes (parts 4 and 5, "The Tyrant of France" and "A Bargain of Necessity") remain missing; although copies of these episodes had also been held in Cyprus, they were destroyed during the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus. For the 2013 DVD release, episodes 4 and 5 were animated by Planet 55 Studios and Big Finish Productions.

''The Tomb of the Cybermen''

''The Tomb of the Cybermen'' was prepared for release in early 1992 on cassette as part of the "Missing Stories" collection, with narration by Jon Pertwee. Then in late 1991, telerecordings of all four episodes were returned to the BBC from the Hong Kong-based Rediffusion company. In May 1992, the serial was released on VHS with a special introduction from director Morris Barry.

Between 1991 and 2013, the serial was believed to be the only complete story from Season 5 (and the only complete serial to feature Deborah Watling as Victoria Waterfield) before the complete run of '' The Enemy of the World'' was returned from Nigeria in 2013.

''The Enemy of the World'' and ''The Web of Fear''

Following months of rumours, in October 2013 a BBC press conference announced the return of 11 episodes (including two previously existing) from a television relay station in the city of Jos, Nigeria. In the course of his work abroad, Philip Morris of Television International Enterprises Archives had discovered episodes 1–6 of '' The Enemy of the World'' and episodes 1–6 of '' The Web of Fear'' and returned 11 of these to the BBC. Episode 3 of ''The Web Of Fear'' had been part of the find, but by the end of protracted negotiations for the return of the film cans, the episode had disappeared from the cache, with the presumption that it was sold to a private collector.
The return of the nine missing episodes was the single largest recovery of ''Doctor Who'' episodes in 25 years, resulting in only the second full serial from Troughton's first two seasons to be restored to the BBC.

Both serials were promptly released on iTunes, with DVD releases following over the next few months. On both the iTunes and the DVD release, episode 3 of ''The Web of Fear'' was represented by a tele-snap reconstruction, edited by John Kelly.

=Private collectors

=
Several episodes have been returned by private film collectors, who at some point acquired 16 mm film prints intended for sale to foreign broadcasters.

''The Abominable Snowmen'' and ''Invasion of the Dinosaurs''

Roger Stevens was working for the BBC as a film editor in the 1980s, and one morning, as he was travelling to work by train, he bumped into a BBC colleague and they began to talk about ''Doctor Who'' episodes. The BBC projectionist mentioned that he had nine episodes of ''Doctor Who'' that Stevens could buy for £25. In the summer of 1981, Stevens bought '' The Space Museum'' episode 1, '' The Abominable Snowmen'' episode 2, '' The Moonbase'' episode 4, '' Invasion of the Dinosaurs'' episode 1, and three episodes of '' Carnival of Monsters''. Stevens then contacted Ian Levine to find out what was missing from the BBC archive; Levine confirmed that ''The Abominable Snowmen'' episode 2 and ''Invasion of the Dinosaurs'' episode 1 were currently missing.

Stevens gave these prints to Levine, who returned ''The Abominable Snowmen'' to the BBC in February 1982, although he held back ''Invasion of the Dinosaurs'' from the BBC for a while. This was later returned to the BBC by Levine in June 1983, who then made a copy and returned the original to Levine.

''The Reign of Terror''

''The Reign of Terror'' was recovered by Bruce Campbell when he attended a film fair in the 1980s and began chatting to a stall holder who informed him that one of his regular customers had in their possession ''The Reign of Terror'' episode 6. Campbell got in contact with the customer, bought the missing episode for £50, and then, in May 1982, donated it to the BBC through Ian Levine.

''The Wheel in Space''

In 1984 ''Doctor Who Magazine'' (issue #87) ran a story about a rumour of a missing ''Doctor Who'' episode that was in Portsmouth; this led to episode 3 of '' The Wheel in Space'' being loaned to the BBC in April 1984 by David Stead to allow for a copy to be made. It was released on VHS in 1992, with poor results. Later, the print was borrowed again, and a new copy made, using D3 videotape. Stead recollects that he had purchased the episode for £15.

''The Faceless Ones'' and ''The Evil of the Daleks''

In 1982, novice film collector Gordon Hendry purchased 16 mm copies of ''The Faceless Ones'', episode 3, and ''The Evil of the Daleks'', episode 2, from a film fair in Buckingham. At that time Hendry was unaware of the episodes' value (only one episode of ''The Faceless Ones'' and none of ''The Evil of the Daleks'' were known to exist).

In 1985, a cinema owner in Brighton persuaded Hendry to lend him the films, so as to screen the episodes for profit while the Panopticon VI convention was being held in the town. Saied Marham, an associate of Hendry's, visited Panopticon to generate interest in the showing, only to be dismissed as a hoaxster, and the screening did not go ahead. So Marham kept the films to himself.

After the event, Paul Vanezis spent 15 months attempting to retrieve the episodes from Marham. Eventually, in 1987, after Vanezis got the episodes back from Marham, a charity fundraising convention called Tellycon aired ''The Faceless Ones'', episode 3, in tribute to the recently deceased Patrick Troughton.

In the following weeks, Vanezis and Ian Levine negotiated the return of both episodes to the BBC archive.

''The Crusade''

Although the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation received copies of ''The Crusade'', it never broadcast the story due to a prohibitive rating from the censor board. After rejecting the serial, NZBC never returned its film prints to the BBC or actively destroyed them.

In 1998 collector Bruce Grenville purchased a 16 mm copy of '' The Crusade'' episode 1 from a stall at a New Zealand film fair, containing various material previously rescued from a rubbish tip. Through a series of chance meetings, the episode eventually was returned to the BBC in January 1999.

''Galaxy 4'' and ''The Underwater Menace''

In 1975, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation returned all eight broadcast prints of '' Galaxy 4'' and '' The Underwater Menace'' to the BBC to be disposed of. In the mid-1980s, former ITV engineer Terry Burnett purchased episode 3 of ''Galaxy 4'' and episode 2 of ''The Underwater Menace'' from another collector, unaware of their value (the only extant episode of the former serial, and one of just two from the latter). In December 2011, after a chance encounter with Doctor Who Restoration Team member Ralph Montagu, Burnett returned the episodes to the BBC.

=Other sources

=

''The Daleks' Master Plan''

'' The Daleks' Master Plan'' was never sold abroad; only Australia requested viewing copies (excepting Episode 7, " The Feast of Steven"), and eventually declined to purchase the serial.

Three out of the serial's 12 episodes have been recovered. 16 mm copies of episodes 5 and 10 were returned to the BBC in 1983. Episode 2 was returned in 2004 by former BBC engineer Francis Watson. He had come across the film in the 1970s, while clearing a projector testing room at the BBC's Ealing Studios. Instead of disposing of the film as instructed, he brought it home – eventually to return it to the BBC when he realised the value of the material.

Incomplete recovered episodes

Of the 50 recovered episodes, several are missing short segments – due either to overseas censorship or to damage to the surviving film print. The following table shows all affected episodes, and the total duration of missing material.

Clips

Of the 97 missing episodes, 36 are represented by short "orphan" clips, recovered from various sources. These clips span 17 of the 26 serials affected by missing episodes, seven of which are otherwise completely missing. The only serials lacking any footage whatsoever are ''Marco Polo'', " Mission to the Unknown", and '' The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve''. The following table shows all recovered excerpts, together with pertinent episodes, format of the clips, and the source of recovery. Otherwise-missing serials are in red.

Excised clips

Some overseas viewing prints were physically edited for content by local censor boards before transmission, for reasons such as excessive violence, fright-inducing material, and, in some cases, the conservative personal views of the censors. Additionally, episodes might occasionally receive minor edits for timing reasons as well, in order to fill their allocated broadcast slot along with advertising. Hence, episodes recovered from these sources (Australia, New Zealand) are missing these segments.

Later discoveries turned up a large number of excised clips, held by interested parties as proof of the edits. In October 1996, Australian ''Doctor Who'' fans Damian Shanahan and Ellen Parry discovered a collection in the records of the National Archives of Australia, provided as evidence by the Commonwealth Film Censorship Board (now the Classification Board). These clips include: ''The War Machines'', episodes 2–4; ''The Smugglers'', episodes 1, 3–4; ''The Highlanders'', episode 1; ''The Underwater Menace'', episodes 1, 4; ''The Macra Terror'', episodes 2–3; ''Fury From The Deep'', episodes 2, 4–5; and ''The Wheel In Space'', episode 4.

The clips from ''The Underwater Menace'', episode 2 were later found to precisely match the edits to the print discovered in late 2011, suggesting that the recovered episode was exactly the same print that had been censored decades before.

In an interview for the fanzine ''The Disused Yeti'', Shanahan stated that although he and Parry had found paper records relating to the censoring of early to mid William Hartnell stories, the excised portions for all stories from ''An Unearthly Child'' to ''The Gunfighters'' had been destroyed some time before Shanahan and Parry's investigation.

In 2002, New Zealand fan Graham Howard uncovered excised clips from episodes 2, 4 & 5 of ''The Web of Fear'' and episode 5 of '' The Wheel in Space''.

8mm clips

A fan in Australia has returned small excerpts of off-screen footage, recorded from repeat showings using an 8mm cine film camera. The missing episodes covered include ''The Reign of Terror'', episodes 4–5; ''Galaxy 4'', episode 1; ''The Myth Makers'', episodes 1–4; ''The Savages'', episodes 3–4; ''The Tenth Planet'', episode 4; ''The Power Of The Daleks'', episodes 1–2; ''The Macra Terror'', episode 3; and ''The Faceless Ones'', episode 2.

From other ''Doctor Who'' episodes

Due to the show's habit of repeating cliffhanger footage, sometimes missing episode material can be found in surviving neighbour episodes. Episode 2 of ''The Daleks'' uses a prefilmed reprise from the original recording of Episode 1, which later had to be remounted; the original version of Episode 1 is presumed to have been destroyed.

A brief clip from Episode 4 of '' The Crusade'' exists at the very start of '' The Space Museum''. Episode 1 of the latter serial begins with the characters in period costume, briefly frozen in place. An off-camera cough heard on both soundtracks shows that the clip was a filmed insert from the previous (and currently missing) episode.

In its lead-in to an upcoming repeat, ''The Wheel in Space'' episode 6 contains a short three-frame clip from '' The Evil of the Daleks'' episode 1, alongside a reprise from the existing episode 2 of that serial.

Other episodes contain straight excerpts from earlier serials, such as episode 10 of ''The War Games'', which employs model shots from the first episodes of ''Fury from the Deep'', ''The Web of Fear'' and ''The Wheel in Space''.

From other television programmes

Clips from some missing episodes also survive due to their use in other surviving programmes. For example, excerpts from Episode 4 of ''The Daleks' Master Plan'' were used in a 1973 edition of ''Blue Peter'', and scenes from '' The Power of the Daleks'' in an Australian programme called ''Perspective: C for Computer''.

In 2005, two further short clips from ''The Power of the Daleks'' – along with a higher-quality version of one of the extant scenes – were discovered in a 1966 episode of the BBC science series '' Tomorrow's World''. The clips, lasting less than 10 seconds each and on film (as opposed to film recordings), came to light when the ''Tomorrow's World'' segment was broadcast as part of the edition of 11 September 2005 of the clip-based nostalgia show ''Sunday Past Times'' on BBC Two. After being alerted to the footage, Paul Vanezis of the Doctor Who Restoration Team tracked down the uncut version of the clip.

The 1977 documentary ''Whose Doctor Who'' indirectly led to a lengthy excerpt from "Four Hundred Dawns", episode 1 of the 1965 serial '' Galaxy 4''. The film's producers used an excerpt from a viewing print of the episode, which they further cut down in the editing. Rather than discard the unused portion, the film's advisor Jan Vincent-Rudzki asked to keep the film trims. Later in the 1990s, Vincent-Rudzki returned the clip to the archives. At a total of 5m 53s, this clip is the longest piece of surviving footage from an otherwise missing episode, accounting for a quarter of the total running time.

Rare behind the scenes clips

Apart from actual episode footage, rare behind-the-scenes material also was discovered for ''The Smugglers'', ''The Evil of the Daleks'', ''The Abominable Snowmen'', and ''Fury from the Deep''. Also from the latter serial exists some raw footage from the filming of Episode 6, featuring some alternative camera angles from what was eventually broadcast.

Audio soundtracks

Although numerous episodes are still missing, full-length audio soundtracks for all missing episodes are held by the BBC. These come from off-air recordings made by fans, often made by use of a microphone attached to a tape recorder placed close to the television set. While the quality of these off-air recordings varies greatly, multiple fan recordings exist for every episode.

In November 1991, Jon Pertwee recorded link narration for a planned spring 1992 cassette release of the then-missing serial ''The Tomb of the Cybermen''. However, all four episodes of ''The Tomb of the Cybermen'' were found in Hong Kong in December 1991, and returned to the BBC archive in January 1992. With the serial no longer being lost, the cassette release of the soundtrack was then delayed for a year until mid-1993, and then released due to contractual obligations. In 1992, Colin Baker recorded link narration for a cassette release of ''The Macra Terror'', while Tom Baker recorded link narration for a cassette release of ''The Evil of the Daleks''. The two coffee bar scenes from Episode 1 of ''The Evil of the Daleks'' had to be removed due to songs by The Seekers and The Beatles playing in the background. The following year in the summer of 1993, Tom Baker did first person link narration (as the Fourth Doctor recalling earlier adventures) for the cassette releases of ''The Power of the Daleks'' and ''Fury from the Deep'', a style which he also did when narrating the never-recorded bits on the 1992 VHS release of ''Shada''. This first person style of link narration was in complete contrast to his previous narration on ''The Evil of the Daleks'' cassette release, which had been done in the third person as Tom Baker.

Beginning in 1999, the BBC started releasing all the serials with missing episodes on CD audiobook, with linking narration provided by former actors on the serials, such as William Russell, Peter Purves, Frazer Hines, Anneke Wills, Wendy Padbury and Carole Ann Ford, although Colin Baker's 1992 cassette link narration was reused for the 2000 CD release of ''The Macra Terror'', which left much more to the listener's imagination compared to all other CD releases of ''Doctor Who'' TV soundtrack audiobooks from 1999 to 2012. In 2012, ''The Macra Terror'' was re-released as part of the ''Collections 4'' boxset, and included new more detailed linking narration by Anneke Wills. By February 2006, the soundtracks for all of the then 108 missing episodes had been released, albeit with a copyright-uncleared music replacement of '' Paperback Writer'' by The Beatles with Hold Tight by Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich in the second coffee bar scene during Episode 1 of ''The Evil of the Daleks''. On the CDs, there are also some slight pauses and slightly rejigged sequences for reasons of clarity, and with overdubbed linking narration.

From 2006 to 2009, BBC Audiobooks released many wholly existing stories on CD audiobook, such as ''The Tomb of the Cybermen'' and ''The Ark''. These releases ceased in 2009 with ''The Ambassadors of Death'' due to declining sales, before four serials from Tom Baker's era were released in late 2012 under BBC Audiobooks' successor, AudioGo. After the release of the ''City of Death'' audiobook in December 2012, there was a gap of over seven years before the next audiobook release of a TV soundtrack story, with ''The Web Planet'' in 2020.

Between 2010 and 2013, BBC Audiobooks collected the individual narrated soundtracks in a series of five CD box sets, entitled "Doctor Who: The Lost TV Episodes". For the sets, some serials (such as '' The Evil of the Daleks'') were re-released with improved audio restoration. In addition to the soundtracks, the sets include special features such as the '' Archive on 4'' documentary, "Doctor Who – The Lost Episodes" and high-quality scans of the original camera/rehearsal scripts in PDF format.

Restoration

For the first 11 seasons of ''Doctor Who'', often the surviving materials are in a very different format or condition from their original broadcast masters. Surviving 1960s material is recorded on film stock of varying quality, while early 1970s material is available in a patchwork of professional and consumer formats. To present the material in a form approximating its original broadcast masters requires extensive technical work, and a certain amount of invention.

Motion restoration

In its original form, the videotape used to record ''Doctor Who'' captures images at 50 interlaced fields per second, resulting in a smooth, "live" feel to motion. To transfer the episodes to film, the film camera is timed to combine two video fields in each frame, converting 50 fields to 25 frames per second; on playback, the omission of in-between images results in a choppier "film" style motion. To recreate the original "live" video feel, early telerecorded episodes are processed through a digital tool known as VidFIRE, which approximates the missing motion between film frames.

In addition to the telerecorded material, some early 1970s material survives only, or in colour only, on NTSC videotapes produced for North American transmission (e.g., TV Ontario and CKVU in Vancouver). NTSC runs at a different frame rate from PAL video, and has a different number of scan lines. The conversion process used in the 1970s was primitive by modern standards, resulting in a noticeable amount of picture and motion loss. Converting the NTSC tapes back to PAL (''Double Conversion'') introduces more artefacts, creating a blurry picture and juddering motion. To rectify the problem, in 2005 a new Reverse Standards Conversion process, which attempts to unpick the original video conversion, was introduced for the DVD release of '' The Claws of Axos''.

Colour restoration

Several early 1970s colour serials, starring Jon Pertwee, were retained only as black-and-white film prints. In addition to the motion issue shared by all telerecorded episodes, for years the loss of colour presented a major challenge for restoration.

Some of the telerecorded Pertwee episodes also survive on NTSC colour videotapes, recorded over-air on consumer hardware. In the early 1990s, an early form of the Doctor Who Restoration Team attempted to pair the low-resolution colour signal from these sources with the high-resolution black-and-white signal from the black-and-white film recordings. In this way, several Jon Pertwee stories were returned to a rough form of colour: '' Doctor Who and the Silurians'', '' Terror of the Autons'', and ''The Dæmons''. Off-air NTSC colour tapes were also recovered for all of '' The Ambassadors of Death'', but were considered of too poor a quality to permit more than a partial restoration.

Colour recovery

In 2007, BBC archive specialist James Insell established the Colour Recovery Working Group, an online project to find new ways of restoring black-and-white telerecordings to colour. In 2008, Reverse Standards Conversion inventor Richard Russell developed a technique involving the use of chroma dots embedded in the black-and-white signal to recreate the missing colour. This technique was initially used as part of the recolouring process on episode 3 of '' Planet of the Daleks''; the chroma dot process was used alongside a computer-based colourisation process to match together the differing qualities of colour recovery. The process was then used on an entire episode of '' Dad's Army'', showing that it was possible to use it on entire recordings.

Subsequently, chroma dots were used to restore the colour to Episodes 2–4, 6, and 7 of '' The Ambassadors of Death'' and episodes 2–6 of '' The Mind of Evil''. Episode 1 of '' Invasion of the Dinosaurs'' presented a unique challenge, in that the chroma dots only contained red and green colour filter information, requiring that the blue filter to be added manually. Given the rough result, the DVD includes both the reconstructed colour and the black-and-white version.

Episode 1 of ''The Mind of Evil'' contains no colour information. In principle, BBC engineers were supposed to filter out the chroma dots upon telerecording, to create a cleaner picture. In most cases they failed to do so properly, allowing the colour recovery process to work. For this one episode, the filter had been correctly applied – so there was no colour to recover. To complete the serial for DVD, the episode was manually colourised by Stuart Humphryes and Peter Crocker – thereby returning the final Pertwee episode to its original colour presentation.

Reconstruction

Tele-snap reconstructions

In addition to short video clips and audio soundtracks, for many episodes off-screen photographs − known as " tele-snaps" − exist, taken by photographer John Cura. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Cura was hired by various interested parties to document the transmission of many television programmes, including ''Doctor Who''. Typically the photographs were used for promotion, or as keepsakes for cast and crew in the days before home video recorders. In many cases, they form the only remaining visual record of missing television programmes.

Since the late 1990s, fan groups such as Loose Cannon Productions have reconstructed the missing episodes, using original camera scripts to match Cura's tele-snaps and other visual material to the surviving audio tracks. Although technically infringing copyright, these "recons" have generally been tolerated by the BBC, provided that they are not sold for profit.

Official high-quality recons have also been used on commercial releases, including cut-down reconstructions – '' The Ice Warriors'' VHS (a 12-minute "highlights" reconstruction bridging the missing Episodes 2 and 3); and ''Marco Polo'' (a 30-minute reconstruction on ''The Beginning'' DVD box set) – and full-length presentations, including ''The Tenth Planet'' VHS (containing a full reconstruction of the missing Episode 4); '' Galaxy 4'' (a reconstruction of the three missing episodes to accompany the recently recovered episode 3, "Air Lock," presented on '' The Aztecs'' Special Edition DVD); and '' The Web of Fear'' digital and DVD releases (containing a reconstruction of Episode 3, alongside the rest of the newly rediscovered serial).

Animated episodes

In several cases, producers of the ''Doctor Who'' DVD range have commissioned original black-and-white animation, synced to the programme's original audio tracks. Early commissions served to "complete" serials with only one or two missing episodes, allowing the full serials to be sold as a commercial product. Later, BBC Worldwide and BBC America commissioned a full animation of ''The Power of the Daleks'' for broadcast and commercial release.

The first such effort, Cosgrove Hall's animation of '' The Invasion'' episodes 1 and 4, was released to DVD alongside the surviving episodes in November 2006. The animation had been paid for by an earlier surplus in the ''Doctor Who'' website budget, allowing it to be used in the DVD release as a test for the concept, at no extra cost. Despite the DVD's success, the sales were not high enough to offset the animation cost for any future collaboration.
Eventually other animation studios were commissioned to continue the reconstruction. In June 2011, 2 Entertain announced that the missing episodes 4 and 5 of ''The Reign of Terror'' would be animated by Planet 55 Studios, using the "Thetamation" process. The serial was released on DVD in January 2013. Planet 55 would later go on to animate Episode 4 of '' The Tenth Planet'' (November 2013), and episodes 1 and 3 of '' The Moonbase'' (January 2014).

In August 2013, BBC Worldwide announced that episodes 2 and 3 of '' The Ice Warriors'' would be animated by Qurios Entertainment for a DVD release later that month.

In December 2013, 2 Entertain commissioning editor Dan Hall mentioned that Planet 55 had again been commissioned to complete '' The Underwater Menace'', for what he hoped would be an early 2014 release. However, in September 2015 ''Doctor Who'' Magazine confirmed that the much-delayed DVD, now scheduled for 26 October, was instead to contain tele-snap reconstructions of the missing episodes 1 and 4.

In September 2016 it was announced that the completely missing serial '' The Power of the Daleks'' would be animated and released via the BBC Store on 5 November 2016, the 50th anniversary of the serial's first broadcast, before it was released on DVD (21 November) and Blu-ray (6 February 2017). This was the first wholly missing serial to be completely reconstructed using animation.

Unreleased and unofficial animations

In 2008, after future collaboration with Cosgrove Hall had been rejected due to expense, 2 Entertain was approached by David Busch of US animation studio Titmouse, Inc., who offered to do the work more cheaply as a result of the favourable exchange rate between the UK and the US, and put together a test trailer of scenes animated from various missing serials, including '' The Power of the Daleks'', '' The Moonbase'', '' The Macra Terror'', '' The Web of Fear'', and '' Fury from the Deep''. While 2 Entertain decided not to commission anything from Titmouse, the trailer was eventually seen by Ian Levine, who offered to try and raise the money for a full episode reconstruction to serve as a prototype. The episode chosen was " Mission to the Unknown", as it was a self-contained episode featuring the Daleks with a limited number of characters and sets, thus keeping the budget down. Although completed, the animated version of "Mission to the Unknown" has never been officially released, although it has been posted on various video streaming sites.

With the advent of ever-more-powerful home computers and more specialist programs for them, many fans are also working on unofficial animations of the missing episodes, with many clips being shown online.

The Lost TV Episodes

From 2010 to 2012, five audio box sets were released by BBC Audiobooks. The sets collected the full, unaltered soundtracks to the ''Doctor Who'' stories which did not exist in video form up to that point. These episodes included linking narration, and all of the five sets contained exclusive interviews with former cast members. The first collection was released on 5 August 2010 and the fifth was released on 1 August 2012. BBC Audiobooks–which later became AudioGo–went into administration in 2013 and ceased production officially in 2014.

Narrated links

In some cases missing episodes are bridged by narration to the camera – often by a surviving actor from the serial, occasionally in-character. For their VHS releases, ''The Reign of Terror'' and ''The Crusade'' were presented by actors Carole Ann Ford and William Russell – while Episodes 1 and 4 of ''The Invasion'' were bridged by Nicholas Courtney.

Recreations

In 2012, a reimagined version of '' The Power of the Daleks'', written by, directed by, and starring Nick Scovell, was released on YouTube in three parts before it was shown complete at the ''Power:Reimagined'' convention in September 2012.

In addition, the BBC has invested in the reconstruction of episodes using animation and the recreation of parts of various serials, including the completely missing ''Marco Polo'', in the docudrama '' An Adventure in Space and Time'' produced for the 50th anniversary in 2013.

In 2019, the BBC released a recreation of '' Mission to the Unknown'', which was produced by a team of students, graduates and staff of the University of Central Lancashire.

Further research

Books and periodicals

Between 1973 and 1994, each missing ''Doctor Who'' serial was novelised and published by Target Books.

Richard Molesworth's ''Wiped! Doctor Who's Missing Episodes'' ( Telos Publishing, 2010) explores in detail the paper trail and recovery efforts surrounding the hunt for missing episodes. A revised edition was published in March 2013.

Nothing at the End of the Lane

*Issue #1 of "Nothing at the End of the Lane" (July 1999) includes articles about fan-made reconstructions of the missing episodes, audio of missing episodes, and the archive status of footage from Seasons 1–3.
*Issue #2 (June 2005) includes articles about John Cura (the photographer behind Doctor Who's tele-snaps), recent discoveries of missing episodes, Junking of videotapes in the 1960s and '70s, a look at telerecordings, and the archive status of footage from Seasons 4–6.
*Issue #3 (January 2012) includes articles about the 26 off-screen photographs taken by Chris Thompson (Production Designer) from '' The Evil of the Daleks'' episode one, and new location photographs.

''Doctor Who Magazine''

*Issue #444 of ''Doctor Who Magazine'' (February 2012), titled "How the Daleks Exterminated Doctor Who's History", examines the overseas sales of the missing episodes and the chances of their survival.
*Issue #466 (October 2013) focuses on the rediscovery of " The Enemy of the World" and " The Web of Fear" by Philip Morris.
*Three special editions of ''Doctor Who Magazine'' (#34–36), titled "The Missing Episodes – The First Doctor", "The Missing Episodes – The Second Doctor Volume 1", and "The Missing Episodes – The Second Doctor Volume 2", were released between March–December 2013; each issue features a 100+ page guide to the missing episodes which exist in tele-snap form, with details how they came to be wiped.

Documentaries

*''Doctor Who – Missing in Action'' (1993) – a documentary about the missing episodes, featuring Ian Levine.
*''The Missing Years'' (1998) – a documentary about the lost ''Doctor Who'' episodes and recovery attempts, available on ''Doctor Who: The Missing Years'' VHS and (in an updated form) on the '' Lost In Time'' DVD box set.
*''The National Lottery: Amazing Luck Stories'' (1999) – a short segment about the recovery of a ''Doctor Who'' episode from New Zealand.
*''Time Shift – Missing Believed Wiped'' (2003) – a general documentary about archive television, featuring some clips and discussions about ''Doctor Who''.
*''WOTAN Assembly'' (2008) – a short DVD featurette about restoring '' The War Machines'', which shows how the ''Doctor Who'' Restoration Team manages to create a near-complete version of this serial using clips from various sources around the world. Narrated by Anneke Wills.
*''Colour Silurian Overlay'' (2008) – a DVD featurette about restoring '' Doctor Who and the Silurians'', using the surviving 16 mm telerecordings and an off-air NTSC Betamax recording as a colour source.
*''Multi-Colourisation'' (2009) – a DVD featurette about how chroma dots were used to restore '' Planet of the Daleks'' episode three back to full colour.
*''Doctor Who – The Lost Episodes'' (2009) – a 60-minute BBC Radio 4 audio documentary explaining what happened to the 108 missing episodes that aired in the 1960s. Interview with Graham Strong who made audio recordings of all the classic episodes.
*'' The One Show'' (2013) – the edition of 11 October of the show featured a short documentary about how ''Doctor Who'' episodes became lost, the recovery of audio from episodes, and the finding of episodes from '' The Enemy of the World'' and '' The Web of Fear''.
*''Restoring Doctor Who'' (2014) – a four-minute documentary by Paul Vanezis of the ''Doctor Who'' Restoration Team, which shows the process of cleaning and restoring the nine episodes recovered in 2013.

See also

* ''Doctor Who'' Restoration Team
* List of ''Doctor Who'' audio releases
* List of ''Doctor Who'' DVD releases
* List of ''Doctor Who'' Blu-ray releases
* List of ''Doctor Who'' serials
* List of unmade ''Doctor Who'' serials and films
*'' Shada'' – a partially filmed episode, not completed due to strike action, eventually completed decades later with animation and new voice recordings.
* ''Dad's Army'' missing episodes

Notes

References

External links

BBC ''Doctor Who'' Missing Episodes ListBBC ''Doctor Who'' Photonovels
which includes most extant tele-snaps.
The Missing Episode Nexus
by Brad Phipps
Lost ''Doctor Who''
nbsp;– a forum dedicated to locating missing episodes of ''Doctor Who'', including interviews with Sue Malden (the Corporation's first archive selector) and Bruce Grenville (the New Zealand film collector who returned ''The Lion'' in 1999), newspaper clippings with foreign broadcasts, details of currently missing episodes, and more.
The ''Doctor Who'' Clips List
by Steve Phillips
The ''Doctor Who'' Restoration Team WebsiteLoose Cannon ProductionsGuardian Article about Fan Attempts to Animate Missing EpisodesBroaDWcast – foreign broadcasts of ''Doctor Who''

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Missing
Lists of Doctor Who universe television episodes