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Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be de ...
in the
Pirkanmaa Pirkanmaa (; sv, Birkaland; la, Birkaria, link=no), also known as ''Tampere Region'' in government documents, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, South Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Päijät-Häme, Kanta-Häme and ...
region In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and t ...
, located in the western part of
Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bo ...
. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries. It has a population of 244,029; the
urban area An urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, ...
has a population of 341,696; and the metropolitan area, also known as the Tampere sub-region, has a population of 393,941 in an area of . Tampere is the second-largest urban area and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland, after the cities of
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
and
Espoo Espoo (, ; sv, Esbo) is a city and municipality in the region of Uusimaa in the Republic of Finland. It is located on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland, bordering the cities of Helsinki, Vantaa, Kirkkonummi, Vihti and Nurmijärvi ...
, and the most populous Finnish city outside the
Greater Helsinki Greater Helsinki ( fi, Helsingin seutu, Suur-Helsinki, Swedish: ''Helsingforsregionen'', ''Storhelsingfors'') is the metropolitan area surrounding Helsinki, the capital city of Finland. It includes the smaller Capital Region (''Pääkaupunkiseutu ...
area. Today, Tampere is one of the major urban, economic, and cultural hubs in the whole inland region. Tampere and its environs belong to the
historical province of Satakunta Satakunta (, or ''Satagundia'') is a historical province of Finland. It borders the historical provinces of Finland Proper, Tavastia and Ostrobothnia, also the Gulf of Bothnia The Gulf of Bothnia (; fi, Pohjanlahti; sv, Bottniska vik ...
. The area belonged to the Häme Province from 1831 to 1997, and over time it has often been considered to belong to Tavastia as a province. For example, in ''
Uusi tietosanakirja Uusi means "new" in Finnish and may refer to: * New Student House, Helsinki, student house in Helsinki, Finland, also known as ''Uusi'' *Gunnar Uusi (1931–1981), Estonian chess player See also *Uusi Runo ''Uusi Runo'' is a 1943 poetry colle ...
'' published in the 1960s, the Tampere sub-region is presented as part of the then Tavastia Province. Around the 1950s, Tampere and its surroundings began to establish itself as their own province of Pirkanmaa. Tampere became the center of Pirkanmaa, and in the early days of the province, ''Tammermaa'' was also used several times in its early days - for example, in the ''Suomi-käsikirja'' published in 1968. Tampere is wedged between two lakes, Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi. Since the two lakes differ in level by , the rapids linking them, Tammerkoski, have been an important power source throughout history, most recently for generating electricity. Tampere is dubbed the "
Manchester Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of City of Salford, Salford to ...
of the North" for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry, and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname "Manse" and terms such as "Manserock". Also, Tampere has been officially declared the "Sauna Capital of the World", because it has the most public saunas in the world. Helsinki is approximately south of Tampere, and can be reached in 1 hour 31 minutes by
Pendolino Pendolino (from Italian ''pendolo'' "pendulum", and ''-ino,'' a diminutive suffix) is an Italian family of tilting trains used in Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Finland, Russia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the UK, the US ...
high-speed rail service and 2 hours by car. The distance to
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
is roughly the same. Tampere–Pirkkala Airport is Finland's eighth-busiest airport, with over 230,000 passengers in 2017. Tampere also serves as an important transit route for three Finnish highways: Highway 3 ( E12),
Highway 9 Route 9, or Highway 9, may refer to: International * European route E09 * European route E009 Albania * SH-9 Road in Albania. Argentina * National Route 9 Australia New South Wales * A9 (Sydney) South Australia * ** Port River Expr ...
( E63) and
Highway 12 Route 12 or Highway 12 can refer to: For a list of roads named A12, see A12 roads. International * Asian Highway 12 * European route E12 * European route E012 Argentina * National Route 12 Australia NSW * Western Sydney Airport Motorway ( ...
. Tampere ranked 26th in the list of 446 cities in the world's hipster cities, and it has often been rated as the most popular city in Finland. The positive development of Tampere and the
Tampere metropolitan area Tampere metropolitan area or Tampere region ( fi, Tampereen seutu, sv, Tammerfors region) is the metropolitan area around the city of Tampere in Finland. The joint municipal authority of the Tampere city region ( fi, Tampereen kaupunkiseutu, ...
has continued throughout the 21st century, which is largely due to Tampere being one of the most migratory and attractive cities in Finland.


Names and etymology

Although the name Tampere is derived from the Tammerkoski rapids (both the city and the rapids are called Tammerfors in
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
), the origin of the ''Tammer-'' part of that name has been the subject of much debate. Ánte accepts the "straightforward" etymology of Rahkonen and Heikkilä in Proto-Samic , meaning "deep, slow section of a stream" and "rapids" (cognate with the Finnish ''koski''). This has become the most accepted explanation in the academia, according to the
Institute for the Languages of Finland The Institute for the Languages of Finland,, from which the shortened name ''Kotus'' is derived, smn, Päikkieennâm kielâi tutkâmkuávdáš, se, Ruovttueatnan gielaid guovddáš, sms, Dommjânnmlaž ǩiõli kõõskõs, rom, Finnosko tšimbe ...
. Other theories include that it comes from the Swedish word ''damber'', meaning
milldam A mill dam (International English) or milldam (US) is a dam constructed on a waterway to create a mill pond. Water passing through a dam's spillway is used to turn a water wheel and provide energy to the many varieties of watermill. By raising ...
; another, that it originates from the ancient Scandinavian words ''þambr'' ("thick bellied") and ''þambion'' ("swollen belly"), possibly referring to the shape of the rapids. Another suggestion links the name to the Swedish word ''Kvatemberdagar'', or more colloquially ''Tamperdagar'', meaning the Ember days of the Western Christian liturgical calendar. The Finnish word for oak, ''tammi'', also features in the speculation, although Tampere is situated outside the natural distribution range of the European oak.


Heraldry

The first
coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in it ...
of Tampere was designed by Arvid von Cederwald in 1838, while the current coat of arms created in 1960 and currently in use was designed by Olof Eriksson. Changing the coat of arms was a
controversial Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin ''controversia'', as a composite of ''controversus'' – "turned in an opposite ...
act and the restoration of the old coat of arms has, from time to time, been demanded even after the change. The new coat of arms has also been called
Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
-style in letters to the editor because of its colors. The
blazon In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image. The verb ''to blazon'' means to create such a description. The visua ...
of the old coat of arms has either not survived or it has never been done, but the description of the current coat of arms is explained as follows: "In the red field, a corrugated counter-bar, above which is accompanied by a piled
hammer A hammer is a tool, most often a hand tool, consisting of a weighted "head" fixed to a long handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. This can be, for example, to drive nails into wood, to shape metal (as ...
, and below, a
Caduceus The caduceus (☤; ; la, cādūceus, from grc-gre, κηρύκειον "herald's wand, or staff") is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology and consequently by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology. The same staff was also ...
; all
gold Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile ...
". The colors of the coat of arms are the same as in the coat of arms of Pirkanmaa. The hammer, which looks like the first letter of the city's name T, symbolizes Tampere's early industry, Caduceus its
trading Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market. An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct exch ...
activities and the corrugated counter-bar represents the Tammerkoski rapids, which divides Tampere's industrial and commercial areas. The city received its first seal in 1803, and the seal depicted the city's buildings of that time and Tammerkoski.


History


Early history

The earliest known permanent settlements around Tammerkoski were established in 7th century, when settlers from the west of the region started farming land in
Takahuhti Takahuhti is a district in Tampere, Finland. It is located in eastern part of the city, close to Atala, Linnainmaa, Kissanmaa and Messukylä. There are many prehistoric residences and finds in the area. Takahuhti was the largest village in M ...
. The area was largely inhabited by the Tavastian tribes. For many centuries, the population remained low. By the 16th century, the villages of
Messukylä Messukylä ( sv, Messukylä, also ) is a former municipality of Finland which was annexed by the city of Tampere in 1947. The medieval stone church (built c. 1540) in Messukylä is the oldest building in Tampere. During the Civil War (1918), M ...
and Takahuhti had grown to be the largest settlements in the region. Other villages nearby were Laiskola, Pyynikkälä and Hatanpää. At that time, there had been a market place in the
Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tam ...
area for centuries, where the bourgeoisies from
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
in particular traded. In 1638, Governor-General Per Brahe the Younger ordered that two markets be held in Tammerkoski each year, the autumn market on every Peter's Day in August and the winter market on Mati Day in February. In 1708 the market was moved from the edge of Tammerkoski to Harju and from there in 1758 to Pispala. The early industries in the Pirkanmaa region in the 17th century were mainly
watermill A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower. It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering. Such processes are needed in the productio ...
s and
sawmill A sawmill (saw mill, saw-mill) or lumber mill is a facility where logging, logs are cut into lumber. Modern sawmills use a motorized saw to cut logs lengthwise to make long pieces, and crosswise to length depending on standard or custom sizes ...
s, while in the 18th century other production began to emerge, as several small-scale ironworks, Tammerkoski distillery and Otavala spinning school were founded.


The birth and industrialization of the city

Before the birth of the city of Tampere, its neighboring municipality of Pirkkala (according to which the current Pirkanmaa region got its name) was the most administratively significant parish in the area throughout the
Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
. This all changed in the 18th century when Erik Edner, a Finnish
pastor A pastor (abbreviated as "Pr" or "Ptr" , or "Ps" ) is the leader of a Christian congregation who also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. In Lutheranism, Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and ...
, proposed the establishment of a city of Tampere on the banks of the Tammerkoski channel in 1771–1772; it was officially founded as a market place in 1775 by
Gustav III of Sweden Gustav III (29 March 1792), also called ''Gustavus III'', was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. He was the eldest son of Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. Gustav was a vocal opponent of what ...
and four years later, 1 October 1779, Tampere was granted full city rights. At this time, it was a rather small town, founded on the lands belonging to Tammerkoski manor, while its inhabitants were still mainly farmers. As
farming Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled peop ...
on the city's premises was forbidden, the inhabitants began to rely on other methods of securing a livelihood, primarily
trade Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market. An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct exch ...
and
handicraft A handicraft, sometimes more precisely expressed as artisanal handicraft or handmade, is any of a wide variety of types of work where useful and decorative objects are made completely by one’s hand or by using only simple, non-automated re ...
. When Finland became part of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended th ...
as the
Grand Duchy of Finland The Grand Duchy of Finland ( fi, Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta; sv, Storfurstendömet Finland; russian: Великое княжество Финляндское, , all of which literally translate as Grand Principality of Finland) was the predecess ...
in 1809, Tampere still had less than a thousand inhabitants. Tampere grew as a major market town and industrial centre in the 19th century; the industrialization of Tampere was greatly influenced by the Finlayson textile factory, founded in 1820 by the
Scottish Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including: *Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland *Scottish English *Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...
industrialist A business magnate, also known as a tycoon, is a person who has achieved immense wealth through the ownership of multiple lines of enterprise. The term characteristically refers to a powerful entrepreneur or investor who controls, through perso ...
James Finlayson. By the year 1850, the factory employed around 2000 people, while the population of the city had increased to 4000 inhabitants. Other notable industrial establishments that followed Finlayson's success in the 1800s were the
Tampella Oy Tampella Ab was a Finnish heavy industry manufacturer, a maker of paper machines, locomotives, military weaponry, as well as wood-based products such as packaging. The company was based mainly in the Naistenlahti district of the city of ...
blast furnace A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. ''Blast'' refers to the combustion air being "forced" or supplied above atmospheric p ...
, machine factory and
flax mill Flax mills are mills which process flax. The earliest mills were developed for spinning yarn for the linen Linen () is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant. Linen is very strong, absorbent, and dries faster than cotton. Bec ...
, the Frenckell
paper mill A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags, and other ingredients. Prior to the invention and adoption of the Fourdrinier machine and other types of paper machine that use an endless belt, ...
, and the Tampere
broadcloth Broadcloth is a dense, plain woven cloth, historically made of wool. The defining characteristic of broadcloth is not its finished width but the fact that it was woven much wider (typically 50 to 75% wider than its finished width) and then he ...
factory. Tampere's population grew rapidly at the end of the 19th century, from about 7,000 in 1870 to 36,000 in 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century, Tampere was a city of workers and women, with a third of the population being factory workers and more than half women. At the same time, the city's area increased almost sevenfold and impressive
apartment building An apartment (American English), or flat (British English, Indian English, South African English), is a self-contained housing unit (a type of residential real estate) that occupies part of a building, generally on a single story. There are ma ...
s were built in the center of Tampere among modest wooden houses. The stone houses shaped Tampere in a modern direction. The construction of the sewerage and water supply network and the establishment of electric lighting were further steps towards modernisation; regarding the latter, Tampere was the first Nordic city to introduce electric lights for general use in 1882. The railway connection to Tampere from the extension of the
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
Hämeenlinna Hämeenlinna (; sv, Tavastehus; krl, Hämienlinna; la, Tavastum or ''Croneburgum'') is a city and municipality of about inhabitants in the heart of the historical province of Tavastia and the modern province of Kanta-Häme in the south of ...
line section (today part of the Main Line) via Toijala was opened to public traffic on 22 June 1876. The world-famous
Nokia Corporation Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational corporation, multinational telecommunications industry, telecommunications, technology company, information technology, and consumer electronics corporatio ...
, a multinational
telecommunication Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than tha ...
company, also had its beginnings in the Tammerkoski area; the company's history dates from 1865, when the Finnish-Swedish mining engineer Fredrik Idestam (1838–1916) established a
pulp mill A pulp mill is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fiber sources into a thick fiber board which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical, or fu ...
on the shores of the rapids and after that, a second pulp mill was opened in 1868 near the neighboring town of Nokia, where there were better
hydropower Hydropower (from el, ὕδωρ, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by converting the gravitational potential or kinetic energy of ...
resources.


Geopolitical significance

Tampere was the centre of many important political events in the early 20th century; for example, the 1905 conference of the
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP; in , ''Rossiyskaya sotsial-demokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya (RSDRP)''), also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or the Russian Social Democratic Party, was a socialist po ...
(RSDLP), led by
Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...
, was held at the
Tampere Workers' Hall Tampere Workers' Hall (also known as the Puistotorni, ''The Park Tower'') is a conference and congress centre in Kaakinmaa, Tampere, Finland, located in the corner between Hämeenpuisto and Hallituskatu. It was built in 1900 by the Tampere Worker ...
, where it was decided, among other things, to launch an armed uprising, which eventually led to the October 1917 revolution in the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended th ...
. Also, on 1 November 1905, during the general strike, the famous '' Red Declaration'' was proclaimed on Keskustori. In 1918, after Finland had gained independence, Tampere played a major role, being one of the strategically important sites for the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (FSWR) during the Civil War in Finland (28 January–15 May 1918); the city was the most important industrial city in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century, marked by a huge
working population The workforce or labour force is a concept referring to the pool of human beings either in employment or in unemployment. It is generally used to describe those working for a single company or industry, but can also apply to a geographic r ...
. Tampere was a Red stronghold during the war, with Hugo Salmela in command. White forces, led by General Mannerheim, captured the town after the Battle of Tampere, seizing about 10,000 Red prisoners on 6 April 1918. During the
Winter War The Winter War,, sv, Vinterkriget, rus, Зи́мняя война́, r=Zimnyaya voyna. The names Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940 (russian: link=no, Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940) and Soviet–Finland War 1 ...
, Tampere was bombed by the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
several times. The reason for the bombing of Tampere was that the city was an important railway junction, and also housed the State Aircraft Factory and the Tampella factory, which manufactured
munition Ammunition (informally ammo) is the material fired, scattered, dropped, or detonated from any weapon or weapon system. Ammunition is both expendable weapons (e.g., bombs, missiles, grenades, land mines) and the component parts of other weapo ...
s and weapons, including
grenade launcher A grenade launcher is a weapon that fires a specially-designed large-caliber projectile, often with an explosive, smoke or gas warhead. Today, the term generally refers to a class of dedicated firearms firing unitary grenade cartridges. The m ...
s. The most devastating bombings were on 2 March 1940, killing nine and wounding 30 city residents. In addition, ten buildings were destroyed and 30 were damaged that day.


Post-war period and modern day

Prevalent in Tampere's post-
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
municipal politics was the Brothers-in-Arms Axis (''aseveliakseli''), which mostly consisted of the National Coalition Party and the Social Democrats. While the Centre Party was the largest political force in the Finnish countryside, it had no practical relevance in Tampere. After World War II, Tampere was enlarged by joining some neighbouring areas. Messukylä was incorporated in 1947, Lielahti in 1950, Aitolahti in 1966 and finally Teisko in 1972. The limit of 100,000 inhabitants was crossed in Tampere in 1950. Tampere was long known for its textile and metal industries, but these have been largely replaced by information technology and telecommunications during the 1990s. The technology centre
Hermia Hermia is a fictional character from Shakespeare's play, ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''. She is a girl of ancient Athens named for Hermes, the Greek god of trade. Overview Hermia is caught in a romantic entanglement where she loves one man, ...
in Hervanta is home to many companies in these fields. Yleisradio started broadcasting its second television channel,
Yle TV2 Yle TV2 ( fi, Yle TV Kaksi; sv, Yle TV Två) is a Finnish television channel owned and operated by Yle. TV2 was launched in 1965 as the successor to the former television channels TES-TV (Tesvisio) and Tamvisio, and broadcasts public servic ...
, in
Ristimäki Ristimäki is a neighbourhood in the city of Tampere, Finland, It is bordered on the north by Tohloppi, on the east by Epilänharju, on the west by Tesomajärvi and on the south by the Tampere-Pori railway. Mediapolis, YLE's office, and Te ...
, Tampere in 1965, as a result of which Finland was the first of the Nordic countries to receive a second television channel, after Sweden's
SVT2 SVT2 (SVT Två; commonly referred to as Tvåan), is one of the two main television channels broadcast by Sveriges Television in Sweden. Launched in 1969 by Sveriges Radio, the channel was until the 1990s the most watched in Sweden for many yea ...
started broadcasting only four years later. Tampere became a
university A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase ''universitas magistrorum et scholarium'', which ...
city when the Social University moved from Helsinki to Tampere in 1960 and became the
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered ...
in 1966. In 1979, Tampere-Pirkkala Airport was opened from the center of Tampere on the side of the Pirkkala municipality. At the turn of the 1990s, Tampere's industry underwent a major structural change, as the production of Tampella's and Tampere's textile industry in particular was heavily focused on
bilateral trade Bilateral trade or clearing trade is trade exclusively between two states, particularly, barter trade based on bilateral deals between governments, and without using hard currency for payment. Bilateral trade agreements often aim to keep trade de ...
with the Soviet Union, but when it collapsed in 1991 the companies lost their main customers. As a result of the sudden change and the depression of the early 1990s, Finlayson and the Suomen trikoo had to reduce their operations sharply. Tampella went
bankrupt Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debto ...
. But although the change left a huge amount of vacant industrial space in the city center, in the early 2000s it was gradually put to other uses, with the current Tampere cityscape being characterized above all by strong IT companies, most notably
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finlan ...
's Tampere R&D units.


Geography

Tampere is part of the
Pirkanmaa Pirkanmaa (; sv, Birkaland; la, Birkaria, link=no), also known as ''Tampere Region'' in government documents, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, South Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Päijät-Häme, Kanta-Häme and ...
region and is surrounded by the
municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the ...
of Kangasala,
Lempäälä Lempäälä (; Swedish also ) is a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland with inhabitants (). Lempäälä is located south of the city of Tampere. The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The ...
,
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finlan ...
, Orivesi, Pirkkala, Ruovesi, and Ylöjärvi. There are 180 lakes that are larger than 10,000 m2 (1 ha) in Tampere, and fresh water bodies make up 24% of the city's total area. The lakes have formed as separate basins from Ancylus lake approximately 7500–8000 years ago. The northernmost point of Tampere is located in the Vankavesi
fjard A fjard ( sv, fjärd, ) is a large open space of water between groups of islands or mainland in archipelagos. Fjards can be found along sea coasts, in freshwater lakes or rivers. Fjard and fjord were originally the same word with the general mea ...
of Teisko, the southernmost at the eastern end of
Lake Hervanta A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much large ...
, the easternmost at the northeast corner of Lake Paalijärvi of Teisko and the westernmost at the southeast corner of Lake Haukijärvi near the borders of Ylöjärvi and Nokia. The city center itself is surrounded by three lakes, Näsijärvi, Pyhäjärvi and much smaller Iidesjärvi. Tampere region is situated in the Kokemäki River drainage basin, which discharges into the Bothnian Sea through river which flows through
Pori ) , website www.pori.fi Pori (; sv, Björneborg ) is a city and municipality on the west coast of Finland. The city is located some from the Gulf of Bothnia, on the estuary of the Kokemäki River, west of Tampere, north of Turku and north ...
, the capital of Satakunta region. The
bedrock In geology, bedrock is solid rock that lies under loose material ( regolith) within the crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface material. An exposed portion of be ...
of Tampere consists of mica shale and migmatite, and its building stone deposits are diverse: in addition to traditional
granite Granite () is a coarse-grained ( phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies und ...
, there is an abundance of quartz diorite,
tonalite Tonalite is an igneous, plutonic ( intrusive) rock, of felsic composition, with phaneritic (coarse-grained) texture. Feldspar is present as plagioclase (typically oligoclase or andesine) with alkali feldspar making up less than 10% of the tota ...
, mica shale and mica gneiss. One of the most notable geographical features in Tampere is the Pyynikki Ridge (''Pyynikinharju''), a large esker formed from
moraine A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris ( regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sh ...
during the Weichselian glaciation. It rises 160 meters above sea level and is said to be the largest gravel esker in the world. It is also part of Salpausselkä, a 200 km long ridge system left by the
ice age An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and gre ...
. The center of Tampere (''Keskusta''), as well as the
Pyynikki Pyynikki ( sv, Pynike) is a district and a nature reserve in Tampere, Finland. It is located in the Pyynikinharju ridge, between the city center and the western district of Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tamp ...
, Ylä-Pispala and
Ala-Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tam ...
districts, are located on the isthmus between Lake Pyhäjärvi and Lake Näsijärvi. The location of the city on the edge of the Tammerkoski
rapids Rapids are sections of a river where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient, causing an increase in water velocity and turbulence. Rapids are hydrological features between a ''run'' (a smoothly flowing part of a stream) and a ''cascade' ...
between two long waterways was one of the most important stimuli for its establishment in the 1770s. The streets of central Tampere form a typical grid pattern. On the western edge of the city center, there is a north–south park street,
Hämeenpuisto Hämeenpuisto is a street and public park in Tampere, Finland that is over in length. Its length and central location has earned the park the name "Central Park of Tampere". The park was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel in 1830. Originally the nam ...
("Häme Park" or "Tavastia Park"), which leads from the shore of Lake Pyhäjärvi near Lake Näsijärvi. The wide
Hämeenkatu Hämeenkatu is the main street of Tampere, Finland, located in the city center. The boulevard is roughly a kilometre long, and wide (driveway and sidewalk) at its widest point. Hämeenkatu is a boulevard, which begins from the east at the ...
street leads east–west from the Tampere Central Station to Hämeenpuisto and crosses Tammerkoski along the Hämeensilta bridge. Also along Hämeenkatu is the longest street in the city center,
Satakunnankatu Satakunnankatu is an east–west, busy street in the center of Tampere, Finland, which is one of the city's main streets. It starts from the vicinity of Tampere Cathedral on the east side of Tammerkoski, where it separates the Jussinkylä an ...
, which extends from Rautatienkatu to Amuri, which crosses Tammerkoski along the
Satakunnansilta Satakunnansilta (the ″Satakunta Bridge″) is an old bridge in Tampere, Finland, that crosses the Tammerkoski rapids north of Hämeensilta. The bridge is part of the Satakunnankatu street and is used by both vehicle traffic and pedestrians ...
bridge. The
Tampere Central Square The Tampere Central Square (Finnish: Keskustori) is a public square in the centre of Tampere, Finland, along the main street Hämeenkatu. The Central Square is located on the western shore of Tammerkoski and many important buildings in Tampere ar ...
is located on the western shore of Tammerkoski, close to Hämeensilta. The traffic center of Tampere is the intersection of Itsenäisyydenkatu,
Teiskontie Teiskontie is a street and highway in Tampere, Finland. As its name implies, it runs from the center of Tampere towards Teisko, a former municipality connected to Tampere in 1972. To the east of the highway junction of Hervanta, it is part of High ...
, Sammonkatu, Kalevanpuisto park street, and Kaleva and Liisankallio districts.


Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions

The city of Tampere is divided into seven subdivisions, each of which includes the many districts and their suburbs. There are a total of 111 statistical areas in Tampere. However, the statistical areas made for Tampere's statistics do not fully correspond to the Tampere district division or the residents' perception of the districts, as the Amuri, Kyttälä and Tammela districts, for example, are divided into two parts corresponding to the official district division, and in addition to this, Liisankallio and Kalevanrinne are often considered to belong to the Kaleva district.


Climate

Tampere has a Subarctic climate (
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, nota ...
''Dfc'') bordering the
Humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freez ...
''Dfb'' climate zone. Winters are cold and the average temperature from December to February is below . Summers are cool to warm. On average, snow cover lasts 4–5 months from late November to early April. Considering it being close to the subarctic threshold and inland, winters are, on average, quite mild for the classification, as is the annual mean temperature.


Temperature records of Tampere

Temperature records of Tampere and the near-by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport: Highest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980: Lowest temperatures in Tampere: Lowest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980:


Cityscape


Revival and nationalism

Tampere has buildings from many architectural periods. Only the old stone church of
Messukylä Messukylä ( sv, Messukylä, also ) is a former municipality of Finland which was annexed by the city of Tampere in 1947. The medieval stone church (built c. 1540) in Messukylä is the oldest building in Tampere. During the Civil War (1918), M ...
represents
medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
building culture. Early 19th century neoclassicism, in turn, is represented by the Tampere Old Church and its belfry. The Gothic Revival buildings in Tampere that emerged from neoclassicism are the new Messukylä Church and the
Alexander Church The Alexander Church ( fi, Aleksanterin kirkko; sv, Alexanderskyrkan) is a stone church in Tampere, Finland, and it is part of the Tampere Cathedral Parish. It is located in the Kaakinmaa district in the city center of Tampere, on the edge of ...
, and the
Renaissance Revival Renaissance Revival architecture (sometimes referred to as "Neo-Renaissance") is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range ...
buildings are the Hatanpää Manor, the Tampere City Hall, the Ruuskanen House and
Näsilinna Näsilinna (; lit. "Näsi Castle") is a neo-baroque palace on Näsikallio in Tampere, Finland. It was built by Peter von Nottbeck, son of , a St. Petersburg-based industrial manager of Finlayson. The original name of the palace, completed in 1 ...
. The romantic nationalism design can be seen in the Commerce House, the Tirkkonen House, the Palander House, the Tampere Cathedral, the Tampere Central Fire Station and the National Bank Building in Tampere. At an early stage, the use of
red brick A brick is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the term ''brick'' denotes a block composed of dried clay, but is now also used informally to denote other chemically cured cons ...
as a material in the industrial buildings along Tammerkoski, such as the Finlayson and
Tampella Oy Tampella Ab was a Finnish heavy industry manufacturer, a maker of paper machines, locomotives, military weaponry, as well as wood-based products such as packaging. The company was based mainly in the Naistenlahti district of the city of ...
factories, has left a strong imaginary mark on the city.


Functionalism and modernism

Post-
Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Moder ...
classicism was largely Nordic, during which the Laikku Culture House, Hotel Tammer, the Tuulensuu House and the Viinikka Church were built in Tampere. After functionalism became the prevailing style in the 1930s, the Tampere Central Station, the Tempo House, a bus station and the Kauppi Hospital were built in Tampere. There is no single accepted designation for the
post-war In Western usage, the phrase post-war era (or postwar era) usually refers to the time since the end of World War II. More broadly, a post-war period (or postwar period) is the interval immediately following the end of a war. A post-war period ...
style, but the key representatives of the reconstruction period are the Bank of Finland House, the Amurinlinna House and the Pyynikki Swimming Hall. The rationalist buildings of the modernist period are represented by the
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered ...
, the Tampere Central Hospital, Sampola, the School of Economics,
Ratina Stadium Tampere Stadium ( fi, Tampereen stadion), also known as Ratina Stadium ( fi, Ratinan stadion), designed by architect Timo Penttilä and completed in 1965, is a multi-purpose stadium in Tampere, Finland, with a seating capacity of 16,800 people, ...
and the
Kaleva Church Kaleva Church ( fi, Kalevan kirkko; sv, Kalevakyrkan) is an Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland church in the Liisankallio district of Tampere, Finland. It was designed by Reima and Raili Pietilä and built in 1964–66. The church accommo ...
. After this, diverse modernism will be represented by, among others, the
Metso Main Library Tampere Central Library ( Finnish: ''Tampereen kaupungin pääkirjasto'') is the main municipal library in Tampere, Finland. It is also known as ''Metso'' ('Capercaillie'), due to its resemblance to the bird, when viewed from above. The library ...
, the Hervanta Operations Center, the
Tampere Hall The Tampere Hall ( fi, Tampere-talo; sv, Tammerforshuset) is the largest congress centre in the Nordic countries, located in the southern edge of Sorsapuisto, in the centre of Tampere, Finland. It was inaugurated on September 29, 1990. Opposite ...
, the university extension and
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finlan ...
's office building in
Hatanpää Hatanpää () is a district in Tampere, Finland, located in the southern part of the city center on the shores of Lake Pyhäjärvi. Hatanpää is actually a peninsula that protrudes towards the lake, leaving the waters of Viinikanlahti Bay to ...
. The city center of Tampere and also its western parts have been developed in a more modern direction since the 2010s, and the city aims to get the center to take on its future form by the 2030s. Plans have been drawn up for the Central Station area in particular in the form of the "Tampere Deck" project, in connection with which a new multi-purpose arena and
high-rise building A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdicti ...
s have been sent to the area. A light rail network has also been recently built in the
downtown ''Downtown'' is a term primarily used in North America by English speakers to refer to a city's sometimes commercial, cultural and often the historical, political and geographic heart. It is often synonymous with its central business distric ...
area.
Artificial island An artificial island is an island that has been constructed by people rather than formed by natural means. Artificial islands may vary in size from small islets reclaimed solely to support a single pillar of a building or structure to those tha ...
projects are planned on the shores of the lakes, which would create new
residential area A residential area is a land used in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas. Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family housing, multi-family res ...
s for several thousand inhabitants. The projects are estimated to cost several billion euros.


Economy

The Tampere region,
Pirkanmaa Pirkanmaa (; sv, Birkaland; la, Birkaria, link=no), also known as ''Tampere Region'' in government documents, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, South Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Päijät-Häme, Kanta-Häme and ...
, which includes outlying municipalities, has around 509,000 residents, 244,000 employed people, and a turnover of 28 billion euros . According to the Tampere International Business Office, the area is strong in mechanical engineering and automation, information and communication technologies, and health and biotechnology, as well as pulp and paper industry education. Unemployment rate was 15.7% in August 2020. 70% of the areas jobs are in the service sector. Less than 20% are in the manufacturing sector. 34.5% of employed people live outside the Tampere municipality and commute to Tampere for work. Meanwhile, 15.6% of Tampere's residents work outside Tampere. In 2014 the largest employers were Kesko, Pirkanmaan Osuuskauppa, Alma Media and Posti Group. According to a study carried out by the Synergos Research and Training Center of the
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered ...
, the total impact of tourism in the Tampere region in 2012 was more than 909 million euros. Tourism also brought 4,805 person-years to the region. The biggest single attraction in Tampere is the Särkänniemi
amusement park An amusement park is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games, as well as other events for entertainment purposes. A theme park is a type of amusement park that bases its structures and attractions around a central ...
, which had about 630,000 visitors in 2016. In addition, in 2015, 1,021,151 overnight stays were made in Tampere
hotel A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided inside a hotel room may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a ref ...
s. The number exceeded the previous record year with more than 20,000 overnight stays. All that makes Tampere the second most popular city in Finland after Helsinki in terms of hotel stays. Leisure tourism accounted for 55,4% of overnight stays and occupational tourism for 43,2%. The occupancy rate of all accommodation establishments with more than 20 rooms was 57,0%, while that of accommodation establishments in the whole country was 48,3%. Tampere's economic profit in 2015 was the worst of big Finnish cities. In 2016 the loss of the fiscal year was 18,8 million euros. In the city's economy, the largest revenues come from taxes and government contributions. In 2015, the city received 761 million euros in municipal tax revenue. In addition, 61,4 million euros came from
corporate tax A corporate tax, also called corporation tax or company tax, is a direct tax imposed on the income or capital of corporations or analogous legal entities. Many countries impose such taxes at the national level, and a similar tax may be imposed a ...
es and 64 million euros from
property tax A property tax or millage rate is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property.In the OECD classification scheme, tax on property includes "taxes on immovable property or net wealth, taxes on the change of ownership of property through inher ...
es. Tax revenues have not increased as expected in the 2010s, although the city's population has increased. This has been affected by high
unemployment Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the refer ...
. Tampere is headquarters for Bronto Skylift, an aerial rescue and aerial work platform manufacturer.


Energy

In 2013, Tampereen Energiantuotanto, which is part of the Tampereen Sähkölaitos Group, generated 1,254 GWh of
electricity Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as describ ...
and 2,184 GWh of
district heating District heating (also known as heat networks or teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location through a system of insulated pipes for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating ...
. The two units of the Naistenlahti's
power plant A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid. Many p ...
generated a total of about 65% and the Lielahti's power plant about 30% of the electricity production. In district heating production, the Naistenlahti power plant units accounted for 57% and the Lielahti power plant for 23%. Tampere's ten heating centers accounted for 21%. In 2013, the share of
natural gas Natural gas (also called fossil gas or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes. Low levels of trace gases like carbon ...
in energy production was about 65%. Wood and
peat Peat (), also known as turf (), is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. The peatland ecosystem covers and is the most efficien ...
accounted for about 17%. In addition,
hydropower Hydropower (from el, ὕδωρ, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by converting the gravitational potential or kinetic energy of ...
and oil were used. Emissions from energy production have decreased in the 21st century due to the growth of renewable forms of production and the modernization of the Naistenlahti plant. In 2013, approximately 669,000 tonnes of
carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is t ...
emissions and 297 tonnes of
sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide ( IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a toxic gas responsible for the odor of burnt matches. It is released naturally by volcanic ...
emissions were generated.


Water and waste management

66,5% of Tampere's domestic water is
surface water Surface water is water located on top of land forming terrestrial (inland) waterbodies, and may also be referred to as ''blue water'', opposed to the seawater and waterbodies like the ocean. The vast majority of surface water is produced by pr ...
and 33,5%
groundwater Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available freshwater in the world is groundwater. A unit of rock or an unconsolidat ...
. 58% of the water was diverted to economic use and 13% to industrial use. In addition to Tampere, Tampereen Vesi manages water in Pirkkala. Almost all surface water comes from Lake Roine. In addition, Tampereen Vesi has four surface water plants in Lake Näsijärvi and five groundwater intakes. Tampereen Vesi is 96% responsible for the wastewater of Tampere, Kangasala, Pirkkala and Ylöjärvi. In 2012, a total of 31,9 million cubic meters of
wastewater Wastewater is water generated after the use of freshwater, raw water, drinking water or saline water in a variety of deliberate applications or processes. Another definition of wastewater is "Used water from any combination of domestic, industri ...
was treated in Tampere. The Viinikanlahti
treatment plant Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, includ ...
treats more than 75% of wastewater. Pirkanmaan Jätehuolto handles
waste management Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitori ...
in Tampere. It has waste treatment facilities in
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finlan ...
's Lake Koukkujärvi and Tampere's Lake Tarastenjärvi.


Demographics

Tampere has 238,671 inhabitants, making it the third most populous municipality in Finland and the tenth in the Nordics. The Tampere region, which has 410,689 inhabitants, is the second largest urban area after
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
. 8.6% of the population has a foreign background, which is lower than Helsinki and
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
but higher than
Oulu Oulu ( , ; sv, Uleåborg ) is a city, municipality and a seaside resort of about 210,000 inhabitants in the region of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the most populous city in northern Finland and the fifth most populous in the country after ...
. The demographic structure of Tampere shows the city's position as a very popular place to study, as the number of young adults is clearly higher than in other municipalities in the region. At the end of 2012, the population
dependency ratio The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the ''dependent'' part ages 0 to 14 and 65+) and those typically in the labor force (the ''productive'' part ages 15 to 64). It is used to measure the press ...
was 45. About 17,3% of the population was over 65 years of age. Just over half of the population is women, as in the whole country. The population is fairly educated, with two-thirds of those over 15 having completed post-primary education. Tampere is Finland's largest monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. In 2021, 1,321 Swedish-speakers lived in Tampere, ie their share of the Tampere population was about half a per cent. This is the second largest number of Swedish-speakers in monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities after
Kaarina Kaarina (; sv, S:t Karins, i.e. " Saint Catherine's") is a small town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the Southwest Finland region and is a neighbouring town of Turku, which is the capital of Southwest Finland, therefore Kaarina ...
. Kaarina and Tampere are also the only monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities with a separate Swedish-speaking congregation. In 1900, Swedish-speakers accounted for more than six per cent of Tampere's population and in 1950 for less than two per cent. Speakers of languages other than Finnish or Swedish account for 8.5% of the population, similar to the national average of 8.3%. The most spoken languages among them are Russian (1.3%),
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walte ...
(1.0%),
Farsi Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, ', ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and u ...
(0.8%) and English (0.6%). At the end of 2018, there were a total of 140,039 dwellings in Tampere, of which 127,639 were permanently inhabited and 12,400 were not permanently inhabited. Of these, 74% were
apartment building An apartment (American English), or flat (British English, Indian English, South African English), is a self-contained housing unit (a type of residential real estate) that occupies part of a building, generally on a single story. There are ma ...
s, 14
detached house A stand-alone house (also called a single-detached dwelling, detached residence or detached house) is a free-standing residential building. It is sometimes referred to as a single-family home, as opposed to a multi-family residential dwelli ...
s, 10
terraced house In architecture and city planning, a terrace or terraced house ( UK) or townhouse ( US) is a form of medium-density housing that originated in Europe in the 16th century, whereby a row of attached dwellings share side walls. In the United Sta ...
s and 2% other residential buildings. Between 2002 and 2020, more than 40,000 new apartments have been completed in Tampere. Living space has been growing for a long time, although growth virtually came to a halt after 2008. The average living space at the end of 2012 was about 36,8 m2 per inhabitant, compared to about 19,2 m2 in 1970 and about 31,8 m2 in 1990. The average population of a dwelling in 2012 was about 1,8 inhabitants. For more than ten years, Tampere has been one of the most migratory municipalities, as in January–September 2021, more than 1,930 new residents moved to Tampere.
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finlan ...
, Kangasala and
Lempäälä Lempäälä (; Swedish also ) is a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland with inhabitants (). Lempäälä is located south of the city of Tampere. The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The ...
, which are among Tampere's neighboring municipalities, have also been identified as the most migratory municipalities, which rose to the list of the 20 most attractive municipalities. Even during
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified ...
, Tampere has become Finland's most attractive area for internal migration, as Tampere gained the most migration gains in 2020.


Urban areas

In 2019, out of the total population of 238,140, 231,648 people lived in
urban areas An urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, ...
and 3,132 in sparsely populated areas, while the coordinates of 3,360 people were unknown. This made Tampere's degree of urbanization 98.7%. The urban population in the municipality was divided between three statistical urban areas as follows:


Education

The
comprehensive education Comprehensive may refer to: * Comprehensive layout, the page layout of a proposed design as initially presented by the designer to a client. * Comprehensive school, a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement ...
is given mainly in Finnish but the city has special bilingual groups where students study in Finnish and a second language ( English,
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
or
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
). Furthermore, there is a private Swedish-speaking school in the
Kaakinmaa Kaakinmaa is a district in Tampere, Finland, located in the city center. It includes the area south of Pyynikki Church Park (''Pyynikin kirkkopuisto'') between the Hämeenpuisto park and the Mariankatu street. To the south, the area extends to ...
district (Swedish Svenska samskolan i Tammerfors) that covers all levels of education from
preschool A preschool, also known as nursery school, pre-primary school, or play school or creche, is an educational establishment or learning space offering early childhood education to children before they begin compulsory education at primary scho ...
to
high school A secondary school describes an institution that provides secondary education and also usually includes the building where this takes place. Some secondary schools provide both '' lower secondary education'' (ages 11 to 14) and ''upper seconda ...
. There are three institutions of higher education in the Tampere area totaling 40,000 students: the university and two polytechnic institutions ( fi, ammattikorkeakoulu). Tampere University (TUNI) has over 20,000 students and is located in two campuses, one in the Kalevanharju district, close to the city centre, and one in Hervanta, in the southern part of the city. The institution was formed in 2019 as a result of the merge of
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered ...
(UTA) and Tampere University of Technology (TUT). TUNI is also the major shareholder of the
Tampere University of Applied Sciences Tampere University of Applied Sciences ( fi, Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu, TAMK) is a university of applied sciences (a polytechnic) in the region of Pirkanmaa, Finland. Together with Tampere University, TAMK constitutes the Tampere higher edu ...
(''Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu'', TAMK), a polytechnic counting about 10,000 students. The Police University College, the polytechnic institution serving all of Finland in its field of specialization, is also located in Tampere. Tampere University Hospital (''Tampereen yliopistollinen sairaala'', TAYS) in the Kauppi district, one of the main hospitals in Finland, is affiliated with Tampere University. It is a teaching hospital with 34 medical specializations. The Nurmi district in the northern part of city also houses the
Tampere Christian School Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a city in the Pirkanmaa region, located in the western part of Finland. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries. It has a population of 244,029; the urban area has a population ...
(''Tampereen kristillinen koulu''), which operates on a co-
Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...
basis and is maintained by the Adventist Church of Finland, offering free basic education based on Christian basic values and outlook on life for all grades of primary school.


Arts and culture

Tampere is known for its active cultural life. Some of the most popular writers in Finland, such as Väinö Linna,
Kalle Päätalo Kaarlo (Kalle) Alvar Päätalo (11 November 1919 – 20 November 2000) was a Finnish novelist, the most popular Finnish writer in the 20th century. His ''Iijoki'' series, comprising 26 novels, is one of the longest autobiographical works ever ...
, and
Hannu Salama Hannu Sulo Salama (born 4 October 1936) is a Finnish author. Biography and work Hannu Salama was born in Kouvola, Kymenlaakso region in Southern Finland. He spent his childhood in the Pispala district of the city of Tampere, in a traditional ...
, hail from Tampere. These authors are known particularly as writers depicting the lives of working-class people, thanks to their respective backgrounds as members of the working class. Also from such a background was the poet
Lauri Viita Lauri Arvi Viita (17 December 1916 – 22 December 1965) was a poet hailing from the Pispala district of Tampere, Finland. Viita was a verbally talented son of a carpenter who became a self-taught writer. He only published four poetry collectio ...
of the
Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tam ...
district, which was also the original home of the aforementioned Hannu Salama. On 1 October, Tampere celebrates the annual
Tampere Day Tampere Day ( fi, Tampereen päivä; sv, Tammerforsdagen) is an annual celebration in Finland, held on October 1, to celebrate the city of Tampere; on that date, Tampere was granted full city rights in 1779. Tampere Day has been celebrated sin ...
( fi, Tampereen päivä), which hosts a variety of public events.


Media

Tampere is a strong ''media city'', as the television center in Tohloppi and
Ristimäki Ristimäki is a neighbourhood in the city of Tampere, Finland, It is bordered on the north by Tohloppi, on the east by Epilänharju, on the west by Tesomajärvi and on the south by the Tampere-Pori railway. Mediapolis, YLE's office, and Te ...
districts has had a nationwide
Yle TV2 Yle TV2 ( fi, Yle TV Kaksi; sv, Yle TV Två) is a Finnish television channel owned and operated by Yle. TV2 was launched in 1965 as the successor to the former television channels TES-TV (Tesvisio) and Tamvisio, and broadcasts public servic ...
television channel since the 1970s, and Finnish radio, for example, began in Tampere when
Arvi Hauvonen Arvi may refer to: * Arvi, Wardha, a city in the Wardha district of Maharashtra, India ** Arvi (Vidhan Sabha constituency) * An ancient Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historicall ...
founded the first broadcasting station in 1923. Yle TV2 has its roots in Tamvisio, which was transferred to Yleisradio in 1964. ''Kakkoskanava'' ("Channel 2") has been a major influence in Tampere, and several well-known television programs and series have been shot in the city, such as TV comedies '' Tankki täyteen'', '' Reinikainen'' and '' Kummeli''. The Ruutu+ streaming service's popular crime drama television series '' Lakeside Murders'' ( fi, Koskinen), based on the ''Koskinen'' book series by Seppo Jokinen, is also produced and filmed in Tampere. The Tampere Film Festival, an annual international short film event, is held every March. Tampere has also served as a filming location for international film productions, most notably the 1993 British comedy film '' The Big Freeze'' and the 2022 American sci-fi film ''
Dual Dual or Duals may refer to: Paired/two things * Dual (mathematics), a notion of paired concepts that mirror one another ** Dual (category theory), a formalization of mathematical duality *** see more cases in :Duality theories * Dual (grammatical ...
''. In 2014, ''
Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
'', which was published in Tampere and was founded in 1881, was the third largest newspaper in Finland in terms of circulation, after '' Helsingin Sanomat'' and ''
Ilta-Sanomat ''Ilta-Sanomat'' () is one of Finland's two prominent tabloid size evening newspaper and the second largest paper in the country. Its counterpart and biggest rival is '' Iltalehti''. According to the National Media Research done in 2019 ''Ilta- ...
''. The circulation of the magazine was 106,842 (2014). In addition, a free city newspaper ''
Tamperelainen ''Tamperelainen'' (literally translated "Tamperean", meaning person who live in Tampere) is Finland's oldest city newspaper for the free distribution, published in Tampere, Kangasala, Nokia, Lempäälä, Pirkkala and Ylöjärvi. History ...
'' (literally translated "Tamperean", meaning person who live in Tampere) will be published in the city. In November 2016, the ''Tamperelainen'' was awarded the second best city newspaper in Finland. The city is also known as the home of the popular
Hydraulic Press Channel The Hydraulic Press Channel (HPC) is a YouTube channel operated by Finnish workshop owner Lauri Vuohensilta. Launched in October 2015, the channel publishes videos of various objects being crushed in a 140-ton hydraulic press. On 31 October 201 ...
on YouTube, which originates from a machine shop owned by Lauri Vuohensilta.


Food

A local food speciality is '' mustamakkara'', which resembles the black pudding of northern England. It is a black sausage made by mixing pork, pig's blood and crushed rye and flour and is stuffed into the intestines of an animal. It is commonly eaten with lingonberry sauce. Especially Tammelantori square in the district of Tammela is known for its ''mustamakkara''
kiosk Historically, a kiosk () was a small garden pavilion open on some or all sides common in Persia, the Indian subcontinent, and in the Ottoman Empire from the 13th century onward. Today, several examples of this type of kiosk still exist i ...
s. A newer Tampere tradition are ''munkki'', fresh sugary doughnuts that are sold in several cafés around Tampere, but most traditionally in Pyynikki observation tower. One of the specialties of Tampere's local
barbecue Barbecue or barbeque (informally BBQ in the UK, US, and Canada, barbie in Australia and braai in South Africa) is a term used with significant regional and national variations to describe various cooking methods that use live fire and smoke ...
dishes include the
peremech Peremech ( tt-Cyrl, пәрәмәч / ''pərəməç'' / ''pärämäç''; ba, бәрәмес, tr. ''beremes''; russian: беляш, belyash) is an individual-sized fried dough pastry common for Volga Tatar and Bashkir cuisines. It is made from un ...
( fi, pärämätsi) based on traditional
Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary
is an umbrella term for different
food. It is a pie reminiscent of Karelian pasty with seasoned
ground meat Ground meat, called mince or minced meat outside North America, is meat finely chopped by a meat grinder or a chopping knife. A common type of ground meat is ground beef, but many other types of meats are prepared in a similar fashion, incl ...
inside. In the 1980s, in addition to ''mustamakkara'' and barley bread, the old parish dish of Tampere was also called a potato soup, home-made small beer (''kotikalja''), a sweetened lingonberry porridge and a
sweetened potato casserole Sweetened potato casserole (Finnish ''imelletty perunalaatikko'') is a traditional Finnish dish from Päijät-Häme, eaten elsewhere in Finland at Christmastime. It is prepared by letting puréed potatoes, mixed with wheat flour, stand at a temper ...
(''Imelletty perunalaatikko''). Since 1991, the two-day
fish market A fish market is a marketplace for selling fish and fish products. It can be dedicated to wholesale trade between fishermen and fish merchants, or to the sale of seafood to individual consumers, or to both. Retail fish markets, a type of wet m ...
event (''Tampereen kalamarkkinat'') in
Laukontori Laukontori (or the Laukko Square, also known as ''Alaranta'') is a market square in the southern part of the city center of Tampere, Finland, on the shores of Lake Pyhäjärvi. It is located just a few hundred meters from Tampere Central Square. ...
attracts as many as 80,000–100,000 visitors in year, and is held both in the spring on ''
vappu Walpurgis Night (), an abbreviation of Saint Walpurgis Night (from the German ), also known as Saint Walpurga's Eve (alternatively spelled Saint Walburga's Eve), is the eve of the Christian feast day of Saint Walpurga, an 8th-century abbess in ...
'' and in the autumn on Tampere Day.


Music

Tampere is home to the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra (''Tampere Filharmonia''), which is one of only two full-sized symphony orchestras in Finland; the other one is located in
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
. The orchestra's home venue is the
Tampere Hall The Tampere Hall ( fi, Tampere-talo; sv, Tammerforshuset) is the largest congress centre in the Nordic countries, located in the southern edge of Sorsapuisto, in the centre of Tampere, Finland. It was inaugurated on September 29, 1990. Opposite ...
, and their concerts include classical, popular, and film music.
Tampere Music Festivals The Tampere Music Festivals organises three music events in the city of Tampere, Finland. Tampere Jazz Happening The Tampere Jazz Happenitakes place every November, bringing together friends of modern jazz. It was first held in 1982. The uncomprom ...
organises three international music events: The Tampere Jazz Happening each November, and in alternate years The Tampere Vocal Music Festival and the Tampere Biennale. Professional education in many fields of classical music, including performing arts, pedagogic arts, and composition, is provided by
Tampere University of Applied Sciences Tampere University of Applied Sciences ( fi, Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu, TAMK) is a university of applied sciences (a polytechnic) in the region of Pirkanmaa, Finland. Together with Tampere University, TAMK constitutes the Tampere higher edu ...
and Tampere Conservatoire. Tammerfest, Tampere's urban rock festival, is held every July. The Blockfest, which also takes place in Tampere during the summer months, is the largest hip hop event in the Nordic countries. The Tampere Floral Festival is an annual event, held each Summer. ''Manserock'' became a general term for rock music from Tampere, which was essentially rock music with Finnish lyrics. Manserock was especially popular during the 1970s and 1980s, and its most popular artists included
Juice Leskinen Juhani Juice Leskinen (officially Pauli Matti Juhani "Juice" Leskinen; 19 February 1950 – 24 November 2006), better known as Juice Leskinen ( as if the word ''juice'' were Finnish) was one of the most important and successful Finnish singer- ...
, Virtanen, Kaseva, Popeda, and Eppu Normaali. In 1977,
Poko Rekords Poko Rekords was a Finnish record label. It was established in 1977, but ceased operations in 2009. In the early years, Poko Rekords focused mainly on punk and rockabilly music and later expanded its artist range to heavier rock music. Poko Reko ...
, the first record company in Tampere, was founded. In the 2010s, there has been a lot of popular musical activity in Tampere, particularly in the fields of rock and heavy/black metal; one of the most important metal music events in Tampere is the Sauna Open Air Metal Festival. Some of the most popular bands based in Tampere include Negative, Uniklubi, and Lovex. Tampere also has an active electronic music scene. Tampere hosts an annual World of Tango Festival (''Maailmantango''), which is one of the most significant tango events in Finland next to the
Tangomarkkinat The Tangomarkkinat is the world's oldest tango festival. It is held early every July in Seinäjoki, Finland. As well as competitions to find the country's best tango singers, composers, and dancers, the festival features public dancing to live mus ...
of
Seinäjoki Seinäjoki (; "Wall River"; la, Wegelia, formerly sv, Östermyra) is a city located in South Ostrobothnia, Finland; east of Vaasa, north of Tampere, west of Jyväskylä and southwest of Oulu. Seinäjoki originated around the Östermyra b ...
.


Theatre

Tampere has a lengthy tradition of theater, with established institutions such as Tampereen Työväen Teatteri, Tampereen Teatteri, and
Pyynikin Kesäteatteri Pyynikki Summer Theatre ( fi, Pyynikin kesäteatteri) is an open-air theatre operating in Tampere, Finland, known especially for its revolving auditorium. It is one of the largest summer theatres in Finland and has been running uninterrupted lon ...
, which is an open-air theatre with the oldest revolving auditorium in Europe. The longest-running directors of the Tampereen Teatteri include Eino Salmelainen and Rauli Lehtonen, and the Tampereen Työväen Teatteri has Kosti Elo, Eino Salmelainen and Lasse Pöysti. The Tampere Theatre Festival (''Tampereen teatterikesä'') is an international theatre festival held in the city each August. Tampere also has the Tampere Opera, founded in 1946. Tampere's other professional theaters are Teatteri Siperia; restaurant theater Teatteripalatsi; Teatteri Telakka, known for its artistic experiments; Ahaa Teatteri, which specializes in children's and young people's plays;
puppet theater A puppet is an object, often resembling a human, animal or mythical figure, that is animated or manipulated by a person called a puppeteer. The puppeteer uses movements of their hands, arms, or control devices such as rods or strings to mov ...
Teatteri Mukamas, and Tanssiteatteri MD, specializes in
contemporary dance Contemporary dance is a genre of dance performance that developed during the mid-twentieth century and has since grown to become one of the dominant genres for formally trained dancers throughout the world, with particularly strong popularity in ...
performances. In addition, there are also three cinemas in Tampere: two Finnkino's theaters, Cine Atlas and Plevna, and private Arthouse Cinema Niagara, which serves as the main venue for the Cinemadrome Festival, which presents
horror Horror may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Genres *Horror fiction, a genre of fiction ** Japanese horror, Japanese horror fiction **Korean horror, Korean horror fiction * Horror film, a film genre *Horror comics, comic books focusing o ...
, action,
sci-fi Science fiction (sometimes shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel univ ...
, trash, and other
cult film A cult film or cult movie, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film that has acquired a cult following. Cult films are known for their dedicated, passionate fanbase which forms an elaborate subculture, members of which engage i ...
s. Local cinemas also included the historic
Imatra Imatra is a town and municipality in southeastern Finland. Imatra is dominated by Lake Saimaa, the Vuoksi River and the border with Russia. On the other side of the border, away from the centre of Imatra, lies the Russian town of Svetogorsk ...
, formerly located in the Kyttälä district, which was completely destroyed on a fire in the midst of a 1924 film '' Wages of Virtue'' on 23 October 1927, killing 21 people.


Religion

As is the case with most of the rest of Finland, most Tampere citizens belong to the
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland ( fi, Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko; sv, Evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan i Finland) is a national church of Finland. It is part of the Lutheran branch of Christianity. The church has a legal positio ...
. One Lutheran church in Tampere is
Finlayson Church The Finlayson Church ( fi, Finlaysonin kirkko; sv, Finlaysons kyrka) is a church built in Gothic Revival style located in the Finlayson industrial area in the district by the same name in Tampere, Finland. It was built in 1879 as the churc ...
in the district by the same name. Tampere also has a variety of other religious services spanning from traditional to charismatic. There are also some English speaking services, such as the Tampere English Service, an international community affiliated with the (''Tampereen helluntaiseurakunta''). English services of the International Congregation of Christ the King (ICCK) are organized by the
Anglican Church in Finland The Anglican Church in Finland ( fi, Suomen Anglikaaninen kirkko; sv, Anglikanska kyrkan i Finland) is a church in the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe in the Church of England. There were 171 registered members at the end of 2016. The church has cl ...
and the Lutheran Parishes of Tampere. The Catholic parish of the Holy Cross also offers services in Finnish, Polish and English. Other churches may also have English speaking ministries. Tampere is the center of a LDS
stake Stake may refer to: Entertainment * '' Stake: Fortune Fighters'', a 2003 video game * ''The Stake'', a 1915 silent short film * "The Stake", a 1977 song by The Steve Miller Band from '' Book of Dreams'' * ''Stakes'' (miniseries), a Cartoon Netw ...
(diocese). Other churches in Tampere are the
Baptist Church Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing Christian believers only ( believer's baptism), and doing so by complete immersion. Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul com ...
, the Evangelical Free Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland, the
Finnish Orthodox Church The Orthodox Church of Finland ( fi, Suomen ortodoksinen kirkko, lit=Finnish Orthodox Church; sv, Ortodoxa kyrkan i Finland, lit=Orthodox Church in Finland; ) is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox archdiocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Consta ...
and the Nokia Revival. There was an organized Jewish community until 1981. Though a small number of Jews remain in Tampere, organized communal life ended at that time. There are three registered Muslim communities in Tampere. The biggest of them being Tampere Islam Society with over 1500 members.


City rivalry with Turku

Tampere ostensibly has a long-standing mutual feud with the city of
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
, the first capital of Finland, and they tend to compete for the title of being the "second grand city of Finland" after
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
. This rivalry is largely expressed in jokes in one city about the other; prominent targets are the traditional Tampere food, '' mustamakkara'', the state of the Aura River in Turku, and the regional accents. Tampere is well known as a food destination because of its food culture. Since 1997, students at Tampere have made annual excursions to Turku to jump on the market square, doing their part to undo the
post-glacial rebound Post-glacial rebound (also called isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses after the removal of the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, which had caused isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound ...
and push the city back into the
Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and fr ...
.


Main sights

One of the main tourist attractions is the Särkänniemi
amusement park An amusement park is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games, as well as other events for entertainment purposes. A theme park is a type of amusement park that bases its structures and attractions around a central ...
, which includes the landmark
Näsinneula tower Näsinneula (; ) is an observation tower in Tampere, Finland, overseeing Lake Näsijärvi. It was built in 1970–1971 and was designed by Pekka Ilveskoski. It is the tallest free-standing structure in Finland and at present the tallest observati ...
, topped by a
revolving restaurant A revolving restaurant or rotating restaurant is usually a tower restaurant eating space designed to rest atop a broad circular revolving platform that operates as a large turntable. The building remains stationary and the diners are carried on ...
. In addition to these, it used to house a dolphinarium. Other sites of interest are Tampere Cathedral, Tampere City Hall, Tampere Central Library ''Metso'' ("
Capercaillie ''Tetrao'' is a genus of birds in the grouse subfamily known as capercaillies. They are some of the largest living grouse. Taxonomy The genus ''Tetrao'' was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his ...
"),
Kaleva Church Kaleva Church ( fi, Kalevan kirkko; sv, Kalevakyrkan) is an Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland church in the Liisankallio district of Tampere, Finland. It was designed by Reima and Raili Pietilä and built in 1964–66. The church accommo ...
(both designed by Reima Pietilä), the Tampere Hall (along
Hämeenkatu Hämeenkatu is the main street of Tampere, Finland, located in the city center. The boulevard is roughly a kilometre long, and wide (driveway and sidewalk) at its widest point. Hämeenkatu is a boulevard, which begins from the east at the ...
) for conferences and concerts, the Tampere Market Hall and historical Pyynikki observation tower. Tampere has at least seven
hotel A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided inside a hotel room may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a ref ...
s, the most noteworthy of which are Hotel Tammer, Hotel Ilves, and
Hotel Torni Hotel Torni () is a historical hotel located in Kamppi, Helsinki, Finland, and a part of the Sokos Hotels hotel chain. When opened in 1931, it became the tallest building in Finland, a position it maintained until the completion of the new Ne ...
, the tallest hotel building in Finland. The Holiday Club Tampere
spa A spa is a location where mineral-rich spring water (and sometimes seawater) is used to give medicinal baths. Spa towns or spa resorts (including hot springs resorts) typically offer various health treatments, which are also known as balneothe ...
is also located in the Lapinniemi district on the shores of Lake Näsijärvi. There are also many significant shopping centers in the city center of Tampere and its suburbs; the most notable shopping centers are
Ratina Ratina is a suburban community in the municipality of Kraljevo, Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southe ...
, Koskikeskus,
DUO Duo may refer to: Places *Duo, West Virginia, an unincorporated community and coal town in Greenbrier County, West Virginia *Duo, Tampere, a shopping centre in Hervanta, Tampere, Finland * DUO, a twin-tower development in Singapore Arts, enterta ...
, Like, and Tullintori. Tampere is also home to one of the last museums in the world dedicated to
Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...
. The museum is housed in the
Tampere Workers' Hall Tampere Workers' Hall (also known as the Puistotorni, ''The Park Tower'') is a conference and congress centre in Kaakinmaa, Tampere, Finland, located in the corner between Hämeenpuisto and Hallituskatu. It was built in 1900 by the Tampere Worker ...
(along Hallituskatu) where during a subsequent
Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
conference in the city, Lenin met
Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
for the first time. Lenin moved to Tampere in August 1905, but eventually fled for Sweden in November 1907 when being pursued by the Russian
Okhrana The Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order (russian: Отделение по охранению общественной безопасности и порядка), usually called Guard Department ( rus, Охранное отд ...
. Lenin would not return to any part of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended th ...
until ten years later, when he heard of the start of the
Russian Revolution of 1917 The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government ...
. There are many museums and galleries, including: * The Vapriikki Museum Centre which includes the Natural History Museum of Tampere, Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame,
Finnish Museum of Games The Finnish Museum of Games ( fi, Suomen pelimuseo) is a museum dedicated to the history of Finnish games located in Vapriikki Museum Centre in Tampere, Finland. The museum exhibition consists of 100 Finnish games, six thematic period rooms, a vid ...
, Post Museum and the ''Shoe Museum'' * Hatanpää Manor and
Hatanpää Arboretum Hatanpää Arboretum (officially called Hatanpää Park Arboretum) is an arboretum and botanical garden located in Hatanpää, Tampere, Finland, and was founded in the 1970s on the lands of the former Hatanpää Manor. The park area is planted with ...
* The
Näsilinna Palace Näsilinna (; lit. "Näsi Castle") is a neo-baroque palace on Näsikallio in Tampere, Finland. It was built by Peter von Nottbeck, son of , a St. Petersburg-based industrial manager of Finlayson. The original name of the palace, completed in 189 ...
* Tampere Art Museum * Tampere Lenin Museum * The Moomin Museum, about
Moomins The Moomins ( sv, Mumintroll) are the central characters in a series of novels, short stories, and a comic strip by Finnish writer and illustrator Tove Jansson, originally published in Swedish by Schildts in Finland. They are a family of whit ...
*
Rupriikki Media Museum The Rupriikki Media Museum is a history museum devoted to mass communication. It is located in the Vapriikki Museum Centre, in Tampere, Finland. Rupriikki showcases media history. Collections include cellular phones, radios, telephones, comput ...
* Spy Museum in Siperia * Workers' housing museum in Amuri. * Finland's largest glass sculpture, owned by the City of Tampere, " Pack Ice / The Mirror of the Sea" by the renowned artist
Timo Sarpaneva Timo Tapani Sarpaneva (31 October 1926 – 6 October 2006) was an influential Finnish designer, sculptor, and educator best known in the art world for innovative work in glass, which often merged attributes of display art objects with utilitaria ...
, was installed in the entrance lobby of the downtown shopping mall KoskiKeskus until it was moved to a warehouse.


Pispala

Pispala is a ridge located between the two lakes. It is divided into Ylä-Pispala ("Upper Pispala") and
Ala-Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tam ...
("Lower Pispala"). It's the highest gravel ridge in the world, raising above Lake Pyhäjärvi and around above sea level. It was used to house the majority of industrial labour in the late 19th and early 20th century, when it was part of Suur-Pirkkala and its successor
Pohjois-Pirkkala Nokia () is a town and a municipality on the banks of the Nokianvirta River (part of the Kokemäki River) in the region of Pirkanmaa, some west of Tampere in Finland. The distance to Tampere Airport from Nokia is using road connections w ...
. It was a free area to be built upon by the working-class people working in Tampere factories. It joined Tampere in 1937. Currently it is a residential area undergoing significant redevelopment and together with neighbouring
Pyynikki Pyynikki ( sv, Pynike) is a district and a nature reserve in Tampere, Finland. It is located in the Pyynikinharju ridge, between the city center and the western district of Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tamp ...
it forms an important historical area of Tampere.


Events


Sports

Tampere's sporting scene is mainly driven by
ice hockey Ice hockey (or simply hockey) is a team sport played on ice skates, usually on an Ice rink, ice skating rink with Ice hockey rink, lines and markings specific to the sport. It belongs to a family of sports called hockey. In ice hockey, two o ...
. The first Finnish ice hockey match was played in Tampere, on the ice of Pyhäjärvi. Tampere is nicknamed the hometown of Finnish ice hockey. Three exceptional ice hockey teams come from Tampere: Tappara, Ilves and KOOVEE. Especially both Tappara and Ilves have had a great impact on Finnish ice hockey culture and are among the most successful teams in Finland; of these, Ilves was the first Tampere-based hockey team to win the 1935-1936 Finnish championship. The Finnish ice hockey museum, and the first ice hockey arena to be built in Finland, the
Hakametsä Hakametsä is a smaller district of Tampere, Finland, located about four kilometers from its city center. The neighboring parts of Hakametsä are Huikas, Ristinarkku, Messukylä, Vuohenoja, Kalevanrinne, Kaleva, Kissanmaa and Uusikylä. Hakam ...
arena, are both located in Tampere. Construction of a new main ice hockey arena, Tampere Deck Arena, began in 2018, and was first opened to the public on 3 December 2021, although the official opening date was on 15 December. The name of the new arena was supposed to be ''UROS LIVE'', but due to the financial difficulties of the sponsor behind it, the name was abandoned. After that,
Nokia Corporation Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational corporation, multinational telecommunications industry, telecommunications, technology company, information technology, and consumer electronics corporatio ...
was chosen as the new sponsor on 19 November 2021, and the arena was renamed as ''Nokia Arena''. The arena served as the main venue for the 2022 IIHF World Championship. Like ice hockey,
association football Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is t ...
is also a popular sport in Tampere. Ilves, the professional football club of Tampere, alone has over 4,000 players in its football teams, while Tampere boasts over 100 (mostly junior) football teams.
Basketball Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball (approximately in diameter) through the defender's h ...
is another popular sport in Tampere; the city has three basketball teams with big junior activity and one of them, Tampereen Pyrintö, plays on the highest level (
Korisliiga The Korisliiga is the top-tier professional basketball league in Finland, comprising the top 12 teams of the country. In its current format, each team plays all other teams two times in the regular season, once at home and once away, for a total o ...
) and was the Finnish Champion in 2010, 2011, and 2014.
Tampere Saints Tampere Saints is an American football club in the city of Tampere, Finland. Its men's senior team currently play in SAJL second highest league 1st division. History The club was established in the fall of 1998, becoming the third in cit ...
is the
American football American football (referred to simply as football in the United States and Canada), also known as gridiron, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team wit ...
club in the city, that won division 2 in 2015 and plays in the
Maple League The Maple League of Universities, previously known as the U4, is an association of four universities in Canada. The four member institutions, Acadia University, Bishop's University, Mount Allison University, and St. Francis Xavier University, ...
(division 1) in summer 2017. Tampere has a baseball and softball club, the
Tampere Tigers Tampere Tigers is a baseball and softball club from Tampere, Finland. The club competes in the two Finnish Baseball Leagues, Suomi Sarja and SM Sarja. Tampere Tigers were founded in 2004 by Arni Hukari and Lassi Autio. The Tigers have also a femal ...
, which plays in the top division of Finnish baseball. In addition to all of the above,
volleyball Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summ ...
,
wrestling Wrestling is a series of combat sports involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds. Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into martial arts, combat ...
and
boxing Boxing (also known as "Western boxing" or "pugilism") is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves and other protective equipment such as hand wraps and mouthguards, throw punches at each other for a predetermine ...
are also among Tampere's best-known sports. Tampere hosted some of the preliminaries for the 1952 Summer Olympics, the 1965 World Ice Hockey Championships and was co-host of the EuroBasket 1967. The city also hosted two canoe sprint world championships, in 1973 and 1983. In 1977, Tampere hosted the
World Rowing Junior Championships The World Rowing Junior Championships is an international rowing regatta organized by FISA (the International Rowing Federation). A rower or coxswain shall be classified as a Junior until 31 December of the year in which he reaches the age of ...
and in 1995 the Senior
World Rowing Championships The World Rowing Championships is an international rowing regatta organized by FISA (the International Rowing Federation). It is a week-long event held at the end of the northern hemisphere summer and in non- Olympic years is the highlight of ...
. Recently, Tampere was the host of the 10th
European Youth Olympic Festival The European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF) is a biennial multi-sport event for youth (14 to 18 years old) athletes from the 50 member countries of the association of European Olympic Committees. The festival has a summer edition, held for the fi ...
on 17–25 July 2009 and the 2010 World Ringette Championships on 1–6 November at Hakametsä arena. Tampere will host the 2023
European Masters Games The European Masters Games (EMG) is a multi-sport event, consisting of summer sports, that is held every four years. The European Masters Games are owned by the International Masters Games Association (IMGA), who also own the World Master ...
from 26 June to 9 July.


Concerts

Ratina Stadium Tampere Stadium ( fi, Tampereen stadion), also known as Ratina Stadium ( fi, Ratinan stadion), designed by architect Timo Penttilä and completed in 1965, is a multi-purpose stadium in Tampere, Finland, with a seating capacity of 16,800 people, ...
of Tampere, in the district by the same name, has served as the venue for many of the most significant concerts, most notably in connection with the '' Endless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour'' in 2015 by the band
Nightwish Nightwish is a Finnish symphonic metal band from Kitee. The band was formed in 1996 by lead songwriter and keyboardist Tuomas Holopainen, guitarist Emppu Vuorinen, and former lead singer Tarja Turunen. The band soon picked up drummer Jukka N ...
. Other noteworthy tours from other bands held at Ratina Stadium include
Iron Maiden Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. While fluid in the early years of the band, the lineup for most of the band's history has consisted of Harri ...
('' Somewhere Back in Time World Tour'', 2008),
Bruce Springsteen Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American singer and songwriter. He has released 21 studio albums, most of which feature his backing band, the E Street Band. Originally from the Jersey Shore, he is an originat ...
('' Working on a Dream Tour'', 2009), AC/DC ('' Black Ice World Tour'', 2010),
Red Hot Chili Peppers Red Hot Chili Peppers are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983, comprising vocalist Anthony Kiedis, bassist Flea, drummer Chad Smith, and guitarist John Frusciante. Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock, f ...
('' I'm with You World Tour'', 2012),
Bon Jovi Bon Jovi is an American rock band formed in 1983 in Sayreville, New Jersey. It consists of singer Jon Bon Jovi, keyboardist David Bryan, drummer Tico Torres, guitarist Phil X, and bassist Hugh McDonald. Original bassist Alec John such quit th ...
('' Because We Can World Tour'', 2013),
Robbie Williams Robert Peter Williams (born 13 February 1974) is an English singer and songwriter. He found fame as a member of the pop group Take That from 1990 to 1995, and achieved commercial success after launching a solo career in 1996. His debut stu ...
('' The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour'', 2017) and
Rammstein Rammstein (, "ramming stone") is a German Neue Deutsche Härte band formed in Berlin in 1994. The band's lineup—consisting of lead vocalist Till Lindemann, lead guitarist Richard Kruspe, rhythm guitarist Paul Landers, bassist Oliver Riede ...
('' Rammstein Stadium Tour'', 2019).


Transport

Tampere is an important railroad hub in Finland and there are direct railroad connections to, for example,
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
,
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
and the
Port of Turku The Port of Turku ( fi, Turun satama, sv, Åbo hamn) is a port located in the south-west of Finland, where the mainland meets the beginning of the Turku archipelago. Sited within Finland's sixth largest city, the port principally handles traffi ...
,
Oulu Oulu ( , ; sv, Uleåborg ) is a city, municipality and a seaside resort of about 210,000 inhabitants in the region of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the most populous city in northern Finland and the fifth most populous in the country after ...
,
Jyväskylä Jyväskylä () is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland. It is located about 150 km north-east from Tampere, the third largest city in Finland; and about 270 km north from Helsinki, the capit ...
, and
Pori ) , website www.pori.fi Pori (; sv, Björneborg ) is a city and municipality on the west coast of Finland. The city is located some from the Gulf of Bothnia, on the estuary of the Kokemäki River, west of Tampere, north of Turku and north ...
. Every day about 150 trains with an annual total of 8 million passengers arrive and depart in the Tampere Central Railway Station, which is located in the city center. There are also frequent bus connections to destinations around Finland. To the south of Tampere, there is the Tampere Ring Road, which is important for car traffic and which is part of Finnish highways number 3 (on the west side) and number 9 (on the east side). The main stretch of the ring road sees over 50,000 vehicles per day, and, according to the ELY Centre of Pirkanmaa, the western part of the ring road is the busiest road in Finland, if highway and ring road connections in the
Helsinki metropolitan area Greater Helsinki ( fi, Helsingin seutu, Suur-Helsinki, Swedish: ''Helsingforsregionen'', ''Storhelsingfors'') is the metropolitan area surrounding Helsinki, the capital city of Finland. It includes the smaller Capital Region (''Pääkaupunkiseutu' ...
are excluded. There are also plans for another ring road project that would run from Pirkkala to Tampere's Hervanta and possibly in the future to Kangasala.
Teiskontie Teiskontie is a street and highway in Tampere, Finland. As its name implies, it runs from the center of Tampere towards Teisko, a former municipality connected to Tampere in 1972. To the east of the highway junction of Hervanta, it is part of High ...
, which runs east of the city center, is part of
Highway 12 Route 12 or Highway 12 can refer to: For a list of roads named A12, see A12 roads. International * Asian Highway 12 * European route E12 * European route E012 Argentina * National Route 12 Australia NSW * Western Sydney Airport Motorway ( ...
in the direction of
Lahti Lahti (; sv, Lahtis) is a city and municipality in Finland. It is the capital of the region of Päijänne Tavastia (Päijät-Häme) and its growing region is one of the main economic hubs of Finland. Lahti is situated on a bay at the southern ...
. This highway also runs through the center of Tampere under the name Paasikiven–Kekkosentie, below the downtown as the Tampere Tunnel, which is the longest road tunnel built in Finland for car traffic. Tampere is served by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport, located in neighboring municipality Pirkkala some southwest of the city, and it replaced the former Härmälä Airport, which was closed in 1979. The current airport is connected to the city centre of Tampere by bus route 103, and to that of Pirkkala by bus route 39. The public transport network in Tampere currently consists of a bus network and two lines of city's light rail, operating from 9 August 2021. The
Tampere Bus Station The Tampere Bus Station ( fi, Tampereen linja-autoasema) is a bus station in the city center of Tampere, Finland, located in the Ratina district along the Hatanpää Highway. It takes about 20 minutes by bus to Tampere Airport from the bus statio ...
, designed by Jaakko Laaksovirta and
Bertel Strömmer Bertel Strömmer (11 July 1890, Ikaalinen – 18 April 1962, Tampere) was a Finnish architect. Strömmer worked as Tampere City Architect years 1918–53 and most of his work is located in Tampere. Strömmer designed both private and public ...
, representing functionalist architecture, was completed in 1938, being the largest bus station in the Nordic countries at the time, and between 1948 and 1976, the city also had an extensive
trolleybus A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tramin the 1910s and 1920sJoyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). ''British Trolleybus Systems'', pp. 9, 12. London: Ian Allan Publishing. .or trol ...
network, which was also the largest trolleybus system in Finland. As of 2017,
commuter rail Commuter rail, or suburban rail, is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area, connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns. Generally commuter rail systems are co ...
service on the railroad lines connecting Tampere to the neighbouring towns of
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finlan ...
and
Lempäälä Lempäälä (; Swedish also ) is a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland with inhabitants (). Lempäälä is located south of the city of Tampere. The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The ...
is being established. In 2015, the Port of Tampere, the charter port area carrying passengers on the shores of
Lake Näsijärvi A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much larger ...
and
Lake Pyhäjärvi A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much larger ...
, was the busiest inland waterway in Finland in terms of the number of passengers (71,750). A partial explanation for the high number of passengers can be found in the summer traffic to the Viikinsaari island in Lake Pyhäjärvi, where people travel for an excursion or various cultural events such as watching a summer theater. Domestic passenger and connecting vessel traffic was only busier in the Finnish sea area in the
Helsinki Metropolitan Area Greater Helsinki ( fi, Helsingin seutu, Suur-Helsinki, Swedish: ''Helsingforsregionen'', ''Storhelsingfors'') is the metropolitan area surrounding Helsinki, the capital city of Finland. It includes the smaller Capital Region (''Pääkaupunkiseutu' ...
, between mainland Finland and
Åland Åland ( fi, Ahvenanmaa: ; ; ) is an Federacy, autonomous and Demilitarized zone, demilitarised region of Finland since 1920 by a decision of the League of Nations. It is the smallest region of Finland by area and population, with a size of 1 ...
in the Archipelago Sea. In the 2010s, Tampere has made efforts to invest in the smooth running of
cycling Cycling, also, when on a two-wheeled bicycle, called bicycling or biking, is the use of cycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. People engaged in cycling are referred to as "cyclists", "bicyclists", or "bikers". Apart from tw ...
and
walkability Walkability is a term for planning concepts best understood by the mixed-use of amenities in high-density neighborhoods where people can access said amenities by foot. It is based on the idea that urban spaces should be more than just transport ...
. Thanks to it, the city was awarded the title of "Cycling Municipality of the Year" in 2013. According to a survey conducted in 2015, the attractiveness of both cycling and walking had increased during 2014 and 2015. In any case, during the 21st century, the growth of bicycle traffic has been clearly faster than the growth of the city's population, and the number of cycles has increased by an average of about 2% per year.


Distances to other cities

*
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
– *
Hämeenlinna Hämeenlinna (; sv, Tavastehus; krl, Hämienlinna; la, Tavastum or ''Croneburgum'') is a city and municipality of about inhabitants in the heart of the historical province of Tavastia and the modern province of Kanta-Häme in the south of ...
– *
Joensuu Joensuu (; krl, Jovensuu; ) is a city and municipality in North Karelia, Finland, located on the northern shore of Lake Pyhäselkä (northern part of Lake Saimaa) at the mouth of the Pielinen River (''Pielisjoki''). It was founded in 1848. T ...
– *
Jyväskylä Jyväskylä () is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland. It is located about 150 km north-east from Tampere, the third largest city in Finland; and about 270 km north from Helsinki, the capit ...
– *
Kuopio Kuopio (, ) is a Finnish city and municipality located in the region of Northern Savonia. It has a population of , which makes it the most populous municipality in Finland. Along with Joensuu, Kuopio is one of the major urban, economic, and cult ...
– *
Lahti Lahti (; sv, Lahtis) is a city and municipality in Finland. It is the capital of the region of Päijänne Tavastia (Päijät-Häme) and its growing region is one of the main economic hubs of Finland. Lahti is situated on a bay at the southern ...
– *
Lappeenranta Lappeenranta (; sv, Villmanstrand) is a city and municipality in the region of South Karelia, about from the Russian border and from the town of Vyborg (''Viipuri''). It is situated on the shore of the Lake Saimaa in southeastern Finland, an ...
– *
Oulu Oulu ( , ; sv, Uleåborg ) is a city, municipality and a seaside resort of about 210,000 inhabitants in the region of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the most populous city in northern Finland and the fifth most populous in the country after ...
– *
Pori ) , website www.pori.fi Pori (; sv, Björneborg ) is a city and municipality on the west coast of Finland. The city is located some from the Gulf of Bothnia, on the estuary of the Kokemäki River, west of Tampere, north of Turku and north ...
– *
Seinäjoki Seinäjoki (; "Wall River"; la, Wegelia, formerly sv, Östermyra) is a city located in South Ostrobothnia, Finland; east of Vaasa, north of Tampere, west of Jyväskylä and southwest of Oulu. Seinäjoki originated around the Östermyra b ...
– *
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
– *
Vaasa Vaasa (; sv, Vasa, , Sweden ), in the years 1855–1917 as Nikolainkaupunki ( sv, Nikolajstad; literally meaning "city of Nicholas),


Government

In 2007, Tampere switched to a new model of government. Since then, a mayor and four deputy mayors have been chosen for a period of four years by the
city council A municipal council is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area. Depending on the location and classification of the municipality it may be known as a city council, town council, town board, community council, rural counc ...
. The mayor also becomes the seat of the city council for the duration of the tenure. Tampere was the first Finnish municipality to be elected mayor. However, the mayor does not have an official relationship with the municipality; the mayor serves as chairman of the city board and directs the municipality's activities, and the mayor's duties are defined in the city government's bylaws. Because the mayor and deputy mayors are trustees, they can be removed by the council if they lose the majority trust. For the first two years,
Timo P. Nieminen Timo is a masculine given name. It is primarily used in Finnish, Estonian, Dutch and German societies. It may be used as an abbreviation of Timothy. Arts and entertainment *Timo Alakotila (born 1959), Finnish musician *Timo Andres (born 1985), ...
, representing the National Coalition Party from 2007 to 2012, served as mayor. In 2013, Anna-Kaisa Ikonen of the same party was elected mayor. As of 1 June 2017, the number of deputy mayors decreased from four to three. Lauri Lyly ( SDP) was elected Mayor of the City of Tampere for the period 2017–2021 at the City Council meeting on 12 June 2017.


Mayors over time

* Kaarle Nordlund 1929–1943 *
Sulo Typpö Sulo may refer to: People * Sulo (singer) (born 1969), Swedish vocalist and songwriter * Sulo Aittoniemi (1936–2016), Finnish politician * Sulo Bärlund (1910–1986), Finnish shot putter * Sulo Cederström (1903–1944), Finnish sports shoote ...
1943–1957 *
Erkki Lindfors Erkki is a Finnish and Estonian given name (derived from Erik). Notable people with the name include: * Erkki Aadli (born 1974), Estonian orienteer * Erkki Aaltonen (1910–1990), Finnish composer * Erkki Ala-Könni (1911– 1996), Finnish eth ...
1957–1969 * Pekka Paavola 1969–1985 * Jarmo Rantanen 1985–2007 *
Timo P. Nieminen Timo is a masculine given name. It is primarily used in Finnish, Estonian, Dutch and German societies. It may be used as an abbreviation of Timothy. Arts and entertainment *Timo Alakotila (born 1959), Finnish musician *Timo Andres (born 1985), ...
( kok.) 2007–2012 * Anna-Kaisa Ikonen ( kok.) 2013–2017 * Lauri Lyly ( sd.) 2017–2021 * Anna-Kaisa Ikonen ( kok.) 2021–present


Notable people


Born before 1900

* Emil Aaltonen (1869—1949), industrialist and philanthropist * Emanuel Aromaa (1873—1933), politician * Eero Berg (1898–1969), long-distance runner and Olympic gold medalist *
Minna Canth Minna Canth (; born Ulrika Wilhelmina Johnson; 19 March 1844 – 12 May 1897) was a Finnish writer and social activist. Canth began to write while managing her family draper's shop and living as a widow raising seven children. Her work addres ...
(1844–1897), author and social activist * Minna Craucher (1891–1932), socialite and spy * James Finlayson (1772–1852), Scottish
Quaker Quakers are people who belong to a historically Protestant Christian set of Christian denomination, denominations known formally as the Religious Society of Friends. Members of these movements ("theFriends") are generally united by a belie ...
and industrialist * Väinö Hakkila (1882–1958), politician * Gustaf Idman (1885–1961), diplomat and a non-partisan
Minister of Foreign Affairs A foreign affairs minister or minister of foreign affairs (less commonly minister for foreign affairs) is generally a cabinet minister in charge of a state's foreign policy and relations. The formal title of the top official varies between coun ...
* Alma Jokinen (1882-1939), politician *
Feliks Kellosalmi Felix (Feliks) Emil Kellosalmi (3 June 1877, Messukylä - 28 March 1939; surname until 1908 ''Pettersson''; name as Soviet citizen ''Феликс Петрович Келлосальми'') was a Finnish typesetter and politician. He was a member of ...
(1877-1939), politician * Augusta Laine (1867-1949), teacher of home economics and politician *
Frans Oskar Lilius Frans Oskar Lilius (15 April 1871 - 12 December 1928) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of the Senate of Finland. He was born in Messukylä and died in Helsinki. See also *Minister of Justice (Finland) *Supreme Court of Finland *Youn ...
(1871-1928), politician *
Wivi Lönn Wivi Lönn (20 May 1872 – 27 December 1966), born as Olivia Mathilda Lönn, was a Finnish people, Finnish architect. She was the first woman to be awarded the honorary title of "Professor" by the Finnish Association of Architects. Early life ...
(1872–1966), architect *
Kaapo Murros Kaapo Taavetti Murros (29 July 1875 – 17 March 1951; name until 1895 ''Gabriel David Ahlqvist'') was a Finnish journalist, lawyer, writer, and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1910 to 1913, representing the Social ...
(1875–1951), journalist, lawyer, writer and politician *
Juho Kusti Paasikivi Juho Kusti Paasikivi (; 27 November 1870 – 14 December 1956) was the seventh president of Finland (1946–1956). Representing the Finnish Party until its dissolution in 1918 and then the National Coalition Party, he also served as Prime Minist ...
(1870–1956), the Prime Minister of Finland and the President of Finland, 7th President of Finland * Aaro Pajari (1897–1949), Major General and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross * Arvo Pohjannoro (1893–1963), Lutheran clergyman and politician * Anders Rajala (1891–1957), wrestler * Julius Saaristo (1891–1969) track and field athlete and Olympic gold medalist * Matti Schreck (1897–1946), banker and film producer * Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964), author and Nobel laureate *
Bertel Strömmer Bertel Strömmer (11 July 1890, Ikaalinen – 18 April 1962, Tampere) was a Finnish architect. Strömmer worked as Tampere City Architect years 1918–53 and most of his work is located in Tampere. Strömmer designed both private and public ...
(1890–1962), architect * Vilho Tuulos (1895–1967), triple jumper, long jumper and Olympic gold medalist * August Wesley (1887–?), journalist, trade unionist and revolutionary


Born after 1900

* Jonne Aaron (born 1983), singer * Sinikka Antila (born 1960), lawyer and diplomat * Aleksander Barkov (born 1995), Finnish-Russian professional ice hockey player * Anu Bradford (born 1975), Finnish-American author and law professor * Johanna Debreczeni (born 1980), singer * Henrik Otto Donner (1939–2013), composer and music personality * Anna Falchi (born 1972), Finnish-Italian model and film actress * Mauri Favén (1920–2006), painter * Jussi Halla-aho (born 1971), politician and former leader of the Finns Party * Roope Hintz (born 1996), professional ice hockey player * Anja Ignatius (1911–1995), violinist and music educator * Seppo Jokinen (born 1949), author * Viljo Kajava (1909–1998), author and poet * Tapani Kalliomäki (born 1970), stage and film actor * Glen Kamara (born 1995), professional footballer * Jorma Karhunen (1913–2002), Finnish Air Force Flying ace, ace and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross * Leo Kinnunen (1943–2017), Formula One driver * Urpo Lahtinen (1931–1994), journalist and magazine publisher, founder of ''
Tamperelainen ''Tamperelainen'' (literally translated "Tamperean", meaning person who live in Tampere) is Finland's oldest city newspaper for the free distribution, published in Tampere, Kangasala, Nokia, Lempäälä, Pirkkala and Ylöjärvi. History ...
'' * Mika Koivuniemi (born 1967), bowling coach and professional ten-pin bowling, ten-pin bowler * Kiira Korpi (born 1988), figure skater * Patrik Laine (born 1998), professional ice hockey player * Väinö Linna (1920–1992), author * Jyrki Lumme (born 1966) professional hockey player * Tiina Lymi (born 1971), actress, director, screenwriter and author * Taru Mäkelä (born 1959), film director and screenwriter * Eeva-Liisa Manner (1921–1995), poet, playwright and translator * Sanna Marin (born 1985), politician, current leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland, Social Democratic Party and current Prime Minister of Finland * Sakari Mattila (born 1989), professional footballer * Matthau Mikojan (born 1982), rock musician, singer, guitarist and songwriter * Pate Mustajärvi (born 1956), rock singer * Mikko Nousiainen (born 1975), actor * Teppo Numminen (born 1968), professional ice hockey player * Luka Nurmi (born 2004), racing driver * Erno Paasilinna (1935–2000), author and journalist * Pekka Paavola (born 1933), politician and Minister of Justice (Finland), Minister of Justice * Oiva Paloheimo (1910–1973), author, poet and aphorist * Veijo Pasanen (1930–1988), actor * Sakari Puisto (born 1976), politician * Raisa Räisänen (1983–?), still missing 16-year-old girl, who was Presumption of death, declared dead in absentia in 2007 * Matti Ranin (1926–2013), actor * Leo Riuttu (1913–1989), actor * Seela Sella (born 1936), actress * Heikki Silvennoinen (born 1954), musician and actor * Kikka Sirén (1964–2005), pop and schlager singer * Jukka Tapanimäki (1961–2000), software developer and game programmer * Armi Toivanen (born 1980), actress * Jussi Välimäki (born 1974), rally driver *
Lauri Viita Lauri Arvi Viita (17 December 1916 – 22 December 1965) was a poet hailing from the Pispala district of Tampere, Finland. Viita was a verbally talented son of a carpenter who became a self-taught writer. He only published four poetry collectio ...
(1916–1965), poet * Sofia Vikman (born 1983), politician * Olavi Virta (1915–1972), singer * Hans Wind (1919–1995), fighter pilot, flying ace and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross * Aki Yli-Salomäki (born 1972), composer, music critic and music journalist


International relations

Tampere is Town twinning, twinned with: * Chemnitz, (Germany) * Essen, (Germany) * Kaunas, Lithuania * Kyiv, Ukraine * Klaksvík, Faroe Islands * Kópavogur, Iceland * Linz, Austria * Łódź, Poland ''(since 1996)'' * Miskolc, Hungary * Norrköping, Sweden * Odense, Denmark * Olomouc, Czech Republic * Brașov, Romania * Tartu, Estonia * Trondheim, Norway ''(since 1946)'' * Guangzhou, China Tampere has two additional "friendship cities": * León, Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua * Mwanza, Tanzania


See also

* Battle of Tampere * ''Mustamakkara'' * Nokia, Finland * Pirkkala *
Ratina Stadium Tampere Stadium ( fi, Tampereen stadion), also known as Ratina Stadium ( fi, Ratinan stadion), designed by architect Timo Penttilä and completed in 1965, is a multi-purpose stadium in Tampere, Finland, with a seating capacity of 16,800 people, ...
* Särkänniemi * Tammerkoski * Tampere Deck Arena * Tampere Film Festival *
Tampere Tigers Tampere Tigers is a baseball and softball club from Tampere, Finland. The club competes in the two Finnish Baseball Leagues, Suomi Sarja and SM Sarja. Tampere Tigers were founded in 2004 by Arni Hukari and Lassi Autio. The Tigers have also a femal ...


Notes


References

{{reflist, 30em, refs= {{cite news , title=Yli 20 ihmisuhria vaatinut elokuvateatteripalo , work=
Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
, date=1927-10-24 , issue=287 , page=1 , language=fi
{{cite news , url=http://www.aamulehti.fi/vastaa/vaakuna/ , url-status=dead , title=Aamulehti: Kumpi Tampereen vaakunoista on parempi? , publisher=
Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
, language=fi , archive-date=2007-02-08 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208094321/http://www.aamulehti.fi/vastaa/vaakuna/
{{cite news , url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/uutiset/art-2000007289170.html , title=Moottoritien oikaisu ja uusi kehätie nostattivat kommenttivyöryn – Mahtava juttu vai asukkaiden ja luonnon laiminlyömistä? , first=Kaisa , last=Uusitalo , work=
Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
, date=2018-01-10 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25
{{cite news , url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/uutiset/art-2000007300435.html , title=Pääsy kielletty: Tältä näyttää Tampere-Pirkkalan lennonjohtotornissa – 156 askelmaa johdattaa ainutlaatuisen maiseman äärelle , first=Toni , last=Repo , work=
Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
, date=2018-05-17 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25
{{cite news , url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/tampere/art-2000007442372.html , title=Kaupungin kasvot , first1=Jasmina , last1=Kauta , first2=Milja , last2=Keinänen , first3=Olli , last3=Pietiläinen , work=
Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
, date=2019-06-07 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25
{{cite news , url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/lukijalta/art-2000007501728.html , title=Lukijalta: Pyhä Mikko on Tampereen vanhin rakennus, mutta se jää yllättävän vähälle huomiolle , work=
Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
, date=2020-01-09 , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi
{{cite news , url=http://www.aamulehti.fi/kotimaa/tampereen-vuoden-2017-budjettiesitys-on-julki-nain-kay-verojen-ja-maksujen/ , url-status=dead , title=Tampereen vuoden 2017 budjettiesitys on julki: Näin käy verojen ja maksujen , language=fi , archive-date=2016-10-27 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027174805/http://www.aamulehti.fi/kotimaa/tampereen-vuoden-2017-budjettiesitys-on-julki-nain-kay-verojen-ja-maksujen {{cite news , url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/uutiset/art-2000007943734.html , title=Tampere Suomen ylivoimainen ykkönen muuttovoitossa alkuvuonna – pääkaupunkiseudun vetovoima romahtanut: "Se on tosi iso muutos" , first=Tiina , last=Vuorimäki , work=
Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
, date=2021-05-04 , access-date=2021-10-24 , language=fi
{{cite news , url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/tampere/art-2000008352935.html , title=Tampereen vetovoima on ihan omaa luokkaansa, Helsinki putosi jumbosijalle – "En olisi tällaista tilannetta uskonut näkeväni" , first=Kati , last=Kalliosaari , work=
Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
, date=2021-10-23 , access-date=2021-10-24 , language=fi
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Aamulehti (Finnish for "morning newspaper") is a Finnish-language daily newspaper published in Tampere, Finland. History and profile ''Aamulehti'' was founded in 1881 to "improve the position of the Finnish people and the Finnish language" during Russi ...
, date=2021-11-26 , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi
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V. Stalin: ″Lenin: A Speech Delivered at a Memorial Meeting of the Kremlin Military School, January 28, 1924″ , website=Marxists.org , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://www.is.fi/menaiset/vapaalla/art-2000008127331.html , title=Ratikan verran rakastettavampi! Listasimme 14 syytä, joiden vuoksi Tampere on aivan ykkösmesta , trans-title=Why is Tampere so popular? Here's 14 reasons! , work=
Ilta-Sanomat ''Ilta-Sanomat'' () is one of Finland's two prominent tabloid size evening newspaper and the second largest paper in the country. Its counterpart and biggest rival is '' Iltalehti''. According to the National Media Research done in 2019 ''Ilta- ...
, date=2021-07-15 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25
{{cite Merriam-Webster , Tampere , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://metalitalia.com/intervista/nightwish-the-greatest-shows-on-earth/ , title=NIGHTWISH – The Greatest Show(s) On Earth , language=it , access-date=2022-07-25 , date=2016-12-20 , website=metalitalia.com {{cite web , url=https://muumimuseo.fi/en/ , title=Moomin Museum , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite book , first=Leena , last=Willberg , title=Pirkanmaan kuntien tunnukset , year=1987 , publisher=Tampereen kaupungin museot, Pirkanmaan maakuntamuseo , isbn=951-9430-21-0 , language=fi {{cite news , url=https://newsnowfinland.fi/domestic/top-gear-finlands-busiest-roads-revealed , url-status=dead , title=Top Gear: Finland's Busiest Roads Revealed , date=2018-03-19 , archive-date=2021-01-27 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127030617/https://newsnowfinland.fi/domestic/top-gear-finlands-busiest-roads-revealed {{cite book , first=Jari , last=Niemelä , title=Tamperelaisen tiedon portaat , year=2008 , publisher=Tampere-seura , isbn=978-952-5558-05-0 , language=fi {{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jz7B4Pd0ngC&pg=PT438 , first=Roger , last=Norum , title=The Rough Guide to Finland , date=2010-06-01 , publisher=Rough Guides , isbn=978-1-84836-969-6 , page=438 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=http://www.opiskelijantampere.fi/teatterit/ , title=Teatterit , website=Opiskelijan Tampere , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{Cite dictionary , url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Tampere , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182214/https://www.lexico.com/definition/tampere , url-status=dead , archive-date=22 March 2020 , title=Tampere , dictionary=Lexico UK English Dictionary , publisher=Oxford University Press {{cite web , url=https://kartta.paikkatietoikkuna.fi/?zoomLevel=4&coord=333084.02072232927_6831034.471158184&mapLayers=801+50+default,1487+100+default&uuid=90246d84-3958-fd8c-cb2c-2510cccca1d3&noSavedState=true&showIntro=false , title=Paikkatietoikkuna , website=Paikkatietoikkuna.fi , publisher=maanmittauslaitos.fi , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://auringonalla.pallontallaajat.net/2015/08/09/greatest-show-on-earth/ , url-status=deviated , title=Greatest show on Earth , website=Pallontallaajat , language=fi , archive-date=2020-06-13 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613093446/http://auringonalla.pallontallaajat.net/2015/08/09/greatest-show-on-earth/ {{cite book , url=https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/5o2F1q9zz/jarvivesiraportti07.pdf , last=Palomäki , first=Risto , others=Sanna Junttanen, Heli Ylinen , title=Tampereen kaupungin alueella sijaitsevien järvien kehitys ja niiden vedenlaatu 1990-2005 , isbn=978-951-609-320-1 , archive-date=2019-09-05 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905113714/https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/5o2F1q9zz/jarvivesiraportti07.pdf , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www15.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/vuodet/1905/1905b.htm , url-status=dead , title=Lenin ja Stalin kohtaavat - myyttejä ja historiaa , website=uta.fi , last=Palonen , first=Osmo , language=fi , archive-date=2018-06-04 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604135051/http://www15.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/vuodet/1905/1905b.htm {{cite web , url=https://www.pirkankylat.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Pirkanmaa-kulttuurialueena-Juha-Kuisma-2020.pdf , title=Pirkanmaa kulttuurialueena , publisher=Pirkan Kylät ry , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://www.pirkanmaa.fi/tutki/pirkanmaa-perustietoa/pirkanmaan-historiaa/teollistumisen-varhaisvaiheet/ , url-status=deviated , title=Teollistumisen varhaisvaiheet , website=Pirkanmaa , language=fi , archive-date=2020-09-16 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916195057/https://www.pirkanmaa.fi/tutki/pirkanmaa-perustietoa/pirkanmaan-historiaa/teollistumisen-varhaisvaiheet/ {{cite web , url=http://www.kolumbus.fi/risti/english.html , url-status=dead , title=Pyhä Risti Seurakunta , website=kolumbus.fi , archive-date=2011-05-27 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527052636/http://www.kolumbus.fi/risti/english.html {{cite journal , first=Pauli , last=Rahkonen , title=Tampere–saamelainen koskiappellatiivi , journal=Virittäjä , volume=2 , year=2011 , language=fi {{cite book , first=Viljo , last=Rasila , title=Pirkanmaan synty , publisher=Tampereen historiallinen seura , year=1985 , pages=6–25 , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd , url-status=dead , title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District , work=Twins2010.com , archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lctsW5KG?url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd , archive-date=2009-11-28 , format=PDF {{cite web , url=http://www.samskolan.fi/index.html , title=Samskolan , website=www.samskolan.fi , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=sv {{cite web , url=http://www.sanomalehdet.fi/sanomalehtitieto/levikki , url-status=dead , title=Sanomalehtien levikkikehitys 2012–2014 , publisher=Sanomalehtien Liitto , language=fi , archive-date=2016-10-28 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028193918/http://www.sanomalehdet.fi/sanomalehtitieto/levikki {{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wu3cAQAACAA , first=Ossi , last=Säpyskä , title=Autoliikenteen vaiheet Pirkanmaalla , publisher=Pirkanmaan autoalan veteraanit , year=1988 , isbn=9789529001934 , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www.sarkanniemi.fi/sarkanniemi-yrityksena/ , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806022341/http://www.sarkanniemi.fi/sarkanniemi-yrityksena/ , archive-date=2015-08-06 , title=Särkänniemi yrityksenä , website=sarkanniemi.fi , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www.sauna-open-air.fi/ , url-status=dead , title=Sauna Open Air – Official Site , archive-date=2007-08-14 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814003442/http://www.sauna-open-air.fi/ {{cite web , url=https://saunafromfinland.com/sauna-destinations-in-finland/tampere-sauna-capital/ , title=Tampere – the Sauna Capital of the World ~ Sauna from Finland , date=2019-02-25 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite journal , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuUGwAACAAJ , first=Uuno , last=Sinisalo , year=1947 , title=Tampereen kirja , journal=Tampere-Seuran Julkaisuja , language=fi , publisher=Tampere-Seura , issn=0356-987X {{cite news , url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/889814/image/43 , title=Tampereen uusi linja-autoasema , date=1938-12-17 , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi , work=Suomen Kuvalehti , issue=50 {{cite web , url=https://sponda.fi/en/a-dynamic-city-of-growth-tampere-is-the-second-largest-urban-centre-in-finland/ , title=A dynamic city of growth – Tampere is the second largest urban centre in Finland , date=2018-04-13 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/tampere-is-the-sauna-capital-of-the-world/ , title=Tampere is the Sauna Capital of the World , date=2020-03-16 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/145/tampere-city-hall/ , title=Tampere City Hall , website=spottinghistory.com , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://www.srv.fi/tiedotteet/tampereen-kannen-uusi-nokia-arena-on-valmistunut-ensimmainen-tapahtuma-tanaan/ , title=Tampereen Kannen uusi Nokia Arena on valmistunut – ensimmäinen tapahtuma tänään , work=SRV Yhtiöt Oyj , date=2021-12-03 , access-date=2021-12-04 , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www.stat.fi/til/alyr/2014/alyr_2014_2015-12-18_tau_001_en.html , title=Appendix table 1. 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archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310201431/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/wGqW9yEuh/Julkinen_Tampereen_asuntokanta_ja_asuntorakentamisen_nakymat.pdf {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/english/tampereinbrief/history/index.html , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228062929/http://www.tampere.fi/english/tampereinbrief/history/index.html , title=The City Of Tampere – Tampere in brief – History , archive-date=2009-12-28 {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/info/current-issues/2022/05/12052022_1.html , url-status=deviated , title=Tampere's hockey hype hits new heights at Ice Hockey World Championship , date=2022-05-12 , publisher=City of Tampere , archive-date=2022-05-12 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512070043/https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/info/current-issues/2022/05/12052022_1.html {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/j/v1pygBEOp/johtamisjarjestelman_kuvaus.pdf , url-status=dead , title=Tampereen kaupunki, Johtamisjärjestelmän kuvaus , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2017-03-22 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014346/http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/j/v1pygBEOp/johtamisjarjestelman_kuvaus.pdf {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/tietonakoala/kaupunkiymparisto.html , url-status=deviated , title=Kaupunkiympäristö , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2019-09-01 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901020211/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/tietonakoala/kaupunkiymparisto.html {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/liikenne-ja-kadut/pyoraily-ja-jalankulku/pyorailyn-ja-jalankulun-edistaminen.html , url-status=deviated , title=Pyöräilyn ja jalankulun edistäminen , date=2015-10-23 , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2021-06-14 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614124916/https://www.tampere.fi/liikenne-ja-kadut/pyoraily-ja-jalankulku/pyorailyn-ja-jalankulun-edistaminen.html {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/tampereinfo/sanoinjakuvin/kysyttya.html , url-status=deviated , title=Usein kysyttyä , publisher=City of Tampere , date=2011-10-04 , language=fi , archive-date=2015-09-26 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926104125/http://www.tampere.fi/tampereinfo/sanoinjakuvin/kysyttya.html {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/l/dJ2z8T0j5/liikenteen_kehitys_liikennemaararaportti2019_liitteineen.saavutettava.pdf , url-status=dead , title=Liikenteen kehitys Tampereella vuonna 2019 , date=2020-08-13 , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2021-01-30 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130113738/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/l/dJ2z8T0j5/liikenteen_kehitys_liikennemaararaportti2019_liitteineen.saavutettava.pdf {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/4QiE2hbUd/tiedote99.pdf , url-status=dead , title=Tampereen päivä pähkinänkuoressa , last=Ala-Honkola , first=Tuula , date=1999-09-22 , location=Tampere , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2021-01-17 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117041359/https://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/4QiE2hbUd/tiedote99.pdf {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/organisaatio/pormestari.html , url-status=deviated , title=Pormestari Lauri Lyly , language=fi , archive-date=2021-06-03 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603144803/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/organisaatio/pormestari.html {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/luonnonsuojelu/luonnonsuojelualueet/pyynikki.html , url-status=deviated , date=2015-10-28 , title=Pyynikki , website=www.tampere.fi , language=fi , archive-date=2020-09-16 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916155602/https://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/luonnonsuojelu/luonnonsuojelualueet/pyynikki.html {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/pERp0ck8B/ta2016-esittelymateriaali.pdf , url-status=dead , title=Talousarvio 2016 , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2020-09-22 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922004457/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/pERp0ck8B/ta2016-esittelymateriaali.pdf {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta.html , url-status=deviated , title=Tietoa Tampereesta , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2021-06-03 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603025336/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta.html {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/J3q1ImhID/Tilinpaatos_2015_kv_16.05.2016.pdf , url-status=dead , publisher=City of Tampere , title=Tilinpäätös 2015 , language=fi , archive-date=2020-10-17 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017040658/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/J3q1ImhID/Tilinpaatos_2015_kv_16.05.2016.pdf {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/ytoteto/kaupunkimittaus/maastotietopalvelu/tresijainti/wgs84.htm , url-status=dead , title=Kaupungin maantieteellinen asema EUREF-FIN-koordinaattijärjestelmässä , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2016-11-05 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105054436/http://www.tampere.fi/ytoteto/kaupunkimittaus/maastotietopalvelu/tresijainti/wgs84.htm {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/organisation/central-administration/international-relations/twin-cities.html , url-status=deviated , date=2016-02-15 , title=Twin Cities , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006194818/https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/organisation/central-administration/international-relations/twin-cities.html , archive-date=2018-10-06 , publisher=City of Tampere {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/k/jch1O6Hi7/valmis_tyytyvaisyyskysely_2015_raportti.pdf , url-status=dead , title=Liikenteen kehitys Tampereella – Kävelyn ja pyöräilyn tyytyväisyyskyselyn tutkimusraportti 2015 , date=2016-04-29 , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2021-06-14 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614124924/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/k/jch1O6Hi7/valmis_tyytyvaisyyskysely_2015_raportti.pdf {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/arkistot/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html , url-status=deviated , title=Tampereen vaakunat , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2019-01-12 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195257/https://www.tampere.fi/tampereen-kaupunki/tietoa-tampereesta/arkistot/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/english/vapriikki.html , url-status=deviated , title=Museum Centre Vapriikki , publisher=City of Tampere , archive-date=2014-01-18 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118182519/http://www.tampere.fi/english/vapriikki.html {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/ymparistonsuojelu/vesiensuojelu.html , url-status=deviated , title=Vesiensuojelu , date=2015-10-15 , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2021-08-27 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827201611/https://www.tampere.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto-ja-luonto/ymparistonsuojelu/vesiensuojelu.html {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/varhaiskasvatus-ja-koulutus/esiopetus-ja-perusopetus/kaksikielinen-esi-ja-perusopetus.html , url-status=deviated , date=2015-10-15 , title=Kaksikielinen esi- ja perusopetus , website=www.tampere.fi , language=fi , archive-date=2019-08-31 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831184516/https://www.tampere.fi/varhaiskasvatus-ja-koulutus/esiopetus-ja-perusopetus/kaksikielinen-esi-ja-perusopetus.html {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere-talo.fi/Ooppera/English.htm , url-status=deviated , title=Tampereen ooppera , archive-date=2007-02-07 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207025302/http://www.tampere-talo.fi/Ooppera/English.htm {{cite web , url=http://tilastot.mbnet.fi/html/tampere_pirkkala.html , title=Tampere, Härmälä keskilämpötilat 1961- , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www.pirkanmaa.fi/wp-content/uploads/Tampere-Region-2017_basic-information.pdf , url-status=deviated , title=Tampere Region — The Council of Tampere Region 2017 , archive-date=2020-08-08 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808003749/http://www.pirkanmaa.fi/wp-content/uploads/Tampere-Region-2017_basic-information.pdf {{cite web , url=https://www.tampereenkauppakamarilehti.fi/uutispoyta/matkailu-tuo-euroja-ja-tyota-luultua-enemman-74 , title=Matkailu tuo euroja ja työtä luultua enemmän , date=2014-05-28 , work=Tampereen kauppakamarilehti , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi/uutiset/uusi-ennatys-on-1-021-200 , url-status=deviated , title=Uusi ennätys on 1 021 151! , date=2016-02-19 , website=Tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi , language=fi , archive-date=2016-11-06 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106060816/https://tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi/uutiset/uusi-ennatys-on-1-021-200 {{cite web , url=http://www.tampereenseutu.fi/in_english/key-figures/ , url-status=deviated , title=Facts and figures , website=tampereenseutu.fi , archive-date=2018-03-30 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012519/http://www.tampereenseutu.fi/in_english/key-figures/ {{cite web , url=https://www.tamperehelluntai.fi/kv/ , title=Tampere Pentecostal Church International ministry , website=www.tamperehelluntai.fi , access-date=2021-09-14 {{cite news , url=http://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/289671-katso-milta-nayttaa-viikinsaaressa-juuri-nyt , url-status=deviated , title=Katso miltä näyttää Viikinsaaressa juuri nyt , first=Sakari , last=Nupponen , website=tamperelainen.fi , date=2014-04-09 , language=fi , archive-date=2016-09-11 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911175218/http://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/289671-katso-milta-nayttaa-viikinsaaressa-juuri-nyt {{cite news , url=https://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/44455-vaalitulos-toi-poreita-tampereen-ankkalammikkoon , url-status=deviated , title=Vaalitulos toi poreita Tampereen ankkalammikkoon , first=Petteri , last=Mäkinen , work=Tamperelainen , date=2011-05-10 , language=fi , archive-date=2018-04-14 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234506/https://www.tamperelainen.fi/artikkeli/44455-vaalitulos-toi-poreita-tampereen-ankkalammikkoon {{cite news , url=https://www.tamperelainen.fi/paikalliset/4394099 , title=Ei Tampereen keskusta ole vielä valmis... – Areena ja ratikka tulivat jo, mutta jonossa on miljardien hankkeita, muun muassa nämä , first=Petteri , last=Mäkinen , work=
Tamperelainen ''Tamperelainen'' (literally translated "Tamperean", meaning person who live in Tampere) is Finland's oldest city newspaper for the free distribution, published in Tampere, Kangasala, Nokia, Lempäälä, Pirkkala and Ylöjärvi. History ...
, date=2021-12-05 , access-date=2021-12-07 , language=fi
{{cite web , url=http://www.tamperesaints.fi/ , title=Tampere Saints , language=fi {{cite web , url=https://tamperetigers.sporttisaitti.com/ , title=Tampere Tigers {{cite web , url=http://www.tase2025.fi/julkaisut/TASE_tiivistelma.pdf , url-status=deviated , title=Joukkoliikennejärjestelmävaihtoehdot – Vaikutusten arviointi ja suositus Tampereen kaupunkiseudun joukkoliikennejärjestelmäksi , date=March 2007 , work=TASE 2025 , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327113427/http://www.tase2025.fi/julkaisut/TASE_tiivistelma.pdf , archive-date=2009-03-27 {{cite web , title=Vapaat toimitilat Hermia , url=https://technopolisglobal.com/fi/toimitilat/tampere/hermia/ , website=Technopolis , date=2020-09-09 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/suomen-manchesterin-sydan-on-voimaa-tuottanut-tammerkoski-alueen-menestynein-yritys-oli-ruotsin-vallan-aikana-valtion-viinanpolttimo/04cad7f3-d4f9-4cb3-9318-7a9192fbb576 , title=Suomen Manchesterin sydän on voimaa tuottanut Tammerkoski - alueen menestynein yritys oli Ruotsin vallan aikana valtion viinanpolttimo , first=Kari , last=Kortelainen , work=Tekniikka & Talous , date=2019-12-08 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/pohjoismaiden-ensimmainen-sahkovalo-syttyi-tampereella-1882-eika-moni-ollut-uskoa-silmiaan/2c2fccb3-0644-4740-9ca7-716d9a122faeA , title=Pohjoismaiden ensimmäinen sähkövalo syttyi Tampereella 1882, eikä moni ollut uskoa silmiään , work=Tekniikka&Talous , date=2021-12-07 , language=fi {{cite web , url=https://www.temtyollisyyskatsaus.fi/graph/tkat/tkat.aspx?lang=en&ely=04# , url-status=deviated , title=Pirkanmaa Employment Bulletin August 2020 , archive-date=2021-09-10 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203440/https://www.temtyollisyyskatsaus.fi/graph/tkat/tkat.aspx?lang=en&ely=04 {{cite book , title=The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xCJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 , editor-first1=Tuomas , editor-last1=Tepora , editor-first2=Aapo , editor-last2=Roselius , date=2014-08-14 , publisher=Brill Publishers , isbn=978-90-04-28071-7 , page=100 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://www.themayor.eu/en/a/view/tampere-the-sauna-capital-of-the-world-4316 , title=Tampere – the sauna capital of the world , date=2020-02-07 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://www.themayor.eu/en/finland/tampere , title=Finland: Tampere , website=TheMayor.eu , access-date=2021-12-17 {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.chamber.fi/incoming_jl/pirkanmaan_talous_eng_2007.pdf , url-status=dead , title=The Economy in the Tampere Region , publisher=Tampere International Business Office , archive-date=2008-09-09 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909222105/http://www.tampere.chamber.fi/incoming_jl/pirkanmaan_talous_eng_2007.pdf {{cite web , url=http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 , url-status=dead , title=Trondheims offisielle nettsted – Vennskapsbyer , language=no , website=trondheim.com , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927054554/http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 , archive-date=2011-09-27 {{cite web , url=https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/together-we-are-greater , title=Together we are greater , website=www.tuni.fi , publisher= Tampere University , date=2018-12-13 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=http://www.students.tut.fi/~eto/turunsanomat06.pdf , url-status=dead , title=Kymmenettä kertaa Turkua upottamassa , date=2006-04-21 , website=students.tut.fi , language=fi , archive-date=2011-10-03 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003214742/http://www.students.tut.fi/~eto/turunsanomat06.pdf {{cite web , url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/fi.htm , url-status=deviated , title=United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations (UN/LOCODE)- (FI) Finland , website=unece.org , archive-date=2020-02-18 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218025142/http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/fi.htm {{cite book , first=Mikko , last=Uola , title=Mitä Missä Milloin 1979 , year=1978 , page=198 , publisher=Otava (publisher), Otava , isbn=951-1-04873-2 , language=fi {{cite news , title=Below budget and on schedule: Tampere tramway inaugurated! , url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/below-budget-and-on-schedule-tampere-tramway-inaugurated/ , website=Urban Transport Magazine , date=2021-08-08 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://webpages.tuni.fi/koskivoimaa/kaupunki/1918-40/asema38.html , title=Pohjoismaiden suurin linja-autoasema , last=Keskinen , first=Jouni , website= Tampere University , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www.uta.fi/utain/2003s/16/6153.html , url-status=deviated , title=Tampere ei avaudu tutkijoille , date=2003-11-19 , last=Kumpu , first=Ville , work=Utain – Tampereen yliopiston toimittajakoulutuksen viikkolehti , publisher=
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered ...
, language=fi , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326164055/http://www.uta.fi/utain/2003s/16/6153.html , archive-date=2005-03-26
{{cite web , url=https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/07/02/nokia-kannykoiden-tutkimuskeskus-tampereelle/ , title=Nokia-kännyköiden tutkimuskeskus Tampereelle , work=Uusi Teknologia , date=2020-07-02 , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/kirjastotjaarkistot/kaupunginarkisto/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html , url-status=deviated , title=Tampereen vaakunat , language=fi , website=City of Tampere , archive-date=2014-08-10 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810164423/http://www.tampere.fi/kirjastotjaarkistot/kaupunginarkisto/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html {{cite web , url=https://www.vakoilumuseo.fi/spy-museum/ , title=Spy Museum , website=vakoilumuseo.fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/ekstrat/hallinto/aloite/07/38.htm , url-status=dead , title=38 § Erkki Axénin ja Peter Löfbergin ym. valtuustoaloite vanhan Arvid von Cedervallin suunnitteleman vaakunan käyttöönottamiseksi , date=2007-01-17 , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929154958/http://www.tampere.fi/ekstrat/hallinto/aloite/07/38.htm , archive-date=2008-09-29 {{cite web , url=http://www.visitfinland.com/travel-trade/newsletter/finlands-tallest-hotel-can-now-found-tampere/ , url-status=deviated , title=Finland's tallest hotel can now be found in Tampere , publisher=Visit Finland , date=2014-11-20 , archive-date=2017-09-29 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929184753/http://www.visitfinland.com/travel-trade/newsletter/finlands-tallest-hotel-can-now-found-tampere/ {{cite web , url=http://visittampere.fi/article/blockfest , url-status=deviated , title=Blockfest 2016 , publisher=Visit Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2016-09-18 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918210331/http://visittampere.fi/article/blockfest {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/en/articles/tampere-deck-arena/ , url-status=deviated , title=Tampere Deck Arena , publisher=Visit Tampere , archive-date=2020-08-09 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809000058/https://visittampere.fi/en/articles/tampere-deck-arena/ {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/en/events/tampere-film-festival/ , url-status=deviated , title=Tampere Film Festival , publisher=Visit Tampere , archive-date=2021-05-17 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517083342/https://visittampere.fi/en/events/tampere-film-festival/ {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/en/news/worlds-most-hipster-cities-revealed-tampere-ranked-number-26/ , url-status=deviated , publisher=Visit Tampere , title=World's most hipster cities revealed: Tampere ranked number 26! , archive-date=2020-06-11 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611075118/https://visittampere.fi/en/news/worlds-most-hipster-cities-revealed-tampere-ranked-number-26/ {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/tapahtumat/tampereen-kalamarkkinat/ , url-status=deviated , publisher=Visit Tampere , title=Tampereen kalamarkkinat , language=fi , archive-date=2022-03-12 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312154052/https://visittampere.fi/tapahtumat/tampereen-kalamarkkinat/ {{cite web , url=http://visittampere.fi/article/top-10-kesaetapahtumat , url-status=deviated , title=Top 10 Kesätapahtumat , publisher=Visit Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2016-10-21 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021000124/http://visittampere.fi/article/top-10-kesaetapahtumat {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/kun-pyynikilla-leivottiin-maailman-paras-munkki/ , url-status=deviated , title=Kun Pyynikillä leivottiin maailman paras munkki , last=Stenroos , first=Päivi , date=2018-04-27 , publisher=Visit Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2019-11-12 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112235018/https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/kun-pyynikilla-leivottiin-maailman-paras-munkki/ {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/teollinen-perinto/ , url-status=deviated , title=Punatiilinen perintö , year=2018 , publisher=Visit Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2022-03-19 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319091440/https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/teollinen-perinto/ {{cite book , first=Väinö , last=Voionmaa , year=1929 , title=Tampereen historia 2 , language=fi , publisher=City of Tampere {{cite web , url=https://www.vr.fi/cs/vr/en/gettingtherefast , url-status=deviated , title=Now Finland is even faster - VR , website=www.vr.fi , archive-date=2018-05-29 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529055815/https://www.vr.fi/cs/vr/en/gettingtherefast {{cite book , first=Pekka , last=Vuosara , title=Kantapöydässä , publisher=Linkosuo , year=2004 , isbn=9789529178698 , language=fi {{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/04/19/the-man-who-loves-to-crush-things-and-his-growing-audience-of-people-who-love-to-watch/ , title=Welcome to the 'Hydraulic Press' YouTube channel, a truly crushing experience , last=Sensenig , first=Kate , date=2016-04-19 , newspaper=The Washington Post , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=http://weatheronline.co.uk , website=weatheronline.co.uk , title=weatheronline.uk , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5788249 , title=Poko Rekords 30 vuotta -näyttely avautuu Tampereella , work=YLE , date=2007-05-29 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6333550 , title=Ahtojäälle ei ole helppo löytää uutta kotia , work=YLE , date=2012-10-14 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6249419 , title=Kastike koukuttaa kanansiipien kavereita , last=Vesanummi , first=Mari , work=YLE , date=2012-08-10 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6529611 , title=Tampere valittiin vuoden pyöräilykunnaksi , last=Matson-Mäkelä , first=Kirsi , work=YLE , date=2013-03-08 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7839337 , title=Pirkanmaan suurimmat yritykset: Kaupan jätti nappasi ykköspaikan kansainväliseltä yhtiöltä , work=YLE , language=fi , date=2015-03-02 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finlands_longest_road_tunnel_opens/9293310 , title=Finland's longest road tunnel opens , work=YLE , date=2016-11-15 , accessdate=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9694432 , title=Kumpi on kovempi, Turku vai Tampere? Testaa tietosi ikuisista tappelupukareista , first1=Heli , last1=Mansikka , first2=Paula , last2=Koskinen , work=YLE , date=2017-06-29 , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/news/3-10133848 , title=Tampere rated Finland's most popular city , work=YLE , date=2018-03-26 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11241911 , title=Tampereen Kannen areenasta Uros Live , work=YLE , date=2020-03-05 , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11511940 , title=Tampereen areena valmistuu joulukuussa 2021 , last1=Nieminen , first1=Elina , work=YLE , date=2020-08-26 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11802551 , title=Tampere jatkaa keskustan rajua uudistamista miljardihankkeella – katso, miltä rautatieaseman seutu näyttää 15 vuoden kuluttua , first=Mari , last=Jäntti , work=YLE , date=2021-02-23 , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12070919 , title=Kun Suomen pisimmässä tunnelissa sattuu jotain, Tampere halvaantuu, sen näki taas – näin tunnelista pelastaudutaan , first=Anu Leena , last=Koskinen , work=YLE , date=2021-08-25 , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12163711 , title=Uros oy sai potkut – Tampereen areena jatkaa nimellä Tampereen Kannen areena , author=Yle , work=YLE , date=2021-10-28 , access-date=2021-11-16 , language=fi {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/aihe/kategoria/elava-arkisto/tampere-manse-ja-naasville , title=Tampere on Manse ja Nääsville , first=Jukka , last=Lindfors , work=YLE , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite web , url=https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2011/11/21/tesvision-joutsenlaulu , title=Tesvision joutsenlaulu , work=YLE , language=fi , date=2011-11-21 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=6269 , url-status=deviated , title=Ylioppilasmatrikkeli 1640–1852: Erik Edner , year=2005 , last=Kotivuori , first=Yrjö , website=University of Helsinki , language=fi , archive-date=2016-03-04 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223035/http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=6269 {{cite web , url=https://ylioppilasmatrikkeli.helsinki.fi/henkilo.php?id=12206 , title=Ylioppilasmatrikkeli 1640–1852: Arvid von Cederwald , year=2005 , last=Kotivuori , first=Yrjö , website=University of Helsinki , language=fi {{cite book , title=Ympäristön tila Tampereella 2014 , year=2015 , location=Tampere , publisher=City of Tampere , isbn=978-951-609-755-1 , language=fi


Further reading

* {{cite book , author=Mari Lind, Kimmo Antila & Antti Liuttunen , title=Tammerkoski ja kosken kaupunki , location=Tampere , publisher=Vapriikki , year=2011 , language=fi * {{cite book , author=Harry Lönnroth , title=Tampere kieliyhteisönä , year=2009 , publisher=SKS , isbn=978-952-222-119-3 , language=fi


External links

{{Commons * {{Official website
Visit Tampere – The official Tampere Region visitor website

Virtual City Guide: VirtualTampere.com

Tampere – so much more than the sauna capital of the world
– Visit Finland * Megan Starr
15 Quirky and Alternative Things to Do in Tampere, Finland
– Megan & Aram (''Meganstarr.com''), 1 December 2021.
1952 Summer Olympics official report
{{Webarchive , url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411091045/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf , date=11 April 2008 pp. 62–3.
Tammerkoski Heritage
– Town's Industrial Heritage Portal
CSSA Tampere Ry

Lunch restaurants in Tampere
* {{Wikivoyage-inline * {{cite EB1911, wstitle=Tammerfors {{Inline audio {{Geographic location , Centre = Tampere , N = Ruovesi , E = Orivesi
Kangasala , S =
Lempäälä Lempäälä (; Swedish also ) is a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland with inhabitants (). Lempäälä is located south of the city of Tampere. The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The ...
, SW = Pirkkala , W =
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finlan ...
, NW = Ylöjärvi {{Navboxes, list= {{Pirkanmaa {{50 most populous Nordic urban settlements {{50 most populous Finnish municipalities {{1952 Summer Olympic venues {{Olympic venues football {{Finland topics {{Authority control Tampere Populated lakeshore places in Finland Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics Cities and towns in Finland Inland port cities and towns in Finland Grand Duchy of Finland Olympic football venues Populated places established in 1779 1779 establishments in Europe 18th-century establishments in Finland