Soldier settlement was the settlement of land throughout parts of
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
by returning discharged soldiers under soldier settlement schemes administered by state governments after
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
and
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
. The post-World War II settlements were co-ordinated by the Commonwealth Soldier Settlement Commission.
World War I
Such settlement plans initially began during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, with
South Australia
South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...
first enacting legislation in 1915. Similar schemes gained impetus across Australia in February 1916 when a conference of representatives from the Australian Government and all the state governments was held in
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
to consider a report prepared by the Federal Parliamentary War Committee regarding the settlement of returned soldiers on the land. The report focused specifically on a federal-state cooperative process of selling or leasing
Crown land
Crown land (sometimes spelled crownland), also known as royal domain, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown. It is the equivalent of an entailed estate and passes with the monarchy, being inseparable from it. ...
to soldiers who had been
demobilised
Demobilization or demobilisation (see spelling differences) is the process of standing down a nation's armed forces from combat-ready status. This may be as a result of victory in war, or because a crisis has been peacefully resolved and militar ...
following the end of their service in this first global conflict. The meeting agreed that it was the Australian Government's role to select and acquire land whilst the State government authorities would process applications and grant land allotments.
Crown land
Crown land (sometimes spelled crownland), also known as royal domain, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown. It is the equivalent of an entailed estate and passes with the monarchy, being inseparable from it. ...
was used where possible, but much land was acquired. By 1924, just over 24 million acres (97,000 km²) had been acquired or allocated. Of this nearly 6.3 million acres (25,000 km²) was purchased and 18 million acres (73,000 km²) was crown land set aside. 23.2 million acres (93,900 km²) had been allotted 23,367 farms across Australia.
Other than supporting soldiers and sailors that were returning from those wars the various governments also saw the opportunity of attracting both Australians and specific groups of allied service personnel to some of the otherwise little inhabited, remote areas of Australia. Although the Australian Government held responsibility for defence, and thus might have taken responsibility for demobilised soldiers, it was the states which took responsibility for land settlement and thus enacted separate soldier settlement schemes. The states also wished to take an active role in recognising the contribution of soldiers.
In addition to soldiers, nurses and female relatives of deceased soldiers were also able to apply for the scheme. However, in cases where women did take on land, they were often given little chance to succeed. Annie Smith, a returned nurse who began a dairy farm in
Thorpdale, near
Moe was repeatedly criticised by overseers from the Closer Settlement Board for having to hire labour to do some of the more difficult physical tasks. The Board disregarded the fact that the plot she had been assigned had no water, and that Smith often obtained local labour for free, swapping nursing advice for one-off jobs. In 1926 Smith vacated the lot, with no war pension left and mounting debt. Confounding the Board's assumption that her status as a single woman had rendered her unequal to the task, the two subsequent male owners of the property also failed to make the land profitable.
Areas that gained such settlements included:
; New South Wales
*
Dorrigo
*
Griffith
Griffith may refer to:
People
* Griffith (name)
* Griffith (surname)
* Griffith (given name)
Places Antarctica
* Mount Griffith, Ross Dependency
* Griffith Peak (Antarctica), Marie Byrd Land
* Griffith Glacier, Marie Byrd Land
* Griffith Rid ...
*
Tarcutta
Tarcutta is a town in south-western New South Wales, Australia. The town is south-west of Sydney, east of the Hume Highway, It was proclaimed as a village on 28 October 1890. As of 2016, the town had a population of 446.
It serves a local f ...
; Queensland
*
Amiens
Amiens (English: or ; ; pcd, Anmien, or ) is a city and commune in northern France, located north of Paris and south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in the region of Hauts-de-France. In 2021, the population of ...
*
Atherton and
Tolga
*
Barmoya and
Rosslyn
*
Beerburrum Soldier Settlement
Beerburrum Soldier Settlement was a soldier settlement in Beerburrum, Queensland, Australia, established to provide opportunities for Australian soldiers returning from World War I. It is generally regarded as a failure.
History
As early as ...
*Burrandowan
*
Boyne Valley
The River Boyne ( ga, An Bhóinn or ''Abhainn na Bóinne'') is a river in Leinster, Ireland, the course of which is about long. It rises at Trinity Well, Newberry Hall, near Carbury, County Kildare, and flows towards the Northeast through C ...
*
Cecil Plains
*
Charlestown
*
Coominya Soldier Settlement
Coominya Soldier Settlement was a soldier settlement in Coominya in the present-day Somerset Region local government area of South East Queensland, Australia. 100 soldiers settled in the settlement, each on approximately blocks.
Approximately ...
*
Enoggera
*
El Arish
ʻArish or el-ʻArīsh ( ar, العريش ' , ''Hrinokorura'') is the capital and largest city (with 164,830 inhabitants ) of the North Sinai Governorate of Egypt, as well as the largest city on the entire Sinai Peninsula, lying on the Medite ...
*
Gordonbrook
*
Highlands
Highland is a broad term for areas of higher elevation, such as a mountain range or mountainous plateau.
Highland, Highlands, or The Highlands, may also refer to:
Places Albania
* Dukagjin Highlands
Armenia
* Armenian Highlands
Australia
*Sou ...
*
Mount Gravatt
Mount Gravatt is a southern suburb of the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and a prominent hill and lookout within this suburb (). In the , Mount Gravatt had a population of 3,366 people.
Geography
The suburb is situated in the south- ...
*
Mount Hutton
*
Ridgelands
*
Stanthorpe
Stanthorpe is a rural town and locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Stanthorpe had a population of 5,406 people.
The area surrounding the town is known as the Granite Belt.
Geography
Stanthorpe lies on the New ...
,
Pikedale and
Cottonvale
*
Taromeo
*
Ubobo, where one of the
soldier settler's houses is now heritage-listed
; South Australia
*
Kangaroo Island
Kangaroo Island, also known as Karta Pintingga (literally 'Island of the Dead' in the language of the Kaurna people), is Australia's third-largest island, after Tasmania and Melville Island. It lies in the state of South Australia, southwest ...
*
Murray Bridge
*
Renmark
; Victoria
*
Birdwoodton
*
Merbein West
*
Mortlake
Mortlake is a suburban district of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames on the south bank of the River Thames between Kew and Barnes. Historically it was part of Surrey and until 1965 was in the Municipal Borough of Barnes. For many centu ...
*
Numurkah
Numurkah ( ) is a town in Victoria, Australia, located on the Goulburn Valley Highway, north of Shepparton, in the Shire of Moira. At the , Numurkah had a population of 4,768.
History
The area was occupied by the Yorta Yorta people prior t ...
*
Red Cliffs (including the township of
Cardross
Cardross (Scottish Gaelic: ''Càrdainn Ros'') is a large village with a population of 2,194 (2011) in Scotland, on the north side of the Firth of Clyde, situated halfway between Dumbarton and Helensburgh. Cardross is in the historic geographical ...
)
* Karadoc/
Carwarp
Carwarp is a locality in Victoria, Australia, approximately 36 km from Mildura, Victoria.
Carwarp was the home town of Percy Stewart, a founding member of the Victorian Farmers Union, from which the Country Party (now National Party of ...
/
Colignan (including the new towns of
Nangiloc
Nangiloc is a small rural community in North Western Victoria on the south (left) bank of the Murray River, about 50 km south east of Mildura. Primarily an agricultural settlement, at the 2021 census, Nangiloc and the surrounding area had ...
and
Iraak)
By 30 June 1924 a total of 23,367 returned soldiers and sailors had taken up settlement farms on 23,275,380 acres (94,192 km²) across Australia as per the following breakdown:
World War II
The procedure of supporting such soldiers was repeated after
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
with all Australian state governments using the previous and amended forms of such acts of parliament to reinvigorate the programme for this new generation of returned soldiers.
Rules of holding soldier settlement land
In most cases Crown land, including some land from
Aboriginal reserve
An Aboriginal reserve, also called simply reserve, was a government-sanctioned settlement for Aboriginal Australians, created under various state and federal legislation. Along with missions and other institutions, they were used from the 19th c ...
s, was allocated to Australian returning soldiers who in order to buy or lease such a block were required to be certified as qualified and to remain in residence on that land for five years. In this way remote rural areas set aside for such settlement were guaranteed a population expansion which remained to increase infrastructure in the area.
Soldiers who were successful in gaining such a block of land had the opportunity to start a farming life in a number of rural activities including as
wool
Wool is the textile fibre obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids. The term may also refer to inorganic materials, such as mineral wool and glass wool, that have properties similar to animal wool.
As ...
,
dairy
A dairy is a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of animal milk – mostly from cows or buffaloes, but also from goats, sheep, horses, or camels – for human consumption. A dairy is typically located on ...
,
cattle
Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult mal ...
, pigs, fruit, fodder and
grain
A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legum ...
. These initial land allotments resulted in triumph for some and despair for others. Indeed, specifically following World War I, in some cases these new farmers, unable to cope with the climatic variances of Australia and lacking the capital to increase stock or quality of life, simply walked off the land back to the large towns and cities from whence they had come.
The success of the program increased after World War II when the infrastructure required for these new farmers was improved as a direct result of learning from the mistakes that came during and after the first attempts at such settlement.
Despite the fact that
Aboriginal Australians
Aboriginal Australians are the various Indigenous peoples of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, such as Tasmania, Fraser Island, Hinchinbrook Island, the Tiwi Islands, and Groote Eylandt, but excluding the Torres Strait Islands ...
fought alongside other Australian troops in both World Wars, only a very small number of indigenous applications were successful, including two in Victoria and one in New South Wales.
In some cases, land was taken from indigenous Australians, such as at
Coranderrk
Coranderrk was an Aboriginal reserve run by the Victorian government between 1863 and 1924, located around north-east of Melbourne. The residents were mainly of the Woiwurrung, Bunurong and Taungurong peoples, and the first inhabitants chose ...
and
Cummeragunja Reserve
Cummeragunja Reserve or Cummeragunja Station, alternatively spelt Coomeroogunja, Coomeragunja, Cumeroogunga and Cummerguja, was a settlement on the New South Wales side of the Murray River, on the Victorian border near Barmah. It was also ref ...
.
Settlement by State
South Australia
Following World War I, soldiers who had previously worked on irrigation activities along the
Murray River
The Murray River (in South Australia: River Murray) (Ngarrindjeri: ''Millewa'', Yorta Yorta: ''Tongala'') is a river in Southeastern Australia. It is Australia's longest river at extent. Its tributaries include five of the next six longest r ...
during the years leading up to the war returned to find that their previous jobs were no longer available.
The South Australian government responded as early as 1915 with the first of the acts of parliament designed to both repatriate and compensate returning servicemen, and to meet the political and economic need to 'sponsor' the development of intensively productive agriculture pursuits. Soldiers were informed of the availability of the scheme via the media and in the material provided in both recruitment packages and general information forwarded to men serving overseas.
Settlement schemes during and after the conclusion of World War I saw properties specialising in dairy, grapes, vegetables, grains, and grazing develop along the River in
Cobdogla
Cobdogla is a town in the Riverland region of South Australia, The town is on the Murray River, north-east of the state capital, Adelaide. At the 2006 census, Cobdogla had a population of 232.
Cobdogla is the home of the Irrigation and Steam M ...
,
Waikerie
Waikerie ( ) is a rural town in the Riverland region of South Australia on the south bank of the Murray River. At the , Waikerie had a population of 2,684. The Sturt Highway passes to the south of the town at the top of the cliffs. There is a c ...
,
Berri,
Cadell,
Chaffey and near
Renmark.
Following a number of acts that dealt with Soldier Settlement the South Australian government introduced the ''Discharged Soldier Settlement Act 1934'' which consolidated acts such as the ''Crown Lands Act 1929'' and the ''Irrigation Act 1930'' for the benefit of any discharged soldier who had served in connection with the
Great War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
and had been a member of the British Army or Navy or of the Australian Imperial Force or of any other naval or military force raised in any part of the British Empire for service in that War, or to the widow (who had children) of any such who had died or dies from wounds inflicted, accident occurring, or disease contracted whilst on service. A training farm was established at
Pompoota to teach soldiers the skills they would need to be successful as farmers. The training farm was an initiative of
Samuel McIntosh who had observed the
Village Settlements twenty years earlier in which unemployed city people were provided with land and expected to be able to clear and farm it with no relevant experience in farming.
Settlement schemes after World War II expanded to include the
Loxton Irrigation Area, which became the largest such scheme in South Australia, and to another part of the previously developed area of Chaffey. The
Returned Services League
The Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL) is a support organisation for people who have served or are serving in the Australian Defence Force.
Mission
The RSL's mission is to ensure that programs are in place for the well-being, care ...
(RSL) lobbied the state government to open up more land for returned soldiers at Loxton, and returning soldiers were informed of the scheme at the RSL through handout material. Settlement schemes after World War II also led to the establishment of the new towns of
Parndana
Parndana is a town and locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on Kangaroo Island about southwest of the state capital of Adelaide and about southwest of the municipal seat of Kingscote.
History
Parndana was established a ...
on
Kangaroo Island
Kangaroo Island, also known as Karta Pintingga (literally 'Island of the Dead' in the language of the Kaurna people), is Australia's third-largest island, after Tasmania and Melville Island. It lies in the state of South Australia, southwest ...
and
Padthway in the south east of the state.
However whilst the first world war settlers had achieved only a modicum of success the benefit of that previous experience helped the second world war veterans, particularly in Loxton, to avoid some past mistakes and with the assistance of the Department of Lands, the community worked together in order to survive and prosper. Irrigation schemes that eventually arrived saw the advent of the productive orchard and vineyard concerns that became so important to the overall region as it exists today.
New South Wales
The State Government of New South introduced the Returned Soldiers Settlement Act, 1916 shortly after the combined Australian and State meeting held in Melbourne earlier that year (see above). Soldiers who had served outside of Australia either as a part of the Australian Imperial Forces or as a part of the British Defence Service and who had been honourably discharged were eligible to apply for Crown Lands. This was land that the Australian Government had acquired under either the Closer Settlement Acts,
Murrumbidgee Irrigation Act, or was available as a part of general disposal under the Crown Lands Consolidation Act.
Ex-servicemen were required to apply for such land via completion of appropriate paperwork and if successful a soldier could gain additional financial assistance for the purpose of clearing, fencing, drainage, water supply and other improvement of the land as well as for the erection of buildings and the purchase of stock, seeds, implements, plants and similar material necessary for the occupation and development of the land.
By 1917 the state government saw fit to enact the Returned Soldiers Settlement (Amendment) Act, which broadened the definition of returned soldiers to include those who had not enlisted in Australia and those who had not served overseas, as well as providing for potential further categories of soldiers.
In the period October 1917 – June 1920?, twelve soldier settlement projects were commenced. Projects areas included
Bankstown
Bankstown is a suburb south west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 16 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district and is located in the local government area of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown, hav ...
and
Seven Hills in the outer metropolitan area and rural
Glen Innes,
Hillston
Hillston is a township in western New South Wales, Australia, in Carrathool Shire, on the banks of the Lachlan River. It was founded in 1863 and at the had a population of 1,465.
History
John Oxley and his exploration party were the first Eu ...
, and
Batlow
Batlow is a town in the South West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia, on the edge of the Great Dividing Range, 775 m above sea level.
Batlow is well known for its apples. About 50 growers in the district supply 1.6 million cas ...
. Industries commenced included
poultry
Poultry () are domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their feathers. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails, a ...
,
horticulture
Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...
,
pig
The pig (''Sus domesticus''), often called swine, hog, or domestic pig when distinguishing from other members of the genus '' Sus'', is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is variously considered a subspecies of ''Sus ...
,
fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...
, and
market gardening
A market garden is the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants. The diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, typically from under to ...
. The pastoral property
Dirnaseer
Dirnaseer is a locality in the north east part of the Riverina and situated about 42 kilometres south east of Temora and 50 kilometres west of Cootamundra. At the 2006 census, Dirnaseer had a population of 170 people.
History
"Dirnaseer" wa ...
was subdivided for soldier-settlement in 1919.
New South Wales also repeated the process following World War II with settlements commencing in areas including
Dareton.
Victoria
The ''Discharged Soldiers' Settlement Act'' of 1917 established a scheme. Between 1918 and 1934, 11,639 returned servicemen were allocated blocks under this soldier settlement scheme.
Most settled in the
Mallee (both on dryland and irrigated properties),
South Gippsland
South Gippsland, a region of Gippsland in Victoria, Australia, is a well-watered region consisting of low, rolling hills descending to the coast in the south and the Latrobe Valley in the north. Low granite hills continue into Wilsons Promon ...
, the
Western District,
Central Gippsland
The area known as Central Gippsland, also termed North Gippsland, is a region of Gippsland in Victoria, Australia, roughly corresponding to Shire of Wellington. Often this region is considered part of a larger "East Gippsland".
Central Gippsl ...
near
Maffra
Maffra is a town in Victoria, Australia, east of Melbourne. It is in the Shire of Wellington local government area and it is the second most populous city of the Shire. It relies mainly on dairy farming and other agriculture, and is the sit ...
and
Sale and in the
Goulburn Valley
The Goulburn Valley is a sub-region, part of the Hume region of the Australian state of Victoria. The sub-region consists of those areas in the catchment of the Goulburn River and other nearby streams, and is part of the Murray-Darling Basin. T ...
.
During the 1920s soldier settlers struggled and of those allocated blocks under the scheme, only sixty-one per cent were on blocks in 1934.
By 1939 60% had left their blocks.
The scheme was criticised by a Victorian Royal Commission in 1925 and a later Australian Government inquiry. The Royal Commission identified four main reasons for the failure of soldier settlers:
*The selection of inexperienced settlers
*Lack of capital
*The size of blocks allocated
*Prices received for agricultural products.
It was also claimed that returned soldiers were allocated blocks of land without having established their ability to manage a farm.
The soldier settler scheme in
Red Cliffs, Victoria
Red Cliffs is a town in Victoria, Australia in the Sunraysia region. It is located on the Calder Highway, 16 km south of Mildura and 544 km north-west of Melbourne.
At the , Red Cliffs had a population of 5,060. The main industry i ...
was very successful.
Numurkah
Numurkah ( ) is a town in Victoria, Australia, located on the Goulburn Valley Highway, north of Shepparton, in the Shire of Moira. At the , Numurkah had a population of 4,768.
History
The area was occupied by the Yorta Yorta people prior t ...
became the headquarters of the Murray Valley Soldier Settlement Area - one of the largest soldier settlements in Australia.
After World War II, the Soldier Settlement Scheme was refined in the light of past failures. Blocks were bigger, were more carefully selected and roads, housing and fences were supplied to prospective settlers.
The
Heytesbury Settlement Scheme
The Heytesbury Settlement Scheme was a soldier settlement scheme established in the Western District of Victoria, Australia after World War II. The scheme involved the clearing of the Heytesbury Forest south of Colac, Victoria and adjacent to ...
was one of the last large scale soldier settlement schemes in Victoria.
Western Australia
In Western Australia, the War Service Land Settlement Scheme settled hundreds of soldiers, in the
Wheatbelt and south west region. Initially, fully and partially developed farms were bought, improved and subdivided by the government, then sold to returned soldiers. Loans were also offered.
In 1949, the price of land rose sharply, so the government began to develop virgin Crown land in the south of the state.
In 1957 a royal commission was conducted into the scheme.
By 1958, demand for land by ex-servicemen had declined, but the scheme had been so successful that the government was reluctant to end it, so it instead opened it up to all civilians.
This continued until 1969, when a wheat glut forced the government to impose quotas on wheat planting.
See also
*
Homestead Act
The Homestead Acts were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of government land or the public domain, typically called a homestead. In all, more than of public land, or nearly 10 percent of th ...
, United States legislation with many of the same effects after the end of the American Civil War
*
G.I. Bill
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the G.I. Bill, was a law that provided a range of benefits for some of the returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s). The original G.I. Bill expired in 1956, bu ...
, United States legislation with the same aim of assisting World War II veterans
*
References
Further reading
*Australia. Rural Reconstruction Commission.(1944) ''Settlement and employment of returned men on the land : the Commission's second report to the Honorable J.B. Chifley, M.P., Minister for Post-war Reconstruction, dated 18th day of January 1944''. Canberra : L.F. Johnston, Commonwealth Govt. Printer.
*Hawkins, H.S. and A.S. Watson, A.S.(1972) ''Shelford : a preliminary report of a social and economic study of a Victorian soldier settlement area'' Melbourne : University of Melbourne, School of Agriculture.
*Lake, Marilyn.(1987) ''The limits of hope : soldier settlement in Victoria, 1915-38'' Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
*Lloyd, Clem and Rees, Jacqui (1994) ''The last shilling : a history of repatriation in Australia'' Carlton, Melbourne University Press.
*Western Australia (1923). Royal Commission on Repatriated Soldiers of the A.I.F. under the Discharged Soldiers' Settlement Act, 1918. ''Report of the Royal Commission on Repatriated Soldiers of the A.I.F., under "The Discharged Soldiers' Settlement Act, 1918".''Perth, W.A.: Govt. Printer.
External links
Australiandiggers.comNSW Images related to Soldier SettlersQLD Archives Soldier SettlementVideo accounts from the Red Cliffs soldier settlement area in Victoria.Case Study of Trawalla Estate Soldier Settlers* {{cite web , url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bankstown_soldier_settlement_milperra , title = Bankstown Soldier Settlement Milperra , access-date = 24 September 2015 , author = Glenys Allison , date = 2010 , work=
Dictionary of Sydney The Dictionary of Sydney is a digital humanities project to produce an online, expert-written encyclopedia of all aspects of the history of Sydney.
Description
The Dictionary is a partnership between the City of Sydney, the University of Sydney, ...
C-By-SAbr>
Battle to Farm: WWI soldier settlement records in VictoriaSoldier On: WWI soldier settler storiesNational Archives of Australia soldier settlement research guideNSW State Archives & Records soldier settlement guideFrom Gallipoli to Australian farms: Soldier settler success and failure and contribution to the future of agriculture
History of agriculture in Australia
*
Crown land in Australia