![Solanum Lycopersicum tomkin 1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Solanum_Lycopersicum_tomkin_1.jpg)
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
s, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the
potato
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern Unit ...
, the
tomato
The tomato is the edible berry of the plant ''Solanum lycopersicum'', commonly known as the tomato plant. The species originated in western South America, Mexico, and Central America. The Mexican Nahuatl word gave rise to the Spanish word ...
and the
eggplant
Eggplant ( US, Canada), aubergine ( UK, Ireland) or brinjal (Indian subcontinent, Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. ''Solanum melongena'' is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.
Mos ...
(aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family
Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orn ...
, comprising around 1,500 species. It also contains the so-called horse nettles (unrelated to the genus of true nettles, ''
Urtica
''Urtica'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae. Many species have stinging hairs and may be called nettles or stinging nettles, although the latter name applies particularly to ''Urtica dioica''.
''Urtica'' species are food f ...
''), as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.
''Solanum'' species show a wide range of
growth habit
Habit, equivalent to habitus in some applications in biology, refers variously to aspects of behaviour or structure, as follows:
*In zoology (particularly in ethology), habit usually refers to aspects of more or less predictable ''behaviour'', i ...
s, such as
annual
Annual may refer to:
* Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year
**Yearbook
** Literary annual
* Annual plant
* Annual report
* Annual giving
* Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco
* Annuals (b ...
s and
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
s,
vine
A vine (Latin ''vīnea'' "grapevine", "vineyard", from ''vīnum'' "wine") is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselv ...
s,
subshrub
A subshrub (Latin ''suffrutex'') or dwarf shrub is a short shrub, and is a woody plant. Prostrate shrub is a related term. "Subshrub" is often used interchangeably with "bush".Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Der ...
s,
shrub
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...
s, and small
tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...
s. Many formerly independent genera like ''
Lycopersicon
''Lycopersicon'' was a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relatives). It contained about 13 species in the tomato group of nightshades. First removed from the genus ''Solanum'' by Philip Miller in 1754, its remov ...
'' (the tomatoes) and ''
Cyphomandra
''Cyphomandra'' was a formerly accepted genus in the plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relative). It used to contain about 35 species native to the Americas from Mexico southwards to Northern Argentina.
Recent authors have treated ' ...
'' are now included in ''Solanum'' as
subgenera
In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...
or
section
Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea
* Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents
** Section sign ...
s. Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500–2,000
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
.
Name
The generic name was first used by
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic '' ...
(AD 23–79) for a plant also known as , most likely ''S. nigrum''. Its derivation is uncertain, possibly stemming from the
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
word , meaning "sun", referring to its status as a plant of the sun.
Species having the common name "nightshade"
The species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is ''
Solanum dulcamara
''Solanum dulcamara'' is a species of vine in the genus ''Solanum'' (which also includes the potato and the tomato) of the family Solanaceae. Common names include bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, bitter nightshade, blue bindweed, Amara Dulci ...
'', also called bittersweet or woody nightshade (so-called because it is a (
scandent
A vine (Latin ''vīnea'' "grapevine", "vineyard", from ''vīnum'' "wine") is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselve ...
)
shrub
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...
). Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous, the active principle being
solanine
Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family within the genus ''Solanum'', such as the potato (''Solanum tuberosum''), the tomato (''Solanum lycopersicum''), and the eggplant (''Solanum melongena''). It can occu ...
, which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses. Black nightshade (''
Solanum nigrum
''Solanum nigrum'', the European black nightshade or simply black nightshade or blackberry nightshade, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Solanum'', native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa. Ripe ...
'') is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully-ripened fruit and foliage are cooked and eaten in some areas. Deadly nightshade (''
Atropa belladonna
''Atropa belladonna'', commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a toxic perennial herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, which also includes tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (aubergine). It is native to Europe, North ...
'') belongs, like ''Solanum'', to subfamily
Solanoideae
Solanoideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Solanaceae, and is sister to the subfamily Nicotianoideae. Within Solanaceae, Solanoideae contains some of the most economically important genera and species, such as the tomato (''Solanum l ...
of the nightshade family, but, unlike that genus, is a member of
tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...
Hyoscyameae
Hyoscyameae is an Old World tribe of the subfamily Solanoideae of the flowering plant family Solanaceae. It comprises eight genera: ''Anisodus'', '' Archihyoscyamus'', ''Atropa'', ''Atropanthe'', ''Hyoscyamus'', ''Physochlaina'', ''Przewalskia'' ...
(''Solanum'' belongs to tribe Solaneae). The chemistry of ''
Atropa
''Atropa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae: tall, calcicole, herbaceous perennials (rhizomatous hemicryptophytes), bearing large leaves and glossy berries particularly dangerous to children, due to their combi ...
'' species is very different from that of Solanum species and features the very toxic
tropane alkaloid
Tropane alkaloids are a class of bicyclic .2.1alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure. Tropane alkaloids occur naturally in many members of the plant family Solanaceae. Certain tropane alkal ...
s, the best-known of which is
atropine
Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery. It is typically given i ...
.
Food crops
Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe fruit, are
poison
Poison is a chemical substance that has a detrimental effect to life. The term is used in a wide range of scientific fields and industries, where it is often specifically defined. It may also be applied colloquially or figuratively, with a broa ...
ous to humans (although not necessarily to other animals), but many species in the genus bear some edible parts, such as
fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...
s,
leaves
A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...
, or
tuber
Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing ...
s. Three crops in particular have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale:
*
Tomato
The tomato is the edible berry of the plant ''Solanum lycopersicum'', commonly known as the tomato plant. The species originated in western South America, Mexico, and Central America. The Mexican Nahuatl word gave rise to the Spanish word ...
, ''S. lycopersicum''
** Tomato varieties are sometimes bred from both ''S. lycopersicum'' and wild tomato species such as ''S. pimpinellifolium'', ''S. peruvianum'', ''S. cheesmanii'', ''S. galapagense'', ''S. chilense'', etc. (such varieties include—among others—Bicentennial, Dwarf Italian, Epoch, Golden Sphere, Hawaii, Ida Red, Indigo Rose, Kauai, Lanai, Marion, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu, Owyhee, Parma, Payette, Red Lode, Super Star, Surecrop, Tuckers Forcing, V 121, Vantage, Vetomold, and Waltham.)
*
Potato
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern Unit ...
, ''S. tuberosum'', fourth largest food crop.
** Less important but cultured relatives used in small amounts include ''S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, S. ajanhuiri, S. chaucha, S. juzepczukii, S. curtilobum''.
*
Eggplant
Eggplant ( US, Canada), aubergine ( UK, Ireland) or brinjal (Indian subcontinent, Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. ''Solanum melongena'' is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.
Mos ...
(also known as brinjal or aubergine), ''S. melongena''
Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as Ethiopian eggplant or
gilo
Gilo ( he, גִּלֹה) is an Israeli settlement in south-western East Jerusalem, with a population of 30,000, mostly Jewish inhabitants. Although it is located within the Jerusalem Municipality, it is widely considered a settlement, because a ...
(''
S. aethiopicum''), naranjilla or lulo (''
S. quitoense''), Turkey berry (''
S. torvum''), pepino or pepino melon (''
S. muricatum''), Tamarillo (''
S. betaceum''), wolf apple (''
S. lycocarpum''), garden huckleberry (''
S. scabrum'') and "
bush tomato
Bush tomatoes are the fruit or entire plants of certain nightshade (''Solanum'') species native to the more arid parts of Australia. While they are quite closely related to tomatoes (''Solanum lycopersicum''), they might be even closer relative ...
es" (several
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
n species).
Ornamentals
The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are:
*''
S. aviculare'' (kangaroo apple)
*''
S. capsicastrum'' (false Jerusalem cherry, winter cherry)
*''
S. crispum'' (Chilean potato tree)
*''
S. laciniatum'' (kangaroo apple)
*''
S. laxum'' (potato vine)
*''
S. pseudocapsicum'' (Christmas cherry, winter cherry)
*''
S. rantonnetii'' (blue potato bush)
*''
S. seaforthianum'' (Italian jasmine, St. Vincent lilac)
*''
S. mauritianum'' (woolly nightshade, earleaf nightshade)
*''
S. wendlandii'' (paradise flower, potato vine)
Medicine
Poisonings associated with certain species of ''Solanum'' are not uncommon and may be fatal. However, several species are locally used in
folk medicine
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the ...
, particularly by native people who have long employed them.
Ecology
''Solanum'' species are used as food plants by the
larvae
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
The ...
of some
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...
species (
butterflies
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The ...
and
moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...
s) – see
list of Lepidoptera that feed on ''Solanum''.
Systematics
The genus was established by
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
in 1753.
Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved.
The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species.
Many of the
subgenera
In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...
and
section
Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea
* Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents
** Section sign ...
s might not be valid; they are used here provisionally as the
phylogeny
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...
of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been reevaluated.
Cladistic
Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...
analyses of
DNA sequence
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...
data suggest that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with ''Leptostemonum'' being the only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections ''Cyphomandropsis'' and the old genus ''
Cyphomandra
''Cyphomandra'' was a formerly accepted genus in the plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relative). It used to contain about 35 species native to the Americas from Mexico southwards to Northern Argentina.
Recent authors have treated ' ...
''.
[
A recent study built a densely sampled species-level phylogeny for ''Solanum'' comprising 60% of all accepted species based on full plastome dataset and nuclear target-capture data.] While the taxonomic framework of ''Solanum'' remained stable, researchers observed gene tree conflicts and discordance between phylogenetic trees generated from the target-capture and plastome datasets. The latter corresponded to regions with short internodal branches, and network analysis and polytomy tests suggested the backbone is composed of three polytomies found at different evolutionary depths. The strongest area of discordance, near the crown node of Solanum, was found to be a hard polytomy. Currently, the most likely explanation for the discordance along the backbone of ''Solanum'' is due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) caused by rapid speciation. Presence of short internal branches is typical of ILS in lineages with large population sizes and high mutation rates. This fits with the biology of ''Solanum'' in general, which is typically known to contain “weedy”, disturbance-loving pioneer species resilient to change. Many species are known to have large geographical ranges and ecological amplitude. Some of the weedy characteristics found in these species include the ability to improve fitness and defense traits in response to disturbance, as well as having allelopathic properties which allow them to establish themselves to the detriment of native vegetation. If such characteristics were present in ancestral Solanum, they could have promoted rapid speciation across the globe, followed by rapid morphological evolution and speciation within areas. The patterns observed here could possibly be the result of three major rapid speciation “pulses” across the evolutionary history of Solanum. The idea of an ecologically opportunistic ancestor is supported by the tendency of many of the major clades to occupy periodically highly stressed and disturbed habitats, including flooded varzea forests, hyper-arid deserts, and highly disturbed and dynamic open mid-elevation Andean montane habitats, where landslides are among the most common areas where many of the species are found. The idea that well-supported and fully bifurcating phylogenies are a requisite for evolutionary studies is built on the premise that such trees are the accurate way of representing evolution. The shift in systematics from “tree”- to “bush”-like thinking, where polytomies and reticulate patterns of evolution are considered as acceptable or real, comes from the accumulation of studies finding similar unresolvable phylogenetic nodes, despite using different large-scale genomic sampling strategies and various analytical methods. We argue that acknowledging and embracing polytomies and reticulation is crucial if we are to design research programs aimed at understanding the biology of large and rapidly radiating lineages, such as the large and economically important Solanum.
Subgenus ''Bassovia''
Section ''Allophylla''
* ''Solanum granuloso-leprosum
''Solanum granuloso-leprosum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae.
It is small tree endemic to Brazil and Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the ...
''
Section ''Cyphomandropsis''
* ''Solanum glaucophyllum
''Solanum glaucophyllum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includ ...
'' Desf. – Waxy-leaved nightshade
Section ''Pachyphylla''
* ''Solanum betaceum
The tamarillo (''Solanum betaceum'') is a small tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshade family). It is best known as the species that bears the tamarillo, an egg-shaped edible fruit. It is also known as the tree ...
'' Cav. – Tamarillo
* ''Solanum exiguum
''Solanum exiguum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bo ...
''
* ''Solanum roseum
''Solanum roseum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to ...
''
Subgenus ''Leptostemonum''
Section ''Acanthophora''
* ''Solanum aculeatissimum
''Solanum aculeatissimum'', known as Dutch eggplant, and love-apple, is a weedy shrub that bears small, 2–3 cm pale yellow fruit following white flowers with characteristic ''Solanum'' yellow stamens.
Origin and range
Where ''S. aculeatis ...
'' Jacq. – Indian nightshade
* ''Solanum atropurpureum
''Solanum atropurpureum'', commonly known as malevolence, purple devil and the five-minute plant, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Brazil. ''S. atropurpureum'' contains various toxic tropane alkaloids in its fruit, stems, and leaves, and ...
'' Schrank – Five-minute plant
''Solanum atropurpureum'', commonly known as malevolence, purple devil and the five-minute plant, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Brazil. ''S. atropurpureum'' contains various toxic tropane alkaloids in its fruit, stems, and leaves, an ...
* ''Solanum capsicoides
''Solanum capsicoides'', the cockroach berry, known as ''polohauai'i'' in Polynesia, is a flowering plant in the family Solanaceae. It is native to eastern Brazil but naturalized in other tropical regions, where it sometimes becomes an invasive ...
'' – Cockroach berry
''Solanum capsicoides'', the cockroach berry, known as ''polohauai'i'' in Polynesia, is a flowering plant in the family Solanaceae. It is native to eastern Brazil but naturalized in other tropical regions, where it sometimes becomes an invasiv ...
, ''polohauaiʻi'' ( Polynesian)
* ''Solanum mammosum
''Solanum mammosum'', commonly known as nipplefruit, fox head, cow's udder, or apple of Sodom, is an inedible Pan-American tropical fruit. The plant is grown for ornamental purposes, in part because of the distal end of the fruit's resemblance ...
'' – Nipplefruit
''Solanum mammosum'', commonly known as nipplefruit, fox head, cow's udder, or apple of Sodom, is an inedible Pan-American tropical fruit. The plant is grown for ornamental purposes, in part because of the distal end of the fruit's resemblance ...
, titty fruit, cow's udder, "apple of Sodom
''Calotropis procera'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae that is native to North Africa, Pakistan, tropical Africa, Western Asia, South Asia, and Indochina. The green fruits contain a toxic milky sap that is extremely b ...
"
* '' Solanum palinacanthum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum viarum
''Solanum viarum'', the tropical soda apple, is a perennial shrub native to Brazil and Argentina with a prickly stem and prickly leaves. The fruit is golf-ball-sized with the coloration of a watermelon. It is considered an invasive species in t ...
'' Dunal – Tropical soda apple
Section ''Androceras'': 12 spp.
* Series ''Androceras''
* Series ''Violaceiflorum''
* Series ''Pacificum''
Section ''Anisantherum''
Section ''Campanulata''
Section ''Crinitum''
Section ''Croatianum''
Section ''Erythrotrichum''
* '' Solanum robustum'' H.L.Wendl. – Shrubby nightshade
Section ''Graciliflorum''
Section ''Herposolanum''
* ''Solanum wendlandii
''Solanum wendlandii'', the giant potato creeper, potato vine, Costa Rican nightshade, divorce vine, or paradise flower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plan ...
'' Hook.f. – Giant potatocreeper
In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: ''gigas'', cognate giga-) are beings of human-like appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance. The word ''giant'' is first attested in 1297 from ...
Section ''Irenosolanum''
* ''Solanum incompletum
''Solanum incompletum'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae known by the common names thorny popolo and ''popolo ku mai'' (''popolo'' being a term for any Solanum species and similar berry-bearing plants). It is endemic ...
'' Dunal – ''Pōpolo kū mai'' (Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...
)
* ''Solanum nelsonii
''Solanum nelsonii'' (often misspelled ''Solanum nelsoni''), common names pōpolo and Nelson's horsenettle, is a partially woody sprawling shrub-like perennial plant in the family Solanaceae, part of the ''Solanum'' or nightshade genus. This pois ...
'' Dunal – Nelson's horsenettle, ''Ākia'' (Hawaii)
* ''Solanum sandwicense
''Solanum sandwicense'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by the common names Hawai'i horsenettle and ''popolo 'aiakeakua''. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it occurs today on the islands of Kauai and Oahu. It is ...
'' Hook. & Arn. – Hawaiian horsenettle, ''Pōpoloaiakeakua'' (Oahu
Oahu () (Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering place#Island of Oʻahu as The Gathering Place, Gathering Place", is the third-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to roughly one million people—over t ...
, Kauai
Kauai, () anglicized as Kauai ( ), is geologically the second-oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands (after Niʻihau). With an area of 562.3 square miles (1,456.4 km2), it is the fourth-largest of these islands and the 21st largest island ...
)
Section ''Ischyracanthum''
Section ''Lasiocarpa''
* ''Solanum lasiocarpum
''Solanum lasiocarpum'', synonym ''Solanum ferox'' L., otherwise known as Indian nightshade or hairy-fruited eggplant, is a plant that produces edible fruit. Its flowers are white and its fruits are pale yellow.
''S. lasiocarpum'' is found wild ...
'' Dunal
* ''Solanum pseudolulo
''Solanum pseudolulo'' is a subtropical perennial plant from northwestern South America. The ''pseudolulo'' is a large herbaceous plant or a small shrub, with heart-shaped leaves. The leaves and stems of the plant are covered in short hairs, an ...
'' – ''lulo de perro'' (Colombia)
* ''Solanum quitoense
''Solanum quitoense'', known as naranjilla (, "little orange") in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Panama and as lulo (, from Quechua) in Colombia, is a tropical perennial plant from northwestern South America. The specific name for this species of night ...
'' – ''lulo
''Solanum quitoense'', known as naranjilla (, "little orange") in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Panama and as lulo (, from Quechua) in Colombia, is a tropical perennial plant from northwestern South America. The specific name for this species of ni ...
'' (Colombia
Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
), ''naranjilla'' (Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
)
* ''Solanum sessiliflorum
''Solanum sessiliflorum'', the cocona, is a tropical shrub of the family Solanaceae. The cocona plant has sturdy branches and huge, serrate and hairy leaves. Cocona closely resembles a number of close relatives, including naranjilla and pseu ...
'' – Cocona
''Solanum sessiliflorum'', the cocona, is a tropical shrub of the family Solanaceae. The cocona plant has sturdy branches and huge, serrate and hairy leaves. Cocona closely resembles a number of close relatives, including naranjilla and pseu ...
Section ''Melongena''
* '' Solanum aculeastrum'' – Soda apple
''Solanum aculeastrum'' is commonly known as soda apple, sodaapple nightshade, goat apple, poison apple, or more ambiguously as " bitter-apple". It is a poisonous nightshade species from Africa and not related to true apples. The term "soda apple ...
, sodaapple nightshade, goat apple, poison apple, " bitter-apple"
* '' Solanum campechiense'' – Redberry nightshade
''Solanum campechiense'', the redberry nightshade, is a plant in the family Solanaceae.
References
External links
''Solanum campechiense'' L. on Solanaceae Source— Images, description, specimens and a full list of scientific synonyms.
...
* ''Solanum carolinense
''Solanum carolinense'', the Carolina horsenettle, is not a true nettle, but a member of the Solanaceae, or nightshade family. It is a perennial herbaceous plant, native to the southeastern United States, though its range has expanded throughou ...
'' – Carolina horsenettle
''Solanum carolinense'', the Carolina horsenettle, is not a true nettle, but a member of the Solanaceae, or nightshade family. It is a perennial herbaceous plant, native to the southeastern United States, though its range has expanded through ...
, radical weed, sand brier, devil's tomato, " bull nettle", "tread-softly", "apple of Sodom", "wild tomato" (southeastern United States
The Southeastern United States, also referred to as the American Southeast or simply the Southeast, is a geographical region of the United States. It is located broadly on the eastern portion of the southern United States and the southern por ...
)
* '' Solanum cataphractum'' (northern Western Australia
Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...
, including Coronation Island
Coronation Island is the largest of the South Orkney Islands, long and from wide. The island extends in a general east–west direction, is mainly ice-covered and comprises numerous bays, glaciers and peaks, the highest rising to .
History
T ...
)
* ''Solanum citrullifolium
''Solanum citrullifolium'' is a species of flowering plant in the Solanaceae family. It is a nightshade referred to by the common name watermelon nightshade, as its leaves somewhat resemble those of a watermelon plant. It is a white-stemmed shr ...
'' A.Braun – Watermelon nightshade (southern United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
)
* '' Solanum dimidiatum'' Raf. – Torrey's nightshade
''Solanum dimidiatum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae known by the common names western horsenettle, Torrey's nightshade, and robust horsenettle. It is native to the central United States, where it grows in many types of habitat, ...
* ''Solanum elaeagnifolium
''Solanum elaeagnifolium'', the silverleaf nightshade or silver-leaved nightshade, is a common native plant to parts of the southwestern USA, and sometimes weed of western North America and also found in South America. Other common names include ...
'' – Silver-leaved nightshade, prairie berry, silverleaf nettle, white horsenettle, silver nightshade, " bull-nettle", "trompillo" (Spanish); Silver-leaf bitter-apple, ''satansbos'' (South Africa)
* ''Solanum heterodoxum
''Solanum heterodoxum'', the melonleaf nightshade, is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae. It is native to Mexico and the US state of New Mexico, and has been introduced to Bulgaria. ''Solanum heterodoxum'' var. ''setigeroides'' ...
'' Dunal – Melon-leaved nightshade
* ''Solanum incanum
''Solanum incanum'' is a species of nightshade, a flowering plant in the family Solanaceae. It is native to Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, eastwards to India. The species was introduced to Taiwan and Vietnam.
Common names include thorn ...
'' L.
* ''Solanum linnaeanum
''Solanum linnaeanum'' is a nightshade species known as devil's apple and, in some places where it is introduced, apple of Sodom. The latter name is also used for other nightshades and entirely different plants elsewhere, in particular the po ...
'' – Devil's apple Devil's apple is a common name for several horny plants and may refer to:
*''Datura''
*''Podophyllum peltatum'', native to North America
*''Solanum
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops o ...
, "apple of Sodom
''Calotropis procera'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae that is native to North Africa, Pakistan, tropical Africa, Western Asia, South Asia, and Indochina. The green fruits contain a toxic milky sap that is extremely b ...
"
* ''Solanum macrocarpon
''Solanum macrocarpon'' otherwise known as the African eggplant (Yoruba: Igba) (Igbo language/ Igbo): añara), Surinamese eggplant ( Sranang Tongo: Antroewa) or Vietnamese eggplant (Vietnamese: cà pháo) is a plant of the family Solanaceae. ...
'' L.
* ''Solanum marginatum
''Solanum marginatum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae known by the common names purple African nightshade and white-margined nightshade. It is native to Ethiopia and Eritrea, and it is known on other continents as an introduced sp ...
'' L.f. – White-margined nightshade
''Solanum marginatum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae known by the common names purple African nightshade and white-margined nightshade. It is native to Ethiopia and Eritrea, and it is known on other continents as an introduced ...
* ''Solanum melongena
Eggplant ( US, Canada), aubergine ( UK, Ireland) or brinjal (Indian subcontinent, Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. ''Solanum melongena'' is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.
Mos ...
'' – Eggplant
Eggplant ( US, Canada), aubergine ( UK, Ireland) or brinjal (Indian subcontinent, Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. ''Solanum melongena'' is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.
Mos ...
, aubergine (including ''S. ovigerum'')
* ''Solanum rostratum
''Solanum rostratum'' is a species of nightshade (genus ''Solanum'') that is native to the United States and northern and central Mexico. Common names include buffalobur nightshade, buffalo-bur, spiny nightshade, Colorado bur, Kansas thistle, ba ...
'' Dunal – Buffalo bur, Texas thistle
* ''Solanum sisymbriifolium
''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' is commonly known as vila-vila, sticky nightshade, red buffalo-bur, the fire-and-ice plant, litchi tomato, or Morelle de Balbis.
The small edible fruits are red on the outside and yellow inside. It grows inside a spi ...
'' Lam. – Sticky nightshade
''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' is commonly known as vila-vila, sticky nightshade, red buffalo-bur, the fire-and-ice plant, litchi tomato, or Morelle de Balbis.
The small edible fruits are red on the outside and yellow inside. It grows inside a spi ...
, fire-and-ice
* '' Solanum virginianum'' L.
Section ''Micracantha''
* '' Solanum jamaicense'' Mill. – Jamaican nightshade
Jamaican may refer to:
* Something or someone of, from, or related to the country of Jamaica
* Jamaicans, people from Jamaica
* Jamaican English, a variety of English spoken in Jamaica
* Jamaican Patois, an English-based creole language
* Culture ...
* '' Solanum lanceifolium'' Jacq. – Lance-leaved nightshade
* '' Solanum tampicense'' Dunal – Wetland nightshade
Section ''Monodolichopus''
Section ''Nycterium''
Section ''Oliganthes''
* ''Solanum aethiopicum
''Solanum aethiopicum'', the bitter tomato, Ethiopian eggplant, or nakati, is a fruiting plant of the genus ''Solanum'' mainly found in Asia and Tropical Africa. It is also known as Ethiopian nightshade, garden eggs, pumpkin-on-a-stick, and moc ...
'' – Ethiopian eggplant, nakati, mock tomato, Ethiopian nightshade; including ''S. gilo'' (scarlet eggplant
The scarlet eggplant is a fruiting plant of the genus ''Solanum'', related to the tomato and eggplant. Its green fruit is known as Gilo (Brazilian Portuguese: Jiló). It was once treated as a distinct species, ''Solanum gilo'', but it is now kn ...
, Gilo or ''jiló'')
* ''Solanum centrale
''Solanum centrale'', the kutjera, or Australian desert raisin, is a plant native to the more arid parts of Australia. Like other "bush tomatoes", it has been used as a food source by Central Australia and Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal grou ...
'' – Australian desert raisin, bush raisin, bush sultana, "bush tomato
Bush tomatoes are the fruit or entire plants of certain nightshade (''Solanum'') species native to the more arid parts of Australia. While they are quite closely related to tomatoes (''Solanum lycopersicum''), they might be even closer relative ...
", ''akatjurra'' (Alyawarre
The Alyawarre, also spelt Alyawarr and also known as the Iliaura, are an Aboriginal Australian people, or language group, from the Northern Territory. The Alyawarre are made up of roughly 1,200 associated peoples and actively engage in local tra ...
), ''kampurarpa'' (Pitjantjatjara
The Pitjantjatjara (; or ) are an Aboriginal people of the Central Australian desert near Uluru. They are closely related to the Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra and their languages are, to a large extent, mutually intelligible (all are vari ...
), ''merne akatyerre'' (Arrernte
Arrernte (also spelt Aranda, etc.) is a descriptor related to a group of Aboriginal Australian peoples from Central Australia.
It may refer to:
* Arrernte (area), land controlled by the Arrernte Council (?)
* Arrernte people, Aboriginal Australi ...
), ''kutjera''
* '' Solanum cleistogamum'' – "bush tomato", ''merne mwanyerne'' (Arrernte)
* ''Solanum ellipticum
''Solanum ellipticum'' is known as potato bush and under the more ambiguous name of "bush tomato". The Arrernte name of ''merne awele-awele'' might refer to this species or to the similar '' S. quadriloculatum''. Native to Australia, the potato ...
'' – Potato bush Potato bush is a common name for several species of plants and may refer to:
* ''Solanum ellipticum
''Solanum ellipticum'' is known as potato bush and under the more ambiguous name of "bush tomato". The Arrernte name of ''merne awele-awele'' mi ...
, "bush tomato"
* ''Solanum pyracanthos
''Solanum pyracanthos'', also known as the porcupine tomato, is an evergreen shrub native to tropical Madagascar. It belongs to the genus ''Solanum'', a diverse and cosmopolitan genus with over 1,500 species including the tomato, potato and nigh ...
'' Lam. – Porcupine tomato, Devil's Thorn
* ''Solanum quadriloculatum
''Solanum quadriloculatum'' is known under the (ambiguous) common names of "bush tomato" or (in Australia) "wild tomato
''Lycopersicon'' was a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relatives). It contained abou ...
'' F.Muell. – "bush tomato", "wild tomato
''Lycopersicon'' was a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relatives). It contained about 13 species in the tomato group of nightshades. First removed from the genus ''Solanum'' by Philip Miller in 1754, its remov ...
" (Australia)
Section ''Persicariae''
* ''Solanum bahamense
''Solanum bahamense'', commonly known as the Bahama nightshade, is a plant in the nightshade family. It is native across the West Indies, from the Florida Keys east to Dominica (excluding Hispaniola). It is a common species in coastal habitat ...
'' L. – Bahama nightshade, canker berry, ''berengena de playa''
* ''Solanum ensifolium
''Solanum ensifolium'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae Endemism, endemic to Puerto Rico. Commonly known as erubia, it is nearly extinct due to habitat loss.
SynonymsSolanaceae Source 008 008, OO8, O08, or 0O8 may refer to:
* The Streetwear Brand @008us , inspired by Ian Fleming & Virgil Abloh
*"030", the fictional 030 Agent of MI6
* '' 038: Operation Exterminate'', a 1965 Italian action film
* '' Explosivo 030'' a 1940 Argentine c ...
* ''Solanum drymophilum'' O.E.Schulz
* ' ...
'' Dunal – Erubia
Section ''Polytrichum''
Section ''Pugiunculifera''
Section ''Somalanum''
Section ''Torva''
* ''Solanum asteropilodes
''Solanum asteropilodes'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to Ecuador.
References
Flora of Ecuador
Solanum, asteropilodes
Vulnerable plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Friedric ...
''
* '' Solanum chrysotrichum'' Schltdl. – Giant devil's-fig
In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: '' gigas'', cognate giga-) are beings of human-like appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance. The word ''giant'' is first attested in 1297 fro ...
* ''Solanum lanceolatum
''Solanum lanceolatum'', with the common names orangeberry nightshade and lanceleaf nightshade, is a species of Solanum, nightshade. It is native to regions of South America, including the Cerrado ecoregion of the Tropical and subtropical grassla ...
'' – Orangeberry nightshade
* ''Solanum paniculatum
''Solanum paniculatum'', commonly known as jurubeba, is a nightshade common in almost all of Brazil. It is used as a medicinal plant and has a bitter taste.
An infusion of its stem and its root in sugar cane alcohol (cachaça) is popularly use ...
'' – Jurubeba
* ''Solanum torvum
''Solanum torvum'', the turkey berry, devil's fig, pea eggplant, platebrush or susumber, is a bushy, erect and spiny perennial plant used horticulturally as a rootstock for eggplant. Grafted plants are very vigorous and tolerate diseases affe ...
'' – Turkey berry, devil's fig, prickly nightshade, shoo-shoo bush, wild eggplant, pea eggplant
Subgenus ''Lyciosolanum''
* ''Solanum guineense
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' L.
Subgenus ''Solanum sensu stricto''
Section ''Afrosolanum''
Section ''Anarrhichomenum''
* ''Solanum baretiae
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
''
Section ''Archaesolanum''
* ''Solanum aviculare
''Solanum aviculare'', commonly called poroporo or pōporo (New Zealand), bumurra (Dharug), kangaroo apple, pam plum (Australia), or New Zealand nightshade, is a soft-wooded shrub native to New Zealand and the east coast of Australia.
The M ...
'' – Poroporo
''Solanum aviculare'', commonly called poroporo or pōporo (New Zealand), bumurra (Dharug), kangaroo apple, pam plum (Australia), or New Zealand nightshade, is a soft-wooded shrub native to New Zealand and the east coast of Australia.
The M ...
(New Zealand), kangaroo apple (Australia)
Section ''Basarthrum''
* '' Solanum catilliflorum''
* ''Solanum muricatum
''Solanum muricatum'' is a species of evergreen shrub native to South America and grown for its sweet edible fruit.
It is known as ''pepino dulce'' ("sweet cucumber" in English, in order to differentiate it from cucumber which is also called ...
'' – Pepino dulce, pepino melon, melon pear, "pepino", "tree melon"
* '' Solanum perlongistylum''
* ''Solanum tergosericeum
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
''
Section ''Benderianum''
Section ''Brevantherum''
* '' Solanum bullatum''
* ''Solanum erianthum
''Solanum erianthum'' is a species of nightshade that is native to southern North America and northern South America. It has been introduced to other parts of the world and has a nearly pantropical distribution. Common names include mullein nigh ...
'' D.Don – Potato tree, "mullein nightshade"
* ''Solanum mauritianum
''Solanum mauritianum'' is a small tree or shrub native to South America, including Northern Argentina, Southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Its common names include earleaf nightshade (or "ear-leaved nightshade"), woolly nightshade, flannel we ...
'' – Woolly nightshade
''Solanum mauritianum'' is a small tree or shrub native to South America, including Northern Argentina, Southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Its common names include earleaf nightshade (or "ear-leaved nightshade"), woolly nightshade, flannel we ...
, ear-leaved nightshade, flannel weed, bugweed, tobacco weed, kerosene plant, "wild tobacco" (Australia)
* '' Solanum evolvuloides''
Section ''Dulcamara''
* ''Solanum crispum
''Solanum crispum'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Chile and Peru. Common names include Chilean potato vine, Chilean nightshade, Chilean potato tree and potato vine. Growing to tall, it is a semi-evergreen, ...
'' – Chilean potato vine, Chilean nightshade, Chilean potato tree
* ''Solanum dulcamara
''Solanum dulcamara'' is a species of vine in the genus ''Solanum'' (which also includes the potato and the tomato) of the family Solanaceae. Common names include bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, bitter nightshade, blue bindweed, Amara Dulci ...
'' – Bittersweet
* ''Solanum imbaburense
''Solanum imbaburense'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, ...
''
* ''Solanum laxum
''Solanum laxum'', commonly known as potato vine, potato climber or jasmine nightshade, is an evergreen vine in the family Solanaceae. It is native to South America and commonly grown as an ornamental garden plant.
Description
The jasmine-flo ...
'' Spreng. – Jasmine nightshade
* ''Solanum leiophyllum
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
''
* ''Solanum seaforthianum
''Solanum seaforthianum'', the Brazilian nightshade, is a flowering evergreen vine of the family Solanaceae native to tropical South America. As a member of the ''Solanum'' genus, it is related to such plants as the tomato and potato. It is cha ...
'' Andrews – Brazilian nightshade
''Solanum seaforthianum'', the Brazilian nightshade, is a flowering evergreen vine of the family Solanaceae native to tropical South America. As a member of the ''Solanum'' genus, it is related to such plants as the tomato and potato. It is cha ...
* '' Solanum triquetrum'' Cav. – Texas nightshade
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by bo ...
* '' Solanum wallacei'' – Wallace's nightshade, Catalina nightshade, Clokey's nightshade, "wild tomato
''Lycopersicon'' was a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relatives). It contained about 13 species in the tomato group of nightshades. First removed from the genus ''Solanum'' by Philip Miller in 1754, its remov ...
" (including ''S. clokeyi'')
* '' Solanum xanti'' – Purple nightshade, San Diego nightshade
Section ''Herpystichum''
Section ''Holophylla''
* '' Solanum diphyllum'' L. – Twin-leaved nightshade
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum
''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' is a nightshade species with mildly poisonous fruit. It is commonly known as the Jerusalem cherry, Madeira winter cherry, or, ambiguously, "winter cherry". These perennials can be grown decoratively as house plants, ...
'' – Jerusalem cherry, Madeira winter cherry, "winter cherry" (including ''S. capsicastrum'')
* ''Solanum pseudoquina
''Solanum pseudoquina'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to Brazil. A rare plant, it is dependent on conservation of its habitat to prevent it from becoming a threatened species.Carvalho (1998)
''S. inaequa ...
'' (including ''S. inaequale'' Vell.)
Section ''Juglandifolia''
* '' Solanum juglandifolium''
* ''Solanum ochranthum
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
''
Section ''Lemurisolanum''
Section ''Lycopersicoides''
* ''Solanum lycopersicoides
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' Dunal – Peruvian wolfpeach
* '' Solanum sitiens''
Section ''Lycopersicon''
* '' Solanum arcanum'' Peralta – "wild tomato
''Lycopersicon'' was a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relatives). It contained about 13 species in the tomato group of nightshades. First removed from the genus ''Solanum'' by Philip Miller in 1754, its remov ...
"
* ''Solanum chilense
''Solanum chilense'' is a plant species from the "tomato" subgenus ''Lycopersicon'' within the nightshade genus ''Solanum''.
Description
''Solanum chilense'' is a robust, perennial, herbaceous plant that at first grows erect, later lying. It ...
''
* ''Solanum corneliomulleri
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
''
* '' Solanum huaylasense'' Peralta
* ''Solanum peruvianum
''Solanum peruvianum'' (syn. ''Lycopersicon peruvianum'') is a species of wild tomato in the family Solanaceae. It is native to the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Peru, and northern Chile, and has been introduced to California. Some authorities co ...
'' L. – Peruvian nightshade
Peruvians ( es, peruanos) are the citizens of Peru. There were Andean and coastal ancient civilizations like Caral, which inhabited what is now Peruvian territory for several millennia before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century; Peruvian p ...
, "wild tomato
''Lycopersicon'' was a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relatives). It contained about 13 species in the tomato group of nightshades. First removed from the genus ''Solanum'' by Philip Miller in 1754, its remov ...
"
* '' Solanum cheesmaniae'' (L.Riley) Fosberg
* '' Solanum chmielewskii''
* '' Solanum galapagense'' S.C.Darwin & Peralta
* ''Solanum habrochaites
''Solanum habrochaites'' (syn. ''Lycopersicon hirsutum''), the hairy tomato, is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Ecuador and Peru. It is considered to be one of the most important sources of genetic variation for c ...
''
* ''Solanum lycopersicum
The tomato is the edible berry of the plant ''Solanum lycopersicum'', commonly known as the tomato plant. The species originated in western South America, Mexico, and Central America. The Mexican Nahuatl word gave rise to the Spanish word ...
'' – Tomato
* '' Solanum neorickii''
* ''Solanum pennellii
''Solanum pennellii'' (syn. ''Lycopersicon pennellii'') is a species of wild tomato in the family Solanaceae. It is native to the Galápagos Islands, Peru, and northern Chile. It is being extensively studied for its drought resistance and other ...
''
* ''Solanum pimpinellifolium
''Solanum pimpinellifolium'', commonly known as the currant tomato or pimp, is a wild species of tomato native to Ecuador and Peru but naturalized elsewhere, such as the Galápagos Islands. Its small fruits are edible, and it is commonly grown i ...
'' – Currant tomato
Section ''Macronesiotes''
Section ''Normania''
* †'' Solanum nava'' (?)
Section ''Petota''
* '' Solanum albornozii''
* '' Solanum bulbocastanum'' – Ornamental nightshade
''Solanum bulbocastanum'', the ornamental nightshade, is a plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Mexico and parts of the U.S. Southwest. It is closely related to the potato and, as it has evolved strong resistance to all known varieties of p ...
* ''Solanum bukasovii
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' Juz. ex Rybin
* '' Solanum burtonii''
* ''Solanum cardiophyllum
''Solanum cardiophyllum'', known as cimatli, the heartleaf horsenettle or heartleaf nightshade, is a North American species, found primarily in Mexico. It is also present in some parts of the SW United States, but was probably introduced. This ...
'' – Heart-leaved nightshade
* ''Solanum chilliasense
''Solanum chilliasense'' is a species of nightshade that is endemic to Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally ...
''
* '' Solanum commersonii'' Dunal – Commerson's nightshade
* ''Solanum demissum
''Solanum demissum'' is a species of wild potato in the family Solanaceae, native to Mexico and Guatemala. It has been extensively used as a source of alleles for resistance to ''Phytophthora infestans'', the cause of late potato blight, to impro ...
'' Lindl. – Dwarf wild potato
Dwarf or dwarves may refer to:
Common uses
*Dwarf (folklore), a being from Germanic mythology and folklore
* Dwarf, a person or animal with dwarfism
Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities
*Dwarf (Dungeons & Dragons), Dwarf (''Dungeon ...
* ''Solanum jamesii
''Solanum jamesii'' (common names: wild potato or Four Corners potato) is a species of nightshade. Its range includes the southern United States. All parts of the plant, and especially the fruit, are toxic, containing solanine when it matures. T ...
'' – Wild potato
* '' Solanum minutifoliolum''
* '' Solanum paucijugum''
* ''Solanum phureja
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern United S ...
'' Juz. & Bukasov
* ''Solanum pinnatisectum
''Solanum pinnatisectum'', the tansy-leaf nightshade or tansyleaf nightshade, is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Arizona in the United States, and to Mexico. A wild potato, it is being extensively studied for its ...
'' Dunal – Tansy-leaved nightshade
* '' Solanum regularifolium''
* '' Solanum stoloniferum'' Schltdl. – Tigna potato, Fendler's horsenettle
* '' Solanum stenotomum'' (including ''S. goniocalyx'')
* '' Solanum ternatum'' (including ''S. ternifolium'')
* ''Solanum tuberosum
The potato is a starch#Food, starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial plant, perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be fo ...
'' – Potato
Section ''Pteroidea''
Section ''Quadrangulare''
Section ''Regmandra''
Section ''Solanum''
* '' Solanum adscendens'' Sendtner – Sonoita nightshade (Americas
The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.
Along with th ...
)
* ''Solanum americanum
''Solanum americanum'', commonly known as American black nightshade, small-flowered nightshade or glossy nightshade, is a herbaceous flowering plant of wide though uncertain native range. The certain native range encompasses the tropics and subtr ...
'' Mill.
Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular '' The Gardeners Dict ...
– American nightshade, American black nightshade, glossy nightshade (Americas
The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.
Along with th ...
, Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...
)
* '' Solanum chenopodioides'' Lam. – Goosefoot nightshade, slender nightshade (including ''S. gracilius'')
* ''Solanum douglasii
''Solanum douglasii'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae known by the common name greenspot nightshade.
It is native to the northern half of Mexico and the southwestern south-central United States. Its habitat includes scrub and wood ...
'' Dunal – Green-spotted nightshade
* ''Solanum interius
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' Rydb.
* Solanum melongena L.
* '' Solanum nigrescens'' M.Martens & Galeotti – Divine nightshade
Divinity or the divine are things that are either related to, devoted to, or proceeding from a deity.[divine< ...](_blank)
* ''Solanum nigrum
''Solanum nigrum'', the European black nightshade or simply black nightshade or blackberry nightshade, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Solanum'', native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa. Ripe ...
'' L. – European black nightshade, "black nightshade Black nightshade is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
* '' Solanum americanum'' (American black nightshade) of much of North America
* ''Solanum nigrum'' (European black nightshade) of Europe
* '' Solanum ptychanthum'' (Eastern bla ...
"
* ''S. nigrum guineense'' – "Garden Huckleberry"
* ''Solanum pseudogracile
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' Heiser – Glowing nightshade
Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluor ...
* ''Solanum ptychanthum
''Solanum ptychanthum'', the West Indian nightshade or eastern black nightshade, is an annual or occasionally perennial plant in the Solanaceae (Nightshade) family. It is typically 15–60 cm tall and many branched.
The leaves of eastern b ...
'' – West Indian nightshade
''Solanum ptychanthum'', the West Indian nightshade or eastern black nightshade, is an annual or occasionally perennial plant in the Solanaceae (Nightshade) family. It is typically 15–60 cm tall and many branched.
The leaves of eastern b ...
, Eastern black nightshade
* ''Solanum retroflexum
''Solanum retroflexum'', commonly known as umsobo (isiZulu), wonderberry or sunberry, is a historic heirloom fruiting shrub. Both common names are also used for the European black nightshade ('' Solanum nigrum'') in some places, particularly wher ...
'' – Wonderberry
''Solanum retroflexum'', commonly known as umsobo (isiZulu), wonderberry or sunberry, is a historic Heirloom plant, heirloom fruiting shrub. Both common names are also used for the European black nightshade (''Solanum nigrum'') in some places, pa ...
, sunberry
* ''Solanum sarrachoides
''Solanum sarrachoides'' is a species of South American nightshade known as the hairy nightshade or leafy-fruited nightshade.
The scientific name ''Solanum sarrachoides'' was long misused for a different species, '' Solanum physalifolium'', by ...
'' – Hairy nightshade
* ''Solanum scabrum
''Solanum scabrum'', also known as garden huckleberry, is an annual or perennial plant in the nightshade family. The geographic origin of the species is uncertain; Linnaeus attributed it to Africa, but it also occurs in North America, and it is n ...
'' Mill. – Garden huckleberry
* '' Solanum triflorum'' Nutt. – Cut-leaved nightshade
* ''Solanum villosum
''Solanum villosum'', the hairy nightshade, red nightshade or woolly nightshade, is a sprawling annual weed in Europe, western Asia, northern Africa, North America, and is also naturalized in Australia.
Description
An annual herb, to 70 c ...
'' Mill. – Yellow nightshade
''Solanum villosum'', the hairy nightshade, red nightshade or woolly nightshade, is a sprawling annual weed in Europe, western Asia, northern Africa, North America, and is also naturalized in Australia.
Description
An annual herb, to 70 c ...
Other notable species
*'' Solanum abutiloides'' – Dwarf tamarillo
*'' Solanum amygdalifolium'' Steud.
* '' Solanum bellum''
* ''Solanum cajanumense
''Solanum cajanumense'' (also known as ''casana'') is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Intolerant of heat, frost, or direct sunlight, ''Solanum cajanumense'' seems to prefer cloud forest-typ ...
''
* '' Solanum chimborazense''
* '' Solanum chrysasteroides''
* '' Solanum cinnamomeum''
* ''Solanum conocarpum
''Solanum conocarpum'', commonly known as marron bacoba, is a vascular plant species in the family Solanaceae found in the US Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands.
Description
''Solanum conocarpum'' is a thornless and flowering plant. It is ...
'' Rich. ex Dunal – Marron bacoba
* ''Solanum cowiei
''Solanum cowiei'' is a small fruiting subshrub in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to the Northern Territory
The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an states and territories ...
'' Martine
* '' Solanum cremastanthemum''
* '' Solanum davisense'' Whalen – Davis' horsenettle
* '' Solanum densepilosulum''
* ''Solanum donianum
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' Walp. – Mullein nightshade
''Verbascum'' is a genus of over 450 species of flowering plants, common name mullein (), in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. They are native to Europe and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean.
Mullein or "mullein l ...
* '' Solanum dolichorhachis''
* '' Solanum fallax''
* ''Solanum ferox
''Solanum lasiocarpum'', synonym ''Solanum ferox'' L., otherwise known as Indian nightshade or hairy-fruited eggplant, is a plant that produces edible fruit. Its flowers are white and its fruits are pale yellow.
''S. lasiocarpum'' is found wild ...
'' L. – Hairy-fruited eggplant, Thai hairy-fruited eggplant
* '' Solanum fortunense''
* '' Solanum furcatum'' – Forked nightshade
* ''Solanum glabratum
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' Dunal
* ''Solanum haleakalaense
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' H.St.John
* '' Solanum hindsianum'' Benth. – Hinds' nightshade
* '' Solanum hypermegethes''
* ''Solanum hypocalycosarcum
''Solanum hypocalycosarcum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador ...
''
* '' Solanum interandinum''
* '' Solanum latiflorum''
* '' Solanum leucodendron''
* '' Solanum lumholtzianum'' Bartlett – Sonoran nightshade
* ''Solanum luteoalbum
''Solanum luteoalbum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae.
''Solanum semicoalitum'' as described by Bitter is an invalid name for this plant that is sometimes still seen. Altogether, the following synonyms are assigned to this specie ...
'' (including ''S. semicoalitum'')
* ''Solanum lycocarpum
''Solanum lycocarpum'', or wolf apple, is common in the Brazilian savanna, the Cerrado ecoregion. The plant is called ''lobeira'' ("wolf's plant") or ''fruta-do-lobo'' ("wolf's fruit") in Portuguese.
The name "wolf apple" comes from the fact t ...
'' – Wolf apple
''Solanum lycocarpum'', or wolf apple, is common in the Brazilian savanna, the Cerrado ecoregion. The plant is called ''lobeira'' ("wolf's plant") or ''fruta-do-lobo'' ("wolf's fruit") in Portuguese language, Portuguese.
The name "wolf apple" ...
, ''fruta-de-lobo, lobeira'' (Brazil)
* ''Solanum melissarum
''Solanum melissarum'' is a small tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae endemic to Brazil.
Description
A small tree, from 1 to 6 metres high, usually with a single trunk. The crown of light branches carries simple, unlobed leav ...
'' Bohs
* '' Solanum nudum'' Dunal – Forest nightshade
* '' Solanum ovum-fringillae''
* ''Solanum paralum
''Solanum paralum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin Ameri ...
''
* '' Solanum parishii'' A.Heller – Parish's nightshade
* ''Solanum physalifolium
''Solanum physalifolium'', known as hoe nightshade, Argentine nightshade, green nightshade and hairy nightshade, is a species in the family Solanaceae (the nightshade family). Native to Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, it is widely naturalized in ...
'' Rusby
* ''Solanum pinetorum
''Solanum pinetorum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin Am ...
''
* '' Solanum polygamum'' Vahl – Cakalaka berry
* ''Solanum pyrifolium
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' Lam.
* ''Solanum pubescens
''Solanum pubescens'' is a wild shrub found in the foot hill areas of southern India. It is very closely related to the Turkey berry (''Solanum torvum
''Solanum torvum'', the turkey berry, devil's fig, pea eggplant, platebrush or susumber, ...
'' Willd.
* '' Solanum riedlei'' Dunal – Riedle's nightshade
* '' Solanum rudepannum'' Dunal
* '' Solanum rugosum'' Dunal – '' tabacon aspero''
* ''Solanum sibundoyense
''Solanum sibundoyense'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Colombia, specifically to Sibundoy and surrounding areas, and usually resides in cloud forests, 1400–2300 meters in elevation. It is also known as tomate ...
''
* '' Solanum sodiroi'' (including ''S. carchiense'')
* ''Solanum sycocarpum
''Solanum sycocarpum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to Brazil.
References
Flora of Brazil
Solanum, sycocarpum
Endangered plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
{{Solanales-stub ...
''
* ''Solanum tenuipes
''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...
'' Bartlett – Fancy nightshade
* ''Solanum tobagense
''Solanum tobagense'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is found in Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.
References
Solanum, tobagense
Near threatened plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
{{Solanales-stub ...
''
* '' Solanum trilobatum'' L.
* '' Solanum umbelliferum'' – Bluewitch nightshade
* ''Solanum verrogeneum
''Solanum verrogeneum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. Its common name is berenjena. It can be found in Costa Rica's rainforest. It is only found in places where light is more abundant.
Fruit
When ripe the fruit is soft and the ...
'' Berengena
* ''Solanum violaceum
''Solanum violaceum'' is a flowering plant in the family Solanaceae that is found in China at elevations of 100 to 2700 meters.
Traditional uses
Solanum violaceum belongs to Solanaceae family which are extensively used as vegetables and fruits. ...
'' Ortega
* ''Solanum viride
''Solanum viride'', the green nightshade, garland berry, cannibal's tomato, poroporo or boro dina, is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from an ...
'' Spreng. – Green Nightshade
* '' Solanum woodburyi'' Howard – Woodbury's nightshade
Formerly placed here
Some plants of other genera were formerly placed in ''Solanum'':
* '' Chamaesaracha coronopus'' (as ''S. coronopus'')
* '' Lycianthes biflora'' (as ''S. multifidum'' Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don)
* ''Lycianthes denticulata
''Lycianthes'' is a genus of plants from the nightshade family (Solanaceae), found in both the Old World and the New World, but predominantly in the latter. It contains roughly 150 species, mostly from tropical America, with 35-40 species in Asia ...
'' (as ''S. gouakai'' var. ''angustifolium'' and var. ''latifolium'')
* ''Lycianthes lycioides
''Lycianthes'' is a genus of plants from the nightshade family (Solanaceae), found in both the Old World and the New World, but predominantly in the latter. It contains roughly 150 species, mostly from tropical America, with 35-40 species in Asia ...
'' (as ''S. lycioides'' var. ''angustifolium'')
* ''Lycianthes mociniana
''Lycianthes'' is a genus of plants from the nightshade family (Solanaceae), found in both the Old World and the New World, but predominantly in the latter. It contains roughly 150 species, mostly from tropical America, with 35-40 species in Asia ...
'' (as ''S. uniflorum'' Dunal in Poir. and ''S. uniflorum'' Sessé & Moc.)
* ''Lycianthes rantonnetii
''Lycianthes rantonnetii'', the blue potato bush or Paraguay nightshade, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, native plant, native to South America. Growing to about tall and broad, it is a rounded evergreen shru ...
'' (as ''S. rantonnetii'', ''S. urbanum'' var. ''ovatifolium'' and var. ''typicum'')
* Undetermined species of ''Lycianthes
''Lycianthes'' is a genus of plants from the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), found in both the Old World and the New World, but predominantly in the latter. It contains roughly 150 species, mostly from tropical America, with 35-40 species in As ...
'' have been referred to under names such as '' S. chrysophyllum'', ''S. ciliatum'' Blume ex Miq., ''S. corniculatum'' Hiern, '' S. lanuginosum'', '' S. loxense'', '' S. mucronatum'', ''S. retrofractum'' var. ''acuminatum'', ''S. violaceum'' Blume, ''S. violifolium'' f. ''typicum'', ''S. virgatum'' notst ''β albiflorum'', ''S. uniflorum'' Lag. or ''S. uniflorum'' var. ''berterianum''.
References
External links
*
*
Meet the TomTato: Tomatoes and potatoes grown as one – CBS News
(September 26, 2013)
{{Taxonbar, from=Q146555
Solanaceae genera
Medicinal plants