The Satyrini is one of the

tribes The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...

of the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classifica ...

Satyrinae The Satyrinae, the satyrines or satyrids, commonly known as the browns, are a subfamily of the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies). They were formerly considered a distinct family, Satyridae. This group contains nearly half of the known diver ...

. It includes about 2200

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...

and is therefore the largest tribe in the subfamily which comprises 2500 species.

Distribution

Satyrini butterflies have a worldwide distribution, but the distribution pattern differs between

subtribes Subtribe is a taxonomic category ranking which is below the rank of tribe and above genus. The standard suffix for a subtribe is -ina (in animals) or -inae (in plants Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plant ...

. Some subtribes are almost restricted to a single

biogeographic region An ecoregion (ecological region) or ecozone (ecological zone) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of l ...

, such as the

Pronophilina Pronophilina is a Neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae. They are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains, especially the Andes. Before 1970, they were poorly studied, but re ...

, which is found only in

Andean The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S l ...

cloud forests A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level clo ...

from

Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

Biology

The larval food plants of many species in this tribe are

grasses Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns ...

, i.e. Poaceae. It is considered that the Satyrini diversified at about the same time as the grasses did, and that the

radiation In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes: * ''electromagnetic radiation'', such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visi ...

of the tribe is therefore closely related to the evolution of the grasses. In contrast, the tribe has a few genera which show uncommon feeding preferences. Three genera, '' Euptychia'', ''

Ragadia ''Ragadia'' is a genus of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, th ...

'' and ''

Acrophtalmia Acrophtalmia is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. Species *'' Acrophtalmia artemis'' C. & R. Felder, 1861 *'' Acrophtalmia leuce'' C. & R. Felder, 867 __NOTOC__ Year 867 ( DCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday ...

'', feed on Lycopsida, and moreover, some species of ''Euptychia'' have been reported to feed on

mosses Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornw ...

Neckeraceae Neckeraceae is a moss family in the order Hypnales. There are about 200 species native to temperate and tropical regions. Most grow on rocks, or other plants. Description Members of the family are usually large and glossy plants with creeping st ...

. This is interesting cases as these genera are not considered to be very closely related to each other.

Taxonomy

Speckled wood (Pararge aegeria aegeria) male

Mycalesis francisca formosana high altitude ventral view 20150705

Marbled white (Melanargia galathea) male

The taxonomy of the subfamily Satyrinae has recently undergone a significant revision. showed that most of the traditionally well known group are

paraphyletic In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In ...

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...

and developed a new taxonomy, based on

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

. The classification scheme transferred many genera traditionally placed in the

Elymniini The Elymniini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. If the subfamily Satyrinae elevate to family status, this tribe shall be treated as subfamily Elymniinae. Elymniini was formerly a large group, but recently, it is considered to be in ...

to the Satyrini, and later studies have largely followed this classification. Thus, the Satyrini is now considered to include the genera previously placed in the Elymniini, such as ''

Lethe In Greek mythology, Lethe (; Ancient Greek: ''Lḗthē''; , ), also referred to as Lemosyne, was one of the five rivers of the underworld of Hades. Also known as the ''Ameles potamos'' (river of unmindfulness), the Lethe flowed around the cav ...

'', '' Pararge'' and ''

Mycalesis ''Mycalesis'', the bushbrowns, are a genus of brush-footed butterflies. They are common in the warm regions from Central Asia to Australia, and have a high diversity in South Asia and the Wallacea. They are notably polymorphic, with wet- a ...

''. However, the phylogenetic statuses of some subtribes within the tribe are still unclear and the revision of the classification is likely to continue. ---- According to , the Satyrini includes the following

and

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

: ;

Parargina Parargina is a subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae.Parargina
Tree of Life Web Project

Genera

Moore, 1893 :* ''

Chonala ''Chonala'' is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae found in eastern Asia. Species Listed alphabetically:''Chonala''
Tr ...

'' Moore, 1893 :* '' Kirinia'' Westwood, 1841 :* ''

Lasiommata ''Lasiommata'' is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. Species * ''Lasiommata megera'' (Linnaeus, 1767) Himalayas, Kashmir * '' Lasiommata majuscula'' (Leech, 892 Year 892 ( DCCCXCII) was a leap year ...

'' Tutt, 1896 :* ''

Lopinga ''Lopinga'' is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are ...

'' Moore, 1893 :* ''

Orinoma ''Orinoma'' is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae found in Asia. Species Listed alphabetically:''Orinoma''
at the ''Tr ...

'' Gray, 1846 :* '' Pararge'' Hübner, 1819 :* ''

Rhaphicera ''Rhaphicera'' is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae found in the Indomalayan realm (India and China). Species Listed alphabetically:Tatinga'' Moore, 1893 :* ''

Nosea ''Nosea hainanensis'' is only species in the butterfly genus ''Nosea'' of the family Nymphalidae endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or oth ...

'' Moore, 1893 ; Lethina Reuter, 1896 :* '' Aphysoneura'' Karsch, 1894 :* ''

'' Hübner, 1819 :* '' Neope'' Moore, 1866 :* ''

Ninguta Ning'an () is a city located approximately southwest of Mudanjiang, in the southeast of Heilongjiang province, China, bordering Jilin province to the south. It is located on the Mudanjiang River (formerly known as Hurka River), which flows nort ...

'' Moore, 1892 :* ''

Ptychandra ''Ptychandra'' is a butterfly genus in the subfamily Satyrinae within the family Nymphalidae. ''Ptychandra'' was first described by Cajetan Felder and Rudolf Felder in 1861. The genus comprises eight species, seven found in the Philippines with ...

'' Felder & Felder, 1861 :* '' Mandarinia'' Leech, 1892 ; Mycalesina Reuter, 1896 :* '' Lohora'' Moore, 1880 :* '' Brakefieldia'' Aduse-Poku, Lees & Wahlberg, 2016 :* ''

Telinga The land of Telugu people was referred during ancient times as ''Āndhra dēśa'' (country of Andhra) and ''Trilingadēśa'' (country of Trilinga). The word '' Telugu'' is ''believed'' to have been derived from ''trilinga'', as in ''Trilinga D ...

'' Moore, 1880 :* '' Heteropsis'' Westwood, 1850 :* '' Culapa'' Moore, 1879 :* '' Mydosama'' Moore, 1880 :* ''

'' Hübner, 1818 :* '' Devyatkinia'' Monastyrskii & Uémura, 2016 :* '' Hallelesis'' Condamin, 1961 :* '' Bicyclus'' Kirby, 1871 ; Eritina Miller, 1968 :* '' Coelites'' Westwood, 1850 :* '' Erites'' Westwood, 1851 :* '' Orsotriaena'' Wallengren, 1858 :* ''

Zipaetis ''Zipaetis'' is a genus of satyrid butterflies Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and c ...

'' Hewitson, 1863 ; Ragadiina Herrich-Schäffer, 1864 :* ''

'' Felder & Felder, 1861 :* ''

Acropolis An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens, ...

'' Hemming, 1934 :* ''

'' Westwood, 1851 ; Coenonymphina Tutt, 1896 :* ''

Coenonympha ''Coenonympha'' is a butterfly genus belonging to the Coenonymphina, a subtribe of the browns (Satyrinae). The latter are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies ( Nymphalidae). As a rule, Palearctic species are colloquially called heaths ...

'' Hübner, 1819 :* '' Sinonympha'' Lee, 1994 :* '' Oressinoma'' Doubleday, 1849 :* '' Altiapa'' Parsons, 1986 :* '' Argynnina'' Butler, 1867 :* '' Argyronympha'' Mathew, 1886 :* '' Argyrophenga'' Doubleday, 1845 :* '' Dodonidia'' Butler, 1884 :* '' Erebiola'' Fereday, 1879 :* '' Erycinidia'' Rothschild & Jordan, 1905 :* '' Geitoneura'' Butler, 1867 :* '' Harsiesis'' Fruhstorfer, 1911 :* '' Heteronympha'' Wallengren, 1858 :* '' Hyalodia'' Jordan, 1924 :* '' Hypocysta'' Westwood, 1851 :* '' Lamprolenis'' Godman & Salvin, 1881 :* '' Nesoxenica'' Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 :* '' Oreixenica'' Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 :* ''

Paratisiphone ''Paratisiphone'' is a monotypic butterfly genus of the subfamily Satyrinae The Satyrinae, the satyrines or satyrids, commonly known as the browns, are a subfamily of the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies). They were formerly considered a ...

'' Watkins, 1928 :* ''

Percnodaimon ''Percnodaimon merula'', the black mountain ringlet, is a Satyrinae, satyrid butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently the only recognised species in the monotypic taxon, monotypic genus ''Percnodaimon,'' endemic to New Zealand, althou ...

'' Butler, 1876 :* '' Platypthima'' Rothschild & Jordan, 1905 :* '' Tisiphone'' Hübner, 1819 ;

Euptychiina The butterfly subtribe Euptychiina ( Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is a diverse group within the tribe Satyrini, occurring throughout Central and South America, in addition to a few species known from North America. Euptychiina is a predominantly lo ...

Reuter, 1896 :* '' Euptychia'' Hübner, 1818 :* '' Palaeonympha'' Butler, 1871 :* '' Amphidecta'' Butler, 1867 :* '' Archeuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* ''

Amiga Amiga is a family of personal computers introduced by Commodore International, Commodore in 1985. The original model is one of a number of mid-1980s computers with 16- or 32-bit processors, 256 KB or more of RAM, mouse-based GUIs, and sign ...

'' Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, 2019 :* '' Caeruleuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Capronnieria'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Cepheuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Chloreuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Cissia'' Doubleday, 1848 :* '' Coeruleotaygetis'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Cyllopsis'' Felder, 1869 :* '' Erichthodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Euptychoides'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Forsterinaria'' Gray, 1973 :* '' Graphita'' Nakahara, Marín & Barbosa 2016 :* '' Godartiana'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Harjesia'' Forster, 1964 :* ''

Hermeuptychia ''Hermeuptychia'' is a genus of Satyrinae, satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm. They are a widespread, cryptic genus, with Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I species delineation methods implying much greater species diversity than curr ...

'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Huberonympha'' Viloria & Costa, 2016 :* '' Inbio'' Nakahara & Espeland, 2015 :* '' Magneuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Megeuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Megisto'' Hübner, 1819 :* '' Moneuptychia'' Forsterm, 1964 :* ''

Neonympha ''Neonympha'' is a Nearctic and Neotropical genus of satyrid butterflies. Species Listed alphabetically: *'' Neonympha areolatus'' (Smith, 1797) *'' Neonympha helicta'' (Hübner, 808 *''Neonympha mitchellii'' French, 1889 *'' "Neonympha" lup ...

'' Hübner 1818 :* '' Nhambikuara'' Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca, 2018 :* '' Optimandes'' Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, 2019 :* '' Orotaygetis'' Nakahara & Zacca, 2018 :* '' Paramacera'' Butler, 1868 :* '' Parataygetis'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Pareuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Paryphthimoides'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Pharneuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Pindis'' Felder, 1869 :* '' Posttaygetis'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Prenda'' Freitas & Mielke, 2011 :* '' Pseudeuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Pseudodebis'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Rareuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Satyrotaygetis'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Sepona'' Freitas & Barbosa, 2016 :* '' Splendeuptychia'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Stegosatyrus'' Zacca, Mielke & Pyrcz, 2013 :* '' Stevenaria'' Viloria, Costa, Neild & Nakahara, 2016 :* '' Taydebis'' Freitas, 2003 :* '' Taygetina'' Forster, 1964 :* ''

Taygetis ''Taygetis'' is a genus of Satyrinae, satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm. Taxonomy and evolution The genus appeared as polyphyletic,, 2013: Systematics and evolutionary history of butterflies in the “''Taygetis'' clade” (Nymp ...

'' Hübner, 1819 :* '' Taygetomorpha'' Miller, 2004 :* '' Yphthimoides'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Zischkaia'' Forster, 1964 ; Erebiina Tutt, 1896 :* ''

Erebia ''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or ban ...

'' Elwes, 1899 ; Maniolina Grote, 1897 :* '' Aphantopus'' Wallengren, 1853 :* ''

Cercyonis ''Cercyonis'' is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae found in North America. They are commonly called wood-nymphs or wood nymphs. Species Listed alphabetically:Hyponephele ''Hyponephele'' is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. Most range from Europe into central Asia with a few in northern Africa. They are commonly called meadowbrowns. Species Listed alphabetically:< ...

'' Muschamp, 1915 :* ''

Maniola ''Maniola'' is a genus of butterflies within the family Nymphalidae.

'' Schrank, 1801 :* '' Pyronia'' Hübner, 1819 ; Melanargiina Wheeler, 1903 :* ''

Melanargia ''Melanargia'' is a genus of butterflies belonging to the family Nymphalidae and the subfamily Satyrinae (formerly family Satyridae). This genus, described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1828, is the only genus in the subtribe Melanargiina, Wheel ...

'' Meigen, 1828 ;

Reuter, 1896 :* '' Altopedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Antopedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Apexacuta'' Pyrcz, 2004 :* ''

Arhuaco The Arhuaco are an indigenous people of Colombia. They are Chibchan-speaking people and descendants of the Tairona culture, concentrated in northern Colombia in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Name The Arhuaco are also known as the Aruaco, ...

'' Adams & Bernard, 1977 :* '' Cheimas'' Thieme, 1907 :* '' Corades'' Doubleday, 1849 :* '' Corderopedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Daedalma'' Hewitson, 1858 :* '' Dangond'' Adams & Bernard, 1979 :* ''

Drucina ''Drucina'' is a Neotropical butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae. *'' Drucina leonata'' Butler, 1872 References Satyrinae Nymphalidae of South America Nymphalidae genera Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler {{Satyrinae-stub ...

'' Butler, 1872 :* '' Druphila'' Pyrcz, 2004 :* '' Eretris'' Thieme, 1905 :* '' Eteona'' Doubleday, 1848 :* '' Foetterleia'' Viloria, 2004 :* '' Junea'' Hemming, 1964 :* '' Lasiophila'' Felder & Felder, 1859 :* '' Lymanopoda'' Westwood, 1851 :* '' Mygona'' Thieme, 1907 :* '' Neopedaliodes'' Viloria, Miller & Miller 2004 :* '' Oxeoschistus'' Butler, 1867 :* '' Panyapedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Paramo'' Adams & Bernard, 1977 :* '' Parapedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Pedaliodes'' Butler, 1867 :* '' Pherepedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Physcopedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Praepedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Praepronophila'' Forster, 1964 :* ''

Proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elong ...

'' Thieme, 1907 :* '' Pronophila'' Doubleday, 1849 :* '' Protopedaliodes'' Viloria & Pyrcz, 1994 :* '' Pseudomaniola'' Röber, 1889 :* '' Punapedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Steremnia'' Thieme, 1905 :* '' Steroma'' Westwood, 1850 :* '' Steromapedaliodes'' Forster, 1964 :* '' Thiemeia'' Weymer, 1912 :* '' Diaphanos'' Adams & Bernard, 1981 :* '' Ianussiusa'' Pyrcz & Viloria, 2004 :* '' Idioneurula'' Strand, 1932 :* '' Manerebia'' Staudinger, 1897 :* '' Neomaniola'' Hayward, 1949 :* '' Argyrophorus'' Blanchard, 1852 :* '' Auca'' Hayward, 1953 :* '' Chillanella'' Herrera, 1966 :* '' Cosmosatyrus'' Felder & Felder, 1867 :* '' Elina'' Blanchard, 1852 :* '' Faunula'' Felder & Felder, 1867 :* '' Haywardella'' Herrera, 1966 :* '' Homoeonympha'' Felder & Felder, 1867 :* '' Nelia'' Hayward, 1953 :* '' Neomaenas'' Wallengren, 1858 :* '' Neosatyrus'' Wallengren, 1858 :* '' Pampasatyrus'' Hayward, 1953 :* '' Quilaphoestosus'' Herrera, 1966 :* '' Spinantenna'' Hayward, 1953 :* '' Tetraphlebia'' Felder & Felder, 1867 :* '' Gyrocheilus'' Butler, 1867 ; Satyrina Boisduval, 1833 :* '' Argestina'' Riley, 1923 :* '' Davidina'' Oberthür, 1879 :* '' Berberia'' de Lesse, 1951 :* '' Hipparchia'' Fabricius, 1807 :* '' Kanetisa'' Moore, 1893 :* '' Aulocera'' Butler, 1867 :* '' Karanasa'' Moore, 1893 :* ''

Oeneis ''Oeneis'' (the Arctics or graylings) is a butterfly genus of the Satyrinae. All but one of its members are Arctic, sub-Arctic or high-altitude alpine in distribution. Some of the members of the genus are among the butterflies that can get along ...

'' Hübner, 1819 :* '' Paroeneis'' Moore, 1893 :* '' Arethusana'' de Lesse, 1951 :* '' Brintesia'' Fruhstorfer, 1911 :* ''

Minois ''Minois'' is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae.

'' Hübner, 1819 :* ''

Chazara ''Chazara'' is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae of the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). The most well-known is the hermit butterfly ('' C. briseis''). ''C. briseis'' can be found as far west as Morocco and as far eastwar ...

'' Moore, 1893 :* ''

Pseudochazara ''Pseudochazara'' is a genus of butterflies within the family Nymphalidae. Species * '' Pseudochazara alpina'' (Staudinger, 1878) * '' Pseudochazara amalthea'' (Frivaldsky, 1845) * '' Pseudochazara anthelea'' (Hübner, 823-1824 * '' Pseudochaza ...

'' de Lesse, 1951 :* '' Satyrus'' Latreille, 1810 ; Ypthimina Reuter, 1896 :* ''

Cassionympha ''Cassionympha'' is a genus of butterflies from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. Species *''Cassionympha camdeboo'' (Dickson, 1981) *''Cassionympha cassius'' (Godart, 824 *''Cassionympha detecta ''Cassionympha detecta'', the ...

'' van Son, 1955 :* '' Coenyra'' Hewitson, 1865 :* '' Coenyropsis'' van Son, 1958 :* '' Mashuna'' van Son, 1955 :* '' Mashunoides'' Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2009 :* '' Melampias'' Hübner, 1819 :* '' Neita'' van Son, 1955 :* '' Neocoenyra'' Butler, 1886 :* '' Pseudonympha'' Wallengren, 1857 :* '' Paternympha'' Henning & Henning, 1997 :* '' Physcaeneura'' Wallengren, 1857 :* '' Strabena'' Mabille, 1877 :* '' Stygionympha'' van Son, 1955 :* ''

Ypthima ''Ypthima'' is a species rich genus of Old World butterflies in the family Nymphalidae.Austroypthima'' Holloway, 1974 :* '' Ypthimomorpha'' van Son, 1955 ; subtribe uncertain :* '' Calisto'' Hübner, 1823 :* '' Paralasa'' Moore, 1893 :* '' Callerebia'' Butler, 1867 :* '' Proterebia'' Roos & Amschied, 1980 :* '' Loxerebia'' Watkins, 1925 :* '' Dyndirus'' Capronnier, 1874

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

* * * * * * * * ** * * **

External links

Satyrinae
at NYMPHALIDAE.net (There is no individual page for Satyrini as it is split into pages for each subtribes.)
Boisduval 1833
at TREE OF LIFE web project

at Pteron World (in Japanese) {{Taxonbar, from=Q2717036 Satyrinae Butterfly tribes