The Basilica of St. Stephen in the Round on the Celian Hill ( it, Basilica di Santo Stefano al Monte Celio, la, Basilica S. Stephani in Caelio Monte) is an ancient

basilica In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. The building gave its name ...

and

titular church In the Catholic Church, a titular church is a church in Rome that is assigned to a member of the clergy who is created a cardinal. These are Catholic churches in the city, within the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Rome, that serve as honorary de ...

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

, Italy. Commonly named Santo Stefano Rotondo, the church is

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...

's "national church" in Rome, dedicated to both

Saint Stephen Stephen ( grc-gre, Στέφανος ''Stéphanos'', meaning "wreath, crown" and by extension "reward, honor, renown, fame", often given as a title rather than as a name; c. 5 – c. 34 AD) is traditionally venerated as the protomartyr or first ...

, the first Christian martyr, and Stephen I, the sanctified first

king of Hungary The King of Hungary ( hu, magyar király) was the ruling head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001) to 1918. The style of title "Apostolic King of Hungary" (''Apostoli Magyar Király'') was endorsed by Pope Clement XIII in 1758 ...

who converted to Christianity and promoted it in his kingdom. The

minor basilica In the Catholic Church, a basilica is a designation given by the Pope to a church building. Basilicas are distinguished for ceremonial purposes from other churches. The building need not be a basilica in the architectural sense (a rectangular ...

is also the rectory church of the Pontifical

Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum The ''Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum'', or simply ''Collegium Germanicum'', is a German-speaking seminary for Catholic priests in Rome, founded in 1552. Since 1580 its full name has been ''Pontificium Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum de Urb'' ...

. Since 1985, the

cardinal priest A cardinal ( la, Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally 'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the ruling pope and typically hold the title for life. Col ...

who holds the title of S. Stephano has been

Friedrich Wetter Friedrich Wetter (born 20 February 1928) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Munich and Freising, Germany, from 1982 to 2007. He was Bishop of Speyer from 1968 to 1982. He has been a cardinal since 1985. Early l ...

History

The earliest church was consecrated by

Pope Simplicius Pope Simplicius (died 2 or 10 March 483) was the bishop of Rome from 468 to his death. He combated the Eutychian heresy, ended the practice of consecrating bishops only in December, and sought to offset the effects of Germanic invasions. Electi ...

between 468 and 483. It was dedicated to the

protomartyr A protomartyr (Koine Greek, ''πρότος'' ''prótos'' "first" + ''μάρτυρας'' ''mártyras'' "martyr") is the first Christian martyr in a country or among a particular group, such as a religious order. Similarly, the phrase the Protom ...

, whose body had been discovered a few decades before in the

Holy Land The Holy Land; Arabic: or is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Holy ...

, and brought to Rome. The church was the first in Rome to have a circular plan. Its architecture is unique in the Late Roman world. Saint Stefano was probably financed by the wealthy

Valerius The gens Valeria was a patrician family at ancient Rome, prominent from the very beginning of the Republic to the latest period of the Empire. Publius Valerius Poplicola was one of the consuls in 509 BC, the year that saw the overthrow of th ...

family whose estates covered large parts of the

Caelian Hill The Caelian Hill (; la, Collis Caelius; it, Celio ) is one of the famous seven hills of Rome. Geography The Caelian Hill is a sort of long promontory about long, to wide, and tall in the park near the Temple of Claudius. The hill over ...

. Their villa stood nearby, on the site of the present-day Hospital of San Giovanni Addolorata. Saint

Melania the Elder Melania the Elder, Latin Melania Maior (born in Spain, ca. 350–died in Jerusalem before 410 or in ca. 417) was a Desert Mother who was an influential figure in the Christian ascetic movement (the Desert Fathers and Mothers) that sprang up in th ...

, a member of the family, was a frequent pilgrim to Jerusalem and died there, so the family had connections to the Holy Land. The church was originally commissioned by

Pope Leo I Pope Leo I ( 400 – 10 November 461), also known as Leo the Great, was bishop of Rome from 29 September 440 until his death. Pope Benedict XVI said that Leo's papacy "was undoubtedly one of the most important in the Church's history." Leo was ...

(440-461), with the date confirmed by ancient coins and by

dendrochronology Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed. As well as dating them, this can give data for dendroclimatology, the study of climate and atmos ...

, which places the wood used in the beams of the roof to around 455 AD, but was not consecrated until after his death. The original church had three concentric ambulatories flanked by 22

Ionic columns The Ionic order is one of the three canonic orders of classical architecture, the other two being the Doric and the Corinthian. There are two lesser orders: the Tuscan (a plainer Doric), and the rich variant of Corinthian called the composite or ...

, surrounding the central circular space surmounted by a

tambour In classical architecture, a tambour ( Fr.: "drum") is the inverted bell of the Corinthian capital around which are carved acanthus leaves for decoration. The term also applies to the wall of a circular structure, whether on the ground or raised ...

that is high and 22 m wide). There were 22 windows in the tambour but most of them were walled up in the 15th century restoration. The central ambulatory had a diameter of , and the outer one a diameter of . Four side chapels extended from the middle ambulatory to the outer ambulatory, forming a

Greek cross The Christian cross, with or without a figure of Christ included, is the main religious symbol of Christianity. A cross with a figure of Christ affixed to it is termed a ''crucifix'' and the figure is often referred to as the ''corpus'' (La ...

."The Church of Santo Stefano Rotondo al Celio", Turismo Roma, Major Events, Sport, Tourism and Fashion Department
/ref> The church was embellished by

Pope John I Pope John I ( la, Ioannes I; died 18 May 526) was the bishop of Rome from 13 August 523 to his death. He was a native of Siena (or the "Castello di Serena", near Chiusdino), in Italy. He was sent on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople by the ...

and

Pope Felix IV Pope Felix IV (489/490 – 22 September 530) was the bishop of Rome from 12 July 526 to his death. He was the chosen candidate of Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great, who had imprisoned Felix's predecessor, John I. Rise Felix came from Samnium, t ...

in the 6th century with mosaics and colored marble. It was restored in 1139–1143 by

Pope Innocent II Pope Innocent II ( la, Innocentius II; died 24 September 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 February 1130 to his death in 1143. His election as pope was controversial and the fi ...

, who abandoned the outer ambulatory and three of the four side chapels. He also had three transversal arches added to support the dome, enclosed the columns of the central ambulatory with brick to form the new outer wall, and walled up 14 of the windows in the drum. In the Middle Ages, Santo Stefano Rotondo was in the charge of the Canons of

San Giovanni in Laterano The Archbasilica Cathedral of the Most Holy Savior and of Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist in the Lateran ( it, Arcibasilica del Santissimo Salvatore e dei Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano), also known as the Papa ...

, but as time went on it fell into disrepair. In the middle of the 15th century,

Flavio Biondo Flavio Biondo (Latin Flavius Blondus) (1392 – June 4, 1463) was an Italian Renaissance humanist historian. He was one of the first historians to use a three-period division of history (Ancient, Medieval, Modern) and is known as one of the f ...

(Flavius Blondus) praised the marble columns, marble-covered walls, and

cosmatesque Cosmatesque, or Cosmati, is a style of geometric decorative inlay stonework typical of the architecture of Medieval Italy, and especially of Rome and its surroundings. It was used most extensively for the decoration of church floors, but was also u ...

works-of-art of the church, but he added that unfortunately "nowadays Santo Stefano Rotondo has no roof". Blondus claimed that the church was built on the remains of an ancient Temple of

Faunus In ancient Roman religion and myth, Faunus was the rustic god of the forest, plains and fields; when he made cattle fertile he was called Inuus. He came to be equated in literature with the Greek god Pan, after which Romans depicted him as a ...

. Excavations in 1969 to 1975 revealed that the building was actually never converted from a pagan temple but was always a church, erected under

Constantine I Constantine I ( , ; la, Flavius Valerius Constantinus, ; ; 27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, the first one to Constantine the Great and Christianity, convert to Christiani ...

in the first half of the 4th century. In 1454,

Pope Nicholas V Pope Nicholas V ( la, Nicholaus V; it, Niccolò V; 13 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 March 1447 until his death in March 1455. Pope Eugene IV, Po ...

entrusted the ruined church to the

Pauline Fathers The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit ( lat, Ordo Fratrum Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitæ; abbreviated OSPPE), commonly called the Pauline Fathers, is a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in Hungary during the 13th century. Thi ...

, the only Catholic Order founded by

Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Urali ...

. This is the reason why Santo Stefano Rotondo later became the unofficial church of the Hungarians in Rome. The church was restored in the 1450s by

Bernardo Rossellino Bernardo di Matteo del Borra Gamberelli (1409 Settignano – 1464 Florence), better known as Bernardo Rossellino, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor and architect, the elder brother of the sculptor Antonio Rossellino. As a member of the secon ...

, probably under the guidance of

Leon Battista Alberti Leon Battista Alberti (; 14 February 1404 – 25 April 1472) was an Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths. H ...

. In 1579, the Hungarian

Jesuits The Society of Jesus ( la, Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuits (; la, Iesuitæ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...

joined the Pauline Fathers. The ''Collegium Hungaricum'', established by István Arator in 1579, was merged with the ''Collegium Germanicum'' in 1580, and became the

, because very few Hungarian students were able to travel to Rome from the Turkish-occupied,

Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...

. The

Cardinal Priest A cardinal ( la, Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally 'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the ruling pope and typically hold the title for life. Col ...

of the ''Titulus S. Stephani in Coelio Monte'' has been Friedrich Wetter since 1985. His predecessor,

József Mindszenty József Mindszenty (; 29 March 18926 May 1975) was a Hungarian cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Esztergom and leader of the Catholic Church in Hungary from 1945 to 1973. According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', ...

, was famous as the persecuted Catholic leader of Hungary under the Communist dictatorship.

Exterior

Although the inside is circular, the exterior is on a cruciform plan. The entrance has a portico with five arches on tall ancient granite columns with Corinthian capitals, added in the 12th century, by

Interior

The walls of the church are decorated with numerous frescoes, including those of

Niccolò Circignani Niccolò Circignani (c. 1517/1524 – after 1596) was an Italian painter of the late-Renaissance or Mannerist period. Biography Born in Pomarance, he is one of three Italian painters called Pomarancio. His first works are documented from th ...

(Niccolò Pomarancio) and

Antonio Tempesta Antonio Tempesta, also called il Tempestino (1555 – 5 August 1630), was an Italian painter and engraver, whose art acted as a point of connection between Baroque Rome and the culture of Antwerp. Much of his work depicts major battles and hi ...

portraying 34 scenes of martyrdom, commissioned by

Gregory XIII Pope Gregory XIII ( la, Gregorius XIII; it, Gregorio XIII; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in April 1585. He is best known for ...

in the 16th century. Each painting has a ''titulus'' or inscription explaining the scene and giving the name of the emperor who ordered the execution, as well as a quotation from the Bible.

Works of art

The altar was made by the Florentine artist

in the 15th century. The painting in the apse shows Christ between two martyrs. An ancient chair of

Pope Gregory the Great Pope Gregory I ( la, Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. He is known for instigating the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregoria ...

from around 580 AD is preserved here. The ''Chapel of Ss. Primo e Feliciano'' has mosaics from the 7th century. One of them shows the martyrs

Primus and Felician Saints Primus and Felician (Felicianus) ( it, Primo e Feliciano) were brothers who suffered martyrdom about the year 297 during the Diocletian persecution. The ''"Martyrologium Hieronymianum"'' (ed. G. B. de Rossi- L. Duchesne, 77) gives under Ju ...

flanking a

crux gemmata A ''crux gemmata'' (Latin for jewelled cross) is a form of cross typical of Early Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels. In an actual cross, rather than a painted imag ...

(jewelled cross). The chapel was built by

Pope Theodore I Pope Theodore I ( la, Theodorus I; died 14 May 649) was the bishop of Rome from 24 November 642 to his death. His pontificate was dominated by the struggle with Monothelitism. Early career According to the ''Liber Pontificalis'', Theodore was a ...

who brought here the relics of the martyrs and buried them (together with the remains of his father).

Hungarian Chapel

Unlike nationals of other European nations, Hungarians lacked a national church in Rome, because the old

Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi (also ''San Stefanino'' and ''Santo Stefano degli Unni'') was the church of the Hungarians in Rome. Located next to the Vatican, the old church was pulled down in 1778, to make room for an extension of St. Peter's Bas ...

in the

Vatican Vatican may refer to: Vatican City, the city-state ruled by the pope in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica, Sistine Chapel, Vatican Museum The Holy See * The Holy See, the governing body of the Catholic Church and sovereign entity recognized ...

was pulled down to make way for the sacristy of

St Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal en ...

in 1778. As a compensation for the loss of the ancient church,

Pope Pius VI Pope Pius VI ( it, Pio VI; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799. Pius VI condemned the French Revoluti ...

built a Hungarian chapel in Santo Stefano Rotondo according to the plans of Pietro Camporesi. The ''Hungarian chapel'' is dedicated to King

Stephen I of Hungary Stephen I, also known as King Saint Stephen ( hu, Szent István király ; la, Sanctus Stephanus; sk, Štefan I. or Štefan Veľký; 975 – 15 August 1038), was the last Grand Prince of the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001, and the f ...

, ''Szent István'', the canonized first king of the

Magyars Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic ...

. The feast of St Stephen is celebrated on 20 August. Hungarian pilgrims frequently visit the chapel. Hungarian experts took part in the ongoing restoration and archeological exploration of the church during the 20th century together with German and Italian colleagues. Notable Hungarian visitors were

Vilmos Fraknói Vilmos Fraknói (27 February 1843 – 20 November 1924) was a Hungarian historian. He was an expert in Hungarian ecclesiastical history. Life Vilmos Fraknói (originally ''Vilmos Frankl'') came from a Jewish family of Ürmény (today Mojmír ...

, Frigyes Riedl, and László Cs. Szabó, who all wrote about the history and importance of Santo Stefano. Recent archeological explorations revealed the late-antique floor of the church in the chapel. The floor is composed of coloured marble slabs and was restored in 2006 by an international team led by Zsuzsanna Wierdl. The frescoes of the chapel were painted in 1776 but older strata of paintings were recently discovered under them.

Burials

Archdeacon

János Lászai János Lászai (also ''Lazói'' or ''Lázói'', la, Johannes de Lazo, en, John Lazinus; 1448 – 17 August 1523) was a Hungarian Humanist poet and clergyman. Life He was born in 1448 in Lázó or Lászó, Torna County, the territory of presen ...

, canon of

Gyulafehérvár Alba Iulia (; german: Karlsburg or ''Carlsburg'', formerly ''Weißenburg''; hu, Gyulafehérvár; la, Apulum) is a city that serves as the seat of Alba County in the west-central part of Romania. Located on the Mureș River in the historical ...

, was buried in the Santo Stefano Rotondo in 1523. Lászai left Hungary and moved to Rome where he became a papal confessor. His burial monument is an interesting example of Renaissance funeral sculpture. The inscription says: "Roma est patria omnium" (Rome is everybody's fatherland). There is a tablet recording the burial here of the Irish king Donnchad mac Brian, son of

Brian Bóruma Brian Boru ( mga, Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig; modern ga, Brian Bóramha; 23 April 1014) was an Irish king who ended the domination of the High King of Ireland, High Kingship of Ireland by the Uí Néill and probably ended Viking invasion/domi ...

and

King of Munster The kings of Munster ( ga, Rí Mumhan), ruled from the establishment of Munster during the Irish Iron Age, until the High Middle Ages. According to Gaelic traditional history, laid out in works such as the '' Book of Invasions'', the earliest ...

, who died in Rome in 1064.

Mithraeum

Under the church there is a 2nd-century

mithraeum A Mithraeum , sometimes spelled Mithreum and Mithraion ( grc, Μιθραίον), is a Mithraic temple, erected in classical antiquity by the worshippers of Mithras. Most Mithraea can be dated between 100 BC and 300 AD, mostly in the Roman Emp ...

, related to the presence of the barracks of Roman soldiers in the neighbourhood. The cult of

Mithras Mithraism, also known as the Mithraic mysteries or the Cult of Mithras, was a Roman mystery religion centered on the god Mithras. Although inspired by Iranian worship of the Zoroastrian divinity (''yazata'') Mithra, the Roman Mithras is linke ...

was especially popular among soldiers. The remains of Castra Peregrinorum, the barracks of the ''peregrini'', officials detached from provincial armies for special service to the capital, were found right under Santo Stefano Rotondo. The mithraeum belonged to Castra Peregrinorum but it was probably also attended by the soldiers of Cohors V Vigilum, whose barracks stood nearby on the other side of Via della Navicella. The mithraeum is currently being excavated. The remains of the Roman military barracks (from the Severan Age) and the mithraeum under the church remain closed to the public. The coloured marble bas-relief "Mithras slaying the bull" from the 3rd century is today in the

Museo Nazionale Romano The National Roman Museum (Italian: ''Museo Nazionale Romano'') is a museum, with several branches in separate buildings throughout the city of Rome, Italy. It shows exhibits from the pre- and early history of Rome, with a focus on archaeological ...

List of Cardinal Priests of the church

The titulus ''S. Stephani in Coelio Monte'' was cited for the first time in the Roman synod of 499. * Marcello (499) * Benedetto (993) * Crescenzio (1015) * Sasso de Anagni (1116–1131) * Martino Cybo (1132–1142) * Raniero (1143–1144) * Villano Gaetani (1144–1146) * Gerardo (1151–1158) * Gero (1172), pseudocardinal of the Antipope Calixtus III * Vibiano (1175–1184) * Giovanni di Salerno (1190–1208) *

Robert of Courçon Robert of Courson or Courçon (also written de Curson, or Curzon, ''Princes of the Church'', p. 173.) ( 1160/1170 – 1219) was a scholar at the University of Paris and later a cardinal and papal legate. Life Robert of Courson was born in England ...

(''or'' de Corzon, ''or'' Cursonus) (1212–1219) * Michel Du Bec-Crespin (1312–1318) * Pierre Le Tessier (1320–1325) * Pierre de Montemart (1327–1335) * Guillaume d'Aure, O.S.B. (1339–1353) * Élie de Saint-Irier (''or'' Saint Yrieux) (1356–1363) * Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille le Jeune (1367–1401) * Gugilemo d'Altavilla (1384–1389) * Angelo Cino (''or'' Ghini Malpighi) (1408–1412) * Pierre Ravat (''or'' Rabat) (1408–1417), pseudocardinal of the

Antipope Benedict XIII Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (25 November 1328 – 23 May 1423), known as in Spanish and Pope Luna in English, was an Aragonese nobleman who, as Benedict XIII, is considered an antipope (see Western Schism) by the Catholic Church ...

* Pierre of Foix, (1417–1431) * Jean Carrier (1423-c. 1429), pseudocardinal of the

* ''Vacant'' (1431–1440) * Renault de Chartres (''or'' Renaud) (1440–1444) * Jean d'Arces (1444–1449), pseudocardinal of the

Antipope Felix V Amadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451), nicknamed the Peaceful, was Count of Savoy from 1391 to 1416 and Duke of Savoy from 1416 to 1440. He was the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. He was a claimant to the papa ...

* Jean Rolin (1448–1483) *

Giovanni Giacomo Sclafenati Giovanni Giacomo Sclafenati (Schiaffinati) (10 September 1451 – 9 December 1497) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was bishop of Parma in Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic ...

(1483–1484); ''in commendam'' (1484–1497) * ''Vacant'' (1497–1503) * Jaime Casanova (1503–1504) *

Antonio Pallavicini Gentili Antonio Gentile Pallavicini (Genoa, 1441 – 1507) was an Italian Cardinal. He was considered papabile in 1492. Bishop of Frascati from April until December 1503; later bishop of Palestrina. He was bishop of Ventimiglia from 1484; then b ...

(''or'' Antoniotto), ''in commendam'' (1504–1505) * Antonio Trivulzio, senior (1505–1507) * Melchior von Meckau (1507–1509) *

François Guillaume de Castelnau-Clermont-Ludève François Guillaume de Castelnau de Clermont-Lodève (1480–1541) was a French diplomat and Cardinal (Catholicism), Cardinal. He was the son of Pierre-Tristan, Seigneur de Clermont et de Clermont-Lodève and Vicomte de Nébouzan, and Catherine ...

(1509–1523) *

Bernardo Clesio Bernardo Clesio (; 1 March 1484 – 30 July 1539) was an Italian Cardinal, bishop, diplomat, humanist and botanist. Born in Cles, in the Prince-Bishopric of Trent, today Trentino, he graduated from the University of Bologna. He later became Pr ...

(1530–1539) *

David Beaton David Beaton (also Beton or Bethune; 29 May 1546) was Archbishop of St Andrews and the last Scotland, Scottish Cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal prior to the Scottish Reformation, Reformation. Career Cardinal Beaton was the sixth and youngest ...

(1539–1546) *

Giovanni Morone Giovanni Morone (or Moroni) (25 January 1509 – 1 December 1580) was an Italian cardinal. He was named Bishop of Modena in 1529 and was created Cardinal in 1542 by Pope Paul III. As a cardinal, he resided in the Vatican's Apostolic Palace ...

(1549–1553) * Giovanni Angelo Medici (1553–1557) later

Pope Pius IV Pope Pius IV ( it, Pio IV; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 December 1559 to his death in December 1565. Born in Milan, his family considered ...

Fulvio Giulio della Corgna Fulvio Giulio della Corgna (also Della Cornia, Della Corgnia) (19 November 1517 – 2 March 1583) was a Tuscan Catholic bishop and cardinal. Biography Fulvio Giulio della Corgna was born in Perugia on 19 November 1517, the son of Francia della ...

(1557–1562) * Girolamo da Correggio (1562–1568) * Diego Espinosa (1568–1572) * Zaccaria Delfino (1578–1579) * Matteo Contarelli (1584–1585) * Federico Cornaro (1586–1590) * Antonio Maria Sauli (1591–1603) *

Giacomo Sannesio Giacomo Sannesio (c. 1557/1560 – 19 February 1621) was and Italian Catholic cardinal, prominent art collector and patron of early 17th-century artists. Early life Sanessio was born in Belforte del Chienti to a "very humble" family. He studied ...

(1604–1621) * Lucio Sanseverino (1621–1623) *

Bernardino Spada Bernardino Spada (21 April 1594 – 10 November 1661) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a patron of the arts whose collection is housed in the Palazzo Spada in Rome. Early life Spada was born in Brisighella, current provi ...

(1627–1642) *

John de Lugo John de Lugo (also Juan de Lugo y de Quiroga and Xoan de Lugo) (1583–1660), a Spanish Jesuit and Cardinal, was an eminent theologian of the Baroque.Giovanni Giacomo Panciroli Giovanni Giacomo Panciroli (1587 – 3 September 1651) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal and Cardinal Secretary of State. Life Panciroli was born in 1587 in Rome and was educated there, receiving a doctorate '' utroque iure'' in 1605. He b ...

(1644–1651) * Marcello Santacroce Publicola (1652–1674) * Bernardino Rocci (1675–1680) * Raimondo Capizucchi (1681–1687) * Francesco Bonvisi (1689–1700) *

Giovanni Battista Tolomei Giovanni Battista Tolomei, S.J., (3 December 1653 – 19 January 1726) was an Italian Jesuit priest, theologian, and cardinal. Life Tolomei was born of noble parentage at the ancestral castle of the Counts of Capraia ( la, Camberaia) in the ...

(1712–1726) * Giovanni Battista Salerno (1726–1729) * Camillo Cybo (1729–1731) * Antonio Saverio Gentili (1731–1747) *

Filippo Maria Monti Filippo Maria Monti (or Cardinal de Monti) (23 March 1675 – 17 January 1754) was a Cardinal in the Catholic Church, elevated by Pope Benedict XIV on 9 September 1743. After his death, his large library became the nucleus of the library of th ...

(1747–1754) *

Fabrizio Serbelloni Fabrizio Serbelloni (Sorbelloni) (1695–1775) was an Italian diplomat and Cardinal. Life Fabrizio Serbelloni was born on 4 November 1695 in Milan to a noble and prominent family. He studied initially in Rome at the Collegio Clementino, and on 1 ...

(1754–1763) * Pietro Paolo Conti (1763–1770) * Lodovico Calini (1771–1782) * ''Vacant'' (1782–1786) * Niccolò Colonna di Stigliano (1786–1796) * Étienne Hubert de Cambacérès (1805–1818) * ''Vacant'' (1818–1834) * Francesco Tiberi (1834–1839) * ''Vacant'' (1839–1845) *

Fabio Maria Asquini Fabio Maria Asquini (14 August 1802 – 22 December 1878) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and Sacred Relics and Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He was born on 14 August ...

(1845–1877) * Manuel García Gil (1877–1881) * Paul Melchers (1885–1895) *

Sylvester Sembratovych Sylvester Sembratovych ( uk, Сильвестр Сембратович, pl, Sylwester Sembratowicz; 3 September 1836 – 4 August 1898) was the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church from 1885 until his death in 1898 ...

(1896–1898) * Jakob Missia (1899–1902) * Lev Skrbenský Hríšte (1902–1938) * ''Vacant'' (1938–1946) *

(1946–1975) * ''Vacant'' (1975–1985) *

(1985-incumbent)

References

External links

Photos of the discovered Roman floor
with Hungarian text only
Official Homepage of the Church

Interactive Nolli Map
{{Authority control Stefano Rotondo Stefano Rotondo

Stefano Stefano is the Italian form of the masculine given name Στέφανος (Stefanos, Stephen). The name is of Greek origin, Στέφανος, meaning a person who made a significant achievement and has been crowned. In Orthodox Christianity the ach ...

Mithraea Rotundas in Europe 5th-century churches Palaeo-Christian architecture in Italy Pauline Order Stefano Rome Stefano Rotondo