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The red-shanked douc (''Pygathrix nemaeus'') is an
arboreal Arboreal locomotion is the Animal locomotion, locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. Th ...
and diurnal
Old World monkey Old World monkey is the common English name for a family of primates known taxonomically as the Cercopithecidae (). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons ...
belonging to the
Colobinae The Colobinae or leaf-eating monkeys are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. Some classifications spli ...
subfamily. They are endemic to Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia. They are known for their bright colors and express exhibit
sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most ani ...
through their body size. The species have been declared critically endangered by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...
, with the main threats being from hunting, habitat loss and pet trade. They are one of three species in the genus ''
Pygathrix The doucs or douc langurs make up the genus ''Pygathrix''. They are colobine Old World monkeys, native to Southeast Asia, which consists of these 3 species: red-shanked douc, black-shanked douc, and gray-shanked douc. Description The doucs ar ...
'', the other two being the black-shanked ('' P. nigripes'') and gray-shanked ('' P. cinerea'') doucs. Red-shanked doucs live in fission-fusion, multilevel societies that have a mean of 18 individuals per band. They are
folivorous In zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves. Mature leaves contain a high proportion of hard-to-digest cellulose, less energy than other types of foods, and often toxic compounds.Jones, S., Martin, R., & Pilbeam, D. (1 ...
and consume mainly ''Acacia pruinescens,
Ficus racemosa ''Ficus racemosa'', the cluster fig, red river fig or gular, is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. It is native to Australia and tropical Asia. It is a fast-growing plant with large, very rough leaves, usually attaining the size of a lar ...
, Millettia nigrescens,
Zanthoxylum avicennae ''Zanthoxylum avicennae'' is a woody plant in the family Rutaceae. Description ''Z. avicennae'' is a deciduous tree that reaches 15 meters high. The trunk has chicken-foot-like thorns, the thorn base is oblate and thickened, shaped like a bulge, ...
'' and ''Castanopsis ceratacantha''. Their four-chambered stomachs that allow for bacterial fermentation help them with their high-fiber diet.


Geographic range and habitat

The red-shanked douc is native to Indochina; Vietnam, southern Laos and possibly northeastern Cambodia, east of the
Mekong river The Mekong or Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is the world's twelfth longest river and the third longest in Asia. Its estimated length is , and it drains an area of , discharging of water annuall ...
. Before 1967, the douc was completely unstudied. It is the only douc species that inhabits all three countries of Indochina. In Laos, red-shanked doucs occur from the southern Nam Ghong Provincial Protected Area to the central-north part of the country. Laos is believed to have the largest population of red-shanked doucs, with Nakai-Nam Theun National Protected Area in central Laos having the most individuals of approximately 4,420 groups, followed by the Hin Namno National Protected Area. In Vietnam, the species lives between Nghe An and Gia Lai provinces, from 18°29'N to 14°21'N. The Son Tra Nature Reserve in central Vietnam holds the greatest Vietnamese population with approximately 700–1300 individuals.Van Minh, Nguyen. Conservation of the Red-Shanked Douc Langurs (Pygathix nemaeus) in Bach Ma National Park: An Update on Distribution and Population Size. The
Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng ( vi, Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng) is a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Bố Trạch District, Bố Trạch and Minh Hóa District, Minh Hóa districts of central Quảng Bình Province in the N ...
is also an important Vietnamese site for the species. There was one observation of the red-shanked doucs in Cambodia by Rawson and Ross in 2008 in the Ratanakiri Province at the border of Vietnam.Huy, Phong Nguyen-Phong. Primates (Red-shanked Douc Langur and Pygmy Slow Loris) Report. There was a report of a red-shanked douc specimen that was given to the Staatliches Museum by the Dresden Zoological Garden who had said that it originated in Hainan, China but the zoo records no longer exist so it remains uncertain. Red-shanked doucs are found in
evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...
, semi-evergreen and occasionally limestone forests, up to in elevation. They are arboreal and spend most of their time in the forest canopy, including to sleep. They occasionally get on the ground to drink water or eat dirt that contains minerals. According to an ecological niche model, red-shanked doucs can live between approximately 14°N to 21°N. Their
home range A home range is the area in which an animal lives and moves on a periodic basis. It is related to the concept of an animal's territory which is the area that is actively defended. The concept of a home range was introduced by W. H. Burt in 1943. He ...
is approximately and they have a core area of , with a smaller range in the
dry season The dry season is a yearly period of low rainfall, especially in the tropics. The weather in the tropics is dominated by the tropical rain belt, which moves from the northern to the southern tropics and back over the course of the year. The te ...
of and a larger range in the
wet season The wet season (sometimes called the Rainy season) is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs. It is the time of year where the majority of a country's or region's annual precipitation occurs. Generally, the sea ...
of . There are weak correlations between precipitation, temperature, and diet and home range but not enough to draw conclusions from them.


Characteristics

Like other doucs, the red-shanked douc is a long, slender monkey. The male has a head and body length of with a tail that measures , and the female is between long with a tail that measures long. Males weigh , and females . The red-shanked douc are among the most colorful primates. They are considered "Queen of primates" thanks to their distinctive and unique appearance. They have agouti hair on their crown, temples, inner thighs, ventral coat, nape of the neck, back, triceps and lateral sides of their arms. Their crown is silver, their temples are red hair and their foreheads are black. They have white whiskers that are approximately 12 cm long for adult males. Their eyes have a high axis. The fur on their cheeks and on their throat is white. Their collar is orange with black from one shoulder to the other. Their face is a yellow-brown color and they have light blue eyelids. Their inner arms and inner, lateral and back thighs are black while their lower legs are a vibrant red. Their abdomen and back are silver yet their sacral area is white. Both feet and hands are black as well as their nipples. Their tails are white and are oftentimes equal in length to their head and body length. The coloration gradually becomes less vibrant and having smaller red patches with more southern latitudes. In Nam Ghong Provincial Protected Area in Laos, red-shanked doucs only have small red patches around their ankles. Although minor, the red-shanked doucs are
sexually dimorphic Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most ani ...
with respect to body size but not coloration. There is a slight difference in rump markings between males and females; the male has round white spots above the triangle of white on his rump, while the female does not. Males of all ages have a white spot on both sides of the corners of the rump patch, and red and white genitals.


Behavior

This monkey communicates using facial expressions. It has a specific "play face" with the mouth open, teeth partially bared and chin thrust forward. Sometimes, it closes its eyes and paws blindly towards another douc without regard for the hazards of doing so when up a tree. A fixed stare is a threat display. A grimace with the mouth open and the teeth exposed is a submissive gesture given in response to a stare and is also used to initiate grooming or play. The red-shanked douc has a low-pitched growl that is given as a threat, and a short, harsh distress squeal. During adult play, they perform an eyelid display where they blink their eyes open and closed to show their light blue eyelids. They are a fairly peaceful species and
agonistic behavior Agonistic behaviour is any social behaviour related to fighting. The term has broader meaning than aggressive behaviour because it includes threats, displays, retreats, placation, and conciliation. The term "agonistic behaviour" was first implemen ...
has been very rarely reported. In the San Diego Zoo, researchers observed that in the instances where there was agonistic behavior, it only lasted a few seconds and did not result in injury. Grooming lasts up to an hour and is most commonly found between adult females. In captivity, young red-shanked doucs groom and care for infants, showing signs of
alloparental care Alloparenting (also referred to as alloparental care) is a term used to classify any form of parental care provided by an individual towards young that aren't its own direct offspring. These are often referred to as "non-descendant" young, even th ...
. The activity budget of wild red-shanked doucs is rest at 35.3%, movement at 28.6%, socializing at 21.7%, feeding at 13.7% and self-grooming at 0.7%.


Group composition

Red-shanked doucs live in multilevel, fission-fusion societies in one-male/multi-female or multi-male/multi-female groups with a male-to-female ratio of 1.0:1.63 and an adult-to-young ratio of 1.1:1.0. The bands contain a mean of 18 individuals in a mean of 2.7 units per band and a mean of 6.5 individuals per unit. Groups of up to 50 have been recorded. Group size changes according to the season. Both males and females have their own hierarchies and males are dominant to females. Both males and females will eventually leave the group they were born into. Red-shanked doucs fuse overnight and fission during mornings and early afternoons. When they are fused, they rest more and when they fission, they are more active. There does not seem to be any difference in daily fission-fusion from wet to dry season yet overall fission-fusion events increase during part of the wet season, from October to December. In a study at the Son Tra Nature Reserve, 55.32% of their observations were fusion events and 44.68% were fission events. This behavior is believed to help with regulating feeding competition. Red-shanked doucs are very inflexible with membership into their groups.


Locomotion

In captivity, red-shanked doucs use
brachiation Brachiation (from "brachium", Latin for "arm"), or arm swinging, is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms. During brachiation, the body is alternately supported under each forelimb ...
for almost half of their locomotion whereas, in the wild, arm-swinging accounts for an average of 18% of locomotion. Juveniles use arm-swinging the most (34.3%), followed by subadults (21.7%), adult females (17.6%), adult females carrying infants (15.5%), and then adult males (9.8%). This showed that with increased body weight there is a decreased amount of brachiation. When they travel by foot, their tail will usually hang down. Like all other Old World monkeys, its tail is not
prehensile Prehensility is the quality of an appendage or organ (anatomy), organ that has Adaptation (biology), adapted for grasping or holding. The word is derived from the Latin term ''prehendere'', meaning "to grasp". The ability to grasp is likely der ...
. It uses its tail solely for balance, and it uses its arms and legs to move through the forest along established routes. When on the move, the group is led by adult males, with juvenile males bringing up the rear and the females and infants staying safe in the middle. This douc is an aerial specialist, moving high up in the canopy. It is very agile and frequently makes breath-taking leaps of up to 6 meters (20 feet), leaping with its arms outstretched over its head, pushing off with its legs and landing on two feet. When the group is untroubled, the red-shanked douc will move noisily from branch to branch through the forest, crashing through foliage, swinging under branches and leaping with two feet together, displaying its remarkable sense of balance. But when a group is disturbed, by either a predator or other dangers, it can flee silently through the trees, away from danger. If it is startled, it may produce loud barks and rush around the trees slapping branches with its hands and feet.


Mating and development


Mating

In captivity, female red-shanked doucs reach sexual maturity at four years old and males at four years and eight months. Mating occurs all year but has peaks between August-December. Mating is initiated by both genders jutting their jaw forward, raising and lowering their eyebrows, shaking their head and squinting their eyes. Copulation occurs after the female crouches and presents her sex organ to the male. Single-mount and multiple-mount matings have been reported. Copulation can still happen while the female is pregnant. Female red-shanked doucs go into estrus every 28-30 days and with it, there is a reddening of their rump.


Menstruation and pregnancy

Female doucs have an average menstrual cycle of 26.4 days, with their follicular phase lasting an average of 13.1 days and their luteal phase lasting 14.8 days.
Estradiol Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. It is involved in the regulation of the estrous and menstrual female reproductive cycles. Estradiol is responsible for the development of f ...
and
estrone Estrone (E1), also spelled oestrone, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone. It is one of three major endogenous estrogens, the others being estradiol and estriol. Estrone, as well as the other estrogens, are synthesized ...
are the main types of estrogen present in female red-shanked doucs. Births occur year-round but peak between August and October and again between February and April. The birth interval is between 16-38 months. The gestation period lasts between 165 and 210 days, resulting in the birth of a single offspring or very rarely, twins. In captivity, it was observed that the pregnant female will find a high place in the enclosure to give birth. The head of the infant emerges after 90 minutes of labour which is followed by the placenta that weighs 90-120g. The oldest recorded birth was from a 26 year old female.


Development

The young are born with their eyes open and they latch on to their mothers instinctively. The baby's body coloration is lighter than an adult's. Its face is more of a blue color and the body is a lighter beige. As it grows older, its body darkens while its face lightens, achieving adult colors at 10 months. In captivity, other group members may look after an infant, and other females may even suckle it. In one study, an orphaned infant was fed by two females in the group and also cared for by a male. The first six months of a red-shanked douc's life is the most challenging. In captivity, they can live for up to 25 years.


Diet

Red-shanked doucs are highly
folivorous In zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves. Mature leaves contain a high proportion of hard-to-digest cellulose, less energy than other types of foods, and often toxic compounds.Jones, S., Martin, R., & Pilbeam, D. (1 ...
. In the Son Tra Nature Reserve found they consume 54.8% buds and young leaves, 22.6% mature leaves, 3.7% leaf petioles and 18.9% other plant parts. Per month, they found that the red-shanked doucs consumed a mean of 18 species per month and a total of 226 species consumed altogether. Out of the 226 species, there are five species that were eaten 47-82% of the time: ''Acacia pruinescens,
Ficus racemosa ''Ficus racemosa'', the cluster fig, red river fig or gular, is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. It is native to Australia and tropical Asia. It is a fast-growing plant with large, very rough leaves, usually attaining the size of a lar ...
, Millettia nigrescens,
Zanthoxylum avicennae ''Zanthoxylum avicennae'' is a woody plant in the family Rutaceae. Description ''Z. avicennae'' is a deciduous tree that reaches 15 meters high. The trunk has chicken-foot-like thorns, the thorn base is oblate and thickened, shaped like a bulge, ...
'' and ''Castanopsis ceratacantha.'' Red-shanked doucs are selective feeders and flexible eaters because of their ability to eat a wide variety of food in all seasons. Fruit is consumed mainly in the morning, which is common amongst leaf-eating monkeys as this is where they derive their energy for the day. They have different eating patterns during the wet season and the dry season both in what they eat and in the parts of the plants that they eat, although it is not a drastic change.
Fig The fig is the edible fruit of ''Ficus carica'', a species of small tree in the flowering plant family Moraceae. Native to the Mediterranean and western Asia, it has been cultivated since ancient times and is now widely grown throughout the world ...
s however, are consumed all year long and make up 16-36% of their diet. It is the second most commonly consumed plant by the monkeys and they eat the fruit, leaves and flowers. They eat peacefully together, not quarreling over food, and have been known to share their food with others. Often, they will share the same clump of foliage and may even break pieces off and hand them to each other, a type of active generosity that is rare among Old World monkeys. Like all other doucs, they do not have cheek pouches.


Conservation

In 2000, the
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biologi ...
classified the red-shanked douc langur as endangered. In 2020, the IUCN updated their classification of the species to critically endangered due to the population’s continual decline. It was also listed in the Vietnam Red Book in 2007. In 2019, the Vietnamese Prime Minister classified them as a high risk species that needs protection in Decree 06. The species is listed in
CITES CITES (shorter name for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats of interna ...
I which prohibits commercial international trade. More than half of the species has been lost in the past 30-40 years. The main threat for the red-shanked douc is from hunting. The meat is used for food, traditional medicine and for international sale or trade. Local people often hunt the species for consumption, pets or making glue. Although hunting of the species is technically illegal, it is not strictly enforced and has little effect. In Dong Ampham National Protected Area in Laos on the border of Vietnam, local hunters estimated that approximately 50 red-shanked doucs are killed each year. From 2015-2018, the Bach Ma National Park Forestry Protection department in Vietnam confiscated 13kg of red-shanked douc meat. Their behavioral characteristics are believed to make the species particularly easy to hunt. In this region, the meat of the red-shanked douc is reported as being a favorite food. Vietnam has the highest hunting levels of the species. Their other main threats are pet trade, habitat fragmentation, creation of agricultural land and military installation. With Laos having the biggest population of red-shanked doucs, the country has been marked as being the most important for conservation of the species. A study conducted by Camille N. Z. Coudrat et al. stated that the best approach to conserving the species is to focus on the largest populations, specifically in Laos. At present, there is no conservational action in Laos. There have been efforts to breed red-shanked doucs in captivity since the late 1960s but they are difficult to keep in zoos due to factors such as their diet and so currently, there are only 33 individuals in captivity worldwide. For the population in Sơn Trà, habitat loss due to development plan poses as the biggest risk to them. Historically, Son Tra had a military installation and so many animals in the region were shot as practice targets. Currently, the red-shanked doucs in Son Tra Nature Reserve are protected by the Army, Police and Forest Protection departments of Danang and Son Tra.


References


External links

*ARKive
images and movies of the douc ''(Pygathrix nemaeus)''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q838944
red-shanked douc The red-shanked douc (''Pygathrix nemaeus'') is an arboreal and diurnal Old World monkey belonging to the Colobinae subfamily. They are endemic to Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia. They are known for their bright colors and express exhibit sexual dimo ...
Mammals of Cambodia Mammals of Laos Mammals of Vietnam
red-shanked douc The red-shanked douc (''Pygathrix nemaeus'') is an arboreal and diurnal Old World monkey belonging to the Colobinae subfamily. They are endemic to Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia. They are known for their bright colors and express exhibit sexual dimo ...
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus