Ravi Shankar (; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury, sometimes spelled as Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury;
7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012) was an Indian
sitar
The sitar ( or ; ) is a plucked stringed instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent, used in Hindustani classical music. The instrument was invented in medieval India, flourished in the 18th century, and arrived at its present form ...
ist and composer. A sitar
virtuoso, he became the world's best-known export of North Indian classical music in the second half of the 20th century, and influenced many musicians in India and throughout the world. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the
Bharat Ratna
The Bharat Ratna (; ''Jewel of India'') is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is conferred in recognition of "exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinctio ...
, in 1999.
Shankar was born to a
Bengali Brahmin
The Bengali Brahmins are Hindu Brahmins who traditionally reside in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, currently comprising the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh.
The Bengali Brahmins, along with Baidyas an ...
family in India, and spent his youth as a dancer touring India and Europe with the dance group of his brother
Uday Shankar
Uday Shankar (8 December 1900 – 26 September 1977) was an Indian dancer and choreographer, best known for creating a fusion style of dance, adapting European theatrical techniques to Indian classical dance, imbued with elements of Indian cl ...
. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar playing under court musician
Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the ''
Apu Trilogy
''The Apu Trilogy'' comprises three Indian Bengali-language drama films directed by Satyajit Ray: '' Pather Panchali'' (1955), ''Aparajito'' (1956) and ''The World of Apu'' (1959). The original music for the films was composed by Ravi Shankar ...
'' by
Satyajit Ray, and was music director of
All India Radio
All or ALL may refer to:
Language
* All, an indefinite pronoun in English
* All, one of the English determiners
* Allar language (ISO 639-3 code)
* Allative case (abbreviated ALL)
Music
* All (band), an American punk rock band
* ''All'' (All ...
, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956.
In 1956, Shankar began to tour Europe and the Americas playing
Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with violinist
Yehudi Menuhin
Yehudi or Jehudi (Hebrew: יהודי, endonym for Jew) is a common Hebrew name:
* Yehudi Menuhin (1916–1999), violinist and conductor
** Yehudi Menuhin School, a music school in Surrey, England
** Who's Yehoodi?, a catchphrase referring to t ...
and
Beatles guitarist
George Harrison. His influence on Harrison helped popularize the
use of Indian instruments in Western pop music in the latter half of the 1960s. Shankar engaged Western music by writing compositions for sitar and orchestra, and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992, he served as a nominated member of Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber of the
Parliament of India
The Parliament of India ( IAST: ) is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the president of India and two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the ...
. He continued to perform until the end of his life.
Early life
Shankar was born on 7 April 1920 in
Benares
Varanasi (; ; also Banaras or Benares (; ), and Kashi.) is a city on the Ganges river in northern India that has a central place in the traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning in the Hindu world.
*
*
*
* The city has a syncretic tra ...
(now Varanasi), then the capital of the eponymous
princely state, in a Bengali family, as the youngest of seven brothers.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 48][Massey 1996, p. 159] His father, Shyam Shankar Chowdhury, was a
Middle Temple
The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple, commonly known simply as Middle Temple, is one of the four Inns of Court exclusively entitled to call their members to the English Bar as barristers, the others being the Inner Temple, Gray's Inn ...
barrister and scholar from
East Bengal
ur,
, common_name = East Bengal
, status = Province of the Dominion of Pakistan
, p1 = Bengal Presidency
, flag_p1 = Flag of British Bengal.svg
, s1 = East ...
(now
Bangladesh
Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...
). A respected statesman, lawyer and politician, he served for several years as ''
dewan
''Dewan'' (also known as ''diwan'', sometimes spelled ''devan'' or ''divan'') designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler. A ''dewan'' was the head of a state institution of the same name (see Divan). Diwans belonged to the e ...
'' (Prime minister) of
Jhalawar,
Rajasthan
Rajasthan (; lit. 'Land of Kings') is a state in northern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population. It is on India's northwestern s ...
, and used the
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
spelling of the family name and removed its last part.
[Ghosh 1983, p. 7] Shyam was married to Hemangini Devi who hailed from a small village named Nasrathpur in Mardah block of
Ghazipur district
Ghazipur district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. The city of Ghazipur is the district headquarters. The district is part of Varanasi Division. The region of Ghazipur is famous mainly for the production of its unique r ...
, near Benares and her father was a prosperous landlord. Shyam later worked as a lawyer in
London
London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
, England,
and there he married a second time while Devi raised Shankar in Benares, and did not meet his son until he was eight years old.
Shankar shortened the Sanskrit version of his first name, Ravindra, to Ravi, for "sun".
Shankar had five siblings:
Uday (who became a famous choreographer and dancer), Rajendra, Debendra and Bhupendra. Shankar attended the Bengalitola High School in Benares between 1927 and 1928.
At the age of 10, after spending his first decade in Benares, Shankar went to Paris with the dance group of his brother, choreographer Uday Shankar.
[Slawek 2001, pp. 202–203][Ghosh 1983, p. 55] By the age of 13 he had become a member of the group, accompanied its members on tour and learned to dance and play various Indian instruments.
Uday's dance group travelled Europe and the United States in the early to mid-1930s and Shankar learned French, discovered Western classical music, jazz, cinema and became acquainted with Western customs.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 50] Shankar heard
Allauddin Khan – the lead musician at the court of the
princely state of
Maihar
Maihar is a tehsil in Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India. Maihar is known for the temple of the revered mother goddess Sharda situated on Trikuta hill.
Origin of the name
It is said that when lord Shiva was carrying the body of the dead mother go ...
– play at a music conference in December 1934 in
Calcutta
Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , List of renamed places in India#West Bengal, the official name until 2001) is the Capital city, capital of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal, on the eastern ba ...
, and Uday persuaded the Maharaja of Maihar H.H Maharaja Brijnath singh Judev in 1935 to allow Khan to become his group's soloist for a tour of Europe.
Shankar was sporadically trained by Khan on tour, and Khan offered Shankar training to become a serious musician under the condition that he abandon touring and come to Maihar.
Career
Training and work in India
Shankar's parents had died by the time he returned from the Europe tour, and touring the West had become difficult because of political conflicts that would lead to
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 51] Shankar gave up his dancing career in 1938 to go to
Maihar
Maihar is a tehsil in Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India. Maihar is known for the temple of the revered mother goddess Sharda situated on Trikuta hill.
Origin of the name
It is said that when lord Shiva was carrying the body of the dead mother go ...
and study
Indian classical music as Khan's pupil, living with his family in the traditional ''
gurukul
Education in India is primarily managed by state-run public education system, which fall under the command of the government at three levels: central, state and local. Under various articles of the Indian Constitution and the Right of Childre ...
'' system.
Khan was a rigorous teacher and Shankar had training on ''sitar'' and ''
surbahar
''Surbahar'' (; ) sometimes known as bass sitar, is a plucked string instrument used in the Hindustani classical music of the Indian subcontinent. It is closely related to the sitar, but has a lower pitch. Depending on the instrument's size, it ...
'', learned ''
ragas'' and the musical styles ''
dhrupad
Dhrupad is a genre in Hindustani classical music from the Indian subcontinent. It is the oldest known style of major vocal styles associated with Hindustani classical music, Haveli Sangeet of Pushtimarg Sampraday and also related to the South In ...
'', ''
dhamar'', and ''
khyal
Khyal or Khayal (ख़याल / خیال) is a major form of Hindustani classical music in the Indian subcontinent. Its name comes from a Persian/Arabic word meaning "imagination". Khyal is associated with romantic poetry, and allows the perfo ...
'', and was taught the techniques of the instruments ''
rudra veena
The ''Rudra veena'' ( sa, रुद्र वीणा) (also spelled ''Rudraveena'' or ''Rudra vina'')—also called ''Bīn'' in North India—is a large plucked string instrument used in Hindustani Music, especially dhrupad. It is one of the m ...
'', ''
rubab'', and ''
sursingar
The sursingar (IAST: ), sursringar or surshringar (Sringara: Pleasure in Sanskrit), is a musical instrument originating from the Indian subcontinent having many similarities with the sarod. It is larger than the sarod and produces a deeper sound. ...
''.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 52] He often studied with Khan's children
Ali Akbar Khan
Ali Akbar Khan (14 April 192218 June 2009) was a Indian Hindustani classical musician of the Maihar gharana, known for his virtuosity in playing the sarod. Trained as a classical musician and instrumentalist by his father, Allauddin Khan, he a ...
and
Annapurna Devi
(1927 – 13 October 2018) was an Indian surbahar (bass sitar) player of Hindustani classical music. She was given the name 'Annapurna' by former Maharaja Brijnath Singh of the former Maihar Estate (M.P.), and it was by this name that she was p ...
.
Shankar began to perform publicly on ''sitar'' in December 1939 and his debut performance was a ''
jugalbandi'' (duet) with Ali Akbar Khan, who played the string instrument ''
sarod
The sarod is a stringed instrument, used in Hindustani music on the Indian subcontinent. Along with the sitar, it is among the most popular and prominent instruments. It is known for a deep, weighty, introspective sound, in contrast with the sweet ...
''.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 53]
Shankar completed his training in 1944.
He moved to
Mumbai
Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' fin ...
and joined the
Indian People's Theatre Association
Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) is the oldest association of theatre-artists in India. IPTA was formed in 1943 during the British rule in India, and promoted themes related to the Indian freedom struggle. Its goal was to bring cultur ...
, for whom he composed music for ballets in 1945 and 1946.
[Ghosh 1983, p. 57] Shankar recomposed the music for the popular song "
Sare Jahan Se Achcha" at the age of 25.
[Sharma 2007, pp. 163–164] He began to record music for
HMV
Sunrise Records and Entertainment, trading as HMV (for His Master's Voice), is a British music and entertainment retailer, currently operating exclusively in the United Kingdom.
The first HMV-branded store was opened by the Gramophone Company ...
India and worked as a music director for
All India Radio
All or ALL may refer to:
Language
* All, an indefinite pronoun in English
* All, one of the English determiners
* Allar language (ISO 639-3 code)
* Allative case (abbreviated ALL)
Music
* All (band), an American punk rock band
* ''All'' (All ...
(AIR), New Delhi, from February 1949 until January 1956.
Shankar founded the Indian National Orchestra at AIR and composed for it; in his compositions he combined Western and classical Indian instrumentation.
[Lavezzoli 2Ravi ShankarRavi ShankarRavi Shankar006, p. 56] Beginning in the mid-1950s he composed the music for the ''
Apu Trilogy
''The Apu Trilogy'' comprises three Indian Bengali-language drama films directed by Satyajit Ray: '' Pather Panchali'' (1955), ''Aparajito'' (1956) and ''The World of Apu'' (1959). The original music for the films was composed by Ravi Shankar ...
'' by
Satyajit Ray, which became internationally acclaimed.
He was music director for several Hindi movies including ''
Godaan
''Godaan'' ( hi, गोदान, , lit=Cow donation) is a famous Hindi novel by Munshi Premchand. It was first published in 1936 and is considered one of the greatest Hindi novels of modern Indian literature. Themed around the socio-economic ...
'' and
''Anuradha''.
1956–1969: International performances
V. K. Narayana Menon
V. K. Narayana Menon (Thrissur Vadakke Kurupath Narayana Menon) (1911–1997) was a scholar of classical Indian dance and Indian classical music. He was one of the prominent art critics of India and a Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship.
Educati ...
, director of AIR Delhi, introduced the Western violinist Yehudi Menuhin to Shankar during Menuhin's first visit to India in 1952.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 47] Shankar had performed as part of a cultural delegation in the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
in 1954 and Menuhin invited Shankar in 1955 to perform in New York City for a demonstration of Indian classical music, sponsored by the
Ford Foundation
The Ford Foundation is an American private foundation with the stated goal of advancing human welfare. Created in 1936 by Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford, it was originally funded by a US$25,000 gift from Edsel Ford. By 1947, after the death ...
.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 57][Lavezzoli 2006, p. 58]
Shankar heard about the positive response Khan received and resigned from AIR in 1956 to tour the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 61] He played for smaller audiences and educated them about Indian music, incorporating ''ragas'' from the
South India
South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India, consists of the peninsular southern part of India. It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, as well as the union territ ...
n
Carnatic music
Carnatic music, known as or in the South Indian languages, is a system of music commonly associated with South India, including the modern Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and Sri Lanka. It is ...
in his performances, and recorded his first
LP album ''
Three Ragas'' in London, released in 1956.
In 1958, Shankar participated in the celebrations of the 10th anniversary of the United Nations and
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...
music festival in Paris.
From 1961, he toured Europe, the United States, and Australia, and became the first Indian to compose music for non-Indian films.
Shankar founded the
Kinnara School of Music
The Kinnara School of Music was a music school founded in Bombay, India, in 1962 by Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar. With his increased popularity and influence in the West, he opened a second branch of the school in Los Angeles in May 1967. ...
in
Mumbai
Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' fin ...
in 1962.
[''Brockhaus'', p. 199]
Shankar befriended
Richard Bock
Richard W. Bock (July 16, 1865 – 1949) was an American sculptor and associate of Frank Lloyd Wright.
He was particularly known for his sculptural decorations for architecture and military memorials,Lorado Taft''The History of American Sculptur ...
, founder of
World Pacific Records
Pacific Jazz Records was a Los Angeles-based record company and label best known for cool jazz or West coast jazz
West Coast jazz refers to styles of jazz that developed in Los Angeles and San Francisco during the 1950s. West Coast jazz is o ...
, on his first American tour and recorded most of his albums in the 1950s and 1960s for Bock's label.
The Byrds
The Byrds () were an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1964. The band underwent multiple lineup changes throughout its existence, with frontman Roger McGuinn (known as Jim McGuinn until mid-1967) remaining the sole cons ...
recorded at the same studio and heard Shankar's music, which led them to incorporate some of its elements in theirs, introducing the genre to their friend George Harrison of the Beatles.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 62] In 1967, Shankar performed a well-received set at the
Monterey Pop Festival
The Monterey International Pop Festival was a three-day music festival held June 16 to 18, 1967, at the Monterey County Fairgrounds in Monterey, California. The festival is remembered for the first major American appearances by the Jimi Hendrix ...
. While complimentary of the talents of several of the rock artists at the festival, he said he was "horrified" to see
Jimi Hendrix set fire to his guitar on stage: "That was too much for me. In our culture, we have such respect for musical instruments, they are like part of God." Shankar's
live album from Monterey peaked at number 43 on ''Billboard''s
pop LPs chart in the US, which remains the highest placing he achieved on that chart.
Shankar won a
Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance
The Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance was awarded from 1959 to 2011. The award was discontinued in 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories; since 2012, recordings in this category have fallen under the Best Small Ensemble Perfor ...
for ''
West Meets East'', a collaboration with Yehudi Menuhin.
He opened a Western branch of the Kinnara School of Music in Los Angeles, in May 1967, and published an autobiography, ''My Music, My Life'', in 1968.
In 1968, he composed the score for the film ''
Charly
''Charly'' (marketed and stylized as ''CHAЯLY'') is a 1968 American drama film directed and produced by Ralph Nelson and written by Stirling Silliphant. It is based on ''Flowers for Algernon'', a science-fiction short story (1958) and subseque ...
''.
He performed at the
Woodstock Festival
Woodstock Music and Art Fair, commonly referred to as Woodstock, was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur's dairy farm in Bethel, New York, United States, southwest of the town of Woodstock. Billed as "an Aquar ...
in August 1969, and found he disliked the venue.
In the late 1960s, Shankar distanced himself from the
hippie movement and drug culture.
He explained during an interview:
1970–2012: International performances
In October 1970, Shankar became chair of the Department of Indian Music of the
California Institute of the Arts
The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) is a private art university in Santa Clarita, California. It was incorporated in 1961 as the first degree-granting institution of higher learning in the US created specifically for students of both ...
after previously teaching at the
City College of New York, the
University of California, Los Angeles
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA's academic roots were established in 1881 as a teachers college then known as the southern branch of the California S ...
, and being guest lecturer at other colleges and universities, including the
Ali Akbar College of Music
The Ali Akbar College of Music (AACM) is the name of three schools founded by Indian musician Ali Akbar Khan to teach Indian classical music. The first was founded in 1956 in Calcutta, India. The second was founded in 1967 in Berkeley, Californi ...
.
[Ghosh 1983, p. 56] In late 1970, the
London Symphony Orchestra
The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is a British symphony orchestra based in London. Founded in 1904, the LSO is the oldest of London's symphony orchestras. The LSO was created by a group of players who left Henry Wood's Queen's Hall Orc ...
invited Shankar to compose a concerto with ''sitar''. ''
Concerto for Sitar & Orchestra'' was performed with
André Previn as conductor and Shankar playing the ''sitar''.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 221] Shankar performed at the
Concert for Bangladesh
The Concert for Bangladesh (or Bangla Desh, as the country's name was originally spelt)Harry, p. 135. was a pair of benefit concerts organised by former Beatles guitarist George Harrison and Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar. The shows were he ...
in August 1971, held at
Madison Square Garden in New York. After the musicians had tuned up on stage for over a minute, the crowd of rock-music fans broke into applause, to which the amused Shankar responded, "If you like our tuning so much, I hope you will enjoy the playing more." which confused the audience. Although interest in Indian music had decreased in the early 1970s, the
live album from the concert became one of the best-selling recordings to feature the genre and won Shankar a second Grammy Award.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 66]
In November and December 1974, Shankar co-headlined a
North American tour with George Harrison. The demanding schedule weakened his health, and he suffered a heart attack in Chicago, causing him to miss a portion of the tour. Harrison, Shankar and members of the touring band visited the
White House
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in ...
on invitation of
John Gardner Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. ( ; born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He was the only president never to have been elected ...
, son of US president
Gerald Ford.
Shankar toured and taught for the remainder of the 1970s and the 1980s and released his second concerto, ''Raga Mala'', conducted by
Zubin Mehta
Zubin Mehta (born 29 April 1936) is an Indian conductor of Western classical music. He is music director emeritus of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (IPO) and conductor emeritus of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.
Mehta's father was the fou ...
, in 1981.
[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 222] Shankar was nominated for an
Academy Award for Best Original Music Score
The Academy Award for Best Original Score is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to the best substantial body of music in the form of dramatic underscoring written specifically for the film by t ...
for his work on the 1982 movie ''
Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...
''.
He performed in Moscow in 1988,
[ with 140 musicians, including the Russian Folk Ensemble and members of the Moscow Philharmonic, along with his own group of Indian musicians.][
He served as a member of the ]Rajya Sabha
The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. , it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using si ...
, the upper chamber of the Parliament of India, from 12 May 1986 to 11 May 1992, after being nominated by Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Shankar composed the dance drama ''Ghanashyam'' in 1989. His liberal views on musical co-operation led him to contemporary composer Philip Glass, with whom he released an album, '' Passages'', in 1990, in a project initiated by Peter Baumann of the band Tangerine Dream
Tangerine Dream is a German electronic music band founded in 1967 by Edgar Froese. The group has seen many personnel changes over the years, with Froese having been the only constant member until his death in January 2015. The best-known lineup ...
.
Because of the positive response to Shankar's 1996 career compilation '' In Celebration'', Shankar wrote a second autobiography, '' Raga Mala''.[Lavezzoli 2006, p. 197] He performed between 25 and 40 concerts every year during the late 1990s. Shankar taught his daughter Anoushka Shankar to play ''sitar'' and in 1997 became a Regents' Professor at University of California, San Diego
The University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego or colloquially, UCSD) is a public land-grant research university in San Diego, California. Established in 1960 near the pre-existing Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego is t ...
.
He performed with Anoushka for the BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
, England. In the 2000s, he won a
'' and toured with Anoushka, who released a book about her father, ''Bapi: Love of My Life'', in 2002.
in London in 2002.
In June 2008, Shankar played what was billed as his last European concert,
but his 2011 tour included dates in the United Kingdom.
On 1 July 2010, at the
, conducted by David Murphy, which was billed the first ''Symphony'' by Ravi Shankar.
who were big fans of Shankar, became influenced by Shankar's music. He went on to help popularize Shankar and the
throughout the 1960s.
explains:
Harrison became interested in Indian classical music, bought a sitar and used it to record the song "
".
In 1968, he went to India to take lessons from Shankar, some of which were captured on film. This led to Indian music being used by other musicians and popularised the
trend.
began using it in some of their songs.
, who created a raga-influenced improvisation number, "East-West" (Bloomfield scholars have cited its working title as "The Raga" when Bloomfield and his collaborator
in 1966.
Harrison met Shankar in London in June 1966 and visited India later that year for six weeks to study ''sitar'' under Shankar in
.
'' was shot by Howard Worth and released in 1971.
Shankar's association with Harrison greatly increased Shankar's popularity, and decades later
wrote that Shankar had become "the most famous Indian musician on the planet" by 1966.
in August 1971, in which Shankar participated.
'' in 1973 and touring North America the following year to a mixed response after Shankar had toured Europe with the Harrison-sponsored
.
Shankar developed a style distinct from that of his contemporaries and incorporated influences from rhythm practices of
.
'' (introduction and performances with pulse and rapid pulse) influenced by the slow and serious ''
'' genre, followed by a section with ''tabla'' accompaniment featuring compositions associated with the prevalent ''
'' style.
Shankar often closed his performances with a piece inspired by the light-classical ''
'' genre.
Shankar has been considered one of the top ''sitar'' players of the second half of the 20th century.
He popularised performing on the bass octave of the ''sitar'' for the ''alap'' section and became known for a distinctive playing style in the middle and high registers that used quick and short deviations of the playing string and his sound creation through stops and strikes on the main playing string.
noted Shankar's fondness for rhythmic novelties, among them the use of unconventional rhythmic cycles.
'' has argued that Shankar's playing style was not widely adopted and that he was surpassed by other ''sitar'' players in the performance of melodic passages.
Shankar's interplay with Alla Rakha improved appreciation for ''tabla'' playing in
.
'' duet concert style. Shankar introduced at least 31 new ragas, including ''
''Ahir Lalit'', ''Rasiya'', ''Yaman Manjh'', ''Gunji Kanhara'', ''Janasanmodini'', ''Tilak Shyam'', ''
''Mohan Kauns'', ''Manamanjari'', ''Mishra Gara'', ''Pancham Se Gara'', ''Purvi Kalyan'', ''Kameshwari'', ''Gangeshwari'', ''Rangeshwari'', ''Parameshwari'', ''Palas Kafi'', ''Jogeshwari'', ''Charu Kauns'', ''Kaushik Todi'', ''Bairagi Todi'', ''Bhawani Bhairav'', ''Sanjh Kalyan'', ''Shailangi'', ''Suranjani'', ''Rajya Kalyan'', ''Banjara'', ''Piloo Banjara'', ''Suvarna'', ''Doga Kalyan'', ''Nanda Dhwani'', and ''Natacharuka (for Anoushka)''. In 2011, at a concert recorded and released in 2012 as ''Tenth Decade in Concert: Ravi Shankar Live in Escondido'', Shankar introduced a new percussive sitar technique called ''Goonga Sitar'', whereby the strings are muffled with a cloth.
(KBE) for "services to music" (2001)
* Honorary degrees from universities in India and the United States.