Estonian mythology is a complex of myths belonging to the Estonian folk heritage and literary mythology. Information about the pre-

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...

and medieval Estonian mythology is scattered in historical chronicles, travellers' accounts and in ecclesiastical registers. Systematic recordings of Estonian folklore started in the 19th century. Pre-Christian Estonian deities may have included a god known as ''Jumal'' or ''Taevataat'' ("Old man of the sky") in

Estonian Estonian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Estonia, a country in the Baltic region in northern Europe * Estonians, people from Estonia, or of Estonian descent * Estonian language * Estonian cuisine * Estonian culture See also

...

, corresponding to '' Jumala'' in Finnish, and ''Jumo'' in Mari.

Estonian mythology in old chronicles

According to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia in 1225 the Estonians disinterred the enemy's dead and burned them. It is thought that cremation was believed to speed up the dead person's journey to the afterlife and by cremation the dead would not become earthbound spirits which were thought to be dangerous to the living. Henry of Livonia also describes in his chronicle an Estonian legend originating from Virumaa in North Estonia - about a mountain and a forest where a god named Tharapita, worshipped by Oeselians, had been born. The solstice festival of Midsummer ( et,

Jaanipäev or ('Jaan's Day') is the longest celebrated public holiday and one of the most important summer holidays in the Estonian folk calendar. It corresponds to the English Midsummer Day. On (the night of , which is the night before ) Estonians wil ...

) celebrating the sun through solar symbols of bonfires, the tradition alive until the present day and numerous Estonian nature spirits: the sacred oak and linden have been described by Balthasar Russow in 1578.

Mythical motifs in folklore

Some traces of the oldest authentic myths may have survived in

runic songs Runic song, Finnish and krl, Runolaulut , also referred to as Rune song, ''Runo'' song, or ''Kalevala'' song, is a form of oral poetry and national epic historically practiced among the Baltic Finnic peoples. It includes the Finnish epic poems ...

. There is a song about the birth of the world – a bird lays three eggs and starts to lay out the nestlings – one becomes Sun, one becomes Moon and one becomes the Earth. Other Finnic peoples also have myths according to which the world has emerged from an egg. The world of the Estonians’ ancestors is believed to have turned around a pillar or a tree, to which the skies were nailed with the North Star. The Milky Way (''Linnutee'' or Birds' Way in Estonian) was a branch of the

World tree The world tree is a motif present in several religions and mythologies, particularly Indo-European religions, Siberian religions, and Native American religions. The world tree is represented as a colossal tree which supports the heavens, thereb ...

(''Ilmapuu'') or the way by which birds moved (and took the souls of the deceased to the other world). These myths were based on animistic beliefs. Changes occurred in proto-Estonian mythology as a result of the contacts with Baltic and Germanic tribes, as well as the transition from hunting and gathering to farming.

Personification Personification occurs when a thing or abstraction is represented as a person, in literature or art, as a type of anthropomorphic metaphor. The type of personification discussed here excludes passing literary effects such as "Shadows hold their b ...

s of celestial bodies, sky and weather

deities A deity or god is a supernatural being who is considered divine or sacred. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines deity as a god or goddess, or anything revered as divine. C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as "a being with powers greate ...

and fertility gods gained importance in the world of the farmers. There may have been a sky and thunder god called Uku or Ukko, also called Vanaisa (Grandfather) or Taevataat (Sky Father). Proto Estonian pre-Christian deities may also have included a sky-god by name Jumal, known also by other Finnic peoples as Jumala in Finnish and Jumo in Mari. Estonian legends about giants ( Kalevipoeg,

Suur Tõll Toell the Great ( et, Suur Tõll) in Estonian mythology is a great giant hero who lived on the Baltic Sea island of Saaremaa. Legend He lived in Tõlluste village with his wife Piret. He tossed huge rocks everywhere, mostly aiming for his a ...

, Leiger) may be a reflection of Germanic (especially Scandinavian) influences. Giants themselves in some stories stood as protectors against such Germanic influences, such as invasion. There are numerous legends interpreting various natural objects and features as traces of Kalevipoeg's deeds. The giant has merged with Christian Devil, giving birth to a new character –

Vanapagan In Estonian mythology, Vanatühi ("Old empty one", or alternatively, Vanapagan, "Old devil") is a/the devil or god of the underworld, a giant farmer who is more stupid than malevolent. Vanapagan is the ogre character in Estonian versions of t ...

(a cunning demon living on his farm or manor) and his farm hand Kaval-Ants ("Crafty Hans"). Other mythical motifs from Estonian runic songs: * a mighty oak grows into the sky, is then felled and turned into various mythical objects * Sun, Moon and Star are the suitors of a young maiden, she finally accepts the Star * a crafty blacksmith forges a woman of gold but is not able to give her a soul or a mind * a holy grove starts to wither after having been desecrated by a love-making couple; only sacrificing nine brothers cleanses it * mighty heroes are not able to kill a terrible giant ox, but a little brother is * a woman is forced to kill her daughter who then goes to live in the heaven as the Air Maiden * a girl finds a fish and asks her brother to kill it – there is a woman inside the fish * young girls go out at night and young men from the holy grove (or the land of the dead) seduce them by offering them riches * a lake travels to another place when it has been desecrated by an inconsiderate woman or an incestuous couple It has been suggested by ethnologist and former president

Lennart Meri Lennart Georg Meri (; 29 March 1929 – 14 March 2006) was an Estonian politician, writer, and film director. He served as the second president of Estonia from 1992 to 2001. Meri was among the leaders of the movement to restore Estonian independ ...

(among others), that a Kaali meteorite which passed dramatically over populated regions and landed on the island of Saaremaa around 3,000-4,000 years ago was a cataclysmic event that may have influenced the mythology of Estonia and neighboring countries, especially those from whose vantage point a "sun" seemed to set in the east. In the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala, cantos 47, 48 and 49 can be interpreted as descriptions of the impact, the resulting tsunami and devastating forest fires. It has also been suggested that the Virumaa-born Oeselian god Tharapita is a reflection of the meteorite that entered the atmosphere somewhere near the suggested "birthplace" of the god and landed in Oesel.

Literary mythology

Friedrich Robert Faehlmann and Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald compiled the Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg out of numerous prosaic folk legends and runic verse imitations that they themselves had written. Faehlmann also wrote eight fictional myths combining motives of Estonian folklore (from the legends and folk songs), Finnish mythology (from Ganander's " Mythologia Fennica") and classical Greek mythology.

Matthias Johann Eisen Matthias Johann Eisen (28 September 1857 – 6 August 1934) was an Estonian folklorist and in 1920–1927 served as the Professor of Folk Poetry at University of Tartu. Eisen is most known for his very thorough collection and a systematic typolo ...

was another folklorist and writer who studied folk legends and reworked them into literary form. Many of their contemporary scholars accepted this mythopoeia as authentic Estonian mythology. The Estonian literary mythology describes the following pantheon: The supreme god, the god of all living things, is Taara. He is celebrated in sacred oak forests around

Tartu Tartu is the second largest city in Estonia after the Northern European country's political and financial capital, Tallinn. Tartu has a population of 91,407 (as of 2021). It is southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres (152 miles) northeast of ...

. The god of thunder is Uku. Uku's daughters are Linda and

Jutta The feminine name Jutta (pronounced "yutta") is the German form of Judith. There is also an alternative theory that it could be derived from the Germanic name ''Eutha'', meaning "mankind, child, descendant", or from a short form of ''Henrietta'' ...

, the queen of the birds. Uku has two sons:

Kõu Estonian mythology is a complex of myths belonging to the Estonian folk heritage and literary mythology. Information about the pre-Christian and medieval Estonian mythology is scattered in historical chronicles, travellers' accounts and in eccles ...

(Thunder) and

Pikker Pikne (also ''Piken'' or ''Pikker'': the long one) is the god of lightning in Estonian mythology. In Finnish language, Finnish, lightning is sometimes called ''Pitkäinen'', which is similar in meaning. It is likely that both are taboo euphemis ...

(Lightning). Pikker possesses a powerful musical instrument, which makes demons tremble and flee. He has a naughty daughter, Ilmatütar (Weather Maiden). During the era of Estonian national awakening the elements in the literary mythology were quickly and readily incorporated into contemporary popular culture through media and school textbooks. It can be difficult to tell how much of Estonian mythology as we know it today was actually constructed in the 19th and early 20th century. Faehlmann even noted in the beginning of his ''Esthnische Sagen'' (Estonian Legends) that:

"However, since Pietism has started to penetrate deep into the life of the people... nging folk songs and telling legends have become forbidden for the people; moreover, the last survivals of
pagan Paganism (from classical Latin ''pāgānus'' "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism. ...
deities are being destroyed and there is no chance for historical research."

Some constructed elements are loans from Finnish mythology and may date back to the common Baltic-Finnic heritage.

Estonian mythological and literary mythological beings, deities and legendary heroes

(Äike) - Thunder * Äiatar – a female demon, Devil's daughter * Alevipoeg - Alev's son, a friend of Kalevipoeg * Ebajalg - demonic whirlwind * Ehaema - Mother Twilight, a nocturnal spirit or elf, encouraging spinning * Eksitaja - an evil spirit who makes people lose their way in a forest or a bog * Haldjas (the ruler) - elf, fairy, protector spirit of some place, person, plant or animal * Hall - personification of malaria * Hämarik - personification of dusk, a beautiful young maiden * Hännamees – a demon who stole and brought food, money and other worldly goods to its maker and owner * Hiid - a giant * Hiiela - another world, land of the dead * Hiieneitsid - maidens from the land of the dead *

Hiis Hiis (; oc, Hins) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department Department may refer to: * Departmentalization, division of a larger organization into parts with specific responsibility Government and military *Department (administrative ...

- holy grove * Hingeliblikas – a person's spirit in the form of a moth * Hingeloom - a person's spirit in the form of an insect or a small animal * Hoidja - protector, keeper * Härjapõlvlane - goblin * Ilmaneitsi, Ilmatütar - Air Maiden, Sky Maiden * Ilmarine, Ilmasepp - a mythical blacksmith who forged among other things the Sun and the Moon (cf.

Ilmarinen Ilmarinen (), the Eternal Hammerer, blacksmith and inventor in the ''Kalevala'', is a god and archetypal artificer from Finnish mythology. He is immortal and capable of creating practically anything, but is portrayed as being unlucky in love. He i ...

) * Ilo - Joy, the hostess of feasts * Järvevana - Old Man from the Lake * Jumal - God * Jutta - queen of the birds, daughter of Taara * Juudaline - demon * Kaevukoll - bogeyman of the well * Kaitsja - protector * Kalevipoeg, Kalevine, Sohni, Soini, Osmi - giant hero, mythical ancient king of Estonia * Kalm - grave; spirit of a dead person; ruler of the land of the dead * Kalmuneiu - Maiden of the Grave; a girl from the land of the dead * Katk - personification of plague * Kaval-Ants (Crafty/Sly Hans) - wicked farm hand who deceives his master Vanapagan - the Devil * Kodukäija - a restless visitant ghost * Koerakoonlane - a demonic warrior with a dog snout * Koit - personification of Dawn, a young man, eternal lover of Hämarik * Koll - bogey * Kolumats – bogeyman *

Kratt Kratt (or kratid in plural; also ''pisuhänd'', ''puuk'', ''tulihänd'', ''vedaja''), is a magical creature in old Estonian mythology, a treasure-bearer. A kratt was a creature formed from hay or of old household implements by its master, who t ...

, Pisuhänd, Tulihänd, Hännamees, Puuk - a demon who stole and brought food, money and other worldly goods to its maker and owner in the form of a whirlwind or meteor-like tail of fire ''Scandinavian Ghost Stories and Other Tales of the Supernatural'' Pennfield Press Iowa City 1995 pages 9-16 * Kuu - Moon * Kõu - Thunder; son of Uku, brother of Pikker * Kääbas - grave, death spirit * Külmking - a spirit of an unholy dead, eats children when they bother the forest spirits * Lapi nõid - witch of Lapland * Leiger (player) - a giant living in Hiiumaa island, younger brother of "Suur Tõll" * Lendva - an illness sent by an evil witch * Libahunt, Sutekskäija - werewolf * Liiva-Annus or Surm - Death * Linda - mother of Kalevipoeg * Lummutis - ghost, wraith * Luupainaja - incubus, nightmare * Maa-alune - a creature living under the earth and causing illnesses * Maajumalad - Gods of Earth * Maaemä - Mother Earth * Majauss - domestic grass-snake, protector spirit * Mana - a hypothetical ruler of the dead * Manala - land of the dead * Manalane - inhabitant of the land of the dead * Marras - spirit of death, predictor of death * Mereveised - Sea cows *

Metsaema Metsaema is the mother spirit of the forest in Estonian mythology. Etymology The name Metsaema translates to "forest mother" in Estonian (from ''metsa'' "forest" and ''ema'' "mother"). For this reason, the word ''metsaema'' can also be used a ...

- Mother of Forest *

Metsavana Metsavana, also known as metsataat or metsaisa, is the old man of the forest, a forest deity in Estonian mythology. Etymology Metsavana is a compound of ''metsa'' ("forest") and ''vana'' ("old, ancient"). The names metsataat and metsaisa transl ...

- Old Man of the Forest * Metsik - a fertility god * Mumm - bogey, monster, ghost * Murueide Tütred - daughters of Murueit, beautiful maidens * Murueit - a female spirit of forest and earth, connected to the land of the dead * Näkk - a shapeshifting water spirit, that often appears in a human shape, male or female, but sometimes also as an animal * Nõid - witch * Olevipoeg - a friend of Kalevipoeg, city builder, related to St Olaf * Painaja - nightmare, incubus * Pakane - Frost * Pardiajaja - (from German-language ''Parteigänger'') half-demonic warrior * Peko - Seto god of fertility and brewing * Peninukk - half-demonic warrior * Penn * Peremees - Master *

Pikne Pikne (also ''Piken'' or ''Pikker'': the long one) is the god of lightning in Estonian mythology. In Finnish Finnish may refer to: * Something or someone from, or related to Finland * Culture of Finland * Finnish people or Finns, the primary e ...

, Pikker - Thunder, "The Long One" * Piret - wife of

* Põrguneitsi - literally: virgin of Hell * Päike - Sun * Rongo * Rõugutaja - a female deity, protector of the rye crops, women in labor and the city of Narva * Rukkihunt * Salme * Sulevipoeg - Sulev's son, friend of Kalevipoeg *

- giant hero living in Saaremaa Island * Taara Tharapita, Taarapita, Tarapita - the god of nature, sometimes considered supreme god. Mythological Osilian God of War * Taevataat (literally Sky Father), Vanaisa ("Grandfather") * Täht - Star * Tallaja - trampler * Tikutaja * Tõnn - fairy, fertility god * Tont - ghost * Toonela - land of the dead *

Tooni Tooni is a village in Tartu Parish Tartu Parish ( et, Tartu vald) is a rural municipality in Tartu County, Estonia. It has a population of 12,725 (as of 1 December 2022) and covers an area of . The population density is . It has one borough ( ...

- god of death, ruler of the dead * Toor, Tooru - a deity known in western Estonia, related to Scandinavian Thor * Tulbigas * Turis * Tuule-Emä - Mother Wind * Tuuleisa - Father Wind * Tuulispask - whirlwind * Tuuslar - a sorcerer living in Finland * Udres-Kudres - serf, called "Son of the Sun", hero of folksongs * Uku - the supreme god * Vanemuine - the god of songs, art and literature *

("The Old Heathen") Vanatühi, ("The Old Empty one"), Vanakuri ("The Old Evil One"), Vanapoiss ("The Old Boy"), Vanasarvik ("The Old Horned One") in some texts also Vanataat ("The Old Father") - The Devil * Varavedaja - loot carrier * Varjuline - shadowling * Veehaldjas - spirit of the water, the weaver of a spring Ahjualune * Veteema – Mother of Waters * Vetevana - Water Spirit * Vihelik * Vilbus * Virmalised - Polar Lights * Viruskundra Christian

saint In religious belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of Q-D-Š, holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term ''saint'' depends on the context and Christian denomination, denominat ...

s interpreted as gods: * Jüri (

St George Saint George (Greek language, Greek: Γεώργιος (Geórgios), Latin language, Latin: Georgius, Arabic language, Arabic: القديس جرجس; died 23 April 303), also George of Lydda, was a Christians, Christian who is venerated as a sa ...

) - god of agriculture * Laurits ( St Lawrence) - god of fire * Mart (

St Martin Saint Martin may refer to: People * Saint Martin of Tours (c. 316–397), Bishop of Tours, France * Saint Martin of Braga (c. 520–580), archbishop of Bracara Augusta in Gallaecia (now Braga in Portugal) * Pope Martin I (598–655) * Saint Martin ...

) - god of fertility * Olev (

St Olaf Olaf II Haraldsson ( – 29 July 1030), later known as Saint Olaf (and traditionally as St. Olave), was King of Norway from 1015 to 1028. Son of Harald Grenske, a petty king in Vestfold, Norway, he was posthumously given the title ''Rex Perpet ...

) - mythical builder of St. Olaf's Church * Tõnn ( St Anthony) - fertility god of the crops and pigs

Estonian mythical and magical objects

* White Ship (''valge laev'') - mythical ship that brings freedom or takes people away to a better land. This myth was born around 1860 when a small sect led by

Juhan Leinberg Juhan Leinberg (26 September 1812 – 28 August 1885), also known as prophet Maltsvet, was a founder of a religious sect named after him (the Maltsvetians) in Estonia. Juhan Leinberg was born in Norra Parish in Järvamaa. In his youth he was ...

(also known as

Prophet Maltsvet Juhan Leinberg (26 September 1812 – 28 August 1885), also known as prophet Maltsvet, was a founder of a religious sect named after him (the Maltsvetians) in Estonia. Juhan Leinberg was born in Norra Parish in Järvamaa. In his youth he was ...

) gathered near Tallinn to wait for a white ship to take them away. * Hat of fingernails (''küüntest kübar'') - makes the bearer (usually

Vanatühi In Estonian mythology, Vanatühi ("Old empty one", or alternatively, Vanapagan, "Old devil") is a/the devil or god of the underworld, a giant farmer who is more stupid than malevolent. Vanapagan is the ogre character in Estonian versions of t ...

) invisible. * Mittens (''kirikindad'') – were believed to have protective or magic powers, especially church mittens and the ones that sailors wore. Mittens were (are) decorated with special geometric patterns and narrow red stripes; they have many whispers and spells in them because the crafter used to sing while making, dyeing and knitting yarn. * Belt (''kirivöö'') - the belt had the most ancient and magical patterns of all the craft items, red woven belts and laces were a common item to sacrifice (they were tied to the branches of holy trees). A belt was tied around parts of body that were sick and, pulled tightly around the waist, had to protect and give strength to the bearer. * Sacred stones - the last ice age has left a lot of great stones ( erratics) in Estonia. Many of them were considered sacred and people came to them to sacrifice silver, blood, red ribbons and coins and ask for welfare and prosperity. Often, the stones have little holes in them, some of them probably used to place the sacrifice in. The meaning and function of the holes is however still disputed; according to paleoastronomer Heino Eelsalu they may have had a calendary function. * Travelling forests - when people are mean, greedy and cruel in some place, the forests will leave this place. The most stories about travelling forests are found in coastal areas of Estonia.

References

External links

collected Estonian tales, edited by W. F. Kirby
Taarapita - the great god of the Oeselians, an article by Urmas Sutrop

from the University of Toronto {{DEFAULTSORT:Estonian Mythology Uralic mythology Baltic gods