Phoma Medicaginis Var
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''Phoma'' is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many
plant pathogen Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomyc ...
ic species.


Description

Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15 
µm The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Unit ...
as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus ''
Macrophoma ''Macrophoma'' is a genus of anamorphic fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Some of these species are pathogenic, for example '' M. musae'' is a banana fungus. Species *'' Macrophoma abietis'' *'' Macrophoma abietis-pectinatae'' *'' Mac ...
''. The most important species include ''
Phoma beta ''Phoma'' is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species. Description Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily lim ...
'' which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, ''
Phoma batata ''Phoma'' is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species. Description Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily lim ...
'' that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and ''
Phoma solani ''Phoma'' is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species. Description Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily li ...
''.


Taxonomy

About 140 ''Phoma'' taxa have been defined and recognized which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally saprobic or weakly parasitic, mainly from temperate regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants. However other estimates place the number of taxa closer to 3000, making it one of the largest fungal genera. Traditionally nine sections (''Phoma'', ''Heterospora'', ''Macrospora'', ''Paraphoma'', ''Peyronellaea'', ''Phyllostictoides'', ''Pilosa'', ''Plenodomus'' and ''Sclerophomella'') as described by Boerema (1997) have been recognised on morphological grounds. The number of taxa in each section varied widely, from 2 (''Pilosa'') to 70 (''Phoma''). Section Phoma itself was considered incertae sedis. However phylogenetic studies suggest the genus is highly polyphyletic containing six distinct clades. Furthermore, taxa identified as ''Phoma'' have been identified across several different families within
Pleosporales The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate it contains 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species. The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, marin ...
, but most within Didymellaceae (type genus '' Didymella''). Furthermore, the Didymellaceae segregate into 18 clusters allowing many taxa to be distributed into separate genera. Consequently, there is little justification for retaining the sections, a number of which such as ''
Peyronellaea ''Peyronellaea'' is a genus of fungi in the family Didymellaceae. It contains a number of plant pathogens. The genus name of ''Peyronellaea'' is in honour of Beniamino Peyronel (1890-1975), who was an Italian botanist (Mycology and Lichenology) ...
'' are now elevated to genus rank, within Didymellaceae.


Species

Species include: *''
Phoma candelariellae ''Phoma candelariellae'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus, lichenicolous (lichen-eating) fungus in the family Didymellaceae. It is found in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey and in Ukraine, where it grows parasitism, parasitically on the ...
'' – lichenicolous on ''
Candelariella aurella ''Candelariella aurella'', the hidden goldspeck lichen or eggyolk lichen, is a yellow crustose lichen in the family Candelariaceae. It is commonly found on calcareous rock or wood or bark exposed to sunlight and which may have calcareous dust in ...
'' * ''
Phoma caricae-papayae ''Phoma caricae-papayae'' is a fungal A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are c ...
'' * ''
Phoma clematidina ''Calophoma clematidina'' is a fungal plant pathogen and the most common cause of the disease clematis wilt affecting large-flowered varieties of ''Clematis''. Symptoms of infection include leaf spotting, wilting of leaves, stems or the whole pla ...
'' * ''
Phoma costaricensis ''Phoma costaricensis'' is a plant pathogen infecting coffee Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulant, stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its ca ...
'' * ''
Phoma cucurbitacearum ''Phoma cucurbitacearum'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen infecting cucurbits. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Vegetable diseases Cucurbitaceae Phoma Fungi des ...
'' * ''
Phoma destructiva ''Phoma destructiva'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen infecting tomatoes and potatoes. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Potato diseases Tomato diseases Phoma, des ...
'' * ''
Phoma draconis ''Phoma draconis'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen. See also * List of foliage plant diseases (Agavaceae) References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Phoma, draconis Fung ...
'' * ''
Phoma eupyrena ''Phoma eupyrena'' is a fungal plant pathogen infecting Douglas fir The Douglas fir (''Pseudotsuga menziesii'') is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-f ...
'' * ''
Phoma exigua ''Phoma exigua'' (syn. ''Ascochyta gossypii'') is a fungal plant pathogen. It causes wet weather blight in cotton Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of t ...
'' ** ''Phoma exigua'' var. ''exigua'' ** ''Phoma exigua'' var. ''foveata'' ** ''Phoma exigua'' var. ''linicola'' * ''
Phoma glomerata ''Phoma glomerata'' is a fungus pathogen with several hosts. It mainly spoils wool because it badly alters the fibers. See also * List of mango diseases * List of hemp diseases * List of elm diseases This article is a list of diseases of elms ...
'' * ''
Phoma glycinicola ''Phoma glycinicola'' is a fungal plant pathogen infecting soybean. See also * List of soybean diseases Soybean plants (''Glycine max'') are subject to a variety of diseases and pests. Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Nematodes, parasit ...
'' * ''
Phoma herbarum ''Phoma herbarum'' is a fungal plant pathogen infecting various plant species, including ''Alchemilla vulgaris'', '' Arabis petraea'', '' Arenaria norvegica'', ''Armeria maritima'', ''Bartsia alpina'', ''Capsella bursa-pastoris'', ''Erysimum'', ...
'' * ''
Phoma insidiosa ''Phoma insidiosa'' is a plant pathogen infecting wheat. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Wheat diseases insidiosa Fungi described in 1884 {{fungus-plant-dis ...
'' * ''
Phoma medicaginis ''Ascochyta medicaginicola'' (syn. ''Phoma medicaginis'') is a plant pathogen infecting alfalfa and ''Medicago truncatula''. One particular disease is spring black stem. See also *List of Ascochyta species, List of ''Ascochyta'' species Refer ...
'' * ''
Phoma microspora ''Phoma microspora'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen known for infecting peanuts. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Peanut diseases Phoma, microspora {{fungus-p ...
'' * ''
Phoma narcissi ''Phoma narcissi'' is a fungal plant pathogen of Narcissus, Hippeastrum and other Amaryllidaceae, where it causes a leaf scorch, neck rot and red leaf spot disease Taxonomy The USDA The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is ...
'' * ''
Phoma nebulosa ''Phoma nebulosa'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen infecting spinach. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Vegetable diseases Phoma, nebulosa Fungi described in 1800 ...
'' * ''
Phoma oncidii-sphacelati ''Phoma oncidii-sphacelati'' is a fungal A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are ...
'' * ''
Phoma pinodella ''Didymella pinodella'' (syn. ''Phoma pinodella'') is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen infecting pea and red clover. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Vegetable diseases P ...
'' * ''
Phoma scabra ''Phoma scabra'' is a fungal A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...
'' * ''
Phoma sclerotioides ''Phoma sclerotioides'' is a plant pathogen and is the culprit for brown root rot disease in, for instance, alfalfa and clover Clover or trefoil are common names for plants of the genus ''Trifolium'' (from Latin ''tres'' 'three' + ''folium'' 'l ...
'' * ''
Phoma strasseri ''Phoma strasseri'' is a fungal A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classifi ...
'' * ''
Phoma tracheiphila ''Phoma tracheiphila'' is a fungal plant pathogen. It causes a disease known as Mal secco on citrus trees. It occurs in dry, cool climates such as the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Asia Minor. It forms pycniospores that are carried short distanc ...
'' * ''
Phoma multirostrata ''Phoma'' is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species. Description Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily l ...
''


References


Bibliography

* Boerema, G. H.; de Gruyter, J.; Noordeloos, M. E.; Hamers, M. E. C. 2004. ''Phoma'' Identification Manual: Differentiation of Specific and Infra-specific Taxa in Culture. CABI. * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q2066891 Dothideomycetes genera Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Lichenicolous fungi Taxa described in 1880 Taxa named by Pier Andrea Saccardo