''Phoma'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of common coelomycetous soil
fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...
. It contains many
plant pathogen
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomyc ...
ic species.
Description
Spores
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...
are colorless and
unicellular
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. Organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and ...
. The
pycnidia
A pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is an asexual fruiting body produced by mitosporic fungi, for instance in the order Sphaeropsidales ( Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes) or order Pleosporales (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes). It is often spherical or inve ...
are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15
µm
The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Unit ...
as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus ''
Macrophoma
''Macrophoma'' is a genus of anamorphic fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Some of these species are pathogenic, for example '' M. musae'' is a banana fungus.
Species
*'' Macrophoma abietis''
*'' Macrophoma abietis-pectinatae''
*'' Mac ...
''. The most important species include ''
Phoma beta
''Phoma'' is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.
Description
Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily lim ...
'' which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, ''
Phoma batata
''Phoma'' is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.
Description
Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily li ...
'' that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and ''
Phoma solani
''Phoma'' is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.
Description
Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily li ...
''.
Taxonomy
About 140 ''Phoma'' taxa have been defined and recognized
which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally
saprobic
Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi (f ...
or weakly
parasitic
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has c ...
, mainly from
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants.
However other estimates place the number of taxa closer to 3000, making it one of the largest fungal genera.
Traditionally nine sections (''Phoma'', ''Heterospora'', ''Macrospora'', ''Paraphoma'', ''Peyronellaea'', ''Phyllostictoides'', ''Pilosa'', ''Plenodomus'' and ''Sclerophomella'') as described by Boerema (1997) have been recognised on morphological grounds. The number of taxa in each section varied widely, from 2 (''Pilosa'') to 70 (''Phoma''). Section Phoma itself was considered
incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
.
However phylogenetic studies suggest the genus is highly polyphyletic containing six distinct clades. Furthermore, taxa identified as ''Phoma'' have been identified across several different families within
Pleosporales
The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate it contains 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species. The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, marin ...
, but most within
Didymellaceae
The Didymellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. The have a world-wide distribution.
Recent phylogenetic examination of some of the larger genera of the Pleosporales, particularly ''Phoma'', has led to considerable reorganisat ...
(type genus ''
Didymella
''Didymella'' is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Didymellaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species
Species include:
*''Didymella abieticola''
*''Didymella acaciae''
*''Didymella acanthophila''
*''Didymella proximell ...
''). Furthermore, the Didymellaceae segregate into 18 clusters allowing many taxa to be distributed into separate genera.
Consequently, there is little justification for retaining the sections, a number of which such as ''
Peyronellaea
''Peyronellaea'' is a genus of fungi in the family Didymellaceae. It contains a number of plant pathogens.
The genus name of ''Peyronellaea'' is in honour of Beniamino Peyronel (1890-1975), who was an Italian botanist (Mycology and Lichenology ...
'' are now elevated to genus rank, within Didymellaceae.
Species
Species include:
*''
Phoma candelariellae
''Phoma candelariellae'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus, lichenicolous (lichen-eating) fungus in the family Didymellaceae. It is found in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey and in Ukraine, where it grows parasitism, parasitically on the ...
'' –
lichenicolous
A lichenicolous fungus is a parasitic fungus that only lives on lichen as the host. A lichenicolous fungus is not the same as the fungus that is the component of the lichen, which is known as a lichenized fungus. They are most commonly specific to ...
on ''
Candelariella aurella
''Candelariella aurella'', the hidden goldspeck lichen or eggyolk lichen, is a yellow crustose lichen in the family Candelariaceae. It is commonly found on calcareous rock or wood or bark exposed to sunlight and which may have calcareous dust in ...
''
* ''
Phoma caricae-papayae
''Phoma caricae-papayae'' is a fungal
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are c ...
''
* ''
Phoma clematidina
''Calophoma clematidina'' is a fungal plant pathogen and the most common cause of the disease clematis wilt affecting large-flowered varieties of ''Clematis''. Symptoms of infection include leaf spotting, wilting of leaves, stems or the whole pla ...
''
* ''
Phoma costaricensis
''Phoma costaricensis'' is a plant pathogen infecting coffee
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine c ...
''
* ''
Phoma cucurbitacearum
''Phoma cucurbitacearum'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen infecting cucurbits.
References
External links
Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Vegetable diseases
Cucurbitaceae
Phoma
Fungi des ...
''
* ''
Phoma destructiva
''Phoma destructiva'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen infecting tomatoes and potatoes.
References
External links
Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Potato diseases
Tomato diseases
Phoma, des ...
''
* ''
Phoma draconis
''Phoma draconis'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen.
See also
* List of foliage plant diseases (Agavaceae)
References
External links
Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Phoma, draconis
Fung ...
''
* ''
Phoma eupyrena''
* ''
Phoma exigua''
**
''Phoma exigua'' var. ''exigua''
**
''Phoma exigua'' var. ''foveata''
**
''Phoma exigua'' var. ''linicola''
* ''
Phoma glomerata
''Phoma glomerata'' is a fungus pathogen with several hosts. It mainly spoils wool because it badly alters the fibers.
See also
* List of mango diseases
* List of hemp diseases
* List of elm diseases
This article is a list of diseases of elms ...
''
* ''
Phoma glycinicola''
* ''
Phoma herbarum
''Phoma herbarum'' is a fungal plant pathogen infecting various plant species, including ''Alchemilla vulgaris'', '' Arabis petraea'', '' Arenaria norvegica'', ''Armeria maritima'', ''Bartsia alpina'', ''Capsella bursa-pastoris'', ''Erysimum'', ...
''
* ''
Phoma insidiosa
''Phoma insidiosa'' is a plant pathogen infecting wheat.
References
External links
Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Wheat diseases
insidiosa
Fungi described in 1884
{{fungus-plant-dis ...
''
* ''
Phoma medicaginis
''Ascochyta medicaginicola'' (syn. ''Phoma medicaginis'') is a plant pathogen infecting alfalfa and ''Medicago truncatula''. One particular disease is spring black stem.
See also
*List of Ascochyta species, List of ''Ascochyta'' species
Refer ...
''
* ''
Phoma microspora
''Phoma microspora'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen known for infecting peanuts.
References
External links
Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Peanut diseases
Phoma, microspora
{{fungus-p ...
''
* ''
Phoma narcissi
''Phoma narcissi'' is a fungal plant pathogen of Narcissus, Hippeastrum and other Amaryllidaceae,
where it causes a leaf scorch, neck rot and red leaf spot disease
Taxonomy
The USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is ...
''
* ''
Phoma nebulosa
''Phoma nebulosa'' is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen infecting spinach.
References
External links
Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Vegetable diseases
Phoma, nebulosa
Fungi described in 1800
...
''
* ''
Phoma oncidii-sphacelati
''Phoma oncidii-sphacelati'' is a fungal plant pathogen infecting cattleyas.
References
External links
Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
oncidii-sphacelati
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Orchid diseases
Fungi described in ...
''
* ''
Phoma pinodella
''Didymella pinodella'' (syn. ''Phoma pinodella'') is a fungus, fungal plant pathogen infecting pea and red clover.
References
External links
Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Vegetable diseases
P ...
''
* ''
Phoma scabra
''Phoma scabra'' is a fungal
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...
''
* ''
Phoma sclerotioides''
* ''
Phoma strasseri''
* ''
Phoma tracheiphila
''Phoma tracheiphila'' is a fungal plant pathogen. It causes a disease known as Mal secco on citrus trees. It occurs in dry, cool climates such as the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Asia Minor. It forms pycniospores that are carried short distanc ...
''
* ''
Phoma multirostrata''
References
Bibliography
* Boerema, G. H.; de Gruyter, J.; Noordeloos, M. E.; Hamers, M. E. C. 2004. ''Phoma'' Identification Manual: Differentiation of Specific and Infra-specific Taxa in Culture. CABI.
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2066891
Dothideomycetes genera
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Lichenicolous fungi
Taxa described in 1880
Taxa named by Pier Andrea Saccardo