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Bryna Productions (later renamed The Bryna Company) is an American independent film and television production company established by actor
Kirk Douglas Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, 1916 – February 5, 2020) was an American actor and filmmaker. After an impoverished childhood, he made his film debut in ''The Strange Love of Martha Ivers'' (1946) with Barbara Stanwyck. Do ...
in 1949. The company also produced a handful of films through its subsidiaries, Michael Productions, Joel Productions and Douglas and Lewis Productions, and outside the United States through Brynaprod. Other subsidiaries included Eric Productions, which produced stage plays, Peter Vincent Music, a
music publishing A music publisher is a type of publisher that specializes in distributing music. Music publishers originally published sheet music. When copyright became legally protected, music publishers started to play a role in the management of the intellect ...
company, Bryna International, a photographic service company, and Public Relations Consultants, which supervised the publicity of its early films. Douglas named the main company after his mother, Bryna Demsky, while its primary subsidiaries were named after his sons:
Michael Douglas Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and film producer. He has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the AF ...
,
Joel Douglas Joel Andrew Douglas (born January 23, 1947) is an American film producer. The second son of Kirk Douglas (1916–2020) and Diana Douglas (1923–2015), he was born one day after his mother's 24th birthday. His paternal grandparents were Je ...
, Peter Douglas and
Eric Douglas Eric Anthony Douglas (June 21, 1958 – July 6, 2004) was an American actor and stand-up comedian. Douglas was the youngest son of actor Kirk Douglas and his second wife Anne Buydens. His half brother was actor and producer Michael Douglas. Dougl ...
. In 1970, Bryna Productions was renamed The Bryna Company, when Douglas welcomed his children and second wife into the firm. Nevertheless, Michael, Joel and Peter, wanting to establish individual identities, went on to form their own independent film production companies. The company had some major film successes, including ''
Paths of Glory ''Paths of Glory'' is a 1957 American anti-war film co-written and directed by Stanley Kubrick, based on the novel of the same name by Humphrey Cobb. Set during World War I, the film stars Kirk Douglas as Colonel Dax, the commanding officer of ...
'', '' The Vikings'', ''
Spartacus Spartacus ( el, Σπάρτακος '; la, Spartacus; c. 103–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising ...
'', ''
Seven Days in May ''Seven Days in May'' is a 1964 American political thriller film about a military-political cabal's planned takeover of the United States government in reaction to the president's negotiation of a disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. The f ...
'', ''
Seconds The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds ...
'', ''
Grand Prix Grand Prix ( , meaning ''Grand Prize''; plural Grands Prix), is a name sometimes used for competitions or sport events, alluding to the winner receiving a prize, trophy or honour Grand Prix or grand prix may refer to: Arts and entertainment ...
'', ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' and '' Something Wicked This Way Comes''. Four of the films Bryna Productions made have been deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States
National Film Preservation Board The United States National Film Preservation Board (NFPB) is the board selecting films for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry. It was established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988. The National Film Regi ...
and have been selected for preservation in the
Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is ...
'
National Film Registry The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each selected for its historical, cultural and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB’s inception i ...
: ''Paths of Glory'' in 1992, ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' in 1993, ''Seconds'' in 2015 and ''Spartacus'' in 2017. The company was also recognized by the
American Cinematheque The American Cinematheque is an independent, nonprofit cultural organization in Los Angeles, California, United States dedicated exclusively to the public presentation of the moving image in all its forms. The Cinematheque was created in 1981 as ...
in 1989, when it held a three-day festival with the screening of eight Bryna Productions films. Twenty-one of Bryna Productions' films have won and been nominated for awards and prizes at various ceremonies and film festivals, including the
Academy Awards The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international film industry. The awards are regarded by many as the most prestigious, significant awards in the entertainment ind ...
, the
Golden Globe Awards The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944, recognizing excellence in both American and international film and television. Beginning in 2022, there are 105 members of t ...
, the
British Academy Film Awards The British Academy Film Awards, more commonly known as the BAFTA Film Awards is an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to honour the best British and international contributions to film. The cere ...
, the
Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards (stylized as GRAMMY), or simply known as the Grammys, are awards presented by the Recording Academy of the United States to recognize "outstanding" achievements in the music industry. They are regarded by many as the most pres ...
, the
Saturn Awards The Saturn Awards are American awards presented annually by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. The awards were created to honor science fiction, fantasy, and horror in film, but have since grown to reward other films be ...
, the
Primetime Emmy Award The Primetime Emmy Awards, or Primetime Emmys, are part of the extensive range of Emmy Awards for artistic and technical merit for the American television industry. Bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), the Primetime ...
s, the
Genie Awards The Genie Awards were given out annually by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to recognize the best of Canadian cinema from 1980–2012. They succeeded the Canadian Film Awards (1949–1978; also known as the "Etrog Awards," for scu ...
, the
Bodil Awards The Bodil Awards are the major Danish film awards given by the Danish Film Critics Association. The awards are presented annually at a ceremony in Copenhagen. Established in 1948, it is one of the oldest film awards in Europe. The awards are given ...
, the
Directors Guild of America Award The Directors Guild of America Awards are issued annually by the Directors Guild of America. The first DGA Award was an "Honorary Life Member" award issued in 1938 to D. W. Griffith. The statues are made by New York firm, Society Awards. Catego ...
, the
Writers Guild of America Awards The Writers Guild of America Awards is an award for film, television, and radio writing including both fiction and non-fiction categories given by the Writers Guild of America, East and Writers Guild of America West since 1949. Eligibility The ...
, the
Laurel Awards The Laurel Awards was an American cinema awards system established to honor films, actors, actresses, producers, directors, and composers. This award was created by the ''Motion Picture Exhibitor'' magazine, and ran from 1948 to 1971 (with the e ...
, the
David di Donatello Awards The David di Donatello Awards, named after Donatello's ''David'', a symbolic statue of the Italian Renaissance, are film awards given out each year by the ''Accademia del Cinema Italiano'' (The Academy of Italian Cinema). There are 26 award cat ...
, the
Bambi Award The Bambi, often called the Bambi Award and stylised as BAMBI, is a German award presented annually by Hubert Burda Media to recognize excellence in international media and television to personalities in the media, arts, culture, sports, and ot ...
, the Belgian Film Critics Association Award, the
New York Film Critics Circle Awards The New York Film Critics Circle (NYFCC) is an American film critic organization founded in 1935 by Wanda Hale from the New York ''Daily News''. Its membership includes over 30 film critics from New York-based daily and weekly newspapers, magazi ...
, the
National Society of Film Critics Awards The National Society of Film Critics (NSFC) is an American film critic organization. The organization is known for its highbrow tastes, and its annual awards are one of the most prestigious film critics awards in the United States. In January 2014, ...
, the
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards The Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA) is an American film critic organization founded in 1975. Background Its membership comprises film critics from Los Angeles-based print and electronic media. In December of each year, the organiza ...
, the
Turkish Film Critics Association Awards Turkish Film Critics Association (''Turkish'': Sinema Yazarları Derneği (SİYAD)) is a non-governmental organization based in Istanbul, founded in 1977 by film critic Atilla Dorsay. It distributes the annual Turkish Film Critics Association Awar ...
, the
National Board of Review Awards The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures is a non-profit organization of New York City area film enthusiasts. Its awards, which are announced in early December, are considered an early harbinger of the film awards season that culminat ...
, the
People's Choice Awards The People's Choice Awards is an American awards show, recognizing people in entertainment, voted online by the general public and fans. The show has been held annually since 1975, with the winners originally determined using Gallup Polls until ...
, the
Kinema Junpo Awards , commonly called , is Japan's oldest film magazine and began publication in July 1919. It was first published three times a month, using the Japanese ''Jun'' (旬) system of dividing months into three parts, but the postwar ''Kinema Junpō'' ha ...
, the
Sant Jordi Awards The Sant Jordi Awards ( ca, Premis Sant Jordi, links=no; es, Premios Sant Jordi, links=no) are film prizes awarded annually by the Catalan branch of the Spanish public radio network Radio Nacional de España (RNE), Ràdio 4 Ràdio 4 is a Spani ...
, the
César Awards The César Award is the national film award of France. It is delivered in the ' ceremony and was first awarded in 1976. The nominations are selected by the members of twelve categories of filmmaking professionals and supported by the French Min ...
, the Nastro d'Argento Award, the
Jussi Awards The Jussi Awards are Finland's premier film industry prizes, awarded annually to recognize the achievements of directors, actors, and writers. History The first Jussi Awards ceremony was held on 16 November 1944 at the Restaurant Adlon in Hels ...
, the
Huabiao Awards China Huabiao Film Awards (), also simply known as Huabiao Awards, is an annual awards ceremony for Chinese cinema. Named after the decorative Chinese winged columns (''huabiaos''), The Huabiao Awards were first instituted in 1957 as the Ministry ...
, the Golden Screen Award, the
CableACE Award The CableACE Award (earlier known as the ACE Awards; ACE was an acronym for "Award for Cable Excellence") is a defunct award that was given by what was then the National Cable Television Association from 1978 to 1997 to honor excellence in Amer ...
s, the Golden Reel Awards, the International Film Music Critics Award, the
Edgar Allan Poe Award The Edgar Allan Poe Awards, popularly called the Edgars, are presented every year by the Mystery Writers of America, based in New York City. Named after American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), a pioneer in the genre, the awards honor the bes ...
, the Boxoffice Blue Ribbon Award, the American Cinema Editors Award, the Fotogramas de Plata Award, the
Hugo Award The Hugo Award is an annual literary award for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year, given at the World Science Fiction Convention and chosen by its members. The Hugo is widely considered the premier a ...
s; and at the
Cannes Film Festival The Cannes Festival (; french: link=no, Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films o ...
, the
Berlin International Film Festival The Berlin International Film Festival (german: Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin), usually called the Berlinale (), is a major international film festival held annually in Berlin, Germany. Founded in 1951 and originally run in June, the festi ...
, the
San Sebastián International Film Festival The San Sebastián International Film Festival ( SSIFF; es, Festival Internacional de San Sebastián, eu, Donostia Zinemaldia) is an annual FIAPF A category film festival held in the Spanish city of Donostia-San Sebastián in September, in th ...
, the
Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival The Avoriaz International Fantastic Film Festival (french: Festival international du film fantastique d'Avoriaz) was a film festival held in the French resort of Avoriaz between 1973 and 1993. It was the precursor to the current Gérardmer Inter ...
, the
Chicago International Film Festival The Chicago International Film Festival is an annual film festival held every fall. Founded in 1964 by Michael Kutza, it is the longest-running competitive film festival in North America. Its logo is a stark, black and white close up of the comp ...
and the Faro Island Film Festival. Bryna Productions often co-produced films with other notable independent film production companies, including
Burt Lancaster Burton Stephen Lancaster (November 2, 1913 – October 20, 1994) was an American actor and producer. Initially known for playing tough guys with a tender heart, he went on to achieve success with more complex and challenging roles over a 45-yea ...
,
Harold Hecht Harold Adolphe Hecht (June 1, 1907 – May 26, 1985) was an American film producer, dance director and talent agent. He was also, though less noted for, a literary agent, a theatrical producer, a theatre director and a Broadway actor. He was a m ...
and James Hill's Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Films,
Tony Curtis Tony Curtis (born Bernard Schwartz; June 3, 1925September 29, 2010) was an American actor whose career spanned six decades, achieving the height of his popularity in the 1950s (Kansas Raiders, 1950) and early 1960s. He acted in more than 100 f ...
and
Janet Leigh Jeanette Helen Morrison (July 6, 1927 – October 3, 2004), known professionally as Janet Leigh, was an American actress, singer, dancer, and author. Her career spanned over five decades. Raised in Stockton, California, by working-class parents, ...
's Curtleigh Productions,
Rock Hudson Rock Hudson (born Roy Harold Scherer Jr.; November 17, 1925 – October 2, 1985) was an American actor. One of the most popular movie stars of his time, he had a screen career spanning more than three decades. A prominent heartthrob in the Golde ...
's Gibraltar Productions,
James Garner James Garner (born James Scott Bumgarner; April 7, 1928 – July 19, 2014) was an American actor. He played leading roles in more than 50 theatrical films, including '' The Great Escape'' (1963) with Steve McQueen; Paddy Chayefsky's ''The Ameri ...
's Cherokee Productions,
Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick (; July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and photographer. Widely considered one of the greatest filmmakers of all time, his films, almost all of which are adaptations of nove ...
and
James B. Harris James B. Harris (born August 3, 1928) is an American film screenwriter, producer, and director. Born in New York City, he attended the Juilliard School before entering the film industry. He worked with film director Stanley Kubrick as a produ ...
' Harris-Kubrick Pictures,
Saul Zaentz Saul Zaentz (; February 28, 1921January 3, 2014) was an American film producer and record company executive. He won the Academy Award for Best Picture three times and, in 1996, was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. Zaentz's film p ...
's
Fantasy Films Fantasy films are films that belong to the fantasy genre with fantastic themes, usually magic, supernatural events, mythology, folklore, or exotic fantasy worlds. The genre is considered a form of speculative fiction alongside science fiction f ...
, John Frankenheimner's
John Frankenheimer Productions John Michael Frankenheimer (February 19, 1930 – July 6, 2002) was an American film and television director known for social dramas and action/suspense films. Among his credits were ''Birdman of Alcatraz'' (1962), '' The Manchurian Candidate'' ( ...
,
Richard Quine Richard Quine (November 12, 1920June 10, 1989) was an American director, actor, and singer. He began acting as a child in radio, vaudeville, and stage productions before being signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in his early twenties. When his acting ...
's Quine Productions,
Hal B. Wallis Harold Brent Wallis (born Aaron Blum Wolowicz; October 19, 1898 – October 5, 1986) was an American film producer. He is best known for producing '' Casablanca'' (1942), '' The Adventures of Robin Hood'' (1938), and ''True Grit'' (1969), along ...
' Wallis-Hazen Productions,
Martin Ritt Martin Ritt (March 2, 1914 – December 8, 1990) was an American director and actor who worked in both film and theater, noted for his socially conscious films. Some of the films he directed include ''The Long, Hot Summer'' (1958), '' The Black ...
's Martin Ritt Productions,
Ray Stark Raymond Otto Stark (October 3, 1915 – January 17, 2004) was one of the most successful and prolific independent film producers in postwar Hollywood. Stark's background as a literary and theatrical agent prepared him to produce some of the most ...
's
Seven Arts Productions Seven Arts Productions was a production company which made films for release by other studios. It was founded in 1957 by Eliot Hyman, Ray Stark, and Norman Katz. History Seven Arts' first film was ''The Gun Runners'', released by United Ar ...
,
Harold Jack Bloom Harold Jack Bloom (April 26, 1924 – August 27, 1999) was an American television producer and screenwriter who scored a notable hit with his first major screenplay to the classic Anthony Mann Western '' The Naked Spur'' in 1953, earning ...
's Thoroughbred Productions,
Harold Greenberg Harold Greenberg, OC, CQ, (January 11, 1930 – July 1, 1996) was a Canadian film producer. Career Greenberg got his start in film working in his uncle's second-hand camera store when he was thirteen. He eventually set up his own film a ...
's Astral Film Productions,
Roland W. Betts Roland Whitney Betts (born May 25, 1946) is an American investor, film producer, developer, and owner of Chelsea Piers in New York City. A classmate and Delta Kappa Epsilon (DKE) fraternity brother of George W. Bush, Betts was the lead owner i ...
'
Silver Screen Partners II Silver Screen Partners refers to four limited partnerships organized as an alternative funding source for film production originally formed by American investor Roland W. Betts as a collaboration with cable television network HBO in 1983. The man ...
and
Walt Disney Walter Elias Disney (; December 5, 1901December 15, 1966) was an American animator, film producer and entrepreneur. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film p ...
's
Walt Disney Productions The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney (), is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California. Disney was originally founded on October ...
and
Touchstone Pictures Touchstone Pictures, Inc. was an American film production label of Walt Disney Studios, founded and owned by The Walt Disney Company. Feature films released under the Touchstone label were produced and financed by Walt Disney Studios, and featu ...
. It also had financing and distribution deals with major Hollywood studios like
United Artists United Artists Corporation (UA), currently doing business as United Artists Digital Studios, is an American digital production company. Founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, the studi ...
,
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures and abbreviated as MGM, is an American film, television production, distribution and media company owned by amazon (company), Amazon through MGM Holdings, founded o ...
,
Paramount Pictures Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film and television production company, production and Distribution (marketing), distribution company and the main namesake division of Paramount Global (formerly ViacomCBS). It is the fifth-oldes ...
,
Columbia Pictures Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. is an American film production studio that is a member of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group, a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment, which is one of the Big Five studios and a subsidiary of the mu ...
,
Universal Universal is the adjective for universe. Universal may also refer to: Companies * NBCUniversal, a media and entertainment company ** Universal Animation Studios, an American Animation studio, and a subsidiary of NBCUniversal ** Universal TV, a t ...
-
International Pictures International Pictures was an American film production company that existed in the 1940s. It merged with Universal Pictures to become Universal-International on October 1, 1946. History The company was formed in 1944. It was headed up by Leo Sp ...
,
Rank Film Distributors The Rank Organisation was a British entertainment conglomerate founded by industrialist J. Arthur Rank in April 1937. It quickly became the largest and most vertically integrated film company in the United Kingdom, owning production, distribut ...
,
National General Pictures National General Corporation (NGC) was a theater chain holding company, film distribution and production company and was considered one of the "instant majors". It was in operation from 1951 to 1974. Divisions Its division National General Pictu ...
and
Buena Vista Buena Vista, meaning "good view" in Spanish, may refer to: Places Canada *Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador, with the name being originally derived from “Buena Vista” *Buena Vista, Saskatchewan *Buena Vista, Saskatoon, a neighborhood in ...
, for motion pictures, as well as
United Artists Television United Artists Television (UATV) was an American television production/distribution studio of United Artists Corporation that was formed on New Year's Day (January 1), 1958. The company is remembered for producing series such as ''This Man Dawson ...
,
NBC The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an Television in the United States, American English-language Commercial broadcasting, commercial television network, broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Enterta ...
,
CBS CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainmen ...
and
HBO Home Box Office (HBO) is an American premium television network, which is the flagship property of namesake parent subsidiary Home Box Office, Inc., itself a unit owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The overall Home Box Office business unit is ba ...
, for television.


History


Formation of Bryna Productions and early projects (1949–1954)

Kirk Douglas formed an independent film production company at the suggestion of his friend and ''
I Walk Alone ''I Walk Alone'' is a 1947 film noir directed by Byron Haskin and starring Burt Lancaster and Lizabeth Scott, with a supporting cast featuring Wendell Corey and Kirk Douglas. This was the first of five films that Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas ...
'' co-star,
Burt Lancaster Burton Stephen Lancaster (November 2, 1913 – October 20, 1994) was an American actor and producer. Initially known for playing tough guys with a tender heart, he went on to achieve success with more complex and challenging roles over a 45-yea ...
, who was already having success with his own film production company,
Norma Productions Norma may refer to: * Norma (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name) Astronomy * Norma (constellation) *555 Norma, a minor asteroid * Cygnus Arm or Norma Arm, a spiral arm in the Milky Way galaxy Geography *Norma, La ...
. Lancaster and his agent,
Harold Hecht Harold Adolphe Hecht (June 1, 1907 – May 26, 1985) was an American film producer, dance director and talent agent. He was also, though less noted for, a literary agent, a theatrical producer, a theatre director and a Broadway actor. He was a m ...
, formed Norma Productions in 1947, at a time when many actors, directors and producers were forming their independent units, which quickly became the largest and most successful independent film production unit in Hollywood during the 1950s. Douglas registered his new company, Bryna Productions, Incorporated, on September 28, 1949, and immediately began optioning properties and securing writers and directors, though it would take more than five years for a project to make it before the cameras. Douglas' mother, Bryna Demsky, after whom the company was named, was a stockholder in the firm. The first property acquired by Bryna Productions was
Ben Hecht Ben Hecht (; February 28, 1894 – April 18, 1964) was an American screenwriter, director, producer, playwright, journalist, and novelist. A successful journalist in his youth, he went on to write 35 books and some of the most enjoyed screenplay ...
's short story ''The Shadow'', about a magician who seeks vengeance against his twin brother for the alienation of his blind wife. Douglas made a deal with lawyer-turned-agent-turned-producer
Charles K. Feldman Charles K. Feldman (April 26, 1905 – May 25, 1968) was a Hollywood attorney, film producer and talent agent who founded the Famous Artists talent agency. According to one obituary, Feldman disdained publicity. "Feldman was an enigma to Holly ...
(who, ironically, had tried to sue Lancaster and Norma Productions in 1948) to head Bryna Productions and produce ''The Shadow'' at
Republic Pictures Republic Pictures Corporation (currently held under Melange Pictures, LLC) was an American motion picture production-distribution corporation in operation from 1935 to 1967, that was based in Los Angeles. It had studio facilities in Studio City an ...
. Feldman hired screenwriter Charles O'Neal to write the screenplay (O'Neal retitled the film ''Mr. Shadow''), which was to star Douglas in dual roles of the twin brothers. In the role of the estranged wife, Douglas first wanted to cast
Jane Greer Jane Greer (born Bettejane Greer; September 9, 1924 – August 24, 2001) was an American film and television actress best known for her role as ''femme fatale'' Kathie Moffat in the 1947 film noir ''Out of the Past''. In 2009, ''The Guardian'' n ...
, then
Jane Wyman Jane Wyman ( ; born Sarah Jane Mayfield; January 5, 1917 – September 10, 2007)"Actress, P ...
. By early 1952, Bryna Productions was attempting to film ''The Shadow'' in England. In June 1950, Bryna Productions optioned Irwin Gielgud's story ''The Life of David Garrick'', a story about the life and career of English actor
David Garrick David Garrick (19 February 1717 – 20 January 1779) was an English actor, playwright, theatre manager and producer who influenced nearly all aspects of European theatrical practice throughout the 18th century, and was a pupil and friend of Sa ...
. The property was to be filmed under the title ''Garrick's Gayeties'', for which Douglas hoped to co-star with
Judy Garland Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10, 1922June 22, 1969) was an American actress and singer. While critically acclaimed for many different roles throughout her career, she is widely known for playing the part of Dorothy Gale in '' The ...
in the role of
Peg Woffington Margaret Woffington (18 October 1720 – 28 March 1760), known professionally as Peg Woffington, was an Irish actress and socialite of the Georgian era. Peg and Peggy were a common pet name for those called Margaret until the late 20th centu ...
. In September 1950, Bryna Productions procured Ivan Thors' screenplay ''Nowhere to Go'', a story about a displaced person fighting for a new home in the United States. Bryna Productions also owned the filming rights to Darwin Teihet's novel ''The Fear Makers'', which Douglas hoped to direct himself. In March 1952, Douglas revealed plans for Bryna Productions to make three films a year, with him to star in only one of the three yearly films. Producer William Schorr, who had previously been attached to
Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder; June 22, 1906 – March 27, 2002) was an Austrian-American filmmaker. His career in Hollywood spanned five decades, and he is regarded as one of the most brilliant and versatile filmmakers of Classic Holl ...
and produced the Douglas-starring film '' Ace in the Hole'', became an executive partner at Bryna Productions. Schorr was to oversee the production of films, as associate producer, while Douglas would star in the pictures; Schorr would remain instrumental to Bryna Productions for the next four years. That year, Bryna Productions became tied to ''Strange Harvest'', a yarn about a World War II
G.I. G.I. are initials used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Air Force and general items of their equipment. The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of "Government Issue", "General Issue", or " ...
who returns to visit Italy with his new American wife, only to discover that he has a young son from a war-time fling with an Italian women. ''Strange Harvest'' was written by
Sy Bartlett Sidney "Sy" Bartlett (born Sacha Baraniev; July 10, 1900 – May 29, 1978) was a Ukrainian American author and screenwriter/producer of Hollywood films. Early life Sy Bartlett was born on July 10, 1900 in the Black Sea seaport of Mykolaiv in th ...
and Harold Conrad; Bartlett co-wrote the screenplay with Schorr, and the film was to be directed by David Miller on location in Italy. Douglas hoped to film most of his early productions in Europe. In 1953, he and Schorr attempted to secure a two-picture deal with Italian producers
Carlo Ponti Carlo Fortunato Pietro Ponti Sr. (11 December 1912 – 9 January 2007) was an Italian film producer with more than 140 productions to his credit. Along with Dino De Laurentiis, he is credited with reinvigorating and popularizing Italian cinema ...
and
Dino De Laurentiis Agostino "Dino" De Laurentiis (; 8 August 1919 – 10 November 2010) was an Italian-American film producer. Along with Carlo Ponti, he was one of the producers who brought Italian cinema to the international scene at the end of World War II. He ...
. The plan was for Douglas to star in the Italian producers' film ''Ulysses'', in exchange for a co-production deal to film ''The Shadow'', which Douglas hoped to finally get underway with
Anatole Litvak Anatoly Mikhailovich Litvak (russian: Анатолий Михайлович Литвак; 21 May 1902 – 15 December 1974), better known as Anatole Litvak, was a Ukrainian-born American filmmaker who wrote, directed, and produced films in vari ...
secured as director. ''Ulysses'' came through but ''The Shadow'' was never made. In June 1953, Bryna Productions discussed a co-production deal with
Sidney Sheldon Sidney Sheldon (February 11, 1917 – January 30, 2007) was an American writer. He was prominent in the 1930s, first working on Broadway plays, and then in motion pictures, notably writing the successful comedy ''The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer ...
to film ''Alice in Arms'' in Italy, adapted from a play in which Douglas had appeared on Broadway in 1945. By January 1954, the local for ''Strange Harvest'' had been changed from Italy to Japan, when a financing deal was secured there, and Bryna Productions wanted
Marlon Brando Marlon Brando Jr. (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was an American actor. Considered one of the most influential actors of the 20th century, he received numerous accolades throughout his career, which spanned six decades, including two Academ ...
to star in the picture. Later in 1954, Bryna Productions acquired Robert Carson's story ''The Quality of Mercy'', though its filming rights were up to challenge. Bryna Productions had been given permission by the author via a verbal agreement, whereas
John Wayne Marion Robert Morrison (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed The Duke or Duke Wayne, was an American actor who became a popular icon through his starring roles in films made during Hollywood's Gol ...
and his business partner
Robert Fellows Robert Fellows or Robert M. Fellows (August 23, 1903 in Los Angeles – May 11, 1969 in Los Angeles) was an American film producer who was once a production partner with John Wayne and later with Mickey Spillane. Biography Fellows entered Ho ...
had received a written agreement from Carson's agent, through their film production company
Batjac Productions Batjac Productions is an independent film production company co-founded by John Wayne in 1952 as a vehicle for Wayne to both produce and star in movies. The first Batjac production was '' Big Jim McLain'' released by Warner Bros. in 1952, and its ...
. A partnership was then formed between Batjac Productions and Bryna Productions to co-produce the film together, with Douglas starring and Ben Hecht writing the screenplay. Batjac Productions' existing
Warner Brothers Pictures Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly known as Warner Bros. or abbreviated as WB) is an American film and entertainment studio headquartered at the Warner Bros. Studios complex in Burbank, California, and a subsidiary of Warner Bros. D ...
financing and distribution deal would back the picture, though it was ultimately never made. In April 1954, it was reported that Douglas was interested in producing and starring in a television series through Bryna Productions. In September 1954, Bryna Productions showed interest in filming
Robert Wright Campbell Robert Wright Campbell (June 9, 1927–September 21, 2000), often credited as R. Wright Campbell or Robert Campbell, was an American screenwriter, author and occasional actor. He was the brother of actor William Campbell and brother in law o ...
's already-written film script ''The Dangerous Game''.


Six-picture deal with United Artists (1955)

In early January 1955, Douglas formally activated Bryna Productions by signing a six-picture, three-year financing and distribution deal with
United Artists United Artists Corporation (UA), currently doing business as United Artists Digital Studios, is an American digital production company. Founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, the studi ...
. After signing the deal, Douglas and his second wife, Anne Douglas, were invited out to celebrate with cocktails at
21 Club The 21 Club, often simply 21, was a traditional American cuisine restaurant and former prohibition-era speakeasy, located at 21 West 52nd Street in New York City. Prior to its closure in 2020, the club had been active for 90 years, and it had h ...
in New York City by United Artists executives, president
Arthur B. Krim Arthur B. Krim (4 April 1910 – 21 September 1994) was an American entertainment lawyer, the former finance chairman for the U.S. Democratic Party, an adviser to President Lyndon Johnson and the former chairman of Eagle-Lion Films (1946–1949) ...
and board chairman Robert S. Benjamin. That month, Stanley Margulies was appointed Publicity Director for Bryna Productions' new subsidiary, Public Relations Consultants, Incorporated, and the company's first two motion pictures were announced: ''The Viking Raiders'', a
swashbuckler A swashbuckler is a genre of European adventure literature that focuses on a heroic protagonist stock character who is skilled in swordsmanship, acrobatics, guile and possesses chivalrous ideals. A "swashbuckler" protagonist is heroic, daring, ...
about Vikings pillaging the coast of Brittany, adapted by
Edison Marshall Edison Tesla Marshall (August 28, 1894 – October 29, 1967) was an American short story writer and novelist. Life Marshall was born on August 28, 1894 in Rensselaer, Indiana. He grew up in Medford, Oregon, and attended the University of Oregon f ...
's novel and to be directed by
Richard Fleischer Richard O. Fleischer (; December 8, 1916 – March 25, 2006) was an American film director whose career spanned more than four decades, beginning at the height of the Golden Age of Hollywood and lasting through the American New Wave. Though he ...
; and ''Van Gogh'', a biopic of
Vincent Van Gogh Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionism, Post-Impressionist painter who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in Western art history. In a decade, he created about 2 ...
, to be directed by
Jean Negulesco Jean Negulesco (born Ioan Negulescu; – 18 July 1993) was a Romanian-American film director and screenwriter.Oliver, Myrna"Jean Negulesco 1900–1993 ''The Los Angeles Times'', 22 July 1993. He first gained notice for his film noirs and later ...
. Douglas was to star in both. A month later, however, in February 1955, it was announced that ''
The Indian Fighter ''The Indian Fighter'' is a 1955 American CinemaScope and Technicolor Western film directed by Andre de Toth and based upon an original story by Robert L. Richards. The film was the first of star Kirk Douglas's Bryna Productions that was releas ...
'', a story about a reckless adventurer who tries to foment a war between the Indians and the western settlers after the Civil War, with a screenplay by Ben Hecht and Frank Davis and also starring Douglas, would be the inaugural picture to be filmed. That same month, Norman A. Cook was appointed General Manager of Bryna Productions. The Van Gogh biopic property was subject to some debate as
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures and abbreviated as MGM, is an American film, television production, distribution and media company owned by amazon (company), Amazon through MGM Holdings, founded o ...
also owned the filming rights to a similar story, '' Lust for Life'', based on
Irving Stone Irving Stone (born Tennenbaum, July 14, 1903 – August 26, 1989) was an American writer, chiefly known for his biographical novels of noted artists, politicians, and intellectuals. Among the best known are '' Lust for Life'' (1934), about the l ...
's novel, with
John Houseman John Houseman (born Jacques Haussmann; September 22, 1902 – October 31, 1988) was a Romanian-born British-American actor and producer of theatre, film, and television. He became known for his highly publicized collaboration with director ...
secured as producer and Vincente Minelli inked as director. American producer Robert Goldstein was also in a partnership with Italian producer
Giuseppe Amato Giuseppe Amato (born Giuseppe Vasaturo; 24 August 1899 – 3 February 1964) was an Italian film producer, screenwriter and director. He produced 58 films between 1932 and 1961, and is especially known for ''Bicycle Thieves''. He was born in ...
, ready to film a Van Gogh biopic in Rome from an original Harry Brown screenplay. Instead of battling Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer over the property, Douglas chose to approach the company and offered to make the picture together, with his services as an actor. In March 1955, Bryna Productions moved into its first official headquarter office at 9235 West Third Street,
Beverly Hills, California Beverly Hills is a city located in Los Angeles County, California. A notable and historic suburb of Greater Los Angeles, it is in a wealthy area immediately southwest of the Hollywood Hills, approximately northwest of downtown Los Angeles. B ...
. That same month, it was announced that the company hoped to film Jacquin Sanders' novel ''Freak Show'', a provocative love story about a wrestler and a freak girl at a carnival. ''The Indian Fighter'' secured
André DeToth Endre Antal Miksa DeToth, better known as Andre de Toth (born Endre Antal Mihály Tóth; May 15, 1913 – October 27, 2002), was a Hungarian-American film director, born and raised in Makó, Austria-Hungary. He directed the 3D film House of Wa ...
as director in early March 1955, and was originally scheduled to begin filming in early April 1955, but due to Douglas' personal publicity tour promoting ''
Man Without a Star ''Man Without a Star'' is a 1955 American Western film directed by King Vidor and starring Kirk Douglas, Jeanne Crain, Claire Trevor and William Campbell. It was based on the novel of the same name, published in 1952, by Dee Linford (1915–19 ...
'' for
Universal-International Pictures Universal Pictures (legally Universal City Studios LLC, also known as Universal Studios, or simply Universal; common metonym: Uni, and formerly named Universal Film Manufacturing Company and Universal-International Pictures Inc.) is an Ameri ...
, the shooting only began on May 23, 1955. The film was shot entirely on location, using
CinemaScope CinemaScope is an anamorphic lens series used, from 1953 to 1967, and less often later, for shooting widescreen films that, crucially, could be screened in theatres using existing equipment, albeit with a lens adapter. Its creation in 1953 by ...
cameras and
Technicolor Technicolor is a series of Color motion picture film, color motion picture processes, the first version dating back to 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades. Definitive Technicolor movies using three black and white films ...
film, during five weeks in and around
Bend, Oregon Bend is a city in and the county seat of Deschutes County, Oregon, United States. It is the principal city of the Bend Metropolitan Statistical Area. Bend is Central Oregon's largest city, with a population of 99,178 at the time of the 2020 U.S ...
, without any studio retakes, for a cost of over $1,000,000. Bryna Productions also brought over Italian actress
Elsa Martinelli Elsa Martinelli (born Elisa Tia; 30 January 1935 – 8 July 2017) was an Italian actress and fashion model. Life and career Born Elisa Tia in Grosseto, Tuscany, she moved to Rome with her family. In 1953, she was discovered by Roberto Capuc ...
for the femme lead and featured actors like
Walter Matthau Walter Matthau (; born Walter John Matthow; October 1, 1920 – July 1, 2000) was an American actor, comedian and film director. He is best known for his film roles in '' A Face in the Crowd'' (1957), ''King Creole'' (1958) and as a coach of a ...
,
Lon Chaney, Jr. Creighton Tull Chaney (February10, 1906 – July12, 1973), known by his stage name Lon Chaney Jr., was an American actor known for playing Larry Talbot in the film '' The Wolf Man'' (1941) and its various crossovers, Count Alucard (Dra ...
,
Alan Hale, Jr. Alan Hale Jr. (born Alan Hale MacKahan; (March 8, 1921 - January 2, 1990) was an American actor and restaurateur. He was the son of actor Alan Hale Sr. His television career spanned four decades, but he was best known for his secondary lead role ...
, and Douglas' former wife
Diana Douglas Diana Love Webster (née Dill; formerly Douglas and Darrid; January 22, 1923 – July 3, 2015) was an American actress who was known for her marriage to actor Kirk Douglas from 1943 until their divorce in 1951. She was the mother of Michael and ...
. After the filming was completed, Bryna Productions hired folk singer
Terry Gilkyson Terry Gilkyson (June 17, 1916 — October 15, 1999) was an American folk singer and songwriter. Biography Gilkyson was born in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, and graduated from St. George's School in Middletown, Rhode Island in 1935. By his early ...
to sing a couple of songs written by
Irving Gordon Irving Gordon (February 14, 1915 – December 1, 1996) was an American songwriter. Biography Irving Gordon was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family, and later lived on Coney Island. He was named Israel Goldener but later changed his na ...
and
Franz Waxman Franz Waxman (né Wachsmann; December 24, 1906February 24, 1967) was a German-born composer and conductor of Jewish descent, known primarily for his work in the film music genre. His film scores include ''Bride of Frankenstein'', '' Rebecca'', ...
to compose the score. Bryna Productions also acquired the filming rights to
Robert Wright Campbell Robert Wright Campbell (June 9, 1927–September 21, 2000), often credited as R. Wright Campbell or Robert Campbell, was an American screenwriter, author and occasional actor. He was the brother of actor William Campbell and brother in law o ...
's original screenplay ''The Allison Brothers'' for $25,000, a story written especially for the author's brother, William Campbell. Immediately after completing ''The Indian Fighter'', Douglas began filming Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's ''Lust for Life'' in France, Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands, following which he planned to produce and star in ''The Viking Raiders''; the Norse film would, however, be pushed back by three years. While in Europe, Bryna Productions optioned German author Klaus Schuitz's story ''The Runaway Heart'', which deals with an Italian girl who falls in love with an SS Nazi officer during World War II. The male lead was to be played by Douglas, while the Italian role was offered to
Sophia Loren Sofia Costanza Brigida Villani Scicolone (; born 20 September 1934), known professionally as Sophia Loren ( , ), is an Italian actress. She was named by the American Film Institute as one of the greatest female stars of Classical Hollywood ci ...
. In October 1955, after returning from Europe for the filming of ''Lust for Life'', Douglas named three new executives for Bryna Productions:
Jerry Bresler Jerome (Jerry) Bresler (May 29, 1914 in Chicago, Illinois – March 17, 2000 in Delray Beach, Florida) was an American conductor, songwriter and musician. He played piano at the age of 2 and conducted the NYU orchestra at 14. One of his most fam ...
was appointed Producer and General Manager; Myer P. Beck was appointed Producer's Representative; and David E. Weshner was appointed Sales and Distribution Representative.'''' The company then announced plans to film
Robert Alan Aurthur Robert Alan Aurthur (June 10, 1922 – November 20, 1978) was an American screenwriter, film director, and film producer. Many of his works examined race relations and featured black actor and director Sidney Poitier. Early life Raised in Freep ...
's original story ''Shadow of the Champ.'' The plot revolved around a has-been boxing champion's romance with a lonely woman, and had already been adapted for television on
The Philco Television Playhouse ''The Philco Television Playhouse'' is an American television anthology series that was broadcast live on NBC from 1948 to 1955. Produced by Fred Coe, the series was sponsored by Philco. It was one of the most respected dramatic shows of the Golde ...
earlier that year.'''' The story's filming rights were advanced by United Artists for $100,000; the highest fee ever paid at the time for a television package-play.'''' The film was to be co-produced with Jonathan Productions, a company founded by Aurthur,
David Susskind David Howard Susskind (December 19, 1920 – February 22, 1987) was an American producer of TV, movies, and stage plays and also a TV talk show host. His talk shows were innovative in the genre and addressed timely, controversial topics beyond th ...
and Alfred Levy, with Douglas to play only a secondary character in the film.'''' Although Aurthur wrote the screenplay, ''Shadow of the Champ'' was ultimately never made, but the writer collaborated on four future projects with Bryna Productions: ''A Very Special Baby'', ''Spring Reunion'', ''Tales of the Vikings'' and ''Grand Prix''.


One-picture deals with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1955–1956)

By December 1955, Bryna Productions had negotiated a secondary financing and distribution deal (separate from the six-picture United Artists deal) with Arthur Loew, president of
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures and abbreviated as MGM, is an American film, television production, distribution and media company owned by amazon (company), Amazon through MGM Holdings, founded o ...
, for a single picture. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was rarely dealing with independent film production companies at that time so the one-picture deal was somewhat of an achievement in the film industry. Even more so surprising was that Bryna Productions was negotiating a second one-picture pact with the same studio. The first film for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was to be ''The Syndicate'', set to star Douglas and
Jeanne Crain Jeanne Elizabeth Crain (May 25, 1925 – December 14, 2003) was an American actress. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her title role in '' Pinky'' (1949). She also starred in the films ''In the Meantime, Darling'' (1944 ...
and to be co-produced with Frank and Maurice King's King Brothers Productions. The second film was to be ''King Kelly'', based on Robert Wright Campbell's novel about an ambitious soldier who attempts to set up his own empire in the Southwest after the Civil War, with Douglas starring and
Daniel Mainwaring Daniel Mainwaring (February 27, 1902 – January 31, 1977) was an American novelist and screenwriter. Biography A native of Oakland, California, Mainwaring began his professional career as a journalist for the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' and enjoy ...
writing the screenplay. By the end of 1955, Bryna Productions' plans were to produce two films in 1956 (''Shadow of the Champ'' for United Artists and ''King Kelly'' for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), and to be able to produce three to four pictures a year by 1957. ''
The Indian Fighter ''The Indian Fighter'' is a 1955 American CinemaScope and Technicolor Western film directed by Andre de Toth and based upon an original story by Robert L. Richards. The film was the first of star Kirk Douglas's Bryna Productions that was releas ...
'' simultaneously premiered on December 21, 1955, at the Mayfair Theatre in New York City and at the Liberty Theatre in Portland, Oregon; it was an immediate success. In January 1956, Bryna Productions acquired the filming rights to Samuel Grafton's novel ''A Most Contagious Game'', the story of a magazine reporter who goes undercover as a gangster to research the underworld but ends up becoming a mob leader himself; the filming rights to the story had previously been owned by
Victor Saville Victor Saville (25 September 1895 – 8 May 1979) was an English film director, producer, and screenwriter. He directed 39 films between 1927 and 1954. He also produced 36 films between 1923 and 1962. Biography Saville produced his first f ...
's Parklane Pictures, which produced a television movie for '' Studio One''. Bresler was to produce the film while Grafton was hired to write the screenplay. Douglas immediately offered the lead role to Lancaster, but plans were ultimately made for Douglas to star in ''A Most Contagious Game'', financed by United Artists, with filming to begin in March 1956 on location in New York City. It was also announced that, in addition to ''Shadow of the Champ'', Aurthur would be adapting two more of his stories for Bryna Productions: ''A Very Special Baby'' and ''Spring Reunion''. ''A Very Special Baby'' was to be the second film co-produced by Bryna Productions in partnership with Jonathan Productions, and the company put up a $100,000 security on the property, which was to be filmed without major studio financing; the completed film would instead be put up for auction to the highest bidder for distribution. Bryna Productions was also to finance the Broadway play version. ''Spring Reunion'', a drama story about a high school reunion, quickly took center stage as the next film to go before cameras, with a scheduled starting date of May 15, 1956, when
Robert Pirosh Robert Pirosh (April 1, 1910 – December 25, 1989) was an American motion picture and television screenwriter and director. In 1951, he was nominated for another Academy Awards, Academy Award for the screenplay ''Go for Broke! (1951 film) ...
was signed as writer-director, and stars
Dana Andrews Carver Dana Andrews (January 1, 1909 – December 17, 1992) was an American film actor who became a major star in what is now known as film noir. A leading man during the 1940s, he continued acting in less prestigious roles and character parts ...
and
Betty Hutton Betty Hutton (born Elizabeth June Thornburg; February 26, 1921 – March 11, 2007) was an American stage, film, and television actress, comedian, dancer, and singer. Early life and education Hutton was born Elizabeth June Thornburg on February 2 ...
were tied to the production. By late January 1956, Bryna Productions' previously planned two-pictures-in-1956 schedule had been expanded to five pictures over the next eighteen months, for a total budget of $8,000,000. ''The Viking'' (previously announced as ''The Viking Raiders'') was budgeted at $4,000,000 alone for United Artists, while ''King Kelly'' was to cost around $1,500,000 for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The remaining $2,500,000 budget from United Artists was to be divided between three other properties already in pre-production stages: ''Spring Reunion'', ''Shadow of the Champ'' and ''A Most Contagious Game''. Only a month later, in February 1956, Bryna Productions acquired a sixth property for development in their 1956 schedule: ''The Silent Gun'', for a reported $25,000 (which was factually $22,000). ''The Silent Gun'', a dramatic story about a cowardly man who poses as a famous outlaw, was written by Carson A. Wiley, who was also hired by to write the screenplay. The lead in ''The Silent Gun'' was immediately offered to
Gary Cooper Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his strong, quiet screen persona and understated acting style. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice and had a further three nominations, a ...
and
Montgomery Clift Edward Montgomery Clift (; October 17, 1920 – July 23, 1966) was an American actor. A four-time Academy Award nominee, he was known for his portrayal of "moody, sensitive young men", according to ''The New York Times''. He is best remembered ...
. That same month, Bryna Productions also signed Italian actress Elsa Martinelli to a four-picture, two-year contract (two pictures a year for two years). In late February 1956, Barney Briskin was appointed Production Manager of Bryna Productions. Bryna Productions' plans began to delay in March 1956 when Douglas started filming ''
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral The gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a thirty-second shootout between lawmen led by Virgil Earp and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that occurred at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in ...
'' on location in Arizona. Each new film in which he accepted to star pushed back Bryna Productions' schedule. In early April 1956, Bryna Productions announced that
Lewis Milestone Lewis Milestone (born Leib Milstein (Russian: Лейб Мильштейн); September 30, 1895 – September 25, 1980) was a Moldovan-American film director. He is known for directing ''Two Arabian Knights'' (1927) and '' All Quiet on the Weste ...
would direct ''King Kelly'' on location in Texas, and later that month appointed Charles Levy as Eastern Publicity Representative of the company. That same month, Bryna Productions also optioned the filming rights of the novel ''Deliver Us from Evil: The Story of Vietnam's Flight to Freedom'', the autobiography of Lieutenant Thomas Anthony Dooley III, a navy doctor who served behind the Communist
Bamboo Curtain The Bamboo Curtain is a Cold War political demarcation between the communist states of East Asia, particularly the People's Republic of China, and the capitalist and non-communist states of East, South, and Southeast Asia. To the north and nor ...
in Vietnam. Douglas was hoping to play the lead and the movie was to begin filming in the late autumn of 1956. In late May 1956, Bryna Productions' plans changed again when another new property was acquired. A third one-picture deal was set with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for the financing and distribution of a film based on
Shirley Jackson Shirley Hardie Jackson (December 14, 1916 – August 8, 1965) was an American writer known primarily for her works of horror and mystery. Over the duration of her writing career, which spanned over two decades, she composed six novels, two me ...
's novel '' The Bird's Nest'', which Bryna Productions purchased from theater producer
Ray Stark Raymond Otto Stark (October 3, 1915 – January 17, 2004) was one of the most successful and prolific independent film producers in postwar Hollywood. Stark's background as a literary and theatrical agent prepared him to produce some of the most ...
. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's contracted-actress
Eleanor Parker Eleanor Jean Parker (June 26, 1922 – December 9, 2013) was an American actress. She was nominated for three Academy Awards for her roles in the films '' Caged'' (1950), ''Detective Story'' (1951), and ''Interrupted Melody'' (1955), the first ...
was immediately signed for the lead role in the film which was to be titled ''
Lizzie Lizzie or Lizzy is a nickname for Elizabeth or Elisabet, often given as an independent name in the United States, especially in the late 19th century. Lizzie can also be the shortened version of Lizeth, Lissette or Lizette. People * Elizabeth I ...
'', with plans to start filming on August 1, 1956, at Kling Studios, though it was delayed to September 10, 1956, with director-actor
Hugo Haas Hugo Haas (19 February 1901 – 1 December 1968) was a Czech film actor, director and writer. He appeared in more than 60 films between 1926 and 1962, as well as directing 20 films between 1933 and 1962. Life and career Haas was born in B ...
.
Bette Davis Ruth Elizabeth "Bette" Davis (; April 5, 1908 – October 6, 1989) was an American actress with a career spanning more than 50 years and 100 acting credits. She was noted for playing unsympathetic, sardonic characters, and was famous for her pe ...
was originally cast in the role of Aunt Morgan, but it was ultimately played by
Joan Blondell Joan Blondell (born Rose Joan Bluestein; August 30, 1906 – December 25, 1979) was an American actress who performed in film and television for 50 years. Blondell began her career in vaudeville. After winning a beauty pageant, she embarked on ...
. Meanwhile, ''Spring Reunion'' was also pushed back to start filming on June 4, 1956, at Republic Studios, while ''King Kelly'' was scheduled to film on location in
East Flat Rock, North Carolina East Flat Rock is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Henderson County, North Carolina, Henderson County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 4,995 at the 2010 United States Census, 2010 census, up from 4,151 a ...
starting July 23, 1956 with Douglas, Elsa Martinelli and
Lance Fuller Lance Fuller (December 6, 1928 – December 22, 2001) was an American actor. Biography Born in Somerset, Kentucky, he worked as a contract actor for most of the 1950s with Universal-International. With many uncredited roles for the firs ...
as co-stars.
Mala Powers Mary Ellen "Mala" Powers (December 20, 1931 – June 11, 2007) was an American actress. Early life Powers was born in San Francisco, California, and raised in Los Angeles. Her father was a United Press International, United Press executive, whil ...
was eventually announced as Martinelli's replacement in ''King Kelly''. Although Douglas was free to start filming, his next picture, ''
Top Secret Affair ''Top Secret Affair'' is a 1957 American romantic comedy film made by Carrollton Inc. and distributed by Warner Bros. that stars Susan Hayward and Kirk Douglas. It was directed by H. C. Potter and produced by Martin Rackin and Milton Sperling ...
'', only starting to shoot on December 4, 1956, the production team was unhappy with the script of ''King Kelly'' and put off the shoot. Screenwriter
Edna Anhalt Edna Anhalt (born Edna Thompson) was an American screenwriter, television writer, and film producer. Together with then-husband Edward Anhalt, she enjoyed some considerable success in a 10-year stretch from 1947 to her retirement in 1957. This ...
was brought in to work on ''King Kelly'''s script.


Formation of Michael Productions and Joel Productions (1956–1957)

Bryna Productions announced in May 1956 that it had loaned-out
Leslie Nielsen Leslie William Nielsen (11 February 192628 November 2010) was a Canadian actor and comedian. With a career spanning 60 years, he appeared in more than 100 films and 150 television programs, portraying more than 220 characters. Nielsen was bo ...
from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to star in ''A Most Contagious Game'', replacing Douglas who had originally planned to take the lead. In June 1956, Douglas and Bryna Productions began what would be a ten-year partnership with writer-producer Edward Lewis. That month, Bryna Productions acquired Lewis' original story and screenplay, ''Mavourneen'', a comedy about three girls in an Irish town who conspire to trick the town's most eligible bachelor into marrying one of them. Lewis was appointed Associate Producer for both ''Mavourneen'' and ''Lizzie'' and would become a key member for the organization.'''' On August 6, 1956, Douglas registered the Bryna Productions subsidiaries Michael Productions, Incorporated, and Joel Productions, Incorporated, named after his first two sons
Michael Douglas Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and film producer. He has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the AF ...
and
Joel Douglas Joel Andrew Douglas (born January 23, 1947) is an American film producer. The second son of Kirk Douglas (1916–2020) and Diana Douglas (1923–2015), he was born one day after his mother's 24th birthday. His paternal grandparents were Je ...
. Although the original plan was to alternate between production companies for each film for tax purposes (as Hecht and Lancaster had done with their film production companies), Michael Productions would only be used for a single film, while Joel Productions remained dormant for the next six years. In September 1956, Bryna Productions announced that the teenage drama ''The Young Lovers'' (later released as ''
The Careless Years ''The Careless Years'' is a 1957 film from United Artists directed by Arthur Hiller and produced by Edward Lewis. The film was the directorial debut for Hiller. The film stars Dean Stockwell and Natalie Trundy in an early film appearance. Plot ...
'') had been added to its United Artists-financed schedule of productions and assigned Lewis as Producer. The company initially attempted to loan-out
Dennis Hopper Dennis Lee Hopper (May 17, 1936 – May 29, 2010) was an American actor, filmmaker and photographer. He attended the Actors Studio, made his first television appearance in 1954, and soon after appeared in ''Giant'' (1956). In the next ten years ...
for the male lead in but
Warner Brothers Pictures Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly known as Warner Bros. or abbreviated as WB) is an American film and entertainment studio headquartered at the Warner Bros. Studios complex in Burbank, California, and a subsidiary of Warner Bros. D ...
' price was too high. By October 1956, ''The Viking'' had again become Douglas' top starring-producing project at Bryna Productions, with a re-written script by
Noel Langley Noel Langley (25 December 1911 – 4 November 1980) was a South African-born (later naturalised American) novelist, playwright, screenwriter and director. He wrote the screenplay which formed the basis for the 1939 film '' The Wizard of Oz'' an ...
; the later had been hired for the job in June 1956. Its budget had been reduced to $3,000,000 (though it would go over-budget during filming) and it was revealed that it would be filmed authentically in Scandinavian locations during three-and-a-half months in the spring of 1957. In November 1956, Bryna Productions announced interest in acquiring
Stephen Longstreet Stephen Longstreet (April 18, 1907 – February 20, 2002) was an American writer and artist. Biography Born Chauncey (later Henri) Weiner (sometimes Wiener), he was known as Stephen Longstreet from 1939. He wrote as Paul Haggard, David Ormsbee and ...
's novel ''The Beach House'', as well as
Dale Wasserman Dale Wasserman (November 2, 1914 – December 21, 2008) was an American playwright, perhaps best known for his book for Man of La Mancha. Early life Dale Wasserman was born in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, the child of Russian immigrants Samuel W ...
and Jack Balch's teleplay ''Elisha and the Long Knives'', as properties for Douglas to star. Also in November 1956, Bryna Productions announced that its new trademark logo had been designed and would first appear in the opening screen credit of ''Lizzie'', due out in early 1957. In December 1956, ''The Careless Years''' lead actors,
Dean Stockwell Robert Dean Stockwell (March 5, 1936 – November 7, 2021) was an American actor with a career spanning seven decades. As a child actor under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, he first came to the public's attention in films including ''Anchors A ...
and
Natalie Trundy Natalie Trundy (born Natalie Trundy Campagna, August 5, 1940 – December 5, 2019) was an American stage, film, and television actress. Early years Trundy (pronounced "Troon-dee") was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of an Italian fa ...
, were both simultaneously signed for the film and to five-year contracts with Bryna Productions. Bryna Productions' second film, ''
Spring Reunion ''Spring Reunion'' is a 1956 American drama film that centers on the fifteen-year reunion of the fictional Carson High School class of 1941. It was the second film produced by Kirk Douglas' film production company Bryna Productions. ''Spring Re ...
'', premiered at the
Astoria Theatre The London Astoria was a music venue at 157 Charing Cross Road, in London, England. Originally a warehouse during the 1920s, the building became a cinema and ballroom. It was converted for use as a theatre in the 1970s. After further developme ...
in London, England in late December 1956. ''The Careless Years'' began filming on January 7, 1957, with director
Arthur Hiller Arthur Hiller, (November 22, 1923 – August 17, 2016) was a Canadian-American television and film director with over 33 films to his credit during a 50-year career. He began his career directing television in Canada and later in the U.S. By t ...
. That month, Bryna Productions re-optioned Ben Hecht's story ''The Shadow'', assigning screenwriter Allan Scott to re-develop it, while
Sydney Boehm Sydney Boehm (April 4, 1908 – June 25, 1990) was an American screenwriter and producer. Boehm began his writing career as a newswriter for wire services and newspapers before moving on to screenwriting. His films include ''High Wall'' (1947), ...
finished writing the screenplay for ''A Most Contagious Game'', set to co-star Nelson (who also asked Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to let him play a role in ''The Viking'' but was turned down) and Martinelli. The company also announced a three-picture co-production deal with Harris-Kubrick Pictures. Writer-director
Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick (; July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and photographer. Widely considered one of the greatest filmmakers of all time, his films, almost all of which are adaptations of nove ...
and his film producer partner
James B. Harris James B. Harris (born August 3, 1928) is an American film screenwriter, producer, and director. Born in New York City, he attended the Juilliard School before entering the film industry. He worked with film director Stanley Kubrick as a produ ...
had been developing, through their own film production company, a script for ''
Paths of Glory ''Paths of Glory'' is a 1957 American anti-war film co-written and directed by Stanley Kubrick, based on the novel of the same name by Humphrey Cobb. Set during World War I, the film stars Kirk Douglas as Colonel Dax, the commanding officer of ...
'', a World War I drama authored by
Humphrey Cobb Humphrey Cobb (September 5, 1899 – April 25, 1944) was an Italian-born, Canadian-American screenwriter and novelist. He is known for writing the novel ''Paths of Glory'' (1935), which was made into an acclaimed 1957 anti-war film ''Paths ...
. Douglas made an exceptional deal with Harris-Kubrick Pictures in which, although he was co-executive producer, he would only be paid a straight salary of $350,000 as an actor and not take in any share of the film's profits (as his deal with United Artists permitted). The addition of ''Paths of Glory'' to Bryna Productions' schedule forced ''The Viking'', and also ''King Kelly'' which had been re-scripted by Allan Scott, to be pushed back by several months. Another pre-developed deal tied to Bryna Productions was Burt Arthur's novel ''
Ride Out for Revenge ''Ride Out for Revenge'' is a 1957 American Western film directed by Bernard Girard and starring Rory Calhoun, Gloria Grahame, Lloyd Bridges and Joanne Gilbert. Plot Chief Yellow Wolf and son Little Wolf walk to town (the plight of Yellow Wolf ...
'', a western about Indians and the United States Army battling it out. ''Ride Out for Revenge'' had already been adapted and scripted by Norman Retchin, who was signed by Bryna Productions as producer for the film in mid-January 1957; Retchin quickly secured
Rory Calhoun Rory Calhoun (born Francis Timothy McCown, August 8, 1922April 28, 1999) was an American film and television actor. He starred in numerous Westerns in the 1950s and 1960s, and appeared in supporting roles in films such as ''How to Marry a Millio ...
to play the lead, with co-stars
Lloyd Bridges Lloyd Vernet Bridges Jr. (January 15, 1913 – March 10, 1998) was an American film, stage and television actor who starred in a number of television series and appeared in more than 150 feature films. He was the father of four children, includi ...
and
Gloria Grahame Gloria Grahame Hallward (November 28, 1923 – October 5, 1981) was an Academy Award-winning American actress and singer. She began her acting career in theatre, and in 1944 made her first film for MGM. Despite a featured role in ''It's a Wond ...
. Myer P. Beck was appointed Sales, Advertisement and Publicity Representative for Bryna Productions in February 1957, just in time for ''Lizzie'''s publicity campaign, which rolled out to limited theater screenings that month. After the completion of ''Spring Reunion'', Betty Hutton hoped to star in ''Three Rings for Julie'', a comedy about a switchboard operator who overhears a plot for murder, as her second-contracted picture for Bryna Productions. But after ''Spring Reunion'' proved unpopular, Hutton opted not to resume her film-career.


Formation of Brynaprod and Peter Vincent Music (1957–1958)

''Paths of Glory'' started filming on March 18, 1957, at Bavaria Filmkunst in Geiselgasteig, Germany, while ''Ride Out for Revenge'' began shooting on March 28, 1957, with director
Bernard Girard Bernard Girard (February 22, 1918 – December 30, 1997) was an American screenwriter, producer and film director. Life and career A native of Vallejo, Girard served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He was nominated fo ...
on location in
Sonora, California Sonora is the county seat of Tuolumne County, California. Founded during the California Gold Rush by Mexican miners from Sonora (after which the city is named), the city population was 5,226 during the 2020 Census, an increase of 221 from the ...
. By the end of March 1957, ''The Viking'' had officially been retitled ''The Vikings'' and big-name stars like
Tony Curtis Tony Curtis (born Bernard Schwartz; June 3, 1925September 29, 2010) was an American actor whose career spanned six decades, achieving the height of his popularity in the 1950s (Kansas Raiders, 1950) and early 1960s. He acted in more than 100 f ...
and his wife
Janet Leigh Jeanette Helen Morrison (July 6, 1927 – October 3, 2004), known professionally as Janet Leigh, was an American actress, singer, dancer, and author. Her career spanned over five decades. Raised in Stockton, California, by working-class parents, ...
(who wound up co-producing the film through their film production company Curtleigh Productions),
Ernest Borgnine Ernest Borgnine (; born Ermes Effron Borgnino; January 24, 1917 – July 8, 2012) was an American actor whose career spanned over six decades. He was noted for his gruff but relaxed voice and gap-toothed Cheshire Cat grin. A popular perfor ...
and
Michael Rennie Michael Rennie (born Eric Alexander Rennie; 25 August 1909 – 10 June 1971) was a British film, television and stage actor, who had leading roles in a number of Hollywood films, including his portrayal of the space visitor Klaatu in the s ...
were signed. Leigh was also signed to an additional picture deal with Bryna Productions. ''The Vikings'' began shooting using
Technirama __NOTOC__ Technirama is a screen process that has been used by some film production houses as an alternative to CinemaScope. It was first used in 1957 but fell into disuse in the mid-1960s. The process was invented by Technicolor and is an anamo ...
cameras and Technicolor film on June 20, 1957, on location near the Finnafjorden fjords in Norway, then in Copenhagen, Denmark, followed by Brittany, France, and finally interior scenes at Bavaria Filmkunst in Geiselgasteig, Germany. While in Europe, Bryna Productions looked into the possibility of filming ''The Shadow'' in Madrid, Spain, and as so many of the company's projects were set to be done on the continent, Douglas formed a Swiss subsidiary of Bryna Productions, Brynaprod S.A. (a Swiss limited liability
Société anonyme The abbreviation S.A. or SA designates a type of limited company in certain countries, most of which have a Romance language as their official language and employ civil law. Originally, shareholders could be literally anonymous and collect div ...
). The idea of a European-based company was another influence from Hecht and Lancaster, who had formed the Liechtenstein-based Norma Productions subsidiary Joanna Productions A.G. in 1955 to produce ''
Trapeze A trapeze is a short horizontal bar hung by ropes or metal straps from a ceiling support. It is an aerial apparatus commonly found in circus performances. Trapeze acts may be static, spinning (rigged from a single point), swinging or flying, an ...
'' in France. Lewis, running Bryna Productions operations in Hollywood while Douglas was in Europe, negotiated the development of a television series based on ''The Vikings''. In May 1957, a deal was made with Morris Helprin and Alfred W. Crown's film production company, Barbizon Productions, to co-produce a pilot film for a television series to be titled ''King of the Vikings'' for
Columbia Broadcasting System CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainmen ...
. Robert Alan Aurthur was contracted to write the teleplay for the pilot, in addition to additional episodes in case the series was picked up. The pilot was filmed in London from August to September 1957 with Crown overseeing the production, but Columbia Broadcasting System did not pickup the series. Bryna Productions then planned to make the television program through a financing and distribution deal with
United Artists Television United Artists Television (UATV) was an American television production/distribution studio of United Artists Corporation that was formed on New Year's Day (January 1), 1958. The company is remembered for producing series such as ''This Man Dawson ...
and attempted to sign
Sterling Hayden Sterling Walter Hayden (born Sterling Relyea Walter; March 26, 1916 – May 23, 1986) was an American actor, author, sailor and decorated Marine Corps officer and an Office of Strategic Services' agent during World War II. A leading man for mos ...
for the lead role. Lewis was later appointed head of Bryna Productions' television department in November 1957. In September 1957, Bryna Productions moved into a luxurious new building at 250 North Canon Drive in Beverly Hills, California, on the same block as Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions' office, which was located at 202 North Canon Drive. The three-story building was designed by architect Herman Charles Light and was shared with producer
Martin Melcher Martin Melcher (August 1, 1915 – April 20, 1968) was an American motion picture and music executive. He was married to popular singer and actress Doris Day, with whom he owned a series of business ventures named Arwin. Melcher produced severa ...
and singer-actress Doris Day's film production company Arwin Productions, public relations agency
Rogers & Cowan Rogers & Cowan is a global marketing and public relations agency. A division of the Interpublic Group of Companies (NYSE: IPG), the company is based in Los Angeles, with offices in New York, Miami, and London. History Rogers & Cowan was foun ...
(who would later represent Douglas and Bryna Productions), and law firm Rosenthal & Norton. That same month, ''The Careless Years'' was released to theaters. In October 1957, after ''Paths of Glory'' had been privately screened for select members of the press, Bryna Productions optioned American-Canadian church minister-turned-master-safecracker Herbert Emerson Wilsons's autobiography, ''I Stole $16,000,000'', especially for Stanley Kubrick and James B. Harris The picture was to be the second in the co-production deal between Bryna Productions and Harris-Kubrick Pictures, which Kubrick was to write and direct, Harris to co-produce and Douglas to co-produce and star. In November 1957,
Gavin Lambert Gavin Lambert (23 July 1924 – 17 July 2005) was a British-born screenwriter, novelist and biographer who lived for part of his life in Hollywood, Los Angeles, Hollywood. His writing was mainly fiction and nonfiction about the film indust ...
was signed as story editor for ''I Stole $16,000,000.'' ''Ride Out for Revenge'' was released to theaters in October 1957. Following the success of ''The Indian Fighter'', ''Ride Out for Revenge'' marked the fourth film in a row (after ''Spring Reunion'', ''Lizzie'' and ''The Careless Years'') to lose money on its investment; nevertheless Douglas had faith in Bryna Productions' future and luckily, so did the financing and distribution companies. ''
Paths of Glory ''Paths of Glory'' is a 1957 American anti-war film co-written and directed by Stanley Kubrick, based on the novel of the same name by Humphrey Cobb. Set during World War I, the film stars Kirk Douglas as Colonel Dax, the commanding officer of ...
'' had its world premiere on October 25, 1957, in Munich, Germany, followed by its American premiere two months later, on December 20, 1957, at the Fine Arts Theater in Beverly Hills, California. It was Bryna Productions biggest success yet and the film went on to win and have nominations for several awards, including the Grand Prix de l'UCC, the Cantaclaro Award for Best American Motion Picture, Faro Island Film Festival's Humanitarian Award and Golden Train Award for Best Screenplay, the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon for Best Foreign Director, and the Jussi Award for Best Foreign Director. It was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Film from any Source,
Adolphe Menjou Adolphe Jean Menjou (February 18, 1890 – October 29, 1963) was an American actor. His career spanned both silent films and talkies. He appeared in such films as Charlie Chaplin's ''A Woman of Paris'', where he played the lead role; Stanley Ku ...
was nominated for a Golden Laurel Award for Top Male Supporting Performance, the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Drama and Faro Island Film Festival's Golden Train Award for Best Film. In 1992, the United States
National Film Preservation Board The United States National Film Preservation Board (NFPB) is the board selecting films for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry. It was established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988. The National Film Regi ...
deemed ''Paths of Glory'' "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected it for preservation in the
Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is ...
'
National Film Registry The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each selected for its historical, cultural and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB’s inception i ...
. In January 1958, Douglas signed on to star and co-produce the film ''Last Train from Harper's Station'' with
Hal B. Wallis Harold Brent Wallis (born Aaron Blum Wolowicz; October 19, 1898 – October 5, 1986) was an American film producer. He is best known for producing '' Casablanca'' (1942), '' The Adventures of Robin Hood'' (1938), and ''True Grit'' (1969), along ...
' Wallis-Hazen Productions, through Wallis' existing
Paramount Pictures Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film and television production company, production and Distribution (marketing), distribution company and the main namesake division of Paramount Global (formerly ViacomCBS). It is the fifth-oldes ...
financing and distribution deal. ''Last Train from Harper's Station'' was quickly renamed ''Showdown at Gun Hill'' when the script was completed. Meanwhile, script meetings were scheduled in Tijuana, Mexico with Herbert Emerson Wilsons, as he had been expelled from the United States and deported to Canada, for the development of his novel ''I Stole $16,000,000.''
Stewart Granger Stewart Granger (born James Lablache Stewart; 6 May 1913 – 16 August 1993) was a British film actor, mainly associated with heroic and romantic leading roles. He was a popular leading man from the 1940s to the early 1960s, rising to fame thr ...
was then announced to play the lead in the film, set to start shooting later in 1958. Kubrick eventually finished a script titled ''God Fearing Man'', but the picture was never filmed. In January 1958, Bryna Productions acquired the filming rights to
Edward Abbey Edward Paul Abbey (January 29, 1927 – March 14, 1989) was an American author, essayist, and environmental activist noted for his advocacy of environmental issues and criticism of public land policies. His best-known works include ''Desert Solit ...
's novel ''
The Brave Cowboy ''The Brave Cowboy'' (1956) was Edward Abbey's second published novel. In 1993 Dream Garden Press produced a special limited edition of the book that includes an introduction by Kirk Douglas, who was the star in the film based on the book. I ...
''. In February 1958, Douglas became attached to '' The Devil's Disciple'', a
George Bernard Shaw George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950), known at his insistence simply as Bernard Shaw, was an Irish playwright, critic, polemicist and political activist. His influence on Western theatre, culture and politics extended from ...
play which had been optioned by Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster in August 1955, with plans to film it through their production company Hecht-Lancaster Productions. The picture went through considerable delays and changes, but was originally announced to star
Laurence Olivier Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier (; 22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor and director who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, was one of a trio of male actors who dominated the Theatre of the U ...
, Burt Lancaster,
Montgomery Clift Edward Montgomery Clift (; October 17, 1920 – July 23, 1966) was an American actor. A four-time Academy Award nominee, he was known for his portrayal of "moody, sensitive young men", according to ''The New York Times''. He is best remembered ...
and
Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was a British-American actress. She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. ...
in the leads, with Olivier directing; the picture was to be filmed at a proposed ranch-studio that Hecht-Lancaster Productions was to build in the woodlands of Santa Cruz, California. Douglas came in to replace Clift as one of the leads and agreed to co-star in the film if he could also co-produce it through Bryna Productions. To please Olivier, the film was instead shot in England, and therefore, Brynaprod co-produced the film. Hecht-Lancaster Productions had by this time been renamed Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions, and the company also formed a British subsidiary to co-produce the film: Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Films. On February 28, 1958, Douglas registered another subsidiary, Bryna Corporation, though its use has not been established. In late March 1958, Lewis was appointed Vice-President of Bryna Productions, Margulies was appointed Vice-President of Public Relations Consultants, and the company welcomed three new executives: Seymour Poe as World-Wide Sales Representative, Joseph A. Barry as Eastern Story Editor and Allan Balter as Unit Publicist. German-American film director
Robert Siodmak Robert Siodmak (; 8 August 1900 – 10 March 1973) was a German film director who also worked in the United States. He is best remembered as a thriller specialist and for a series of films noirs he made in the 1940s, such as ''The Killers'' (19 ...
, who had returned to Germany, was appointed European Representative of Bryna Productions, charged as adviser and consultant on the production, distribution and exhibition of all of the company's films in the European market. The addition of the new personnel coincided with Bryna Productions' expansion program and the new representation of the company by talent agency
Music Corporation of America MCA Inc. (originally an initialism for Music Corporation of America) was an American media conglomerate founded in 1924. Originally a talent agency with artists in the music business as clients, the company became a major force in the film ind ...
. Douglas additionally formed the Bryna Productions subsidiary Peter Vincent Music Corporation, a
music publishing A music publisher is a type of publisher that specializes in distributing music. Music publishers originally published sheet music. When copyright became legally protected, music publishers started to play a role in the management of the intellect ...
company named after his third son, Peter Vincent Douglas. Douglas appointed
Martin Melcher Martin Melcher (August 1, 1915 – April 20, 1968) was an American motion picture and music executive. He was married to popular singer and actress Doris Day, with whom he owned a series of business ventures named Arwin. Melcher produced severa ...
as President of Peter Vincent Music, who in turn affiliated the company with
performance rights organization A performance rights organisation (PRO), also known as a performing rights society, provides intermediary functions, particularly collection of royalties, between copyright holders and parties who wish to use copyrighted works ''publicly'' in loc ...
Broadcast Music, Inc. Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) is a performance rights organization in the United States. It collects blanket license fees from businesses that use music, entitling those businesses to play or sync any songs from BMI's repertoire of over 20.6 milli ...
in the United States and BUMA in Europe. The purpose of Peter Vincent Music was to publish and copyright the music (theme songs, soundtracks, scores and cues) from Bryna Productions' films and administer royalties to the songwriters and composers; this too was influenced by Hecht and Lancaster's own successful music publishing venture,
Hecht-Lancaster & Buzzell Music Hecht-Lancaster & Buzzell Music, Inc. (sometimes referred to as Hecht-Lancaster-Buzzell Music Publishing, and later known as Hecht & Buzzell Music, Inc. and Colby Music, Inc.) was an American music publishing company founded by film producer Ha ...
. Peter Vincent Music's first published and copyrighted music were three songs composed by
Mario Nascimbene Mario Nascimbene (28 November 1913 – 6 January 2002) was one of the best known Italian film soundtrack composers of the 20th century. His career spanned six decades, during which time he earned several awards for the innovative contents of his ...
for ''The Vikings'', which were co-published with United Artist's music publishing imprint, Unart Music. The songs were "March of the Vikings", "Love Has Gone to Wander" and "Commento Musicale Per I Vichinghi", which featured lyrics by Joseph Lubin and arrangements by Jerome Howard. Bryna Productions also announced in March, 1958 their biggest project yet: a $15,000,000 film production of
Jules Verne Jules Gabriel Verne (;''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary''. ; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet, and playwright. His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the ''Voyages extraor ...
's adventure novel ''
Michael Strogoff ''Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar'' (french: Michel Strogoff) is a novel written by Jules Verne in 1876. Critic Leonard S. Davidow, considers it one of Verne's best books. Davidow wrote, "Jules Verne has written no better book than thi ...
.'' Verne properties had become viable material in the mid-1950s, Douglas having already co-starred in
Walt Disney Productions The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney (), is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California. Disney was originally founded on October ...
' ''
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'' (french: Vingt mille lieues sous les mers) is a classic science fiction adventure novel by French writer Jules Verne. The novel was originally serialized from March 1869 through June 1870 in Pierre-J ...
'', Michael Todd having recently released ''
Around the World in 80 Days ''Around the World in Eighty Days'' (french: link=no, Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours) is an adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, first published in French in 1872. In the story, Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employe ...
'',
Benedict Bogeaus Benedict Bogeaus (May 4, 1904, in Chicago – August 23, 1968, in Hollywood), was an independent film producer and former owner of General Service Studios. Biography and filmography Bogeaus' business career started when he was seventeen, workin ...
filming ''
From the Earth to the Moon ''From the Earth to the Moon: A Direct Route in 97 Hours, 20 Minutes'' (french: De la Terre à la Lune, trajet direct en 97 heures 20 minutes) is an 1865 novel by Jules Verne. It tells the story of the Baltimore Gun Club, a post-American Civil W ...
'' and
Charles Brackett Charles William Brackett (November 26, 1892 – March 9, 1969) was an American screenwriter and film producer. He collaborated with Billy Wilder on sixteen films. Life and career Brackett was born in Saratoga Springs, New York, the son of ...
preparing ''
Journey to the Center of the Earth ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' (french: Voyage au centre de la Terre), also translated with the variant titles ''A Journey to the Centre of the Earth'' and ''A Journey into the Interior of the Earth'', is a classic science fiction novel ...
.'' ''Michael Strogoff'', which takes place in Russia, was to be the subject of the first American-Soviet film co-production, setup jointly through the two nations' cultural exchange program. Douglas was to star in the film, along with as many American actors as the Russians would allow, with the rest of the stars, including the female lead, and cast to be played by Russian actors. Bryna Productions was adamant about ''Michael Strogoff'''s production being fully supported by both governments and a meeting was set up for April 14, 1958 with diplomats and high-ranking country officials. As Douglas was by then busy filming ''Showdown at Gun Hill'', Lewis and Margulies traveled to New York City on behalf of Bryna Productions and met with
Eric Johnston Eric Allen Johnston (December 21, 1896 – August 22, 1963) was a business owner, president of the United States Chamber of Commerce, a Republican Party activist, president of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), and a U.S. governme ...
, president of the
Motion Picture Association of America The Motion Picture Association (MPA) is an American trade association representing the five major film studios of the United States, as well as the video streaming service Netflix. Founded in 1922 as the Motion Picture Producers and Distribu ...
, Kenneth Clark, vice-president of the Motion Picture Association of America, Turner Blair Shelton, film division chief of the
United States Information Agency The United States Information Agency (USIA), which operated from 1953 to 1999, was a United States agency devoted to "public diplomacy". In 1999, prior to the reorganization of intelligence agencies by President George W. Bush, President Bill C ...
, Aleksandr A. Slavnov, head of the Soviet delegation, Aleksandr N. Davydov, head of Sovexportfilm, and Tamara Mamedov, cultural attaché for the Soviet Embassy in Washington D.C. The project was met positively and the Soviet officials were given a detailed treatment of the script and a story outline to take back to the U.S.S.R., where it was presented for ratification by top film and government officials in Moscow upon their return in early May 1958. If approved by the second committee, another meeting would be set up in Moscow, likely at the end of May 1958, where the deal would be concluded. Bryna Productions waited for the green-light on the project but it was continuously delayed. ''Showdown at Gun Hill'' started filming on March 31, 1958, using
VistaVision VistaVision is a higher resolution, widescreen variant of the 35 mm motion picture film format which was created by engineers at Paramount Pictures in 1954. Paramount never used anamorphic processes such as 2.55: 1, CinemaScope but refi ...
cameras and
Technicolor Technicolor is a series of Color motion picture film, color motion picture processes, the first version dating back to 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades. Definitive Technicolor movies using three black and white films ...
film, on location in Arizona with director
John Sturges John Eliot Sturges (; January 3, 1910 – August 18, 1992) was an American film director. His films include ''Bad Day at Black Rock'' (1955), ''Gunfight at the O.K. Corral'' (1957), ''The Magnificent Seven'' (1960), '' The Great Escape'' (1963 ...
and co-starring Douglas and
Anthony Quinn Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001), known professionally as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican-American actor. He was known for his portrayal of earthy, passionate characters "marked by a brutal and elemental v ...
.
Regal Films Regal Entertainment, Inc. (formerly and more commonly known as Regal Films) is a Philippine film production company based in Pasig. It was founded by Lily Monteverde on August 19, 1962. It has produced movies of all genres; and is the oldest s ...
filed an objection with Motion Pictures Association of America's Title Registration Bureau, claiming that ''Showdown at Gun Hill'''s title was too similar to their own film ''
Showdown at Boot Hill ''Showdown at Boot Hill'' is a 1958 American Western film directed by Gene Fowler Jr., written by Louis Vittes, and starring Charles Bronson, Robert Hutton, John Carradine, Carole Mathews, Fintan Meyler and Paul Maxey. The film was released ...
'', which was being released just as the Bryna Productions picture was being filmed. This led to the retitling of the film to ''
Last Train from Gun Hill ''Last Train from Gun Hill'' is a 1959 Western in VistaVision and Technicolor, directed by John Sturges. It stars Kirk Douglas, Anthony Quinn and Earl Holliman. Douglas and Holliman had previously appeared together in Sturges' ''Gunfight at the ...
.'' In April 1958, Bryna Productions co-purchased
William Gibson William Ford Gibson (born March 17, 1948) is an American-Canadian speculative fiction writer and essayist widely credited with pioneering the science fiction subgenre known as ''cyberpunk''. Beginning his writing career in the late 1970s, his ...
's stage play ''
Two For the Seesaw ''Two for the Seesaw'' is a 1962 American romantic-drama film directed by Robert Wise and starring Robert Mitchum and Shirley MacLaine. It was adapted from the 1958 Broadway play written by William Gibson with Henry Fonda and Anne Bancroft (who ...
'' with
Ray Stark Raymond Otto Stark (October 3, 1915 – January 17, 2004) was one of the most successful and prolific independent film producers in postwar Hollywood. Stark's background as a literary and theatrical agent prepared him to produce some of the most ...
's film production company
Seven Arts Productions Seven Arts Productions was a production company which made films for release by other studios. It was founded in 1957 by Eliot Hyman, Ray Stark, and Norman Katz. History Seven Arts' first film was ''The Gun Runners'', released by United Ar ...
. The picture was to be co-produced by the two companies with Douglas to play the lead. In mid-April 1958, Melcher secured the releasing and distribution of Peter Vincent Music's ''The Vikings'' soundtrack through
Dot Records Dot Records was an American record label founded by Randy Wood (record producer), Randy Wood and Gene Nobles that was active between 1950 and 1978. The original headquarters of Dot Records were in Gallatin, Tennessee. In 1956, the company moved ...
, but less than a month later, it was announced that it would instead be released through
United Artists Records United Artists Records was an American record label founded by Max E. Youngstein of United Artists in 1957 to issue movie soundtracks. The label expanded into other genres, such as easy listening, jazz, pop, and R&B. History Genres In 1959, ...
.


Two-picture deal with Universal-International Pictures (1958–1959)

The forthcoming release of ''The Vikings'' was to conclude Bryna Productions' six-picture agreement with United Artists; ''The Devil's Disciple'' acting as a supplementary picture, already packed under Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions' existing United Artists contract. In early May 1958, Bryna Productions signed a one-picture deal with
Universal-International Pictures Universal Pictures (legally Universal City Studios LLC, also known as Universal Studios, or simply Universal; common metonym: Uni, and formerly named Universal Film Manufacturing Company and Universal-International Pictures Inc.) is an Ameri ...
for the financing and distribution of the adventure film ''Viva, Gringo!''. The original story and screenplay by
Borden Chase Borden Chase (January 11, 1900 – March 8, 1971) was an American writer. Career Early jobs Born Frank Fowler, he left school at fourteen went through an assortment of jobs, including driving for gangster Frankie Yale and working as a sandhog ...
revolved around an American gunslinger who gets caught up in
Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa (,"Villa"
''Collins English Dictionary''.
; ;
's revolution in Mexico. With the script already completed, the picture was to have a $2,500,000 budget for authentic location shooting in Mexico, using CinemaScope cameras and Technicolor film. The film was to be co-produced between Lewis and Universal-International Pictures vice-president
Edward Muhl Edward Ellsworth Muhl (February 17, 1907 - April 22, 2001) was an American businessman and executive best known for being head of production for Universal Pictures from 1953 until his retirement in 1973. According to one writer, he played key ...
and co-star Douglas and
Rock Hudson Rock Hudson (born Roy Harold Scherer Jr.; November 17, 1925 – October 2, 1985) was an American actor. One of the most popular movie stars of his time, he had a screen career spanning more than three decades. A prominent heartthrob in the Golde ...
. Although the original Universal-International Pictures deal only called for a single film, Bryna Productions was already negotiating with the company's president,
Milton Rackmil Milton R. Rackmil (1906-1992) was the co-founder of Decca Records and head of Universal Pictures and Vice-Charman of MCA Inc. Early life and education Rackmil was born to a Jewish family on the Lower East Side of New York City and grew up in Bro ...
, for the financing and distribution of additional films, as it had done with Loew at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. By mid-May 1958, Bryna Productions had secured a second picture deal which was amended to the existing contract. The second Bryna Productions film to be financed and distributed by Universal-International Pictures was to be ''
Spartacus Spartacus ( el, Σπάρτακος '; la, Spartacus; c. 103–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising ...
'', a historical epic about the
Thracian The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied t ...
gladiator A gladiator ( la, gladiator, "swordsman", from , "sword") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gla ...
adapted from
Howard Fast Howard Melvin Fast (November 11, 1914 – March 12, 2003) was an American novelist and television writer. Fast also wrote under the pen names E.V. Cunningham and Walter Ericson. Biography Early life Fast was born in New York City. His mother, ...
's 1951 novel. Bryna Productions had hoped to make the film through United Artists, but the company had turned the project down. When pitched to Universal-International Pictures executives, ''Spartacus'' was to be directed by Laurence Olivier, with whom Douglas had become acquainted during the preparation for ''The Devil's Disciple'' (co-starring Olivier), with an assemble cast of big names, including Douglas, Olivier,
Charles Laughton Charles Laughton (1 July 1899 – 15 December 1962) was a British actor. He was trained in London at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and first appeared professionally on the stage in 1926. In 1927, he was cast in a play with his future w ...
and
Peter Ustinov Sir Peter Alexander Ustinov (born Peter Alexander Freiherr von Ustinov ; 16 April 192128 March 2004) was a British actor, filmmaker and writer. An internationally known raconteur, he was a fixture on television talk shows and lecture circuits ...
. Because of the remarkable star-power, Bryna Productions was able to secure a $4,000,000 budget for the production of ''Spartacus'', which was scheduled to start filming in October 1958, also using CinemaScope cameras and Technicolor film, immediately following the completion of ''The Devil's Disciple'' in the fall of 1958. Another project which Bryna Productions was developing in 1958 was Nikolai Narokov's newly translated Russian novel ''The Chains of Fear'', a story that takes place behind the
Iron Curtain The Iron Curtain was the political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union (USSR) to block itself and its s ...
and was to star
Ernest Borgnine Ernest Borgnine (; born Ermes Effron Borgnino; January 24, 1917 – July 8, 2012) was an American actor whose career spanned over six decades. He was noted for his gruff but relaxed voice and gap-toothed Cheshire Cat grin. A popular perfor ...
. In late May 1958, Bryna Productions announced that Tony Curtis had been cast for ''A Most Contagious Game'', and that the film would be co-produced by the actor's film production company, Curtleigh Productions for Universal-International Pictures. ''A Most Contagious Game'' was to be filmed in late 1958. '' The Vikings'' premiered in New York on June 12, 1958, at dual cinema houses in New York City: the Victoria Theatre and the Astor Theatre, which were side by side and took up a full block on Broadway between West 45th Street and West 46th Street. To promote the event, Bryna Productions commissioned the largest and costliest theater marquee-billboard advertisement ever manufactured at the time; a 261-foot long (22,825 square feet), three-dimensional, electrically articulated spectacular that extended across the entire block, hanging across the façade of both theaters. The billboard, which included 6,000 light bulbs, a 52-foot sail and eleven moving oars, alone cost $105,000 to make, which was included in United Artists' $2,000,000 advertising and publicity campaign budget allocated for the picture during the summer of 1958. The film then premiered in Los Angeles on June 19, 1958, at the Fox-Wilshire Theater; this movie house, too, was decorated with Norse-theme articles for a cost of $4,000, followed by an after-party for over 200 guests, Hollywood celebrities and members of the press. The film premiered in London on July 8, 1958, at the
Leicester Square Theatre The Leicester Square Theatre is a 400-seat theatre in Leicester Place, immediately north of Leicester Square, in the City of Westminster, London. It was previously known as Notre Dame Hall, Cavern in the Town and The Venue. The theatre hosts st ...
and was attended by
Prince Philip Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021) was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he served as the consort of the British monarch from E ...
, and the movie was also screened at a handful of European film festivals, including the
San Sebastián International Film Festival The San Sebastián International Film Festival ( SSIFF; es, Festival Internacional de San Sebastián, eu, Donostia Zinemaldia) is an annual FIAPF A category film festival held in the Spanish city of Donostia-San Sebastián in September, in th ...
in Spain and the Brussels World Film Festival in Belgium. ''The Vikings'' became one of the most successful films of 1958; it was one of the biggest money-makers of the year and was bestowed several awards. It received a Golden Laurel Award for Top Action Drama, the San Sebastián International Film Festival awarded it the Zulueta Prize, and the
Directors Guild of America The Directors Guild of America (DGA) is an entertainment guild that represents the interests of film and television directors in the United States motion picture industry and abroad. Founded as the Screen Directors Guild in 1936, the group merge ...
nominated it for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures.
United Artists Records United Artists Records was an American record label founded by Max E. Youngstein of United Artists in 1957 to issue movie soundtracks. The label expanded into other genres, such as easy listening, jazz, pop, and R&B. History Genres In 1959, ...
also released a soundtrack LP of
Mario Nascimbene Mario Nascimbene (28 November 1913 – 6 January 2002) was one of the best known Italian film soundtrack composers of the 20th century. His career spanned six decades, during which time he earned several awards for the innovative contents of his ...
's original score performed by
Hal Schaefer Hal Schaefer (22 July 1925 – 8 December 2012) was an American jazz musician and vocal coach. He coached Marilyn Monroe, Mitzi Gaynor, Judy Garland, Robert Wagner, Jane Russell and Barbra Streisand in films and musical comedy songs, and composed th ...
's Orchestra. The amount of Douglas-focused publicity surrounding ''The Vikings'', in which the actor was given credit for practically making the film on his own, lead to Bresler's departure as Producer and General Manager of Bryna Productions after three years with the company. Bresler explained that there was no enmity between him and Douglas, but that he felt more like his stooge than his partner. Bresler noted that the issue lay more in the way filmmaking was written about by members of the press and perceived by the public once an actor became an executive producer and owner of an independent film production company, which in turn led to important personnel in the film projects being left uncredited. Bresler noted that posters and advertisements for ''The Vikings'' read "A Kirk Douglas Production", while Bresler had in fact produced the film through Bryna Productions. Bresler immediately formed his own film production company, Jerry Bresler Productions, and offered Douglas the lead in either one of his first two planned productions: ''
Peer Gynt ''Peer Gynt'' (, ) is a five- act play in verse by the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen published in 1876. Written in Norwegian, it is one of the most widely performed Norwegian plays. Ibsen believed ''Per Gynt'', the Norwegian fairy tale on wh ...
'' and ''The Old Man's Place''. United Artists president Krim additionally revealed, a year later, that Douglas had deliberately exaggerated the film's cost as a publicity stunt (as Hecht-Lancaster Productions had done two years prior to publicize ''
Trapeze A trapeze is a short horizontal bar hung by ropes or metal straps from a ceiling support. It is an aerial apparatus commonly found in circus performances. Trapeze acts may be static, spinning (rigged from a single point), swinging or flying, an ...
''). Douglas and Margulies, through their press relations firm Public Relations Consultants, had told the press that ''The Vikings'' had gone overbudget by more than a million dollars, bringing the total cost of production, publicity and releasing the film to over $6,000,000; Krim corrected the figure to a final cost of $3,400,000, based on an agreed budget of $3,250,000. In June 1958, Lewis announced that Bryna Productions had secured a financing and distribution deal with United Artists Television for the production of 39 episodes for the company's first television program, ''The Vikings'' (the title ''King of the Vikings'' had been dropped). Instead of filming another pilot (which had failed to garner interest in 1957), the company instead screened ''The Vikings'' feature film to entice sponsors and explained that the television show would be shot in the same film studio in Germany and make use of the same sets, costumes and props (in which Bryna Productions had invested $300,000). Douglas remained in England after the London opening of ''The Vikings'' to work on ''The Devil's Disciple'', which began filming on July 28, 1958, with director
Alexander Mackendrick Alexander Mackendrick (September 8, 1912 – December 22, 1993) was an American-born director and professor, long based in Scotland. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and later moved to Scotland. He began making television commercials befor ...
at
Associated British Elstree Studios Elstree Studios on Shenley Road, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire is a British film and television production centre operated by Elstree Film Studios Limited. One of several facilities historically referred to as Elstree Studios, the Shenley Road ...
and on location at
Dyrham Park Dyrham Park () is a baroque English country house in an ancient deer park near the village of Dyrham in South Gloucestershire, England. The house, attached orangery, stable block, and accompanying parish church are Grade I listed buildings, wh ...
,
Hertfordshire Hertfordshire ( or ; often abbreviated Herts) is one of the home counties in southern England. It borders Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire to the north, Essex to the east, Greater London to the south, and Buckinghamshire to the west. For govern ...
in England. Lead producer Hecht was however unhappy about Mackendrick's direction and replaced him with
Guy Hamilton Mervyn Ian Guy Hamilton, DSC (16 September 1922 – 20 April 2016) was an English film director. He directed 22 films from the 1950s to the 1980s, including four James Bond films. Early life Hamilton was born in Paris on 16 September 1922, wh ...
in August 1958. In July 1958, Bryna Productions announced that it had acquired
Ray Bradbury Ray Douglas Bradbury (; August 22, 1920June 5, 2012) was an American author and screenwriter. One of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers, he worked in a variety of modes, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery, and r ...
's services as a teleplay writer for a new television series titled ''Report from Space'' (or ''Report from Outer Space'') for
National Broadcasting Company The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, a division of Comcast, its headquarters are l ...
. The half-hour episode program was to center around science fiction stories developed by Bradbury, adapted mainly from stories published in his two novels, ''
The Illustrated Man ''The Illustrated Man'' is a 1951 collection of 18 science fiction short stories by American writer Ray Bradbury. A recurring theme throughout the stories is the conflict of the cold mechanics of technology and the psychology of people. It was nom ...
'' and ''
The Martian Chronicles ''The Martian Chronicles'' is a science fiction fix-up novel, published in 1950, by American writer Ray Bradbury that chronicles the exploration and settlement of Mars, the home of indigenous Martians, by Americans leaving a troubled Earth that ...
''. Bradbury was appointed Story Editor of the series and was to write teleplays for a quarter of each season's episodes, with John Fulton producing the show. MCA tried to sell the show but there were no takers. In September 1958, while Douglas was still in England shooting ''The Devil's Disciple'', Bryna Productions' vice-president Lewis announced that the company would be filming a biopic of
Simón Bolívar Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and B ...
, to be titled ''The Adventures of Simon Bolivar'', or ''Simon Bolivar the Liberator'', with Douglas likely to play the lead. Veteran film director-producer
Cecil B. DeMille Cecil Blount DeMille (; August 12, 1881January 21, 1959) was an American film director, producer and actor. Between 1914 and 1958, he made 70 features, both silent and sound films. He is acknowledged as a founding father of the American cine ...
objected to Bryna Productions making a picture on the subject, claiming it had "reserved" the rights to a similar story back in 1938, though DeMille had no current plans to develop the story. DeMille passed away only five months later, and although Bryna Productions had hoped to film Simón Bolívar's story by the end of 1959, the project never came to fruition. Lewis also appointed George M. Cahan as producer-director and
Elmo Williams James Elmo Williams (April 30, 1913 – November 25, 2015) was an American film and television editor, producer, director and executive. His work on the film ''High Noon'' (1952) received the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. In 2006, Williams ...
(who had been second unit director on ''The Vikings'') as director and supervising editor of ''The Vikings'' television show. Cahan, in turn, hired
Talbot Jennings Talbot Lanham Jennings (August 25, 1894 – May 30, 1985) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He received two Academy Award nominations for co-writing the screenplays for ''Mutiny on the Bounty'' (1935) and '' Anna and the King of Siam' ...
,
Robert Blees Robert Blees (June 9, 1918 Lathrop, Missouri – January 31, 2015) was an American writer and producer of films and television. He died on January 31, 2015. Select filmography * ''The Glass Web'' (1953) * ''Cattle Queen of Montana'' (1954) * ''Ma ...
,
George W. George George W. George (born George Warren Goldberg; February 8, 1920 – November 7, 2007) was an American theater, Broadway and film producer. His credits included the film '' My Dinner With Andre'' (1981) and several hit Broadway productions. ...
, Lorraine Williams, Bob Mitchell,
Fred Freiberger Fred Freiberger (February 19, 1915March 2, 2003) was an American film and television writer and television producer, whose career spanned four decades and work on such films as ''The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms'' (1953) and TV series including ''Ben ...
,
DeWitt Bodeen DeWitt Bodeen (July 25, 1908 — March 12, 1988) was an American film screenwriter and television writer best known for writing ''Cat People (1942 film), Cat People'' (1942). Biography Born Homer DeWitt Bodeen on July 25, 1908, in Fresno, Cali ...
,
William Edmund Barrett William Edmund Barrett (November 16, 1900 – September 14, 1986) was an American writer, best known for the 1962 novella ''The Lilies of the Field''. Life Barrett was born in New York City November 16, 1900, to John Joseph and Eleanor Margaret (F ...
and Sidney Morse to write the teleplays. In early November 1958, Bryna Productions announced its forthcoming production plans, which included eleven films and three television series to be made for a total budget of $30,000,000 over the next three-to-four years. In addition to the previously-announced ''Spartacus'', ''Viva, Gringo!'', ''The Adventures of Simon Bolivar'', ''Michael Strogoff'', ''The Brave Cowboy'', ''The Silent Gun'', ''A Most Contagious Game'' and ''The Shadow,'' Bryna Productions added ''And the Rock Cried Out'', ''The Indian Wars'' and ''The Sun at Midnight'' to its film production schedule, together budgeted at $25,000,000. ''And the Rock Cried Out'', an original science fiction novel by Ray Bradbury, had been in circulation for some time. British director
Carol Reed Sir Carol Reed (30 December 1906 – 25 April 1976) was an English film director and producer, best known for ''Odd Man Out'' (1947), '' The Fallen Idol'' (1948), ''The Third Man'' (1949), and '' Oliver!'' (1968), for which he was awarded the ...
had optioned the property in the mid-1950s and brought it over to Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions in May 1957 as his second directorial task for the company (following ''
Trapeze A trapeze is a short horizontal bar hung by ropes or metal straps from a ceiling support. It is an aerial apparatus commonly found in circus performances. Trapeze acts may be static, spinning (rigged from a single point), swinging or flying, an ...
''). Reed and Bradbury developed a screenplay together, which was ultimately acquired by Bryna Productions in 1958 with plans to film on location in Mexico. ''The Sun at Midnight'', an original story and screenplay developed by Lewis, was set in the far north amongst the Eskimos, while ''The Indian Wars'' was a western. ''A Most Contagious Game'' was still under development with Curtis, but was pushed back as his third picture for Bryna Productions following ''The Vikings'' and ''Spartacus'', while Verne's ''Michael Strogoff'' picture budget had been reduced from $15,000,000 to $7,500,000. The remaining $5,000,000 budget was to be divided between three television series: the previously announced ''The Vikings'' and ''Report from Space'', and the newly announced ''The Indian Fighter'', adapted from Bryna Productions' 1955 feature film, set to star
John Ireland John Benjamin Ireland (January 30, 1914 – March 21, 1992) was a Canadian actor. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in ''All the King's Men'' (1949), making him the first Vancouver-born actor to receive an Oscar nomina ...
. In January 1959, Bryna Productions' three-year option on ''A Most Contagious Game'' expired and the filming rights were scooped up by
Dick Clark Richard Wagstaff Clark (November 30, 1929April 18, 2012) was an American radio and television personality, television producer and film actor, as well as a cultural icon who remains best known for hosting ''American Bandstand'' from 1956 to 198 ...
. Curtis would later option the property for development through his own film production company, Curtis Enterprises; that version of the film would also never be made. ''Spartacus'' began filming on January 5, 1959, using CinemaScope cameras and Technicolor film, in California with director
Anthony Mann Anthony Mann (born Emil Anton Bundsmann; June 30, 1906 – April 29, 1967) was an American film director and stage actor. Mann initially started as a theatre actor appearing in numerous stage productions. In 1937, he moved to Hollywood where ...
, while Bryna Productions' inaugural television show, ''
Tales of the Vikings ''Tales of the Vikings'' is an American first-run syndicated television series, first telecast on 8 September 1959 and ran through June 2, 1960. The series was produced by Kirk Douglas' production company, Brynaprod. Plot Set in tenth century Sca ...
'', setup production in black and white at Bavaria Filmkunst in Geiselgasteig, Germany with
Jerome Courtland Jerome Courtland (December 27, 1926 – March 1, 2012) was an American actor, director and producer. He acted in films in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, and in television in the 1950s and 1960s. Courtland also appeared on Broadway in the musical '' ...
in the lead; both productions would film for fourteen months. On February 16, 1959, after a full month of location shooting in
Death Valley Death Valley is a desert valley in Eastern California, in the northern Mojave Desert, bordering the Great Basin Desert. During summer, it is the Highest temperature recorded on Earth, hottest place on Earth. Death Valley's Badwater Basin is the ...
, California, followed by four days at
Universal Studios Universal Pictures (legally Universal City Studios LLC, also known as Universal Studios, or simply Universal; common metonym: Uni, and formerly named Universal Film Manufacturing Company and Universal-International Pictures Inc.) is an Ameri ...
, Mann quit the production due to artistic differences; Douglas quickly called Kubrick (who had just been fired as director of ''
One-Eyed Jacks ''One-Eyed Jacks'' is a 1961 American Western film directed by and starring Marlon Brando, his only directorial credit. Brando portrays the lead character Rio, and Karl Malden plays his partner, "Dad" Longworth. The supporting cast features Pin ...
'') to step in as ''Spartacus''' new director. In February 1959, Bryna Productions reported that ''Spartacus'' had gone $1,000,000 over its planned $5,000,000 budget; a figure that doubled to $2,000,000 by mid-April 1957. The amount overspent had increased to $4,000,000 by mid-July, and in August, Douglas and Margulies, through Public Relations Consultants, reported that the company had spent twice its intended budget, bringing the picture up to a cost of $10,000,000 and naming it the most expensive picture ever filmed in Hollywood. The press was however skeptical of these financial claims, since Bryna Productions had already been exposed for exaggerating its production costs as a publicity stunt for ''The Vikings'' the year prior. During the filming of ''Spartacus'' at Universal Studios, the production company invested in a 60-foot wide, double-tube neon sign, which was logically installed on top of a Roman temple set that overlooked the
Hollywood Freeway The Hollywood Freeway is one of the principal freeways of Los Angeles, California (the boundaries of which it does not leave) and one of the busiest in the United States. It is the principal route through the Cahuenga Pass, the primary shortcut ...
in San Fernando Valley, in such a way that nearby drivers would have no choice but be informed of the upcoming film. ''
Last Train from Gun Hill ''Last Train from Gun Hill'' is a 1959 Western in VistaVision and Technicolor, directed by John Sturges. It stars Kirk Douglas, Anthony Quinn and Earl Holliman. Douglas and Holliman had previously appeared together in Sturges' ''Gunfight at the ...
'' premiered in early July 1959 at the Capitol Theatre in New York City. The film did fairly well at the box office and Anthony Quinn was later nominated for a Golden Laurel Award for Top Action Performance. Later that month, Margulies was named executive producer of ''Tales of the Vikings'' and traveled to Germany to oversee the production with directors Cahan, Williams,
Steve Previn Stephen Wolf Previn (born Wolf Stefan Priwin; 21 October 1925 – 9 July 1993) was a German-born American director of television episodes and feature films and film production executive. Previn began his film career in 1943 as an editor for MGM an ...
and Michael Braun. Also in July 1959, Bryna Productions showed interest in filming
Milton Berle Milton Berle (born Mendel Berlinger; ; July 12, 1908 – March 27, 2002) was an American actor and comedian. His career as an entertainer spanned over 80 years, first in silent films and on stage as a child actor, then in radio, movies and tel ...
and John Roeburt's novel ''Earthquake'', a drama about a group of individuals who get stranded in Mexico when an earthquake hits. '' The Devil's Disciple'' premiered on August 20, 1959, at dual theaters (like ''The Vikings'') the Normandie Theatre and the Astor Theatre in New York City, by which time the film's co-production company, Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions had called it quits. The film later earned Olivier a BAFTA nomination for Best British Actor. ''Tales of the Vikings'' did not premiere on a network but instead went straight to
syndication Syndication may refer to: * Broadcast syndication, where individual stations buy programs outside the network system * Print syndication, where individual newspapers or magazines license news articles, columns, or comic strips * Web syndication, ...
, with broadcasts starting in early September 1959, while additional shows continued to be filmed until February 1960. In April 1959, Bryna Productions announced that it had acquired Vechel Howard's novel ''Sundown at Crazy Hose'', scheduled to be filmed under the title ''Day of the Gun'' as part of a third one-picture financing and distribution deal with Universal-International Pictures. The film was given the same production qualities as the planned ''Viva, Gringo!'', also set to star Douglas and be filmed in widescreen and color. By December 1959, ''Viva, Gringo!'' had been abandoned in favor of ''Day of the Gun'', and Rock Hudson was assigned to the new picture, with
Robert Aldrich Robert Burgess Aldrich (August 9, 1918 – December 5, 1983) was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. His notable credits include '' Vera Cruz'' (1954), ''Kiss Me Deadly'' (1955), ''The Big Knife'' (1955), '' Autumn L ...
tied as director, and
Eugene Frenke Eugene Frenke (1 January 1895- 10 March 1984) was a Ukrainian-born film producer, director and writer. He twice collaborated with the director John Huston on the films '' Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison'' and ''The Barbarian and the Geisha''. He was mar ...
and Lewis co-producing.


Negotiations with Columbia Pictures and additional deals with Universal-International Pictures (1959–1961)

Bryna Productions had earlier in 1958 negotiated with
Columbia Pictures Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. is an American film production studio that is a member of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group, a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment, which is one of the Big Five studios and a subsidiary of the mu ...
for a financing and distribution deal of a film titled ''Two-Headed Spy'', based on a development of an earlier project titled ''The Syndicate''. In September 1959, Douglas signed on to star and co-produce in
Richard Quine Richard Quine (November 12, 1920June 10, 1989) was an American director, actor, and singer. He began acting as a child in radio, vaudeville, and stage productions before being signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in his early twenties. When his acting ...
's drama '' Strangers When We Meet'', financed and to be distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film co-starred
Kim Novak Marilyn Pauline "Kim" Novak (born February 13, 1933) is an American retired film and television actress and painter. Novak began her career in 1954 after signing with Columbia Pictures and quickly became one of Hollywood's top box office stars, ...
and
Ernie Kovacs Ernest Edward Kovacs (January 23, 1919 – January 13, 1962) was a Hungarian-American comedian, actor, and writer. Kovacs's visually experimental and often spontaneous comedic style influenced numerous television comedy programs for years afte ...
and was the first movie produced through Quine's new film production company, Quine Productions (co-producing with Bryna Productions). ''The Beach Boys'', a Hawaii-based story scripted by
Blake Edwards Blake Edwards (born William Blake Crump; July 26, 1922 – December 15, 2010) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter and actor. Edwards began his career in the 1940s as an actor, but he soon began writing screenplays and radio s ...
to co-start Tony Curtis, in early 1958, was announced as the second Columbia Pictures-financed Bryna Productions film, which would be co-produced by Curtis' Curtleigh Productions. ''Strangers When We Meet'' began filming in October 1959, using CinemaScope cameras and
Eastman Color Eastmancolor is a trade name used by Eastman Kodak for a number of related film and processing technologies associated with color motion picture production and referring to George Eastman, founder of Kodak. Eastmancolor, introduced in 1950, was on ...
film, in various locations of California. Douglas' real-life sons
Peter Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a sur ...
and
Eric The given name Eric, Erich, Erikk, Erik, Erick, or Eirik is derived from the Old Norse name ''Eiríkr'' (or ''Eríkr'' in Old East Norse due to monophthongization). The first element, ''ei-'' may be derived from the older Proto-Norse ''* ain ...
had small parts in the film. In December 1959, Bryna Productions registered the titles ''War Between the Gods'', ''War of the Gods'' and ''War of Two Gods'' for upcoming projects. In mid-February 1960, Bryna Productions announced that it would make the film ''Montezuma'' as part of a new Universal-International Pictures one-picture financing and distribution deal.'''' The plot was to be a semi-fictional story, based partly on
Bernal Díaz del Castillo Bernal Díaz del Castillo ( 1492 – 3 February 1584) was a Spanish conquistador, who participated as a soldier in the conquest of the Aztec Empire under Hernán Cortés and late in his life wrote an account of the events. As an experienced ...
's memoire '' The True History of the Conquest of New Spain'', revolving around Spanish conquistador
Hernán Cortés Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (; ; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish ''conquistador'' who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of w ...
taking Aztec Emperor
Moctezuma II Moctezuma Xocoyotzin ( – 29 June 1520; oteːkˈsoːmaḁ ʃoːkoˈjoːt͡sĩn̥), nci-IPA, Motēuczōmah Xōcoyōtzin, moteːkʷˈsoːma ʃoːkoˈjoːtsin variant spellings include Motewksomah, Motecuhzomatzin, Montezuma, Moteuczoma, Motecu ...
prisoner and using the later to conquest Mexico.'''' Following ''Spartacus'', ''Viva, Gringo!'' and ''The Hot Eye of Heaven'', ''Montezuma'' was the company's fourth film to secure a deal with Universal-International Pictures. Philip Yordan was originally announced as the screenwriter for the project, though it was later revealed that he was fronting for Dalton Trumbo, who had been working on several Bryna Productions projects. In early March 1960, John Huston was approached to direct Trumbo's ''Montezuma'' script, and the film was to be co-produced by Lewis and Frenke. Douglas was to co-star as Cortés with Rock Hudson playing the role of Moctezuma II, following the pair's chemistry during the filming of ''The Hot Eye of Heaven''. ''Montezuma'' was planned to be filmed through Brynaprod, entirely on location in Mexico during the first half of 1961, with a budget comparable to ''Spartacus''', which foresaw the cost of fully rebuilding a replica of Moctezuma's
Tenochtitlan , ; es, Tenochtitlan also known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan, ; es, México-Tenochtitlan was a large Mexican in what is now the historic center of Mexico City. The exact date of the founding of the city is unclear. The date 13 March 1325 was ...
city. The film was already being advertised to the press as a ''superpic'', targeted for roadshow screenings. In early April 1960, Linn Unkefer was appointed Publicity Director of Public Relations Consultants by Margulies, set to begin the promotion of the forthcoming film ''Day of the Gun'', while Margulies was tied-up promoting ''Spartacus''. ''Day of the Gun'' started three months of filming, using Eastman Color film, on location in Mexico on May 11, 1960. As the film was being produced outside the United States, Bryna Productions produced the movie through its Swiss subsidiary, Brynaprod. By May 1960, the film's title had been changed to ''The Hot Eye of Heaven''. '' Strangers When We Meet'' premiered on June 29, 1960, at dual theater houses: the
Criterion Theatre The Criterion Theatre is a West End theatre at Piccadilly Circus in the City of Westminster, and is a Grade II* listed building. It has a seating capacity of 588. Building the theatre In 1870, the caterers Spiers and Pond began development ...
in New York City and the Trans-Lux Theatre in Washington D.C. At screenings, the movie was preceded by a half-hour promotional film of the actual building of the house featured prominently in the picture. ''
Spartacus Spartacus ( el, Σπάρτακος '; la, Spartacus; c. 103–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising ...
'' had its world premiere on October 6, 1960, at the DeMille Theatre in New York City, using a special "roadshow print";
Super Technirama 70 Super Technirama 70 was the marketing name for a special type of deluxe film exhibition that was most popular in the 1960s. It was the 70mm version of the Technirama exhibition format. Unlike Super Panavision 70 and Ultra Panavision 70, Super Tech ...
film and cameras projected on spherical (curved) screens with a magnetic six-track
stereophonic Stereophonic sound, or more commonly stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that recreates a multi-directional, 3-dimensional audible perspective. This is usually achieved by using two independent audio channels through a configuration ...
soundtrack. The film premiere was advertised by a 90-foot high, 88-foot wide billboard-marquee erected above the DeMille Theatre, which utilized over 10,000 light bulbs. By this time, Public Relations Consultants were reporting the film as having cost $12,000,000. The roadshow print then had local premiere screenings in Chicago, Los Angeles, Boston, Detroit, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, with an additional fifteen premieres in foreign countries. Subsequent screenings, once the film opened to general public theaters, would be shown on 35 mm film prints with a
monaural Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction (often shortened to mono) is sound intended to be heard as if it were emanating from one position. This contrasts with stereophonic sound or ''stereo'', which uses two separate audio channels to reproduc ...
soundtrack. ''Spartacus'' was one of the biggest box office success of 1960, 1961 and 1962 and went on to win several accolades. The film won four Academy Awards and was nominated for an additional two: Peter Ustinov won an
Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a Supporting character, suppo ...
,
Russell Metty Russell Metty, A.S.C. (September 20, 1906 – April 28, 1978) was an American cinematographerGoble, Alan. ''The Complete Index to World Film, since 1885.'' 2008Index home page who won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Color, for the 1 ...
won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Color,
Alexander Golitzen Prince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a Russian-born American production designer who oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies. Born in Moscow in the princely Golitsyn family, Alexander ...
, Eric Orbom,
Russell A. Gausman Russell A. Gausman (July 4, 1892 – May 20, 1963) was an American set decorator. He won two Academy Awards and was nominated for five more in the category Best Art Direction. He worked on nearly 700 films between 1925 and 1960. He was born ...
and
Julia Heron Julia Heron (November 21, 1897 – April 9, 1977) was an American set decorator. She won an Academy Awards, Academy Award and was nominated for four more in the category Academy Award for Best Production Design, Best Art Direction. She worke ...
shared an Academy Award for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Color,
Arlington Valles Born as Fred Valles on 4 May 1886 in London, this Hollywood costume designer took the name Arlington Valles as his professional handle, eventually jettisoning the "Arlington" part completely. He first provided costumes for the 1938 version of ''A ...
and
Bill Thomas William Marshall Thomas (born December 6, 1941) is an American politician. He was a California Republican Party, Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 2007, finishing his tenure representing California's 22 ...
shared an
Academy Award for Best Costume Design The Academy Award for Best Costume Design is one of the Academy Awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for achievement in film costume design. The award was first given in 1949, for films made in 194 ...
, Robert Lawrence was nominated for an
Academy Award for Best Film Editing The Academy Award for Best Film Editing is one of the annual awards of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Nominations for this award are closely correlated with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 33 consecutive years, ...
and
Alex North Alex North (born Isadore Soifer, December 4, 1910 – September 8, 1991) was an American composer best known for his many film scores, including ''A Streetcar Named Desire'' (one of the first jazz-based film scores), ''Viva Zapata!'', ''Spa ...
was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture. The film won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an addition five: the film itself won a
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama The Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama is a Golden Globe Award that has been awarded annually since 1944 by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA). Since its institution in 1943, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association i ...
, Kubrick was nominated for a
Golden Globe Award for Best Director The Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture is a Golden Globe Award that has been presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, an organization composed of journalists who cover the United States film industry fo ...
, Olivier was nominated for a
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama is a Golden Globe Award that was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951. Previously, there was a single award for "Best Actor i ...
, Ustinov and
Woody Strode Woodrow Wilson Woolwine Strode (July 25, 1914 – December 31, 1994) was an American athlete and actor. He was a decathlete and football star who was one of the first Black American players in the National Football League in the postwar era. Aft ...
were each nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, and Alex North was nominated for a
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score The Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score is a Golden Globe Award presented by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA), an organization of journalists who cover the United States film industry, but are affiliated with publications o ...
. Kubrick was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Film from any Source, Douglas was nominated for a Golden Laurel Award for Top Male Dramatic Performance and Ustinov was nominated for a Golden Laurel Award for Top Male Supporting Performance. The
Motion Picture Sound Editors Motion Picture Sound Editors (M.P.S.E.) is an American honorary society of motion picture sound editors founded in 1953. The society's goals are to educate others about and increase the recognition of the sound editors, show the artistic merit o ...
awarded the film a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing - Feature Film, while the
Writers Guild of America The Writers Guild of America is the joint efforts of two different US labor unions representing TV and film writers: * The Writers Guild of America, East (WGAE), headquartered in New York City and affiliated with the AFL–CIO * The Writers Guil ...
nominated Dalton Trumbo for an Award for Best Written American Drama. In 2017, the United States
National Film Preservation Board The United States National Film Preservation Board (NFPB) is the board selecting films for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry. It was established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988. The National Film Regi ...
deemed ''Spartacus'' "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected it for preservation in the
Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is ...
'
National Film Registry The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each selected for its historical, cultural and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB’s inception i ...
. Although Douglas hinted in interviews that he had no desire to produce a television series based on ''Spartacus'', a pilot episode titled "The Wooden Sword" was scripted by
Cyril Hume Cyril Hume (March 16, 1900 – March 26, 1966) was an American novelist and screenwriter. Hume was a graduate of Yale University, where he edited campus humor magazine ''The Yale Record''. He was an editor of the collection ''The Yale Record ...
, dated April 1959. In November 1960, Bryna Production announced it would next be filming Edward Abbey's novel ''The Brave Cowboy'' in mid-1961, under the title ''The Last Hero'', for a modest budget of under $1,000,000. The picture was to star Douglas and be produced and directed by Lewis; at the time, no financing or distribution deal had been set but Bryna Productions hoped to secure a deal with Universal-International Pictures.


Six-picture deal with Universal-International Pictures (1961–1963)

In January 1961, after six years as Publicity Director of Bryna Productions and Vice-President of Public Relations Consultants, Margulies left the company to join Curtleigh Productions as its new vice-president. Later that month, it was reported that Douglas and Lewis were in negotiations with
20th Century-Fox Film 20th Century Studios, Inc. (previously known as 20th Century Fox) is an American film studio, film production company headquartered at the Fox Studio Lot in the Century City area of Los Angeles. As of 2019, it serves as a film production arm o ...
, but the pair instead secured a six-picture financing and distribution deal between Universal-International Pictures and the newly activated Bryna Productions subsidiary Joel Productions, which had been registered in August 1956 and was named after Douglas' second son
Joel Douglas Joel Andrew Douglas (born January 23, 1947) is an American film producer. The second son of Kirk Douglas (1916–2020) and Diana Douglas (1923–2015), he was born one day after his mother's 24th birthday. His paternal grandparents were Je ...
. The six-picture deal retroactively included ''Montezuma'' and ''The Last Hero'', which had both been discussed with the major studio in 1960. In February 1961, Bryna Productions announced that it would be filming ''Montezuma'' in Hollywood instead of Mexico. While early announcements had given talk to opposition from the Mexican government and competition from Mexican film producers, the reason for switching to an American-made film was motivated by
President John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until assassination of Joh ...
's speech to buy American to combat the country's gold deficit. Director John Huston was then re-writing the screenplay and the company was attempting to secure Marlon Brando for the role of Moctezuma II, with a budget of $10,000,000. The company also announced that month that it had acquired
Philip MacDonald Philip MacDonald (5 November 1900 – 10 December 1980) was a British-born writer of fiction and screenplays, best known for Thriller (genre), thrillers. Life and work MacDonald was born in London, the son of author Ronald MacDonald and actress ...
's mystery novel ''The List of Adrian Messenger'', planned for an early 1962 shooting with
Alec Coppel Alec Coppel (17 September 1907 – 22 January 1972) was an Australian-born screenwriter, novelist and playwright. He spent the majority of his career in London and Hollywood, specialising in light thrillers, mysteries and sex comedies. He is best ...
writing the screenplay. Lewis would produce the film as part of Universal-International Pictures' six-picture financing and distribution deal. ''The Last Hero'' began filming with director David Miller on May 1, 1961, using
Panavision Panavision is an American motion picture equipment company founded in 1953 specializing in cameras and lenses, based in Woodland Hills, California. Formed by Robert Gottschalk as a small partnership to create anamorphic projection lenses during ...
cameras with black and white film, on location at Paradise Hills, New Mexico, followed by additional photography in the
Sandia Mountains The Sandia Mountains (Southern Tiwa: ''Posu gai hoo-oo'', Keres: ''Tsepe,'' Navajo: ''Dził Nááyisí''; Tewa: ''O:ku:p’į'', Northern Tiwa: ''Kep’íanenemą''; Towa: ''Kiutawe'', Zuni: ''Chibiya Yalanne'') are a mountain range located in ...
, east of
Albuquerque Albuquerque ( ; ), ; kee, Arawageeki; tow, Vakêêke; zun, Alo:ke:k'ya; apj, Gołgéeki'yé. abbreviated ABQ, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico. Its nicknames, The Duke City and Burque, both reference its founding in ...
. Douglas' eldest, sixteen year old Michael, who aspired to be an actor, spent the summer working on the film doing various jobs to learn the business. ''The Hot Eye of Heaven'' was again retitled, this time to '' The Last Sunset'', and premiered on June 8, 1961, at dual theaters in New York City: the Palace Theatre and the Trans-Lux 85th Street Theatre. Although it received mixed reviews, the film did well at the box office and Douglas was nominated for a Golden Laurel Award for Top Action Performance. After the completion of ''The Last Hero'', which was retitled ''Lonely Are the Brave'', Miller directed a new trailer for ''Spartacus'', the purpose of which was to promote a relaunch of the film, a year after its inaugural release, to smaller film houses. In mid-August 1961, Lewis traveled to Mexico for two weeks of location scouting for ''Montezuma'', which had been retitled ''Savages''. Upon his return, Brynaprod announced that ''Savages'' would be filmed entirely in Mexico, on location in
Cuernavaca Cuernavaca (; nci-IPA, Cuauhnāhuac, kʷawˈnaːwak "near the woods", ) is the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico. The city is located around a 90-minute drive south of Mexico City using the Federal Highway 95D. The na ...
and at
Churubusco Studios Estudios Churubusco is one of the oldest and largest movie studios in Mexico. It is located in the Churubusco neighborhood of Mexico City. History It was inaugurated in 1945 after a 1943 agreement between RKO and Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta (of ...
, starting October 1961. Mexican producer
Olallo Rubio Olallo Rubio is a Mexican filmmaker and broadcaster. He is known for his documentaries '' So, What's Your Price?'', '' Gimme the Power'' and '' Ilusión Nacional'', and the feature film '' This Is Not a Movie'' Career Rubio's career began in ...
was to be tied to the production and help in securing the crew necessary on the forthcoming multi-million dollar epic picture. Rubio revealed that although the Mexican film production staff was eager to give Douglas and Lewis the red carpet treatment and push for the making of the film, the Mexican Film Bureau still needed to approve of the script. In January 1962,
Charles Schnee Charles Schnee (6 August 1916 Bridgeport, Connecticut - 29 November 1963 Beverly Hills, California) was a screenwriter and film producer. He wrote the scripts for the Westerns '' Red River'' (1948) and '' The Furies'' (1950), the social melodrama ...
was recruited to rewrite ''The List of Adrian Messenger''. A month later, in early February 1962, it was announced that Joel Productions had purchased the stage and filming rights to
Ken Kesey Ken Elton Kesey (September 17, 1935 – November 10, 2001) was an American novelist, essayist and countercultural figure. He considered himself a link between the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the hippies of the 1960s. Kesey was born in ...
's novel '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', less than a week after it had been published. The property was one of Douglas' most treasured acquisition and, on par with ''The Shadow'', would be the project which he attempted to bring to the screen for the longest period of time. Douglas immediately planned to star in both the stage and screen versions of the novel and first hired
William Peter Blatty William Peter Blatty (January 7, 1928 – January 12, 2017) was an American writer, director and producer. He is best known for his 1971 novel, ''The Exorcist'', and for his 1974 screenplay for the film adaptation of the same name. Blatty won ...
, then
Dale Wasserman Dale Wasserman (November 2, 1914 – December 21, 2008) was an American playwright, perhaps best known for his book for Man of La Mancha. Early life Dale Wasserman was born in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, the child of Russian immigrants Samuel W ...
, to adapt the stage play and screenplay.
George Roy Hill George Roy Hill (December 20, 1921 – December 27, 2002) was an American film director. He is most noted for directing such films as ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid'' (1969) and ''The Sting'' (1973), both starring Paul Newman and Robert Re ...
was also to direct both the stage play and the filmed version, with Joel Productions planning to enter the legitimate theater by producing the stage version prior to the motion picture. Also in February 1962, Bryna Productions and
Rod Serling Rodman Edward Serling (December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975) was an American screenwriter, playwright, television producer, and narrator/on-screen host, best known for his live television dramas of the 1950s and his anthology television series ' ...
's film production company,
Cayuga Productions Rodman Edward Serling (December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975) was an American screenwriter, playwright, television producer, and narrator/on-screen host, best known for his live television dramas of the 1950s and his anthology television series ' ...
, began looking into co-producing a film together. The addition of ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' to the company's schedule brought the total number of active productions to six, which were planned to be filmed between 1962 and 1963. The company hoped to make ''The List of Adrian Messenger'', set to start in the spring of 1962 through Joel Productions, ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', as a play in late 1962, followed by the film in early 1963, also through Joel Productions, ''Montezuma'', scheduled to be filmed in late 1963 through Brynaprod (indicating it would likely be filmed outside the United States, and in Mexico, once again), and two additional films to be produced through Joel Productions without Douglas starring, for release in 1962 and 1963. ''
Lonely Are the Brave ''Lonely Are the Brave'' is a 1962 American black and white Western film adaptation of the Edward Abbey novel ''The Brave Cowboy'' directed by David Miller from a screenplay by Dalton Trumbo and starring Kirk Douglas, Gena Rowlands and Walter ...
'' premiered at the Majestic Theatre in Huston, Texas on May 24, 1962. The film was a success and the
Motion Picture Sound Editors Motion Picture Sound Editors (M.P.S.E.) is an American honorary society of motion picture sound editors founded in 1953. The society's goals are to educate others about and increase the recognition of the sound editors, show the artistic merit o ...
awarded it a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing - Feature Film. Douglas was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor and a Golden Laurel Award for Top Action Performance. In early August 1962, Brynaprod announced that Nick Adams had been cast as Douglas' co-star in ''Montezuma''. ''The List of Adrian Messenger'' began shooting with director John Huston at Elstree Studios in England, in early September 1962, followed by select location filming in Europe. It was also announced in September 1962 that Douglas, Lewis, writer
Rod Serling Rodman Edward Serling (December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975) was an American screenwriter, playwright, television producer, and narrator/on-screen host, best known for his live television dramas of the 1950s and his anthology television series ' ...
and director
John Frankenheimer John Michael Frankenheimer (February 19, 1930 – July 6, 2002) was an American film and television director known for social dramas and action/suspense films. Among his credits were ''Birdman of Alcatraz'' (1962), ''The Manchurian Candidate'' (1 ...
had formed a new partnership, under Joel Productions' flagship, and together purchased the filming rights to
Fletcher Knebel Fletcher Knebel (October 1, 1911 – February 26, 1993) was an American author of several popular works of political fiction. Knebel was born in Dayton, Ohio, but relocated a number of times during his youth. He graduated from high school in Y ...
and
Charles W. Bailey II Charles Waldo Bailey II (April 28, 1929January 3, 2012) was an American journalist, newspaper editor and novelist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of John Washburn Bailey and Catherine (née Smith), he graduated from Harvard University in ...
's novel ''
Seven Days in May ''Seven Days in May'' is a 1964 American political thriller film about a military-political cabal's planned takeover of the United States government in reaction to the president's negotiation of a disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. The f ...
'', days before it was published. ''Seven Days in May'', to be co-produced through Joel Productions, Cayuga Productions and the newly-formed
John Frankenheimer Productions John Michael Frankenheimer (February 19, 1930 – July 6, 2002) was an American film and television director known for social dramas and action/suspense films. Among his credits were ''Birdman of Alcatraz'' (1962), '' The Manchurian Candidate'' ( ...
, marked the first of eight pictures directed by Frankenheimer and produced by Lewis. On December 24, 1962, Peter Vincent Music was dissolved and merged into Bryna Productions. In February 1963, Joel Productions announced that Douglas, Lancaster and
Spencer Tracy Spencer Bonaventure Tracy (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American actor. He was known for his natural performing style and versatility. One of the major stars of Hollywood's Golden Age, Tracy was the first actor to win two cons ...
would co-star in ''Seven Days in May''. A month later, however, the company revealed that
Fredric March Fredric March (born Ernest Frederick McIntyre Bickel; August 31, 1897 – April 14, 1975) was an American actor, regarded as one of Hollywood's most celebrated, versatile stars of the 1930s and 1940s.Obituary ''Variety'', April 16, 1975, p ...
had replaced Tracy, who exited the project after arguments over receiving sole top-billing.


Four-picture and one-play deal with Seven Arts Productions and formation of Eric Productions (1963)

In mid-April 1963, it was announced that Joel Productions had secured a four motion picture and one theatrical play financing deal with
Seven Arts Productions Seven Arts Productions was a production company which made films for release by other studios. It was founded in 1957 by Eliot Hyman, Ray Stark, and Norman Katz. History Seven Arts' first film was ''The Gun Runners'', released by United Ar ...
, the later of which would also be responsible for securing the distribution of the films. While Seven Arts Productions had originally started as an independent film production company in the 1950s, it had grown considerably and was then a non-distributing financing unit, funding outside pictures. The pact started with ''Seven Days in May'', which was to be co-produced by Joel Productions and Frankenheimer's new film production company,
John Frankenheimer Productions John Michael Frankenheimer (February 19, 1930 – July 6, 2002) was an American film and television director known for social dramas and action/suspense films. Among his credits were ''Birdman of Alcatraz'' (1962), '' The Manchurian Candidate'' ( ...
, and be distributed by
Paramount Pictures Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film and television production company, production and Distribution (marketing), distribution company and the main namesake division of Paramount Global (formerly ViacomCBS). It is the fifth-oldes ...
. The two companies would next stage the theatrical production of ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' in late 1963, followed by the film version, planned to be directed by
Sidney Lumet Sidney Arthur Lumet ( ; June 25, 1924 – April 9, 2011) was an American film director. He was nominated five times for the Academy Award: four for Best Director for ''12 Angry Men'' (1957), ''Dog Day Afternoon'' (1975), ''Network'' (1976), ...
in early 1964. While the remaining two film property options in the agreement were not selected at the time of the announcement, one was later revealed to be ''Seconds'', to be filmed in mid-1964. In early May 1963, Brynaprod announced that ''Montezuma'' would begin filming on location in Mexico, with a budget of $11,000,000, in January 1964. Set to co-star in the film were Douglas as Hernán Cortés,
Yul Brynner Yuliy Borisovich Briner (russian: link=no, Юлий Борисович Бринер; July 11, 1920 – October 10, 1985), known professionally as Yul Brynner, was a Russian-born actor. He was best known for his portrayal of King Mongkut in the ...
(who was to co-produce the picture) as Moctezuma II and
Sophia Loren Sofia Costanza Brigida Villani Scicolone (; born 20 September 1934), known professionally as Sophia Loren ( , ), is an Italian actress. She was named by the American Film Institute as one of the greatest female stars of Classical Hollywood ci ...
as
La Malinche Marina or Malintzin ( 1500 – 1529), more popularly known as La Malinche , a Nahua peoples , Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, became known for contributing to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521), by acting as an in ...
; the role of
Cuauhtémoc Cuauhtémoc (, ), also known as Cuauhtemotzín, Guatimozín, or Guatémoc, was the Aztec ruler (''tlatoani'') of Tenochtitlan from 1520 to 1521, making him the last Aztec Emperor. The name Cuauhtemōc means "one who has descended like an eagle" ...
was to be given to a noted Mexican actor. The film was to be the most expensive motion picture ever filmed in Mexico and its production had been approved by the Mexican government. ''Seven Days in May'' began shooting at
Paramount Studios Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film and television production and distribution company and the main namesake division of Paramount Global (formerly ViacomCBS). It is the fifth-oldest film studio in the world, the second-oldest ...
on May 15, 1963, followed by several key locations in Washington D.C., San Diego, California, Arizona and Virginia. ''
The List of Adrian Messenger ''The List of Adrian Messenger'' is a 1963 American mystery film directed by John Huston starring Kirk Douglas, George C. Scott, Dana Wynter, Clive Brook, Gladys Cooper and Herbert Marshall. It is based on a 1959 novel of the same name written by ...
'' premiered on May 29, 1963, at dual theaters in New York City: the Warner Theatre and the Trans-Lux 52nd Street Theatre, followed by a Memorial Day weekend nationwide opening. The film was highly publicized and did well at the box office; it was also nominated for an Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture. In July 1963, Joel Productions announced that it had acquired David Ely's novel ''Seconds'' for $175,000, in cooperation with John Frankenheimer Productions. The production team immediately hired
Lewis John Carlino Lewis John Carlino (January 1, 1932 – June 17, 2020) was an American screenwriter and director. His career spanned five decades and included such works as '' The Fox'', '' The Brotherhood'', '' The Mechanic'', '' The Sailor Who Fell from Grace ...
to write the screenplay, with Douglas set to play the lead, and planned for a March 1964 shooting. In mid-October 1963, it was reported that Lewis and Frankenheimer would team up for a one-off picture deal for
The Mirisch Corporation The Mirisch Company was an American film production company owned by Walter Mirisch and his brothers, Marvin and Harold Mirisch. The company also had sister firms known at various times as Mirisch Production Company, Mirisch Pictures Inc., Mirisc ...
. ''The Confessor'' was to star
Anthony Perkins Anthony Perkins (April 4, 1932 – September 12, 1992) was an American actor, director, and singer. Perkins is best remembered for his role as Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock's suspense thriller '' Psycho'', which made him an influential ...
(later replaced by Tony Curtis) and
Henry Fonda Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American actor. He had a career that spanned five decades on Broadway and in Hollywood. He cultivated an everyman screen image in several films considered to be classics. Born and rai ...
, from a screenplay by Carlino based on Jackson Donahue's novel of the same name. It was to be Lewis' first project outside of the Bryna Productions umbrella since 1956; the project would however never make it to film. Although the stage version of ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' was originally to be produced directly through Joel Productions, Douglas and Lewis formed a new Bryna Productions subsidiary, Eric Productions, Incorporated, named after Douglas' fourth and youngest son,
Eric Douglas Eric Anthony Douglas (June 21, 1958 – July 6, 2004) was an American actor and stand-up comedian. Douglas was the youngest son of actor Kirk Douglas and his second wife Anne Buydens. His half brother was actor and producer Michael Douglas. Dougl ...
. The play was co-produced by Seven Arts Productions, which put up the $175,000 bankroll, and Broadway theatrical producer
David Merrick David Merrick (born David Lee Margoulis; November 27, 1911 – April 25, 2000) was an American theatrical producer who won a number of Tony Awards. Life and career Born David Lee Margulois to Jewish parents in St. Louis, Missouri, Merrick gradua ...
, and was directed by
Alex Segal Alex Segal (July 1, 1915 – August 22, 1977) was an American television director, television producer, and film director. Segal directed more than 25 different television programs, including ''The United States Steel Hour'' and ''Celanese The ...
. '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' opened off-Broadway at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut on October 24, 1963, running for three performances until October 26, 1963. It then opened at the Shubert Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts on October 24, 1963, running for thirteen performances until November 9, 1963. The troupe was originally planning to perform for a week at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit, Michigan, but the engagement was cancelled. The play finally opened on Broadway at the
Cort Theatre The James Earl Jones Theatre, originally the Cort Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 138 West 48th Street, between Seventh Avenue and Sixth Avenue, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. It was built in ...
on November 13, 1963, where it ran for 82 performances until January 25, 1964. Douglas had anticipated the play to do well and rented a luxurious apartment in Manhattan for his family during its run, but the reviewers were divided; Douglas universally received favorable praise for his performance, but the play itself was generally disliked, which in turn soured the major studios from wanting to invest in a film version. The remaining three pictures as part of the Seven Arts Productions deal would never be made.


Three-picture deal with Paramount Pictures and formation of Douglas and Lewis Productions (1963–1965)

In December 1963, Douglas' company was restructured, which resulted with the formation of Douglas and Lewis Productions. Lewis was welcomed as a full partner in the corporation as part of a seven-year agreement with Douglas. The new film production unit was filed as a subsidiary of the newly established umbrella corporation Kirk Douglas Enterprises, which oversaw the former assets of Bryna Productions, Brynaprod, Michael Productions, Joel Productions, Eric Productions, Peter Vincent Music and Public Relations Consultants. Milton Shapiro, formerly an executive for Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions and Secretary of Bryna Productions, was appointed Treasurer of Kirk Douglas Enterprises. The new company announced a $15,000,000 1964–1965 program for the production of motion pictures, stage plays, television series and other commercial interests, all to be made directly through Douglas and Lewis Productions. The films announced on the production schedule included ''Seconds'', to begin filming in June 1964 with director-co-producer Frankenheimer and starring Douglas, ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', to start filming in late 1964 with Douglas in the lead, and ''Montezuma'', which would cost between $10–12,000,000 and would be filmed in 1965. Ken Kesey was additionally commissioned to write an original story for screen adaptation. Douglas and Lewis Productions also planned to prolong the stage production of ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' with engagements on the West Coast and in England, but with another actor replacing Douglas in the lead. Following exhibitor screenings during the first week of December 1963, ''
Seven Days in May ''Seven Days in May'' is a 1964 American political thriller film about a military-political cabal's planned takeover of the United States government in reaction to the president's negotiation of a disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. The f ...
'' premiered on February 12, 1964. The film had a special cameo appearance by Douglas and Lewis Productions secretary Maggie Smith, whose picture appears on Frederic March's desk as the president's wife. ''Seven Days in May'' was the company's biggest success since ''Spartacus'' four years prior, and the picture went on to win several accolades. It was nominated for two Academy Awards: one for
Edmond O'Brien Eamon Joseph O'Brien (September 10, 1915 – May 9, 1985) was an American actor and film director. His career spanned almost 40 years, and he won one Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. O'Brien w ...
for
Best Actor in a Supporting Role Best Actor in a Supporting Role may refer to: * AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role * BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role * Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male * Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a S ...
, another for Cary Odell and Edward G. Boyle for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black and White. Edmond O'Brien won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, while Frederic March was nominated for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, Frankenheimer was nominated for
Best Director Best Director is the name of an award which is presented by various film, television and theatre organizations, festivals, and people's awards. It may refer to: Film awards * AACTA Award for Best Direction * Academy Award for Best Director * BA ...
and
Jerry Goldsmith Jerrald King Goldsmith (February 10, 1929July 21, 2004) was an American composer and conductor known for his work in film and television scoring. He composed scores for five films in the ''Star Trek'' franchise and three in the Rambo (franchise) ...
was nominated for Best Original Score. The Writers Guild of America nominated Serling for Best Written American Drama, while the Golden Laurel Awards nominated Lancaster for Top Male Dramatic Performance and the film itself for Top Drama. Frankenheimer received a Boxoffice Blue Ribbon Award for Best Picture of the Month and a Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film, and March won a David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor. In late February 1964, Douglas and Lewis Productions announced that a three-picture financing and distribution deal had been signed with Paramount Pictures. Douglas was to star in two of the three properties, the first of which was to be ''Seconds'', set to go into pre-production in March 1964, once Douglas returned from a European trip promoting ''Seven Days in May''. While the two other properties as part of the Paramount Pictures deal were not immediately set, ''Montezuma'' was quickly added as the sophomore project, while the third picture was to be determined at a later time. Plans to film ''Seconds'' were first delayed when Douglas accepted to appear in ''
In Harm's Way ''In Harm's Way'' is a 1965 American epic war film produced and directed by Otto Preminger and starring John Wayne, Kirk Douglas and Patricia Neal, with a supporting cast featuring Henry Fonda in a lengthy cameo, Tom Tryon, Paula Prentiss, Stanle ...
'' for director-producer
Otto Preminger Otto Ludwig Preminger ( , ; 5 December 1905 – 23 April 1986) was an Austrian-American theatre and film director, film producer, and actor. He directed more than 35 feature films in a five-decade career after leaving the theatre. He first gai ...
, and again when he began filming ''
The Heroes of Telemark ''The Heroes of Telemark'' is a 1965 British war film directed by Anthony Mann based on the true story of the Norwegian heavy water sabotage during the Second World War from ''Skis Against the Atom'', the memoirs of Norwegian resistance soldier ...
'' for director Anthony Mann on location in
Rjukan Rjukan () is a town and the administrative centre of Tinn municipality in Telemark, Norway. It is situated in Vestfjorddalen, between Møsvatn and Lake Tinn, and got its name after Rjukan Falls west of the town. The Tinn municipality council grant ...
, Norway. Meanwhile, Lewis continued to develop film properties with Frankenheimer. In November 1964, after months of development, Douglas and Lewis Productions announced that it would be co-producing ''
Grand Prix Grand Prix ( , meaning ''Grand Prize''; plural Grands Prix), is a name sometimes used for competitions or sport events, alluding to the winner receiving a prize, trophy or honour Grand Prix or grand prix may refer to: Arts and entertainment ...
'' with John Frankenheimer Productions. ''Grand Prix'', a drama about the turbulent lives of racecar drivers, was to be directed by Frankenheimer, using the new
Cinerama Cinerama is a widescreen process that originally projected images simultaneously from three synchronized 35mm projectors onto a huge, deeply curved screen, subtending 146° of arc. The trademarked process was marketed by the Cinerama corporati ...
single-lens process, and based on an original screenplay by Carlino. Due to further outside commitments, Douglas' participation with Douglas and Lewis Productions was reduced considerably. He spent most of 1965 filming in Europe, first in France for producer
Paul Graetz Paul Graetz (8 August 1889 – 16 February 1937) was a German actor and star of the Weimar cabaret. Selected filmography * '' The Peruvian'' (1919) * ''The Princess of the Nile'' (1920) * ''Christian Wahnschaffe'' (1920) * ''Mary Magdalene'' (19 ...
's Transcontinental Films production '' Is Paris Burning?'', then in Italy and Israel for writer-director-producer
Melville Shavelson Melville Shavelson (April 1, 1917 – August 8, 2007) was an Americans, American film director, producer, screenwriter, and author. He was President of the Writers Guild of America, West (WGAw) from 1969 to 1971, 1979 to 1981, and 1985 to 1 ...
's ''
Cast a Giant Shadow ''Cast a Giant Shadow'' is a 1966 big-budget action film based on the life of Colonel Mickey Marcus, and stars Kirk Douglas, Senta Berger, Yul Brynner, John Wayne, Frank Sinatra and Angie Dickinson. Melville Shavelson adapted, produced and direct ...
'', which was co-produced through Shavelson's
Llenroc Productions Melville Shavelson (April 1, 1917 – August 8, 2007) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and author. He was President of the Writers Guild of America, West (WGAw) from 1969 to 1971, 1979 to 1981, and 1985 to 1987. Biogr ...
, John Wayne's
Batjac Productions Batjac Productions is an independent film production company co-founded by John Wayne in 1952 as a vehicle for Wayne to both produce and star in movies. The first Batjac production was '' Big Jim McLain'' released by Warner Bros. in 1952, and its ...
and the Mirisch brothers'
The Mirisch Corporation The Mirisch Company was an American film production company owned by Walter Mirisch and his brothers, Marvin and Harold Mirisch. The company also had sister firms known at various times as Mirisch Production Company, Mirisch Pictures Inc., Mirisc ...
.


One-picture deals with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Brothers Pictures (1965–1966)

By February 1965, Rock Hudson had been signed for the lead in ''Seconds'' as a co-production between Douglas and Lewis Productions, John Frankenheimer Productions and Hudson's Gibraltar Productions, while ''Grand Prix'' was to star Douglas, Lancaster and
Shirley MacLaine Shirley MacLaine (born Shirley MacLean Beaty, April 24, 1934) is an American actress, author, and former dancer. Known for her portrayals of quirky, strong-willed and eccentric women, MacLaine has received numerous accolades over her seven-dec ...
as a co-production between Douglas and Lewis Productions, John Frankenheimer Productions and Lancaster's
Norlan Productions Hecht-Hill-Lancaster was a production company formed by the actor Burt Lancaster in association with his agent, Harold Hecht, and James Hill. In 1948 Lancaster and Hecht formed Norma Productions (named after his wife), which later became Hecht-La ...
. In March 1965, Lewis and Frankenheimer began the negotiation for a one-picture financing and distribution deal for ''Grand Prix'' with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It would take until September 1965 for the contracts to be signed. It was also announced in March 1965 that Douglas and Lewis Productions and John Frankenheimer Productions had together purchased the filming rights to
Robert Daley Robert Daley (born 1930 in New York City), is an American writer of novels and non-fiction. He is the author of 31 books, six of which have been adapted for film, and a hundred or so magazine articles and stories. Daley graduated from Fordham ...
's photo-documentary book ''The Cruel Sport''. The property was planned to be made into a television pictures series to parallel ''Grand Prix''; both were to be filmed at the same time, in the same manner as ''The Vikings'' and ''Tales of the Vikings'' had been produced. The television series, however, became questionable when
John Sturges John Eliot Sturges (; January 3, 1910 – August 18, 1992) was an American film director. His films include ''Bad Day at Black Rock'' (1955), ''Gunfight at the O.K. Corral'' (1957), ''The Magnificent Seven'' (1960), '' The Great Escape'' (1963 ...
' Alpha Productions and
Steve McQueen Terrence Stephen McQueen (March 24, 1930November 7, 1980) was an American actor. His antihero persona, emphasized during the height of the counterculture of the 1960s, made him a top box-office draw for his films of the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1 ...
's Solar Productions threatened a lawsuit, claiming they had already purchased the rights to the novel and planned to make their own picture about auto racing. In May 1965, the production team signed an exclusive two-year contract with all of the official European Grand Prix racing circuits and European Endurance racing circuits. The deal gave Douglas and Lewis Productions and John Frankenheimer Productions the exclusive filming rights of the races and the use of the tracks during the off-season. ''Seconds'' began filming on June 14, 1965, at Paramount Studios, followed by location shooting in Malibu and the Pacific Coast Highway in California and in New York City and Scarsdale in New York. By September 1965, when the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract for ''Grand Prix'' was finally concluded, Robert Alan Aurthur had replaced Carlino as screenwriter and Hudson was approached to play one of the leads in the $9,000,000-budgeted film. Douglas had pulled out from co-starring in ''Grand Prix'' in favor of appearing in ''
The Way West ''The Way West'' is a 1949 western novel by A. B. Guthrie, Jr. The book won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1950 and became the basis for a film starring Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, and Richard Widmark. The novel is one in the sequence o ...
'' for Harold Hecht, a western project which Hecht-Lancaster Productions had been developing since late 1953, and ''
The War Wagon ''The War Wagon'' is a 1967 American Western (genre), Western heist film directed by Burt Kennedy and starring John Wayne and Kirk Douglas. Released by Universal Pictures, it was produced by Marvin John Schwartz, Marvin Schwartz and adapted by ...
'' for John Wayne's Batjac Productions. In October 1965, Douglas and Lewis Productions announced that it had secured a one-picture financing and distribution deal with
Warner Brothers Pictures Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly known as Warner Bros. or abbreviated as WB) is an American film and entertainment studio headquartered at the Warner Bros. Studios complex in Burbank, California, and a subsidiary of Warner Bros. D ...
for ''The Hoods.'' ''The Hoods'' (later released as ''The Brotherhood''), was an original screenplay by Carlino about the mafia and was to star Douglas. Lewis was to produce the film while
Martin Ritt Martin Ritt (March 2, 1914 – December 8, 1990) was an American director and actor who worked in both film and theater, noted for his socially conscious films. Some of the films he directed include ''The Long, Hot Summer'' (1958), '' The Black ...
would direct and co-produce through his film production company, Martin Ritt Productions. In November 1965,
Albert Maltz Albert Maltz (; October 28, 1908 – April 26, 1985) was an American playwright, fiction writer and screenwriter. He was one of the Hollywood Ten who were jailed in 1950 for their 1947 refusal to testify before the US Congress about their invol ...
's original screenplay ''Bar Silver'', loosely based on Robert Lewis Stevenson's ''
Treasure Island ''Treasure Island'' (originally titled ''The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys''Hammond, J. R. 1984. "Treasure Island." In ''A Robert Louis Stevenson Companion'', Palgrave Macmillan Literary Companions. London: Palgrave Macmillan. .) is an adventure no ...
'', was completed and delivered to Bryna Productions. ''Bar Silver'' would go through several rewrites by Douglas,
Sid Fleischman Albert Sidney Fleischman (born Avron Zalmon Fleischman; March 16, 1920 – March 17, 2010) was an American author of children's books, screenplays, novels for adults, and nonfiction books about stage magic. His works for children are known for t ...
and Richard Freed, and titles, including ''The Rascals'' and ''Scalawag'', before it was filmed. Another property acquired around this time was
Yukio Mishima , born , was a Japanese author, poet, playwright, actor, model, Shintoist, Nationalism, nationalist, and founder of the , an unarmed civilian militia. Mishima is considered one of the most important Japanese authors of the 20th century. He was ...
's '' The Sailor Who Fell From Grace With the Sea'', with Carlino assigned to write the screenplay. Ten years later, Carlino would direct the film, with no ties to Bryna Productions. ''Seconds'' premiered on May 16, 1966, at the
Cannes International Film Festival The Cannes Festival (; french: link=no, Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films o ...
, where it competed as the United States' film entry and was nominated for a Palme D'Or. The film later opened to American theaters in September 1966 and was well received by the press and public. Hudson was nominated for a Bambi Award for Best Actor - International while
James Wong Howe Wong Tung Jim, A.S.C. (; August 28, 1899 – July 12, 1976), known professionally as James Wong Howe (Houghto), was a Chinese-born American cinematographer who worked on over 130 films. During the 1930s and 1940s, he was one of the most soug ...
was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black and White. In 2015, the United States
National Film Preservation Board The United States National Film Preservation Board (NFPB) is the board selecting films for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry. It was established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988. The National Film Regi ...
deemed ''Seconds'' "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected it for preservation in the
Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is ...
'
National Film Registry The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each selected for its historical, cultural and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB’s inception i ...
. In February 1966,
James Garner James Garner (born James Scott Bumgarner; April 7, 1928 – July 19, 2014) was an American actor. He played leading roles in more than 50 theatrical films, including '' The Great Escape'' (1963) with Steve McQueen; Paddy Chayefsky's ''The Ameri ...
was signed as the American lead in ''Grand Prix'', through a deal where his independent film production company, Cherokee Productions, would co-produce the film. The rest of the cast boasted international stars, including
Toshiro Mifune was a Japanese actor who appeared in over 150 feature films. He is best known for his 16-film collaboration (1948–1965) with Akira Kurosawa in such works as ''Rashomon'', ''Seven Samurai'', ''The Hidden Fortress'', ''Throne of Blood'', and '' ...
,
Yves Montand Ivo Livi (), better known as Yves Montand (; 13 October 1921 – 9 November 1991), was an Italian-French actor and singer. Early life Montand was born Ivo Livi in Monsummano Terme, Italy, to Giovanni Livi, a broom manufacturer, Ivo held strong ...
,
Eva Marie Saint Eva Marie Saint (born July 4, 1924) is an American actress of film, theatre and television. In a career spanning over 70 years, she has won an Academy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award, alongside nominations for a Golden Globe Award and two Brit ...
and
Brian Bedford Brian Bedford (16 February 1935 – 13 January 2016) was an English actor. He appeared in film and on stage, and was an actor-director of Shakespeare productions. Bedford was nominated for seven Tony Awards for his theatrical work. He served ...
. In April 1966, Douglas and Lewis Productions acquired James William Drought's novel ''The Gypsy Moths'' and hired David Heilweil to write the screenplay, planning for Douglas to star in the picture. ''Grand Prix'' began filming on May 22, 1966, using Cinerama single-lens process cameras and
Metrocolor Metrocolor is the trade name used by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) for films processed at their laboratory. Virtually all of these films were shot on Kodak's Eastmancolor film. Although MGM used Kodak film products, MGM did not use all of Kodak's proc ...
film, entirely on location in Europe. The authentic locations included the
Monaco Grand Prix The Monaco Grand Prix (french: Grand Prix de Monaco) is a Formula One motor racing event held annually on the Circuit de Monaco, in late May or early June. Run since 1929, it is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigiou ...
in
Monte Carlo Monte Carlo (; ; french: Monte-Carlo , or colloquially ''Monte-Carl'' ; lij, Munte Carlu ; ) is officially an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues, where the Monte Carlo Casino is ...
, the
Italian Grand Prix The Italian Grand Prix ( it, Gran Premio d'Italia) is the fifth oldest national Grand Prix motor racing, Grand Prix (after the French Grand Prix, the United States Grand Prix, the Spanish Grand Prix and the Russian Grand Prix), having been he ...
in
Monza Monza (, ; lmo, label=Lombard language, Lombard, Monça, locally ; lat, Modoetia) is a city and ''comune'' on the River Lambro, a tributary of the Po River, Po in the Lombardy region of Italy, about north-northeast of Milan. It is the capit ...
, the
Belgian Grand Prix The Belgian Grand Prix (French language, French: ''Grand Prix de Belgique''; Dutch language, Dutch: ''Grote Prijs van België''; German language, German: ''Großer Preis von Belgien'') is a motor racing event which forms part of the Formula O ...
in
Spa A spa is a location where mineral-rich spring water (and sometimes seawater) is used to give medicinal baths. Spa towns or spa resorts (including hot springs resorts) typically offer various health treatments, which are also known as balneoth ...
, the
Dutch Grand Prix The Dutch Grand Prix ( nl, Grote Prijs van Nederland) is a Formula One motor racing event held at Circuit Zandvoort, North Holland, the Netherlands, from 1950 to 1985 and from 2021 onwards. It was a part of the World Championship from 1952, ...
in
Zandvoort Zandvoort () is a municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is one of the major beach resorts of the Netherlands; it has a long sandy beach. It is bordered by coastal dunes of Zuid-Kennemerland National Park and the Amsterdam ...
, the
British Grand Prix The British Grand Prix is a Grand Prix motor race organised in the United Kingdom by the Royal Automobile Club. First held in 1926, the British Grand Prix has been held annually since 1948 and has been a round of the FIA Formula One World C ...
in
Kent Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west, and Essex to the north across the estuary of the River Thames; it faces ...
, the
French Grand Prix The French Grand Prix (french: Grand Prix de France), formerly known as the Grand Prix de l'ACF (Automobile Club de France), is an auto race held as part of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's annual Formula One World Championsh ...
in
Reims Reims ( , , ; also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France. The city lies northeast of Paris on the Vesle river, a tributary of the Aisne. Founded by ...
, the
24 Hours of Le Mans The 24 Hours of Le Mans (french: link=no, 24 Heures du Mans) is an endurance-focused Sports car racing, sports car race held annually near the town of Le Mans, France. It is the world's oldest active Endurance racing (motorsport), endurance r ...
in
Le Mans Le Mans (, ) is a city in northwestern France on the Sarthe River where it meets the Huisne. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Man ...
, France, the
Targa Florio The Targa Florio was a public road endurance automobile race held in the mountains of Sicily near the island's capital of Palermo. Founded in 1906, it was the oldest sports car racing event, part of the World Sportscar Championship between 1955 ...
in
Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...
and the
Nürburgring 24 Hours The Nürburgring 24 Hours is a 24-hour annual touring car and GT endurance racing event that takes place on a combination of the Nordschleife ("North Loop") and the GP-Strecke ("Grand Prix track") circuits of the Nürburgring in Rhineland-Palat ...
in
Nürburgring The is a 150,000 person capacity motorsports complex located in the town of Nürburg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It features a Formula One, Grand Prix race track built in 1984, and a long "North loop" track, built in the 1920s, around t ...
, Germany. Meanwhile, in the United States, Douglas arranged a co-production deal between Joel Productions and Malcolm Stuart's film production company, Coldwater Productions, to film ''Scalawag'' on location in Texas during the autumn of 1966 after wrapping up ''The Way West''. Stuart also planned to move Coldwater Productions' offices to Paramount Studios' lot in order to facilitate work on the picture and be near Douglas and Lewis Productions.


Departure of Edward Lewis and continuation of Bryna Productions (1966–1970)

Once the shooting on ''Grand Prix'' was completed, Douglas and Lewis cancelled their seven-year pact and dissolved Douglas and Lewis Productions. The film would still be released with the pair's former company credited and, as planned, Joel Productions filed the copyrights for the picture. Douglas continued to produce through Bryna Productions and Joel Productions while Lewis formed his own independent film production company, Edward Lewis Productions. Both teams retained offices in Paramount Studios' lot. In mid-December 1966, Douglas restructured the company and announced Lewis' successor; he appointed Eleanor Wolquitt as Administrative Head and Story Editor of Bryna Productions. Wolquitt, who had previously worked for Four Star International, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and 20th Century-Fox Film, was charged with finding and acquiring new story properties for development and assumed her new position on January 15, 1967. ''
Grand Prix Grand Prix ( , meaning ''Grand Prize''; plural Grands Prix), is a name sometimes used for competitions or sport events, alluding to the winner receiving a prize, trophy or honour Grand Prix or grand prix may refer to: Arts and entertainment ...
'' had its gala world premiere simultaneously in New York City and Tokyo, Japan on December 21, 1966. The New York premiere was held at the
Warner Cinerama Theatre The Strand Theatre was an early movie palace located at 1579 Broadway, at the northwest corner of 47th Street and Broadway in Times Square, New York City. Opened in 1914, the theater was later known as the Mark Strand Theatre, the Warner Theatre, ...
, while the West Coast premiere was held at the Pacific Cinerama Dome Theatre in Los Angeles the next day, on December 22, 1966. The film was presented in a special "roadshow print", projected using 70mm film on curved Cinerama screens with a six-track stereophonic soundtrack. The film then opened to other Cinerama theaters in the world during late 1966 and early 1967. ''Grand Prix'' was a huge success and won three Academy Awards: Franklin Milton won one for
Best Sound This is a list of categories of awards commonly awarded through organizations that bestow List of film awards, film awards, including those presented by various film, festivals, and people's awards. Best Actor/Best Actress *See Best Actor#Film awa ...
,
Gordon Daniel Gordon Adams Daniel (5 April 1923 – 21 August 2009) was an English Sound editor (filmmaking), sound editor, with 51 different films from 1955 to 1988. He won the Academy Awards, Academy Award for the film ''Grand Prix (1966 film), Grand Prix'' ...
won one for Best Effects, Sound Effects, and
Fredric Steinkamp Fredric Steinkamp (August 22, 1928 – February 20, 2002) was an American film editor with more than 40 film credits. He had a longstanding, notable collaboration with director Sydney Pollack, editing nearly all of Pollack's films from '' They Sh ...
,
Henry Berman Henry Berman (January 1, 1914 – June 12, 1979) was an American film editor for RKO and a film producer for MGM. Early life Henry Berman was born to a Jewish family in Newcastle, Pennsylvania in 1914. His father Henry (Harry) Berman, was genera ...
,
Stu Linder Stewart Bridgewater Linder (November 8, 1931 – January 12, 2006) was an American film editor with 25 credits. He shared the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the 1966 film ''Grand Prix'' (directed by John Frankenheimer), which was the ver ...
and Frank Santillo shared one for Best Film Editing. Frankenheimer was nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures, Steinkamp, Berman, Linder and Santillo were nominated for an American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film, and Antonio Sabato and
Jessica Walter Jessica Walter (January 31, 1941 – March 24, 2021) was an American actress who appeared in over 170 film, stage and television productions. In film, she was best known for her role as a psychotic and obsessed fan of a local disc jockey in t ...
were each nominated for Golden Globe Awards for Most Promising Newcomer. In January 1967, Douglas and Lewis each announced their separate plans. Edward Lewis Productions and John Frankenheimer Productions together signed a four-picture financing and distribution deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, for the production of several films which had been developed earlier, during the Douglas and Lewis Productions era. Lewis and Frankenheimer went on to co-produce five films together, including '' The Fixer'', ''
The Extraordinary Seaman ''The Extraordinary Seaman'' is a 1969 American comedy war film directed by John Frankenheimer and starring David Niven, Faye Dunaway, Alan Alda, Mickey Rooney, and Jack Carter. Apart from his participation in the documentaries ''That's Entertai ...
'' and ''
The Gypsy Moths ''The Gypsy Moths'' is a 1969 American drama film, based on the 1955 novel of the same name by James Drought and directed by John Frankenheimer. The film tells the story of three barnstorming skydivers and their effect on a Midwestern American to ...
'', as part of their Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer pact, followed by ''
I Walk the Line "I Walk the Line" is a song written and recorded in 1956 by Johnny Cash. After three attempts with moderate chart ratings, it became Cash's first #1 hit on the Billboard charts, ''Billboard'' charts, eventually reaching #17 on the US pop charts. ...
'' and '' The Horsemen'', as part of a subsequent pact with Columbia Pictures. Douglas held a press conference at his Beverly Hills home announcing that Bryna Productions' immediate development schedule included three films: the outdoor adventure-swashbuckler ''Bar Silver'', to be filmed on location in Texas and Mexico, the mafia story ''The Hoods'', to be filmed on location in New York and Sicily, and the long-anticipated adventure-spectacle ''Montezuma'', to be filmed partly on location in Mexico and partly in studio in Hollywood. By this time, Warner Brothers Pictures' option on ''The Hoods'' had expired and ''Montezuma'' was no longer backed by Universal Pictures; Bryna Productions still owed Paramount Pictures three films and Douglas hinted that at least one of the three films may go towards it. Douglas also announced that, contrary to the past when Lewis would function in a production capacity on all Bryna Productions pictures, each future project would involve the casting of a producer, much in the same manner as choosing a director, screenwriter or actor. In February 1967, Douglas traveled to Mexico in an attempt to finalize the production of ''Montezuma'' but was unsuccessful. In early May 1967, Bryna Productions and Martin Ritt Productions secured a $3,500,000 financing and distribution deal for ''The Brotherhood'' with Paramount Pictures. The picture started filming immediately following Douglas' commitment with ''
A Lovely Way to Die ''A Lovely Way to Die'' is a 1968 American crime neo noir directed by David Lowell Rich and starring Kirk Douglas, Sylva Koscina, Eli Wallach and Kenneth Haigh. A police officer resigns from the force and becomes a bodyguard to the wife of a ...
,'' on location in Sicily on September 14, 1967, followed by New York City locations in October 1967. Typical of Ritt-produced films, the producer formed a single-purpose film production subsidiary named after the film, The Brotherhood Company, to act as copyright holder. In the summer of 1967, Universal Pictures re-released ''Spartacus'', accompanied by a massive promotional campaign. Unbeknownst to Douglas or past Bryna Productions executives who worked on the film, Universal Pictures cut 23 minutes from the picture for its re-release, a move which Douglas expressed unfavorably of in interviews. Douglas was so displeased with Universal Pictures' decision to cut the film without his knowledge, learning of it only through friends and reading a ''
Variety Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...
'' article, that he refused to the see the edited cut. Douglas explained that had he been consulted, certain logical scenes and sequences would have been removed, rather than chopping bits and pieces at random and shortening scenes. In March 1968, Bryna Productions acquired the filming rights to
Ron Cowen Ron Cowen is an American writer and producer. He is a partner with Daniel Lipman in the television production company Cowlip Productions. Filmography As a writer * '' Queer as Folk'' (2000–2005) TV Series (developed by, writer) with Daniel L ...
's drama play ''Summertree'' and hired the author to adapt it into a screenplay. At the same time, Bryna Productions became affiliated with ''The Bronc Rider'', which screenwriters
Ronald M. Cohen Ronald M. Cohen (December 23, 1939, Chicago, Illinois – April 21, 1998, Los Angeles, California) was a US American screen writer and film producer. His screenwriting career started in the 1960s and he studied Film at New York University. His sc ...
and Dennis R. Shryack had adapted from William Crawford's novel of the same name, and were producing through their own film production company, Ronden Productions. Douglas agreed to star in and co-produce the film, which then secured financing and distribution through Paramount Pictures. The project, however, fell out of favor when Cohen and Shryack began putting their attention towards ''
The Good Guys and the Bad Guys ''The Good Guys and the Bad Guys'' is a 1969 American comedy Western film directed by Burt Kennedy. It stars Robert Mitchum and George Kennedy. Plot Jim Flagg is the marshal in the town of Progress. He hears arch-rival Big John McKay is heade ...
'', which they had also written and were producing, with Robert Mitchum starring. In mid-June 1968, Bryna Productions announced that it was planning an animated television film based on
Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish Satire, satirist, author, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whig (British political party), Whigs, then for the Tories (British political party), Tories), poe ...
's classic novel ''
Gulliver's Travels ''Gulliver's Travels'', or ''Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships'' is a 1726 prose satire by the Anglo-Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan ...
''. The hour-long film was to be a co-production with animation studio
Filmation Filmation Associates was an American production company that produced animation and live-action programming for television from 1963 until 1989. Located in Reseda, California, the animation studio was founded in 1962. Filmation's founders and pr ...
and Douglas would narrate the picture. The film would also have original songs and be broadcast on television annually. In early July 1968, Norman Kurland was appointed Executive Assistant of Bryna Productions, with the job of developing new film projects for the company. Later that month, Bryna Productions secured a financing and distribution deal for ''Summertree'' with Columbia Pictures, and scheduled to film the story in early 1969. In mid-December 1968, Douglas signed a starring and co-production, financing and distribution deal for ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' between Bryna Productions and film producer
Joseph E. Levine Joseph Edward Levine (September 9, 1905 – July 31, 1987) was an American film distributor, financier and producer. At the time of his death, it was said he was involved in one or another capacity with 497 films. Levine was responsible for the ...
's Avco-Embassy Pictures, also set to shoot in 1969. ''The Brotherhood'' opened in December 1968 and was generally well-received during previews. Carlino was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Original Screenplay. Douglas delayed the filming of Bryna Productions projects due to the immediate filming schedule on his next two starring pictures:
Elia Kazan Elia Kazan (; born Elias Kazantzoglou ( el, Ηλίας Καζαντζόγλου); September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was an American film and theatre director, producer, screenwriter and actor, described by ''The New York Times'' as "one o ...
's '' The Arrangement'' and
Joseph L. Mankiewicz Joseph Leo Mankiewicz (; February 11, 1909 – February 5, 1993) was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. Mankiewicz had a long Hollywood career, and won both the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best ...
's '' There Was a Crooked Man...'', which were filmed between October 1968 and July 1969. In May 1969, Bryna Productions acquired the filming rights to
Pierre Boulle Pierre François Marie Louis Boulle (20 February 1912 – 30 January 1994) was a French novelist best known for two works, ''The Bridge over the River Kwai'' (1952) and ''Planet of the Apes (novel), Planet of the Apes'' (1963), that were both mad ...
's novel ''The Photographer'', a thriller about a photographer that becomes involved with a plot to assassinate the president, which had been translated by
Xan Fielding Alexander Wallace Fielding (26 November 1918 – 19 August 1991) was a British author, translator, journalist and traveller, who served as a Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent in Crete, France and the East Asia during World War II. The pu ...
the year prior and published for the English market. That year, Bryna Productions also acquired the filming rights to Jules Verne's novel ''
The Lighthouse at the End of the World ''The Lighthouse at the End of the World'' (french: link=no, Le Phare du bout du monde) is an adventure novel by French author Jules Verne. Verne wrote the first draft in 1901.William Butcher, Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography', Thunder's M ...
'', a survivalist adventure story that takes place on an isolated island. The project was assigned to screenwriter Tom Rowe, with plans for filming on location in Spain in 1970 with Douglas in the lead. In 1969, Douglas began donating Bryna Productions' archival paperwork, as well as his personal film-related memorabilia, to the
Wisconsin Historical Society The Wisconsin Historical Society (officially the State Historical Society of Wisconsin) is simultaneously a state agency and a private membership organization whose purpose is to maintain, promote and spread knowledge relating to the history of N ...
's
Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research The Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research (WCFTR) is a major archive of motion picture, television, radio, and theater research materials. Located in the headquarters building of the Wisconsin Historical Society in Madison, Wisconsin, the ...
, located on the campus of the
University of Wisconsin–Madison A university () is an educational institution, institution of higher education, higher (or Tertiary education, tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. Universities ty ...
in
Madison, Wisconsin Madison is the county seat of Dane County and the capital city of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census the population was 269,840, making it the second-largest city in Wisconsin by population, after Milwaukee, and the 80th-lar ...
. The donations continued yearly, until 1981, and included such material as working and final scripts, casting notes, actor, crew and studio contracts, salaries, correspondence, advertisements and financial records.


Merger into The Bryna Company (1970–1971)

Over the years, Bryna Productions had occasionally been referred to by the press as "the Bryna company", but in January 1970, it started to regularly appear under the name The Bryna Company, with an official announcement rolling out to the press in late May 1970. Douglas opted to update the company's name when he envisioned welcoming his family into the corporate structure and made his wife Anne Douglas Vice-President and Treasurer of The Bryna Company and Joan Eisleben Secretary of The Bryna Company. By this time, 26 year old
Michael Douglas Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and film producer. He has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the AF ...
had worked on Joel Productions' ''Lonely Are the Brave'', appeared in some uncredited walk-on parts in Eric Productions' stage play ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', and worked behind the scenes on non-produced Kirk Douglas starrers like ''
Cast a Giant Shadow ''Cast a Giant Shadow'' is a 1966 big-budget action film based on the life of Colonel Mickey Marcus, and stars Kirk Douglas, Senta Berger, Yul Brynner, John Wayne, Frank Sinatra and Angie Dickinson. Melville Shavelson adapted, produced and direct ...
'' and ''
The Heroes of Telemark ''The Heroes of Telemark'' is a 1965 British war film directed by Anthony Mann based on the true story of the Norwegian heavy water sabotage during the Second World War from ''Skis Against the Atom'', the memoirs of Norwegian resistance soldier ...
''. Michael, who was set to star in ''Summertree,'' and had already formed his own independent film production company on November 24, 1969, Bigstick Productions, Limited. 23 year old
Joel Douglas Joel Andrew Douglas (born January 23, 1947) is an American film producer. The second son of Kirk Douglas (1916–2020) and Diana Douglas (1923–2015), he was born one day after his mother's 24th birthday. His paternal grandparents were Je ...
had not participated in his father's film career, but would later take part in several projects as production manager and producer. 15 year old Peter Douglas had already made cameo appearances in Brynaprod's ''The Vikings'' and Bryna Productions' ''Strangers When We Meet'', and would go on to head The Bryna Company in the 1980s. 12 year old
Eric Douglas Eric Anthony Douglas (June 21, 1958 – July 6, 2004) was an American actor and stand-up comedian. Douglas was the youngest son of actor Kirk Douglas and his second wife Anne Buydens. His half brother was actor and producer Michael Douglas. Dougl ...
had also made a cameo appearance in ''Strangers When We Meet'', and would appear in Bryna Productions' upcoming film ''A Gunfight'', but ultimately took little interest in the family's film production company. Buydens had done several jobs for the company, including heading the casting department, publicity and editing. Though the name The Bryna Company was used for many months prior, it was only officially registered on October 29, 1970, while Kirk Douglas was in Spain filming ''The Light at the Edge of the World''. The new company was formed by merging Bryna Productions and Joel Productions together into a single entity, by way of renaming Joel Productions to The Bryna Company, and then merging Bryna Productions into The Bryna Company. As such, the Douglases and the press continued to use and refer to the companies alternatively as Bryna Productions, Joel Productions and The Bryna Company for most of 1970 and into 1971 as pre-merger films were released. In January 1970, Bryna Productions announced that it had three active productions which would be filmed before the end of the year: ''Summertree'', ''The Light at the Edge of the World'' and ''A Gunfight''. ''Summertree'' was set to start filming on March 16, 1970, on location in California, co-starring Michael Douglas,
Brenda Vaccaro Brenda is a feminine given name in the English language. Origin The overall accepted origin for the female name Brenda is the Old Nordic male name ''Brandr'' meaning both ''torch'' and ''sword'': evidently the male name Brandr took root in areas ...
and
Jack Warden Jack Warden (born John Warden Lebzelter Jr.; September 18, 1920July 19, 2006) was an American character actor of film and television. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for ''Shampoo'' (1975) and '' Heaven Can Wait ...
, and with Anthony Newly directing; ''The Light at the Edge of the World'' was set to start filming on location in Spain in March 1970, co-starring Kirk Douglas,
James Mason James Neville Mason (; 15 May 190927 July 1984) was an English actor. He achieved considerable success in British cinema before becoming a star in Hollywood. He was the top box-office attraction in the UK in 1944 and 1945; his British films inc ...
,
Virna Lisi Verna or Virna may refer to: People * Verna Aardema (1911–2000), American author of children's books * Verna Bloom (1939–2019), American actress * Virna De Angeli (born 1976), Italian former sprinter * Virna Dias (born 1971), Brazilian retired ...
and
Alan Bates Sir Alan Arthur Bates (17 February 1934 – 27 December 2003) was an English actor who came to prominence in the 1960s, when he appeared in films ranging from the popular children's story '' Whistle Down the Wind'' to the " kitchen sink" dram ...
, and with director
Kevin Billington Kevin Billington (12 June 1934 – 13 December 2021) was a British film director, who worked in the theatre, film and television from the 1960s. Biography The son of a factory worker,Fred Hauptfuhre''People'', 13:12, 24 March 1980 and educated ...
; while ''
A Gunfight ''A Gunfight'' is a 1971 American Western film directed by Lamont Johnson, starring Kirk Douglas and Johnny Cash. The film was financed by the Jicarilla Apache Tribe, although there are no leading Native American characters in the story. ...
'', a western in which Kirk Douglas agreed to co-produce and co-star with country singer
Johnny Cash John R. Cash (born J. R. Cash; February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American country singer-songwriter. Much of Cash's music contained themes of sorrow, moral tribulation, and redemption, especially in the later stages of his ca ...
for producers
Harold Jack Bloom Harold Jack Bloom (April 26, 1924 – August 27, 1999) was an American television producer and screenwriter who scored a notable hit with his first major screenplay to the classic Anthony Mann Western '' The Naked Spur'' in 1953, earning ...
and Ronald Lubin, would be filmed with director
Lamont Johnson Ernest Lamont Johnson Jr. (September 30, 1922 – October 24, 2010) was an American actor and film director who has appeared in and directed many television shows and movies. He won two Emmy Awards. Early years Johnson was born in Stoc ...
on location in Spain in June 1970, immediately following the wrap-up of ''The Light at the Edge of the World''. ''A Gunfight'' was to be a co-production of Bryna Productions (which Douglas ultimately filed through Joel Productions), Blooms' Thoroughbred Productions and Lubin's Harvest Productions. ''Summertree'' began filming as scheduled, using new Synctrol wireless cameras, on location in
Pasadena Pasadena ( ) is a city in Los Angeles County, California, northeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is the most populous city and the primary cultural center of the San Gabriel Valley. Old Pasadena is the city's original commercial district. Its ...
, California. When the film wrapped up ahead of schedule, Newly was asked to direct three more films for Bryna Productions. ''The Light at the Edge of the World'' and ''A Gunfight'' were, however, both delayed due to financing and the filming order was switched; neither film had yet secured a distribution deal. ''A Gunfight'' was originally to be filmed entirely in Spain, but when the New Mexico-based
Jicarilla Apache Jicarilla Apache (, Jicarilla language: Jicarilla Dindéi), one of several loosely organized autonomous bands of the Eastern Apache, refers to the members of the Jicarilla Apache Nation currently living in New Mexico and speaking a Southern Athab ...
Indian tribe put up $2,000,000 to finance the picture, superseding the $175,000 investment the film had garnered from European investors, and outbidding Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, United Artists and
Harry Saltzman Herschel Saltzman (; – ), known as Harry Saltzman, was a Canadian theatre and film producer. He is best remembered for co-producing the first nine of the ''James Bond'' film series with Albert R. Broccoli. He lived most of his life in Denh ...
's Lowndes Productions, the location was moved to Mexico. The Mexican Film Bureau quickly objected to shooting in their country due to the film's duel scene, which, they felt, presented a false image of Mexico in the 1800s, a time when duels were outlawed. The local was then changed from Mexico to a Texas border town. The Jicarilla Apache then imposed that the film be shot entirely in New Mexico and a full western town and sets were built outside of Santa Fe, where filming began in May 1970. Through further negotiations, the financier eventually allowed the production company to film for a week at the Ocaña bullfighting ring in Spain. The picture was still filming when Paramount Pictures secured the film's distribution for the United States and Canada in mid-July 1970. The $4,000,000 ''The Light at the Edge of the World'' went through several investors and co-producing companies before securing a Spanish financier and the picture finally made it into production. Bryna Productions and Joel Productions were each listed by the press during the making of the film, although Brynaprod, which had been formed to produce films outside the United States, was never attached. In early February 1970,
Alexander Salkind Alexander Salkind (; 2 June 1921 – 8 March 1997) was a European film producer, the second of three generations of successful international producers. Life and career Salkind was born in the Free City of Danzig to Russian-born Jewish parents, ...
signed on as co-producer through his Swiss independent film production company, Vulcano Film Handels. Salkind and his son
Ilya Salkind Ilya Juan Salkind Domínguez (; born July 27, 1947), usually known as Ilya Salkind, is a Mexican film and television producer, known for his contributions to three of the four live-action Superman films of the 1970s and 1980s alongside his fath ...
would ultimately co-produce ''The Light at the Edge of the World'' through two of their many imprints and subsidiaries; first through Spanish company Barcarola, then through Leicthenstein company Triumfilm Anstalt. Salkind also recycled several of the originally-cast actors for his other film productions, like James Mason in ''
Kill! is a 1968 Japanese comedy-chambara film directed by Kihachi Okamoto. The film had a screenplay written by Akira Murao and Okamoto, and is based on the story ''Torideyama no jushichinichi'' () in '' Yamamoto Shugoro zenshu'' (1964) by Shūgorō Y ...
'' and Virna Lisi in ''Bluebeard'', when
Yul Brynner Yuliy Borisovich Briner (russian: link=no, Юлий Борисович Бринер; July 11, 1920 – October 10, 1985), known professionally as Yul Brynner, was a Russian-born actor. He was best known for his portrayal of King Mongkut in the ...
and
Samantha Eggar Victoria Louise Samantha Marie Elizabeth Therese Eggar (born 5 March 1939) is a retired British-American actress. After beginning her career in Shakespearean theatre she rose to fame for her performance in William Wyler's thriller ''The Collect ...
were re-cast as co-stars''.'' In late May 1970,
Angelo Rizzoli Angelo Rizzoli, OML (; 31 October 1889 – 24 September 1970) was an Italian publisher and film producer. Early life Rizzoli was born in Milan on 31 October 1889. Orphaned at a young age and raised in poverty, he rose to prosperity. He apprent ...
's Italian independent film production company, Rizzoli Films, became attached to the project and in September 1970, Bryna Productions was negotiating a European distribution deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Alfredo Matas' Spanish company Jet Films also participated on the project. In late October 1970, Bryna Productions secured an American distribution deal for ''The Light at the Edge of the World'' with
National General Pictures National General Corporation (NGC) was a theater chain holding company, film distribution and production company and was considered one of the "instant majors". It was in operation from 1951 to 1974. Divisions Its division National General Pictu ...
and filming began, using Panavision cameras and Eastmancolor film, on location in Spain. The locals extended through
Colmenar Viejo Colmenar Viejo is a town and municipality of about 48,614 inhabitants, located in the Community of Madrid, Spain, 30 kilometers north of Madrid on the M-607 motorway. It belongs to the comarca of Cuenca Alta del Manzanares. Main sights In the ...
in
Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
,
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in
Cadaqués Cadaqués () is a town in the Alt Empordà ''comarca'', in the province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. It is on a bay in the middle of the Cap de Creus peninsula, near Cap de Creus cape, on the Costa Brava of the Mediterranean. It is two-and-a-quar ...
,
Girona Girona (officially and in Catalan language, Catalan , Spanish: ''Gerona'' ) is a city in northern Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the Ter River, Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell rivers. The city had an official population of 103,369 in ...
,
Catalonia Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the north ...
,
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in
Murcia Murcia (, , ) is a city in south-eastern Spain, the capital and most populous city of the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia, and the seventh largest city in the country. It has a population of 460,349 inhabitants in 2021 (about one ...
, Jávea in
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,
Valencia Valencia ( va, València) is the capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Valencian Community, Valencia and the Municipalities of Spain, third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is ...
and at the Club Meditérranée. In mid-December 1970, Joel Productions bought out Wasserman's remaining interests in his screenplay of ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', hoping to film it in the coming year with further development; Wasserman retained the rights to the play and any potential television version. By February 1971, Bryna Productions had negotiated a co-producing and co-starring deal for Douglas to appear in a Euro-spy comedy film adaptation of George Marton and
Tibor Meray Tibor is a masculine given name found throughout Europe. There are several explanations for the origin of the name: * from Latin name Tiberius, which means "from Tiber", Tiber being a river in Rome. * in old Slavic languages, Tibor means "sacred pl ...
's novel ''
Catch Me a Spy ''Catch Me a Spy'' is a 1969 comedy spy thriller novel by George Marton and Tibor Meray. Adaptation In 1971 it was turned into a film of the same name starring Kirk Douglas, Marlène Jobert and Trevor Howard Trevor Wallace Howard-Smith (29 ...
.'' The screenplay was written by
Ian La Frenais Ian La Frenais (born 7 January 1937) is an English writer best known for his creative partnership with Dick Clement. They are most famous for television series including ''The Likely Lads'', ''Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?'', ''Porridg ...
and
Dick Clement Dick Clement (born 5 September 1937) is an English writer, director and producer. He became known for his writing partnership with Ian La Frenais for television series including ''The Likely Lads'', ''Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?'', ...
and featured French actress Marlene Jobert and British actors
Trevor Howard Trevor Wallace Howard-Smith (29 September 1913 – 7 January 1988) was an English stage, film, and television actor. After varied work in the theatre, he achieved star status with his role in the film ''Brief Encounter'' (1945), followed by ''T ...
and
Tom Courtenay Sir Thomas Daniel Courtenay (; born 25 February 1937) is an English actor. After studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Courtenay achieved prominence in the 1960s with a series of acclaimed film roles, including ''The Loneliness of t ...
. The film's title was first changed to ''Fabienne'', then to ''Keep Your Fingers Crossed'', and finally ''To Catch a Spy'', and was co-produced by Nat Wachsberger's two film production companies, England-based Ludgate Films and France-based Capitole Films, as well as
Pierre Braunberger Pierre Braunberger (29 July 1905, Paris – 16 November 1990, Aubervilliers) was a French producer, executive producer, and actor. Biography Born into a family of physicians, Braunberger at the age of seven was already determined not have t ...
's French film production company Les Films de la Pléiade. ''To Cath a Spy'' began filming, using Panavision cameras and Technicolor film, on March 22, 1971, on location in London, England and
Oban Oban ( ; ' in Scottish Gaelic meaning ''The Little Bay'') is a resort town within the Argyll and Bute council area of Scotland. Despite its small size, it is the largest town between Helensburgh and Fort William. During the tourist season, th ...
, Scotland with director
Dick Clement Dick Clement (born 5 September 1937) is an English writer, director and producer. He became known for his writing partnership with Ian La Frenais for television series including ''The Likely Lads'', ''Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?'', ...
. In May 1971,
Rank Film Distributors The Rank Organisation was a British entertainment conglomerate founded by industrialist J. Arthur Rank in April 1937. It quickly became the largest and most vertically integrated film company in the United Kingdom, owning production, distribut ...
picked up the option to distribute ''To Catch a Spy'' in the United Kingdom, while Films Around the World would do the same for the American market. Once filming was completed on ''To Catch a Spy'', Douglas and Wachsberger made plans to co-produce at least two more films together, through The Bryna Company, Ludgate Films and Capitole Films; both were to be made in Europe. Bryna Productions had planned to produce ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' after Douglas returned to the United States in May 1971, which was to be shot entirely in Hollywood before the end of the year. Douglas was debating the idea of starring in the film and strongly considered directing it instead, looking to cast
Lee Grant Lee Grant (born Lyova Haskell Rosenthal; October 31, during the mid-1920s) is an American actress, documentarian, and director. She made her film debut in 1951 as a young shoplifter in William Wyler's ''Detective Story'', co-starring Kirk Dougl ...
or
Colleen Dewhurst Colleen Rose Dewhurst (3 June 1924 – 22 August 1991) was a Canadian-American actress mostly known for theatre roles. She was a renowned interpreter of the works of Eugene O'Neill on the stage, and her career also encompassed film, early drama ...
in the role of Nurse Mildred Ratched. The film was delayed yet again and by October 1971, Kirk had passed the project on to his son Michael, who, in turn, dedicated several more years developing the film through The Bryna Company. Bryna Productions had a record-setting four pictures released within a six-month period in mid-1971, and with the added re-release promotion of Walt Disney Productions' ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'', brought Douglas' name up to five films on the screen. ''
A Gunfight ''A Gunfight'' is a 1971 American Western film directed by Lamont Johnson, starring Kirk Douglas and Johnny Cash. The film was financed by the Jicarilla Apache Tribe, although there are no leading Native American characters in the story. ...
'', which featured
Eric Douglas Eric Anthony Douglas (June 21, 1958 – July 6, 2004) was an American actor and stand-up comedian. Douglas was the youngest son of actor Kirk Douglas and his second wife Anne Buydens. His half brother was actor and producer Michael Douglas. Dougl ...
, had its world premiere on May 27, 1971, at Leows Theater in Albuquerque, New Mexico, while '' Summertree'' opened later that month. ''
The Light at the Edge of the World ''The Light at the Edge of the World'' is a 1971 adventure film, adapted from Jules Verne's classic 1905 adventure novel ''The Lighthouse at the End of the World'' (''Le Phare du bout du monde''). The plot involves piracy in the South Atlantic du ...
'' held its world premiere on June 16, 1971, at six different theaters in the Washington D.C.-Baltimore, Maryland area. The film earned
Fernando Rey Fernando Casado Arambillet (La Coruña (Spain), 20 September 1917 – Madrid (Spain), 9 March 1994), best known as Fernando Rey, was a Spanish film, theatre, and television actor, who worked in both Europe and the United States. A suave, i ...
a
Fotogramas de Plata Fotogramas de Plata are a series of Spanish annual film, theatre and television awards awarded by ''Fotogramas'' film magazine since 1951. On 5 February 1951, ''Fotogramas'' magazine awarded their first Placa de San Juan Bosco award to actor Jes ...
nomination for Best Spanish Movie Performer. ''
To Catch a Spy ''To Catch a Spy'' is a 1971 comedy spy film directed by Dick Clement and starring Kirk Douglas, Marlène Jobert, Trevor Howard, Richard Pearson, Garfield Morgan, Angharad Rees and Robert Raglan. It was written by Clement and Ian La Frenais. T ...
'' opened in London in October 1971.


Two-picture deal with Paramount Pictures (1972–1975)

By 1972, The Bryna Company had set up its office at 141 El Camino Drive in Beverly Hills, California; formerly the headquarters of
Four Star Productions Four Star Television, also called Four Star International, was an American television production company. Founded in 1952 as Four Star Productions by prominent Hollywood actors Dick Powell, David Niven, Charles Boyer, and Joel McCrea, it was insp ...
and the
Producers Guild of America The Producers Guild of America (PGA) is a 501(c)(6) trade association representing television producers, film producers and New media, New Media producers in the United States. The PGA's membership includes over 8,000 members of the producing esta ...
. Douglas had anticipated filming four The Bryna Company projects in the United States between mid-1971 and through 1972, but was unable to secure American financing for the projects. Instead, he spent fourteen months shooting in Europe and the United Kingdom. In March 1972, The Bryna Company announced that Douglas would make his directorial debut with the $1,250,000 adventure film ''Scalawag'', due to be filmed on location in Yugoslavia during the summer of 1972. Douglas planned to make the film as a family unit, securing his wife Anne Douglas as producer, his son Peter Douglas as still photographer, his son Eric Douglas as producer's assistant and their Labrador Retriever, Shaft Douglas, cast as Beau in the picture; Kirk Douglas himself acted, directed, co-produced and co-wrote the picture. Michael Douglas, who was working on ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', had hoped to join the family on location but remained in California after being cast as co-star of
American Broadcasting Company The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcast television network. It is the flagship property of the ABC Entertainment Group division of The Walt Disney Company. The network is headquartered in Burbank, Cali ...
's new crime television series ''
The Streets of San Francisco ''The Streets of San Francisco'' is a television crime drama filmed on location in San Francisco and produced by Quinn Martin, Quinn Martin Productions, with the first season produced in association with Warner Bros. Television (QM produced the ...
'', which began shooting in late March 1972 and went on through most of the year. Filming on ''Scalawag'' started on June 19, 1972 in Starigrad-Paklenica, Yugoslavia (modern day Paklenica, Croatia), an obscure town located between the Adriatic coast and the Velebit mountains. When The Bryna Company cast and crew arrived, the area was so remote that it was not listed on any map, but within weeks of their arrival, the town had been inundated by tourists who wanted to be near Hollywood stars. ''Scalawag'' was the first film produced after the official renaming of The Bryna Company, and was made in cooperation with Yugoslavia's Inex Film and Italy's Oceania Produzioni Internazionali Cinematografiche film production companies. The film starred Kirk Douglas,
Mark Lester Mark Lester (born Mark A. Letzer; 11 July 1958) is an English former child actor, osteopath, and acupuncturist who starred in a number of British and European films in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1968 he played the title role in the film ''Oliver ...
,
Lesley-Anne Down Lesley-Anne Down (born 17 March 1954) is a British actress, singer and former model. She achieved fame as Georgina Worsley in the ITV drama series '' Upstairs, Downstairs'' (1973–75). She received further recognition for her performances in t ...
,
Neville Brand Lawrence Neville Brand (August 13, 1920 – April 16, 1992) was an American soldier and actor. He was known for playing villainous or antagonistic character roles in Westerns, crime dramas, and ''films noir'', and was nominated for a BAFTA Aw ...
and
Danny DeVito Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. He gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in the television series ''Taxi'' (1978–1983), which won him a Gold ...
, one of Michael Douglas' old friends. The film also featured noted comic actor
Mel Blanc Melvin Jerome Blanc (born Blank ; May 30, 1908July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor and radio personality whose career spanned over 60 years. During the Golden Age of Radio, he provided character voices and vocal sound effects for comedy ra ...
, who voiced the drunken parrot. Blanc would shortly after hire
Joel Douglas Joel Andrew Douglas (born January 23, 1947) is an American film producer. The second son of Kirk Douglas (1916–2020) and Diana Douglas (1923–2015), he was born one day after his mother's 24th birthday. His paternal grandparents were Je ...
as an executive for his media company, Blanc Communications Corporation, developing and producing commercials. Joel Douglas would later head The Douglas Company, another Kirk Douglas subsidiary Immediately after filming wrapped on ''Scalawag'', the Douglas family travelled to London, England for The Bryna Company's co-production of ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde''. The musical adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel had been announced in late April 1972, when producers Douglas, Burt Rosen and David Winters hired
Lionel Bart Lionel Bart (1 August 1930 – 3 April 1999) was a British writer and composer of pop music and musicals. He wrote Tommy Steele's "Rock with the Caveman" and was the sole creator of the musical '' Oliver!'' (1960). With ''Oliver!'' and his work ...
to compose new numbers for the production. The picture was filmed at
Shepperton Studios Shepperton Studios is a film studio located in Shepperton, Surrey, England, with a history dating back to 1931. It is now part of the Pinewood Studios Group. During its early existence, the studio was branded as Sound City (not to be confused w ...
in London with Joel Douglas as production coordinator, and featured Kirk Douglas,
Michael Redgrave Sir Michael Scudamore Redgrave CBE (20 March 1908 – 21 March 1985) was an English stage and film actor, director, manager and author. He received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in ''Mourning Becomes Elect ...
,
Susan Hampshire Susan Hampshire, Lady Kulukundis, (born 12 May 1937) is an English actress known for her many television and film roles. A three-time Emmy Award winner, she won for ''The Forsyte Saga'' in 1970, ''The First Churchills'' in 1969, and for '' Vani ...
, Susan George,
Donald Pleasence Donald Henry Pleasence (; 5 October 1919 – 2 February 1995) was an English actor. He began his career on stage in the West End before transitioning into a screen career, where he played numerous supporting and character roles including RAF ...
and
Stanley Holloway Stanley Augustus Holloway (1 October 1890 – 30 January 1982) was an English actor, comedian, singer and monologist. He was famous for his comic and character roles Stanley Holloway on stage and screen, on stage and screen, especially t ...
. In January 1973, Michael Douglas announced that ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' would be financed by
Fantasy Films Fantasy films are films that belong to the fantasy genre with fantastic themes, usually magic, supernatural events, mythology, folklore, or exotic fantasy worlds. The genre is considered a form of speculative fiction alongside science fiction f ...
in a co-production deal with The Bryna Company. Kirk Douglas was to act as executive producer, while Michael Douglas and Fantasy Films'
Saul Zaentz Saul Zaentz (; February 28, 1921January 3, 2014) was an American film producer and record company executive. He won the Academy Award for Best Picture three times and, in 1996, was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. Zaentz's film p ...
would act as producers. Kirk Douglas was hoping to play one of the featured roles in the film, while Michael Douglas scoured to find a lead. ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' premiered on
National Broadcasting Company The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, a division of Comcast, its headquarters are l ...
on March 7, 1973, sponsored by Timex, and was scheduled to be released theatrically in Europe and the United Kingdom afterwards. The television film was a success and it was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards:
Irwin Kostal Irwin Kostal (October 1, 1911 – November 23, 1994) was an American musical arranger of films and an orchestrator of Broadway musicals. Biography Born in Chicago, Illinois, Kostal attended Harrison Technical High School, but opted not to atten ...
was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction of a Variety, Musical or Dramatic Program, Emma Porteous was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design and Neville Smallwood was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Makeup. In late March 1973, Michael Douglas traveled to
Olympia, Washington Olympia is the capital of the U.S. state of Washington and the county seat and largest city of Thurston County. It is southwest of the state's most populous city, Seattle, and is a cultural center of the southern Puget Sound region. European ...
to scout locations for ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', aiming for the picture to be filmed at the
Northern State Hospital Northern State Hospital is a historic hospital campus in Sedro-Woolley, Washington. It was originally opened in 1912 and closed in 1973. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located 4 miles northeast from the city, and ...
in
Sedro-Woolley, Washington Sedro-Woolley is a city in Skagit County, Washington, United States. It is part of the Mount Vernon– Anacortes, Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area and had a population of 12,421 at the 2020 census. The city is home to North Cascade ...
. In May 1973, Kirk Douglas and
Frank Yablans Frank Yablans (August 27, 1935 – November 27, 2014) was an American studio executive, film producer, and screenwriter. Yablans served as an executive at Paramount Pictures, including President of the studio, in the 1960s and 70s. As a filmmaker, ...
inked a two-picture contract between The Bryna Company and Paramount Pictures. The deal called for the worldwide distribution of ''Scalawag'' as well as a promissory financing of $2,000,000 and the worldwide distribution of The Bryna Company's next motion picture, ''
Posse Posse is a shortened form of posse comitatus, a group of people summoned to assist law enforcement. The term is also used colloquially to mean a group of friends or associates. Posse may also refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Posse'' (1975 ...
''. The financing of the secondary film by Paramount Pictures was conditional to The Bryna Company raising half of the budget on their own; Paramount Pictures was only guaranteeing their $1,000,000 investment if The Bryna Company could also put up $1,000,000. ''Posse'', a psychological western, was to be another The Bryna Company family-made picture with Kirk Douglas directing, Anne Douglas producing, Joel Douglas assistant producer and Peter Douglas post-production supervisor. The screenplay was written by Christopher Knopf and William Roberts from
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's short story ''The Train''. When announced, the film was to start shooting in January 1974 in the United States with Kirk Douglas and
Bruce Dern Bruce MacLeish Dern (born June 4, 1936) is an American actor. He has often played supporting villainous characters of unstable natures. He has received several accolades, including the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor and the Silver B ...
co-starring. In early June 1973, Michael Douglas announced that The Bryna Company would be filming its $2,000,000 film ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' on location at
Oregon State Hospital Oregon State Hospital is a public psychiatric hospital in the U.S. state of Oregon, located in the state's capital city of Salem with a smaller satellite campus in Junction City opened in 2014. Founded in 1862 and constructed in the Kirkbride ...
in
Salem, Oregon Salem ( ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County, Oregon, Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, which runs north through the city. The river ...
during the late summer and early fall of 1973. Ken Kesey was hired to re-write the screenplay from his own novel, while
Hal Ashby William Hal Ashby (September 2, 1929 – December 27, 1988) was an American film director and editor associated with the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. Before his career as a director Ashby edited films for Norman Jewison, notably ''The Russ ...
was secured to direct the film; it was Ashby's idea to cast
Jack Nicholson John Joseph Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American retired actor and filmmaker. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of all time. In many of his films, he played rebels against the social structure. He received numerous ...
in the lead, after working with the actor on ''
The Last Detail ''The Last Detail'' is a 1973 American comedy-drama film directed by Hal Ashby, from a screenplay by Robert Towne, based on the 1970 novel of the same name by Darryl Ponicsan. The film stars Jack Nicholson, Otis Young, Randy Quaid, Clifton James, ...
'', though the producers were also considering
Stacy Keach Walter Stacy Keach Jr. (born June 2, 1941) is an American actor and narrator. He has played mainly dramatic roles throughout his career, often in law enforcement or as a private detective. His most prominent role was as Mickey Spillane's fictiona ...
,
James Caan James Edmund Caan ( ; March 26, 1940 – July 6, 2022) was an American actor. He came to prominence playing Sonny Corleone in ''The Godfather'' (1972) – a performance which earned him Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Academy Award an ...
and Bruce Dern for the part. By September 1973, screenplay disputes and the author's refusal to submit his final script and sign the contract forced the filming to be pushed back to January 1974; screenwriter
Lawrence Hauben Lawrence Alan Hauben (3 March 1931 – 22 December 1985) was an American actor and screenwriter. Born in New York, he won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay along with Bo Goldman for ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film), One Flew Ov ...
was hired to rewrite the script and
Miloš Forman Jan Tomáš "Miloš" Forman (; ; 18 February 1932 – 13 April 2018) was a Czech and American film director, screenwriter, actor, and professor who rose to fame in his native Czechoslovakia before emigrating to the United States in 1968. Forman ...
came on as director. ''
Scalawag In United States history, the term scalawag (sometimes spelled scallawag or scallywag) referred to white Southerners who supported Reconstruction policies and efforts after the conclusion of the American Civil War. As with the term '' carpetb ...
'' premiered on October 16, 1973, in six key cities: Chicago, Illinois; Louisville, Kentucky; Albany, New York; Worcester, Massachusetts; Waterloo, Iowa; and Miami, Florida. In March 1974, Peter Douglas formed The Bryna Company subsidiary Bryna International, a photographic service company. The Bryna Company's two 1974 productions, ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' and ''Posse'', were both pushed back from their planned early 1974 filming dates. Michael Douglas' production of ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' was first pushed back to mid-March 1974, then to May 1974, and then again to September 1974. The reason was stated to be due to scheduling conflicts. By September 1974, the film had again been pushed back to January 1975. In July 1974, Phil Feldman was appointed executive producer of ''Posse'' and Howie Pine was hired as production manager for the shooting. ''Posse'' was filmed between September 23 and November 9, 1974, using Panavision cameras with Technicolor film, on location at
Old Tucson Studios Old Tucson (formerly Old Tucson Studios) is an American movie studio and theme park just west of Tucson, Arizona, adjacent to the Tucson Mountains and close to the western portion of Saguaro National Park. Built in 1939 for the movie ''Arizona'' ...
, as well as in
Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...
and
Sabino Canyon Sabino Canyon is a significant canyon located in the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Coronado National Forest north of Tucson, Arizona, United States. Sabino Canyon is a popular recreation area for residents and visitors of Southern Arizona, pro ...
, Arizona. The film also featured
Bo Hopkins William Mauldin "Bo" Hopkins (February 2, 1938 – May 28, 2022) Issucover/ref> was an American actor. He was known for playing supporting roles in a number of major studio films between 1969 and 1979, and appeared in many television shows and ...
,
James Stacy Maurice William Elias (December 23, 1936September 9, 2016), known professionally as James Stacy, was an American film and television actor. He is perhaps best known for starring in the late 1960s TV western ''Lancer''. In 1973, Stacy was hit by ...
and
Luke Askew Francis Luke Askew (March 26, 1932 – March 29, 2012) was an American actor. He appeared in many westerns, and had a lead role in the spaghetti Western ''Night of the Serpent'' (''La notte dei serpenti''; 1969). He also had a small part in the ...
. ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' was finally filmed from January to March 1975 at Oregon State Hospital, with Joel Douglas serving as unit production manager. While the film was still shooting, Michael Douglas secured a one-picture distribution deal with United Artists. ''Posse'' opened to theaters in mid-May 1975, accompanied by Kirk Douglas doing a promotional tour to publicize the film. The picture's opening credit sequence announced that the film was a The Bryna Company production, but its copyrights were filled through Zeeuwse Maatschappij Naamloze Vennootschap, one of Paramount Pictures' many Curaçao-based subsidiaries under executive production manager Lindsley Parsons Jr. Kirk Douglas was nominated for a Golden Berlin Bear award at
Berlin International Film Festival The Berlin International Film Festival (german: Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin), usually called the Berlinale (), is a major international film festival held annually in Berlin, Germany. Founded in 1951 and originally run in June, the festi ...
for his performance in ''Posse''. In mid-September 1975, Paramount Pictures re-released ''Scalawag'' under the title ''Jamie's Treasure Hunt.'' The film was screened in theaters as part of weekend matinee events for families and children, and the studio's new promotional campaign shifted the focus of the picture from Douglas's Peg Leg character to Mark Lester's Jamie character. In mid-October 1975, The Bryna Company announced that it would make a two-hour television special depicting the life and career of actor
John Barrymore John Barrymore (born John Sidney Blyth; February 14 or 15, 1882 – May 29, 1942) was an American actor on stage, screen and radio. A member of the Drew and Barrymore theatrical families, he initially tried to avoid the stage, and briefly att ...
. ''Barrymore'' was to be financed and presented by National Broadcasting Company and
Sidney Michaels Sidney Michaels (August 17, 1927 – April 22, 2011, aged 83) was an American playwright best known for the early and mid 1960s works ''Tchin-Tchin'', '' Dylan'', and ''Ben Franklin in Paris ''Ben Franklin in Paris'' is a musical with a book and ...
was hired to write the teleplay. Kirk Douglas planned to play the lead and it was to be Peter Douglas' inaugural project as a producer. Filming was scheduled to start in March 1976 and was to be followed by five other video projects later that year, as part of the company's new television division. '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' premiered on November 19, 1975, at the Regent Theatre in
Westwood, Los Angeles Westwood is a commercial and residential neighborhood in the northern central portion of the Westside region of Los Angeles, California. It is the home of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Bordering the campus on the south ...
, California and the next day headlined the
Chicago International Film Festival The Chicago International Film Festival is an annual film festival held every fall. Founded in 1964 by Michael Kutza, it is the longest-running competitive film festival in North America. Its logo is a stark, black and white close up of the comp ...
, where it was nominated for a Gold Hugo Award for Best Feature. Once released, neither the film's credits nor its publicity featured any mention of The Bryna Company, nor of Bigstick Productions, though the film had been developed and co-produced by both entities (in partnership with Fantasy Films). Michael Douglas had been striving to detach himself from the "Kirk Douglas' son" tag which had been affixed to him in the 1960s, and wanted to establish his own identity. He had achieved considerable success with ''The Streets of San Francisco'', and was planning to continue producing films outside of The Bryna Company organization. Afraid of nepotism, and wanting to establish himself as a producer outside of his father's company, the film's copyrights were instead filed through Curaçao-based imprint Naamloze Vennootschap Zwaluw, a corporation registered by Michael Douglas on December 6, 1974. ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' was a huge critical and box office success, earning a slew of awards and nominations across the globe. The film won an
Academy Award for Best Picture The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929. This award goes to the producers of the film and is the only category ...
, Jack Nicholson won an
Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given to an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role in a film released that year. The a ...
,
Louise Fletcher Estelle Louise Fletcher (July 22, 1934 – September 23, 2022) was an American actress who portrayed the antagonist Nurse Ratched in '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (1975), which earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress, a BAFTA Award, ...
won an Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, Milos Forman won an
Academy Award for Best Director The Academy Award for Best Director (officially known as the Academy Award of Merit for Directing) is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibi ...
, Lawrence Hauben and
Bo Goldman Robert "Bo" Goldman (born September 10, 1932) is an American screenwriter and playwright. He has received two Academy Awards for his screenplays of '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (1975) and ''Melvin and Howard'' (1980). Early life and edu ...
won Academy Awards for Best Writing, Screenplay Adapted From Other Material,
Brad Dourif Bradford Claude Dourif (; born March 18, 1950) is an American actor. He was nominated for an Oscar, and won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for his film debut role as Billy Bibbit in '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (1975). He is also kn ...
was nominated for an
Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a Supporting character, suppo ...
,
Haskell Wexler Haskell Wexler, ASC (February 6, 1922 – December 27, 2015) was an American cinematographer, film producer, and director. Wexler was judged to be one of film history's ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the Int ...
and Bill Butler were nominated for Academy Awards for Best Cinematography,
Richard Chew Richard Franklin Chew (born June 28, 1940) is an American film editor, best known for his Academy Award-winning work on ''Star Wars'' (1977), alongside Paul Hirsch and Marcia Lucas. Other notable films include '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest' ...
,
Lynzee Klingman Lynzee Klingman is an American film editor known for her work on films like '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (for which she was nominated for an Oscar, along with Richard Chew and Sheldon Kahn) and '' A River Runs Through It''. She has also t ...
and
Sheldon Kahn Sheldon F. Kahn (born March 1, 1940) is a film editor and producer. He was jointly awarded the BAFTA Award for Best Editing, with Lynzee Klingman and Richard Chew, for their work on ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest''. Filmography * ''One Flew ...
were nominated for Academy Awards for Best Editing, and
Jack Nitzsche Bernard Alfred "Jack" Nitzsche ( '; April 22, 1937 – August 25, 2000) was an American musician, arranger, songwriter, composer, and record producer. He first came to prominence in the early 1960s as the right-hand-man of producer Phil Spec ...
was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music, Original Dramatic Score. The film won a
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama Golden means made of, or relating to gold. Golden may also refer to: Places United Kingdom *Golden, in the parish of Probus, Cornwall *Golden Cap, Dorset *Golden Square, Soho, London *Golden Valley, a valley on the River Frome in Gloucestershir ...
, Jack Nicholson won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, Louise Fletcher won a
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama Golden means made of, or relating to gold. Golden may also refer to: Places United Kingdom *Golden, in the parish of Probus, Cornwall * Golden Cap, Dorset *Golden Square, Soho, London *Golden Valley, a valley on the River Frome in Gloucestershi ...
, Brad Dourif won a Golden Globe Award for Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture - Male, Milos Forman won a
Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture The Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture is a Golden Globe Award that has been presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, an organization composed of journalists who cover the United States film industry for ...
and Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman won Golden Globe Awards for Best Screenplay - Motion Picture. The film won a
BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards. It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards, representing the best films of 1947, but until ...
, Jack Nicholson won a
BAFTA Award for Best Actor Best Actor in a Leading Role is a British Academy Film Award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film. Superlatives Note: ...
, Louise Fletcher won a
BAFTA Award for Best Actress Best Actress in a Leading Role is a British Academy Film Award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognize an actress who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film. * From 1952 to ...
, Brad Dourif won a
BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor Best Actor in a Supporting Role is a British Academy Film Awards, British Academy Film Award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding supporting performan ...
, Milos Forman won a
BAFTA Award for Best Direction The BAFTA Award for Best Direction, formerly known as David Lean Award for Achievement in Direction, is a British Academy Film Award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to a film director for a specifi ...
, Richard Chew, Lynzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn won BAFTA Awards for Best Film Editing, Haskell Wexler, Bill Butler and William A. Fraker were nominated for BAFTA Awards for Best Cinematography, Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman were nominated for BAFTA Awards for Best Screenplay, Mary McGlone, Robert R. Rutledge, Veronica Selver,
Larry Jost Larry Jost (February 22, 1921 – October 28, 2001) was an American audio engineering, sound engineer. He was nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Sound, Best Sound for the films ''The Day of the Dolphin'', ' ...
and Mark Berger were nominated for BAFTA Awards for Best Sound Track and Jack Nitzsche was nominated for BAFTA's Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music. Jack Nitzsche was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special. Milos Forman won a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures, while assistant directors Irby Smith and William Saint John and unit production manager Joel Douglas were given plaques by the same organization. Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman won Writers Guild of America Awards for Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium. The film won a Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Picture, a People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture, and a National Board of Review: Top Ten Films. Jack Nicholson won a
National Board of Review Award for Best Actor The National Board of Review Award for Best Actor is one of the annual film awards given (since 1945) by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. Winners 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Multiple aw ...
, a
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor is an annual award given by the National Society of Film Critics to honor the best leading actor of the year. Winners * † = Winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor * ‡ = Nominated ...
and a
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honor the finest achievements in film-making. Winners * † = Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor * ‡ = Nominate ...
, while Louise Fletcher was nominated for a
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award given by the New York Film Critics Circle, honoring the finest achievements in film-making. Winners * † = Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actr ...
; Milos Forman won a Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director; Richard Chew, Sheldon Kahn and Lynzee Klingman were nominated for Eddie Awards for Best Edited Feature Film. The Faro Island Film Festival awarded Milos Forman with a Humanitarian Award and nominated him for a Golden Train Award for Best Film, while Louise Fletcher was awarded a Golden Train Award for Jury Prize Special Mention. The film won a Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film and a Golden Screen Award, and was nominated for a
César Award for Best Foreign Film This is the list of winners and nominees of the César Award for Best Foreign Film (french: César du meilleur film étranger). Winners and nominees 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Awards by nation Notes See also *Lumières A ...
and a Turkish Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Film. Milos Forman won a Reader's Choice Award for Best Foreign Language Film Director, a David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Director, and a Silver Ribbon Award for Best Foreign Director. Jack Nicholson won a Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor and David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor. In 1993, the United States
National Film Preservation Board The United States National Film Preservation Board (NFPB) is the board selecting films for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry. It was established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988. The National Film Regi ...
deemed ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected it for preservation in the
Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is ...
'
National Film Registry The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each selected for its historical, cultural and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB’s inception i ...
.


Michael and Peter Douglas take over (1976–1982)

On January 9, 1976, Brynaprod was surrendered and on June 24, 1976, Michael Productions was surrendered; their remaining interests were merged into The Bryna Company. In late July 1976, The Bryna Company announced that it would make
Ray Bradbury Ray Douglas Bradbury (; August 22, 1920June 5, 2012) was an American author and screenwriter. One of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers, he worked in a variety of modes, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery, and r ...
's '' Something Wicked This Way Comes'', a fantasy story about two boys in a small town who encounter strange happenings at a travelling carnival. The project was headed by Peter Douglas, who hired Bradbury to adapt his novel into a screenplay and secured a $6,000,000 financing and distribution deal with Paramount Pictures. ''Something Wicked This Way Comes'' was to be co-produced by
Hank Moonjean Hank Moonjean (January 19, 1930 – October 7, 2012) was an American film producer, executive producer, and associate producer. His production credits included ''Dangerous Liaisons'', ''Child's Play (1972 film), Child's Play'', and ''The Great G ...
and filming was to start on October 1, 1976, on location in Northern California and the Midwest under the direction of
Jack Clayton Jack Isaac Clayton (1 March 1921 – 26 February 1995) was a British film director and producer who specialised in bringing literary works to the screen. Overview Starting out as a teenage studio "tea boy" in 1935, Clayton worked his way up ...
. Kirk Douglas was hoping to play the role of Charles Halloway, the father in the story. The project, like ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', would stall for several years before being filmed.Aljean Harmetz, "Worlds According To Ray Bradbury", ''Ocala Star-Banner'', 26 April 1983 (originally published in ''The New York Times'') Filming was pushed back to January 1, 1977, then to March 1, 1977. In mid-September 1976, Kirk Douglas revealed plans to return to the stage and star in
Howard Fast Howard Melvin Fast (November 11, 1914 – March 12, 2003) was an American novelist and television writer. Fast also wrote under the pen names E.V. Cunningham and Walter Ericson. Biography Early life Fast was born in New York City. His mother, ...
's
Thomas Paine Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In th ...
biographical one-man show ''Citizen Tom Paine''. The play was to be a co-production between The Bryna Company and producers
Don Gregory Don Gregory (December 3, 1934 – November 5, 2015) was an American Broadway producer. Biography Gregory was born Donald Ginsberg to a Jewish family in the Bronx on December 3, 1934, the son of Dorothy (née Sheffrin) and Morris Ginsberg. Wh ...
and Mike Merrick's Dome Productions.
Charles Nelson Reilly Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English and French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*karilaz'' (in Latin alphabet), whose meaning was " ...
was originally hired to direct the show but he was replaced by
Arvin Brown Arvin Brown (born May 24, 1940) is an American theatre and television director. He was the Artistic Director of the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut for 30 years. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, California, Brown made his Broa ...
. The play was to begin rehearsals on December 6, 1976, and was booked to open on January 11, 1977, at The Playhouse in Wilmington, Delaware, followed by engagements in Memphis, Tennessee, Cleveland, Ohio, Boston, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New York City and Los Angeles. The production was delayed when Kirk Douglas suffered throat problems in early December 1976; personal differences between the producers later lead to the cancellation of the play. In early November 1976, The Bryna Company announced that Peter Douglas would produce ''The Yellow Jersey'', a film about the French
Tour de France The Tour de France () is an annual men's multiple-stage bicycle race primarily held in France, while also occasionally passing through nearby countries. Like the other Grand Tours (the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España), it consists ...
bicycle race. Peter Douglas offered the lead parts to Bruce Dern and
Charlotte Rampling Tessa Charlotte Rampling (born 5 February 1946) is an English actress, known for her work in European arthouse films in English, French, and Italian. An icon of the Swinging Sixties, she began her career as a model. She was cast in the role ...
. A month later, Kirk Douglas held a press conference to announced that he would retire from producing and directing in order to focus solely on acting. Kirk Douglas was to remain President of The Bryna Company, but all of the day-to-day activities, including the development and production of new pictures, was passed on to his sons Michael and Peter, who would co-head the company. In mid-January 1977, Paramount Pictures announced that it had dropped its plans to finance and distribute ''Something Wicked This Way Comes'', after having pushed back the filming date twice. It was later revealed that the project had been collateral damage from Paramount Pictures President
David V. Picker David Victor Picker (May 14, 1931 – April 20, 2019) was an American motion picture executive and producer, working in the film industry for more than forty years. He served as president and chief executive officer for United Artists, Paramount ...
's feud with Board Chairman
Barry Diller Barry Charles Diller (born February 2, 1942) is an American businessman. He is Chairman and Senior Executive of IAC and Expedia Group and founded the Fox Broadcasting Company and USA Broadcasting. Diller was inducted into the Television Hall of ...
. Michael Douglas began working on the production of ''
The China Syndrome ''The China Syndrome'' is a 1979 American disaster thriller film directed by James Bridges and written by Bridges, Mike Gray, and T. S. Cook. The film stars Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, Michael Douglas (who also produced), Scott Brady, James Ham ...
'' in 1977, a thriller about the threat of a nuclear plant meltdown, while Peter Douglas began working on the production of '' The Final Countdown'', a science fiction-war picture about a nuclear ship that enters a time-warp and is thrown back to
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
in 1941. ''The China Syndrome'' was to co-star Michael Douglas,
Jane Fonda Jane Seymour Fonda (born December 21, 1937) is an American actress, activist, and former fashion model. Recognized as a film icon, Fonda is the recipient of various accolades including two Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, sev ...
and
Jack Lemmon John Uhler Lemmon III (February 8, 1925 – June 27, 2001) was an American actor. Considered equally proficient in both dramatic and comic roles, Lemmon was known for his anxious, middle-class everyman screen persona in dramedy pictures, leadin ...
, and was to be co-produced by Douglas in cooperation with Fonda's film production company, IPC Films. In June 1977, The Bryna Company announced that ''Something Wicked This Way Comes'' would be filmed at Bavaria Studios in Munich, Germany, as a co-production between Geria Film Productions and Bavaria Film. The $4,000,000-budgeted film was to start shooting in the fall of 1977 and distribution had already been secured with 20th Century Fox Film, 20th Century-Fox Film for the United States and Canada and CS Filmverleih in Germany. By 1978, Michael Douglas had departed from The Bryna Company and took with him ''The China Syndrome'' project to develop exclusively through his own imprint, Bigstick Productions. Michael opted to leave his father's company in order to further his independence and individual identity; nevertheless, like his father, he would go on to head a series of successful independent film production companies, including El Corazon Producciones (1983–1986), The Stone Group (1984–1986), Mercury/Douglas Films (1986–1988), Stonebridge Entertainment (1988–1994), Douglas/Reuther Productions (1994–1997), and Further Films (1997–present); as well as the magazine ''L.A. Style'', the music publishing company, Third Stone Music (1989–1994), and the record label Third Stone Records (1990–1994). On August 8, 1978, Peter Douglas formed his own independent film production company, Vincent Pictures, hoping to further his independence and individual identity. On December 14, 1978, Kirk Douglas formed The Bryna Company subsidiary Cameron Productions, Incorporated, named after his first grandson, Cameron Douglas; the company was registered the day after his birth. ''The Final Countdown'' went through a team of writers, including Thomas Hunter (actor), Thomas Hunter, Peter Powell, David Ambrose and Gerry Davis (screenwriter), Gerry Davis and was turned down by every major Hollywood film studio. In early May 1979, The Bryna Company announced that it had secured a $7,000,000 financing deal for ''The Final Countdown'' with Guinness Brewery, Arthur Guinness Son and Company Limited's film-financing subsidiary, Film Finance Group. The picture was to be co-produced by Film Finance Group's president, Richard Rogers St. Johns, through its film production division, Aspen Productions. Filming began, using Panavision cameras and Technicolor film with Dolby Stereophonic sound, on May 23, 1979, on location aboard the U.S.S. Nimitz in Norfolk, Virginia, followed by Miami, Florida and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The film co-starred Kirk Douglas, Martin Sheen, James Farentino and Katharine Ross and was directed by Don Taylor (American filmmaker), Don Taylor. Peter Douglas originally objected to the casting of his father in ''The Final Countdown'', his first picture as a producer, fearing that it would impart the idea of nepotism. It was only once he felt that Kirk Douglas was truly right for the part that he consented to working with his father. ''The Final Countdown'' ultimately cost $12,000,000 to produce and United Artists agreed to distribute it after seeing only several minutes of early footage. The film's copyrights were filed through Polyc International Besloten Vennootschap a Dutch subsidiary of Film Finance Group. '' The Final Countdown'' was released to theaters on August 1, 1980, and was a huge financial success, earning more than $3,000,000 during its opening weekend. The film won a Golden Screen Award and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film; Kirk Douglas was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor. On December 13, 1980, Kirk Douglas formed The Bryna Company subsidiary Bryna Industries, Incorporated, a holding corporation based in Texas, naming Anne Douglas as Secretary. In July 1981, The Bryna Company announced that it had secured a $13,500,000 financing, co-producing and distribution deal for ''Something Wicked This Way Comes'' with
Walt Disney Productions The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney (), is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California. Disney was originally founded on October ...
and
Buena Vista Buena Vista, meaning "good view" in Spanish, may refer to: Places Canada *Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador, with the name being originally derived from “Buena Vista” *Buena Vista, Saskatchewan *Buena Vista, Saskatoon, a neighborhood in ...
. The Disney company had originally approach Peter Douglas with offers to buy out the property but The Bryna Company was so interested in producing the picture that it held out until a co-production deal could be set. Other financing and co-producing deals with AVCO Embassy Pictures, Avco-Embassy Pictures and director John Carpenter were avoided for similar reasons. Filming on ''Something Wicked This Way Comes'' began on September 28, 1981, using Panavision's Panaflex cameras and Technicolor film with Dolby Stereophonic sound, on location at Walt Disney Productions' Golden Oak Ranch in Santa Clarita, California and Walt Disney Studios (Burbank), Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California; a second unit also filmed landscapes in Vermont. The film starred Jason Robards, Diane Ladd and Jonathan Pryce and was directed by Jack Clayton.


Anne Douglas presidency (1982–1985)

In 1982, Peter Douglas took a hiatus from working at The Bryna Company to properly launch his independent film production company, Vincent Pictures, securing a financing and distribution deal for the comedy film ''Fletch (film), Fletch'' with Universal Pictures. Part of the lengthy development of the Vincent Pictures-Universal Pictures deal included securing the principal cast and crew to produce any potential sequels, which later developed as ''Fletch Lives''. In early August 1982, Kirk Douglas announced that he had appointed his wife Anne Douglas as President of The Bryna Company. Buydens revealed that The Bryna Company would increase its film production schedule and had acquired the filming rights to two new novels: Frank Rooney's ''Shadow of God'', a religious thriller about a nun being stalked by a fanatic priest; and Mary Higgins Clark's A Cry in the Night (novel), ''A Cry in the Night'', a suspense mystery about a single mother who falls in love and marries an unstable man. In November 1982, Kirk Douglas expressed a desire to produce a motion picture that included himself and his four sons; Kirk, Michael and Eric were to act in the picture, with Joel as production manager and Peter producing. 20 years later, Michael Douglas wound up producing ''It Runs in the Family (2003 film), It Runs in the Family'' through his company Further Films; the movie co-starred Kirk, Michael, Cameron (Michael's son) and Diana Douglas (Kirk's first wife and Michael's mother), and was co-produced by Michael and Joel. '' Something Wicked This Way Comes'' opened on April 29, 1983. While it was generally well received by critics, the film failed to recoup its increased $20,000,000 budget at the box office; it has since become a cult film. The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films awarded the film a Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film and Bradbury a Saturn Award for Best Writing. Jonathan Pryce was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor, James Horner was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Music, Ruth Myers (costume designer), Ruth Myers was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Costume Design, Saturn Award for Best Costumes, Lee Dyer was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Special Effects, and Gary Liddiard and James R. Scribner were nominated for Saturn Award for Best Make-up, Saturn Awards for Best Make-Up. Jack Clayton was nominated for the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival, Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival and Clayton and Bradbury were together nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. In mid-June 1983, The Bryna Company announced that it would be filming ''Draw!'', a comedy western about an aging outlaw and a drunken ex-sheriff, co-starring Kirk Douglas, James Coburn and Alexandra Bastedo. At the Banff Television Festival, held at the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity on August 15, 1983, Canadian producer
Harold Greenberg Harold Greenberg, OC, CQ, (January 11, 1930 – July 1, 1996) was a Canadian film producer. Career Greenberg got his start in film working in his uncle's second-hand camera store when he was thirteen. He eventually set up his own film a ...
announced that he would be co-producing the $4,200,000 picture through his film production company Astral Film Productions. The Stanley Mann script had been in development for seven years and was co-financed by HBO Premiere Films and the Alberta Motion Picture Development Corporation. Filming began on August 16, 1983, with six weeks on location at Fort Edmonton Park, Fort Edmonton, Alberta, followed by another week in Drumheller, Alberta, with director Steven Hilliard Stern. Upon returning to the United States in late 1983, Kirk Douglas announced that The Bryna Company would next produce Stanley West's novel ''Amos (film), Amos'', a suspense-drama about a former baseball coach who uncovers a conspiracy in the nursing home in which he resides, as a television film for
Columbia Broadcasting System CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainmen ...
. The producers originally announced ''Draw!'' as a theatrical film, with plans for Home Box Office to host the United States television premiere afterwards. ''Draw!'' had its world premiere at the Banff Television Festival in Alberta, Canada on May 20, 1984, followed by its United States premiere on July 15, 1984, broadcast on Home Box Office. The film earned several nominations at the Canadian Genie Awards ceremony in 1985: Linda Sorenson, Linda Sorensen won a Genie award for best performance by an actress in a supporting role, Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role, Laszlo George was nominated for Genie Award for Best Achievement in Cinematography, Bill Brodie was nominated for a Genie Award for Best Achievement in Art Direction, Jim Hopkins was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award for Best Sound Editing, Genie Award for Best Achievement in Sound Editing, and Joe Grimaldi, Dino Pigat, Richard Lightstone and Austin Grimaldi were nominated for Canadian Screen Award for Best Sound Mixing, Genie Awards for Best Achievement in Overall Sound. Ron Wisman was also nominated for a CableACE Award, CableACE Award for Film Editing. Following the success of Michael Douglas and Joel Douglas' action-adventure film production ''Romancing the Stone'' in the spring of 1984, the Douglases attempted to find an action-packed violence film to co-star Kirk Douglas and Michael Douglas. The film was to be a co-production between Kirk Douglas, Michael Douglas and Joel Douglas, with plans for filming in 1985, but the right vehicle never came up. Meanwhile, ''Amos'' was to be co-produced by Kirk Douglas and Peter Douglas, starring Kirk Douglas, and with Eric Douglas portraying the character's younger self in flashback scenes (Kirk Douglas ended up portraying his own flashback sequences). The filming of ''Amos'' was delayed while Peter Douglas wrapped up ''Fletch''. In July 1984, The Bryna Company announced that it would remake ''Seven Days in May'' as a television film for Columbia Broadcasting System, with a slightly modernized plot involving the threat of nuclear warfare. The project remained in development for ten years until Peter Douglas managed to produce it through Vincent Pictures, in partnership with HBO Pictures, under the title ''The Enemy Within (1994 film), The Enemy Within.'' In August 1984, The Bryna Company acquired the filming rights to Charles Dickinson (author), Charles Dickinson's novel ''Waltz in Marathon'', a drama about a loan shark from Marathon Township, Michigan, Marathon, Michigan whose life is altered when he is reunited with his ex-romantic partner and grown-up children. Kirk Douglas planned to play the lead in the film. ''Amos'' began filming in early December 1984, using Panavision cameras, on location in Ojai, California, Ojay, California and at the Los Padres National Forest, with director Michael Tuchner. The film co-starred Kirk Douglas, Elizabeth Montgomery, Dorothy McGuire, Pat Morita and Ray Walston and was co-produced by Bill Finnegan and Sheldon Pinchuk.


Lawsuits and mergers (1985–1989)

In mid-June 1985, The Bryna Company was involved in a lawsuit filled by the federal government and the United States Navy, seeking $1,300,000 of unpaid military flying time during the filming of ''The Final Countdown''. The suit claimed that The Bryna Company and Aspen Productions had only been charged for 32.5 hours of aircraft flying time, while the Navy had in fact provided 167 hours of flying time. The suit also revealed that Navy Commander Emory Worth Brown, Jr., a decorated Navy fighter pilot assigned to keep track of the flying hours during shooting, had accepted a bribe of $5,563.48 during the filming. Brown had since been convicted and dishonorably discharged from the Navy, but was named in the lawsuit for punitive damages. The scandal was also the subject of a
CBS CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainmen ...
''60 Minutes'' episode, which had aired on March 18, 1984. More than a year after the suit was filled, on September 10, 1986, the Justice Department ruled that The Bryna Company would have to pay $400,000 to the Federal Government and United States Navy to cover unpaid costs. ''Amos'' premiered on September 29, 1985, broadcast on Columbia Broadcasting System and was a success. The film was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. The film itself was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Mini-Series Or Motion Picture Made for Television, Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama/Comedy Special, Kirk Douglas was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor In A Television Series - Musical Or Comedy, Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Special, Pat Morita was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor In A Television Series - Musical Or Comedy, Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Special, and Dorothy McGuire was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Special. While promoting ''Amos'', The Bryna Company announced that it was in negotiations with Walt Disney Productions for a film teaming Kirk Douglas and Burt Lancaster. The pair had worked together a number of times over the years, including ''
I Walk Alone ''I Walk Alone'' is a 1947 film noir directed by Byron Haskin and starring Burt Lancaster and Lizabeth Scott, with a supporting cast featuring Wendell Corey and Kirk Douglas. This was the first of five films that Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas ...
'', released theatrically in 1947; ''
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral The gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a thirty-second shootout between lawmen led by Virgil Earp and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that occurred at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in ...
'', released theatrically in 1956; the 30th Academy Awards, 30th Academy Awards ceremony in 1958 and the 31st Academy Awards, 31st Academy Awards ceremony in 1959, at which they performed comedic song and dance numbers before presenting awards; '' The Devil's Disciple'', released theatrically in 1959; ''
The List of Adrian Messenger ''The List of Adrian Messenger'' is a 1963 American mystery film directed by John Huston starring Kirk Douglas, George C. Scott, Dana Wynter, Clive Brook, Gladys Cooper and Herbert Marshall. It is based on a 1959 novel of the same name written by ...
'', released theatrically in 1963 and in which they did not share any scenes together, but as Douglas was executive producer, they interacted; ''
Seven Days in May ''Seven Days in May'' is a 1964 American political thriller film about a military-political cabal's planned takeover of the United States government in reaction to the president's negotiation of a disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. The f ...
'', released theatrically in 1964; ''Victory at Entebbe'', broadcast on television in 1976, and although they both appear in the film, the two actors filmed their separate scenes at different times and did not interact during the production; ''The Boys in Autumn'', which was staged in early 1981; and the 57th Academy Awards, 57th Academy Awards ceremony in 1985, at which they appeared on stage together with Michael Douglas. On December 23, 1985, the California-based The Bryna Company was merged into the Texas-based Bryna Industries; the Texas-based company was simultaneously renamed The Bryna Company. The Bryna Company would remain under Texas' jurisdiction for the next three years. Filming of ''Tough Guys'' began in late February 1986, using Panavision's Panaflex cameras and DeLuxe film with Dolby Stereophonic sound, on location in Los Angeles, California, Portland, Oregon, and at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California, with director Jeff Kanew. The film was co-produced by Joe Wizan, Richard Hashimoto and Jana Sue Memel through The Bryna Company and
Touchstone Pictures Touchstone Pictures, Inc. was an American film production label of Walt Disney Studios, founded and owned by The Walt Disney Company. Feature films released under the Touchstone label were produced and financed by Walt Disney Studios, and featu ...
. In addition to co-stars Kirk Douglas and Burt Lancaster, the film also featured Adolph Caesar, Adolph Cesar, Charles Durning, Alexis Smith, Dana Carvey and Darlanne Fluegel. On March 6, 1986, Cesar suffered a fatal heart attack on the set, before any of his scenes were shot; he was replaced by Eli Wallach. ''Tough Guys'' had its premiere at ShowEast, a movie theater owners' convention held in Atlantic City, New Jersey, between September 9–11, 1986. It then had local premieres at the Miami International Film Festival, Miami Film Festival on September 22, 1986, and the Boston Film Festival, Boston Film and Video Festival on September 24, 1986, before opening nationwide to theaters on October 3, 1986. Composer Burt Bacharach, lyricist Carole Bayer Sager and performer Kenny Rogers were nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song - Motion Picture for the film's opening theme song "They Don't Make Them Like They Used to"; Rogers titled his They Don't Make Them Like They Used To, 1986 album after the song. In late December 1986, Kirk Douglas announced that he wished to retire from producing films. On May 19, 1987, Columbia Broadcasting System executives announced that their 1987–88 season programming would include ''Conquistador'', an eight-hour mini-series about Hernán Cortés' 1519 conquest of Moctezuma II's Aztec Empire, currently in pre-production by Michael Douglas and Michael Phillips (producer), Michael Phillips' Mercury/Douglas Films. In late August 1987, The Bryna Company announced that it was again developing its feature film ''Montezuma'', based on Dalton Trumbo's completed screenplay from 1960. Neither the television series, nor the feature film, were ever produced. By 1987, Peter Douglas was exclusively working through his own company, Vincent Pictures, and hired Kirk Douglas to co-star with Jason Robards in a remake of ''Inherit the Wind (1988 film), Inherit the Wind''. In late August 1987, The Bryna Company filled a $17,800,000 breach of contract lawsuit against the Unisys Corporation and the Sperry Corporation, which had employed Kirk Douglas' services as corporate spokesman two years prior. The Sperry Corporation had secured the services of Kirk Douglas, through The Bryna Company, for a two-year exclusive contract, beginning on October 14, 1985; the contract had a renewable three-year extension option. The contract also stipulated that Kirk Douglas could only be let go of his position in the event of a merger in which the Sperry line of products would be discontinued. In promotion of the company, Kirk Douglas appeared in television commercials, researched the company's history, studied biographies of executives for personal appearances, attended executive meetings and employee conventions, and visited public exhibits such as Walt Disney World (to film commercials). He also produced and appeared in the short film ''Sperry Goes Hollywood'', filmed during the making of ''Tough Guys'' and co-produced by The Bryna Company. The short film included behind the scenes footage of ''Tough Guys'' as well as film footage of ''Romancing the Stone'', during which Douglas hinted that he and his son would appear in a biopic about Elmer Ambrose Sperry and his son Lawrence Sperry. On September 16, 1986, Burroughs Corporation acquired the Sperry Corporation and renamed the new entity the Unisys Corporation, but failed to discontinue the Sperry line of computer products. Nevertheless, The Bryna Company was informed via letter on October 23, 1986, that Kirk Douglas' services were terminated. The Bryna Company sought $5,900,000 for breach of contract, $5,900,000 for breach of an implied obligation of good faith, and $6,000,000 for lost profits. On August 23, 1988, Anne Douglas formed The Bryna Company subsidiary TBC Merger, Incorporated, a California-based corporation. On September 8, 1988, the Texas-based The Bryna Company was merged into the California-based TBC Merger; the California company was simultaneously renamed The Bryna Company, resuming the company's operations in California after three years. From October 13–15, 1989, the
American Cinematheque The American Cinematheque is an independent, nonprofit cultural organization in Los Angeles, California, United States dedicated exclusively to the public presentation of the moving image in all its forms. The Cinematheque was created in 1981 as ...
held a three-day celebratory festival to honor The Bryna Company and Kirk Douglas' executive producer accomplishments. The festival was held at the
Directors Guild of America The Directors Guild of America (DGA) is an entertainment guild that represents the interests of film and television directors in the United States motion picture industry and abroad. Founded as the Screen Directors Guild in 1936, the group merge ...
Theatre in Hollywood, where eight films were screened: ''The Indian Fighter'', ''The Vikings'', ''Paths of Glory'', an uncut version of ''Spartacus'', ''Lonely Are the Brave'', ''Seven Days in May'', ''Posse'' and ''Amos''. The event was attended by
Motion Picture Association of America The Motion Picture Association (MPA) is an American trade association representing the five major film studios of the United States, as well as the video streaming service Netflix. Founded in 1922 as the Motion Picture Producers and Distribu ...
President Jack Valenti, director
John Frankenheimer John Michael Frankenheimer (February 19, 1930 – July 6, 2002) was an American film and television director known for social dramas and action/suspense films. Among his credits were ''Birdman of Alcatraz'' (1962), ''The Manchurian Candidate'' (1 ...
, actor
Bo Hopkins William Mauldin "Bo" Hopkins (February 2, 1938 – May 28, 2022) Issucover/ref> was an American actor. He was known for playing supporting roles in a number of major studio films between 1969 and 1979, and appeared in many television shows and ...
, actress Dorothy McGuire and Kirk Douglas himself, all of whom participated in question-and-answer sessions between screenings. In late August 1999, Kirk Douglas announced plans to make a boxing film through The Bryna Company. Douglas wanted to play the role of a trainer and hoped to cast Don King (boxing promoter), Don King as a promoter.


Contracted actors

The following is a list of actors that were signed to long-term, multi-picture contracts with Bryna Productions. * Kirk Douglas Bryna Productions and The Bryna Company was used as an intermediary to secure the services of Kirk Douglas as an actor; companies would employ Kirk Douglas through Bryna Productions, and later through The Bryna Company. *
Elsa Martinelli Elsa Martinelli (born Elisa Tia; 30 January 1935 – 8 July 2017) was an Italian actress and fashion model. Life and career Born Elisa Tia in Grosseto, Tuscany, she moved to Rome with her family. In 1953, she was discovered by Roberto Capuc ...
(1956–1958) signed to a two pictures a year for two years non-exclusive contract in February 1956, following her appearance in ''The Indian Fighter''. She was loaned out from Bryna Productions to Universal-International Pictures in March 1956 for the film ''Four Girls in Town''. *
Dean Stockwell Robert Dean Stockwell (March 5, 1936 – November 7, 2021) was an American actor with a career spanning seven decades. As a child actor under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, he first came to the public's attention in films including ''Anchors A ...
(1956–1961) signed to a five-year contract in December 1956, before the start of filming ''The Careless Years''. *
Natalie Trundy Natalie Trundy (born Natalie Trundy Campagna, August 5, 1940 – December 5, 2019) was an American stage, film, and television actress. Early years Trundy (pronounced "Troon-dee") was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of an Italian fa ...
(1956–1961) signed to a two pictures a year for five years contract in December 1956, before the start of filming ''The Careless Years''. *
Betty Hutton Betty Hutton (born Elizabeth June Thornburg; February 26, 1921 – March 11, 2007) was an American stage, film, and television actress, comedian, dancer, and singer. Early life and education Hutton was born Elizabeth June Thornburg on February 2 ...
(1957) signed to a retroactive two-picture contract in early 1957 after the completion of ''Spring Reunion''. *
Janet Leigh Jeanette Helen Morrison (July 6, 1927 – October 3, 2004), known professionally as Janet Leigh, was an American actress, singer, dancer, and author. Her career spanned over five decades. Raised in Stockton, California, by working-class parents, ...
(1957) signed to an additional one-picture deal in 1957 during the filming of ''The Vikings''. * Nina Foch (1959–1960) signed to an additional one-picture deal in April 1959 during the filming of ''Spartacus''.


Film productions


Completed theatrical films


Unrealized film projects

* ''The Shadow'' / ''Mr. Shadow'' (1949–1959) * ''The Life of David Garrick'' ''/'' ''Garrick's Gayeties'' (1950) * ''Nowhere to Go'' (1950) * ''The Fearmakers, The Fear Makers'' (1951–1952) * ''Strange Harvest'' (1952–1953) * ''The Quality of Mercy'' (1954) * ''Lust for Life (1956 film), Van Gogh'' (1954–1955) * ''The Dangerous Game'' (1954) * ''Freak Show'' (1955) * ''The Runaway Heart'' (1955) * ''Shadow of the Champ'' (1955–1956) * ''The Syndicate'' / ''Britain's Two-Headed Spy'' / ''Two-Headed Spy'' (1954–1956) * ''The Allison Brothers'' (1955–1956) * ''King Kelly'' (1955–1957) * ''A Most Contagious Game'' (1956–1959) * ''A Very Special Baby'' (1956) * ''The Silent Gun'' (1956–1959) * ''Deliver Us From Evil'' (1956) * ''Mavourneen'' (1956) * ''The Beach House'' (1956) * ''Elisha and the Long Knives'' (1956) * ''Three Rings for Julie'' (1957) * ''I Stole $16,000,000'' / ''God Fearing Man'' (1957–1958) * ''The Beach Boys'' (1958–1960) * ''
Michael Strogoff ''Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar'' (french: Michel Strogoff) is a novel written by Jules Verne in 1876. Critic Leonard S. Davidow, considers it one of Verne's best books. Davidow wrote, "Jules Verne has written no better book than thi ...
'' (1958–1959) * ''
Two For the Seesaw ''Two for the Seesaw'' is a 1962 American romantic-drama film directed by Robert Wise and starring Robert Mitchum and Shirley MacLaine. It was adapted from the 1958 Broadway play written by William Gibson with Henry Fonda and Anne Bancroft (who ...
'' (1958–1960) * ''Viva, Gringo!'' (1958–1959) * ''The Chains of Fear'' (1958) * ''The Adventures of Simon Bolivar'' / ''Simon Bolivar the Liberator'' (1958–1959) * ''And the Rock Cried Out'' (1958–1959) * ''The Indian Wars'' (1958–1959) * ''The Sun at Midnight'' (1958–1959) * ''Earthquake'' (1959) * ''War Between the Gods'' / ''War of the Gods'' / ''War of Two Gods'' (1959–1960) * ''Montezuma'' / ''Savages'' (1960–1987) * '' The Sailor Who Fell From Grace With the Sea'' (1965–1966) * ''
The Gypsy Moths ''The Gypsy Moths'' is a 1969 American drama film, based on the 1955 novel of the same name by James Drought and directed by John Frankenheimer. The film tells the story of three barnstorming skydivers and their effect on a Midwestern American to ...
'' (1966–1967) * ''The Bronc Rider'' (1968) * ''The Photographer'' (1969–1970) * ''The Yellow Jersey'' (1976) * ''Shadow of God'' (1982) * ''A Cry in the Night (novel), A Cry in the Night'' (1982) * ''Waltz in Marathon'' (1984)


Television productions


Completed television series and films


Unrealized television projects

* ''Report from Space'' / ''Report from Outer Space'' (1958–1959) * ''The Indian Fighter'' (1958–1959) * ''Spartacus'' (1959) * ''The Cruel Sport'' / ''Grand Prix'' (1965–1967) * ''
Gulliver's Travels ''Gulliver's Travels'', or ''Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships'' is a 1726 prose satire by the Anglo-Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan ...
'' (1968) * ''Barrymore'' (1975–1976) * ''Seven Days in May'' (1984–1989)


Stage productions


Completed stage productions


Unrealized stage projects

* ''A Very Special Baby'' (1956) * ''Citizen Tom Paine'' (1976)


References

{{Authority control 1949 establishments in California Bryna Productions Companies based in Los Angeles Companies established in 1949 Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles Entertainment companies based in California Entertainment companies established in 1949 Film production companies of the United States Mass media companies established in 1949 Television production companies of the United States American independent film studios