Pembrokeshire ( ; cy, Sir Benfro ) is a
county
A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposes Chambers Dictionary, L. Brookes (ed.), 2005, Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, Edinburgh in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French ...
in the
south-west
The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each se ...
of
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in ...
. It is bordered by
Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire ( cy, Sir Gaerfyrddin; or informally ') is a county in the south-west of Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre. The county is known as ...
to the east,
Ceredigion
Ceredigion ( , , ) is a county in the west of Wales, corresponding to the historic county of Cardiganshire. During the second half of the first millennium Ceredigion was a minor kingdom. It has been administered as a county since 1282. Cer ...
to the northeast, and the rest by sea. The county is home to
Pembrokeshire Coast National Park
Pembrokeshire Coast National Park ( cy, Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) is a national park along the Pembrokeshire coast in west Wales.
It was established as a National Park in 1952. It is one of three national parks in Wales, the others b ...
. The Park occupies more than a third of the area of the county and includes the
Preseli Hills
The Preseli Hills or, as they are known locally and historically, Preseli Mountains, ( Welsh: ''Mynyddoedd y Preseli / Y Preselau'' , ) is a range of hills in western Wales, mostly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
The range stre ...
in the north as well as the
Pembrokeshire Coast Path
The Pembrokeshire Coast Path ( cy, Llwybr Arfordir Sir Benfro), often called the Pembrokeshire Coastal Path, is a designated National Trail in Pembrokeshire, southwest Wales. Established in 1970, it is a long-distance walking route, mostly a ...
.
Historically, mining and fishing were important activities, while industry nowadays is focused on agriculture (86 per cent of land use), oil and gas, and tourism; Pembrokeshire's beaches have won many awards. The county has a diverse geography with a wide range of geological features, habitats and wildlife. Its prehistory and modern history have been extensively studied, from tribal occupation, through Roman times, to Welsh, Irish, Norman, English, Scandinavian and Flemish influences.
Pembrokeshire County Council
Pembrokeshire County Council ( cy, Cyngor Sir Penfro) is the governing body for Pembrokeshire, one of the Principal Areas of Wales.
Political control
The first election to the council was held in 1995, initially operating as a shadow authori ...
's headquarters are in the
county town of
Haverfordwest
Haverfordwest (, ; cy, Hwlffordd ) is the county town of Pembrokeshire, Wales, and the most populous urban area in Pembrokeshire with a population of 14,596 in 2011. It is also a community, being the second most populous community in the county, ...
. The council has a majority of
Independent
Independent or Independents may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups
* Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in the New Hope, Pennsylvania, area of the United States during the early 1930s
* Independ ...
members, but the county's representatives in both the
Senedd and
UK Parliament
The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative suprema ...
are
Conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...
. Pembrokeshire's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census, an increase of 7.2 per cent from the 2001 figure of 114,131. Ethnically, the county is 99 per cent white and, for historical reasons,
Welsh
Welsh may refer to:
Related to Wales
* Welsh, referring or related to Wales
* Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales
* Welsh people
People
* Welsh (surname)
* Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peop ...
is more widely spoken in the north of the county than in the south.
Settlements
:''See
List of places in Pembrokeshire
This is a list of city, cities and towns (and former towns) and villages in Pembrokeshire, Wales.
Most places in blue have their own article; those in red do not. Some (annotated (r)) are currently redirected to their parent parish (for which ...
for a comprehensive list of settlements in Pembrokeshire.''
The county town is Haverfordwest. Other towns include
Pembroke,
Pembroke Dock,
Milford Haven,
Fishguard
Fishguard ( cy, Abergwaun, meaning "Mouth of the River Gwaun") is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, Wales, with a population of 3,419 in 2011; the community of Fishguard and Goodwick had a population of 5,407. Modern Fishguard consists of two p ...
,
Tenby
Tenby ( cy, Dinbych-y-pysgod, lit=fortlet of the fish) is both a walled seaside town in Pembrokeshire, Wales, on the western side of Carmarthen Bay, and a local government community.
Notable features include of sandy beaches and the Pembroke ...
,
Narberth,
Neyland
Neyland is a town and community in Pembrokeshire, Wales, lying on the River Cleddau and the upstream end of the Milford Haven estuary. The Cleddau Bridge carrying the A477 links Pembroke Dock with Neyland.
Etymology
The name of the town is ...
and
Newport. In the west of the county,
St Davids is the United Kingdom's
smallest city in terms of both size and population (1,841 in 2011).
Saundersfoot
Saundersfoot ( cy, Llanusyllt; Old Welsh: ''Llanussyllt'') is a large village and community (and former electoral ward) in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is near Tenby, both being holiday destinations. Saundersfoot lies in the Pembrokeshire Coast Natio ...
is the most populous village (more than 2,500 inhabitants)
in Pembrokeshire. Less than 4 per cent of the county, according to
CORINE
Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) is a European programme initiated in 1985 by the European Commission, aimed at gathering information relating to the environment on certain priority topics for the European Union (air, water, ...
, is built-on or green urban.
Geography
Climate
There are three weather stations in Pembrokeshire: at Tenby, Milford Haven and
Penycwm, all on the coast. Milford Haven enjoys a mild climate and Tenby shows a similar range of temperatures throughout the year,
while at Penycwm, on the west coast and 100m above sea level, temperatures are slightly lower.
The county has on average the highest coastal winter temperatures in Wales due to its proximity to the relatively warm Atlantic Ocean. Inland, average temperatures tend to fall 0.5 °C for each 100 metres increase in height.
The air pollution rating of Pembrokeshire is "Good", the lowest rating.
Geology
The rocks in the county were formed between 600 and 290 million years ago. More recent rock formations were eroded when sea levels rose 80 million years ago, at the end of the
Cretaceous Period
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of t ...
. Around 60 million years ago, the Pembrokeshire landmass emerged through a combination of uplift and falling sea levels; the youngest rocks, from the
Carboniferous Period
The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carbonifero ...
, contain the
Pembrokeshire Coalfield
The Pembrokeshire Coalfield in West Wales is one of the smallest British coalfields, but continuously worked from the 14th to 20th centuries. The main coalfield extends across south Pembrokeshire from Saundersfoot on Carmarthen Bay westwards to B ...
.
The landscape was subject to considerable change as a result of ice ages; about 20,000 years ago the area was scraped clean of soil and vegetation by the ice sheet; subsequently, meltwater deepened the existing river valleys.
While Pembrokeshire is not usually a seismically active area, in August 1892 there was a series of pronounced activities (maximum intensity: 7) over a six-day period.
Coastline and landscape
![Pembrokeshire Coast National Park UK location map](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Pembrokeshire_Coast_National_Park_UK_location_map.svg)
The Pembrokeshire coastline includes numerous bays and sandy beaches. The
Pembrokeshire Coast National Park
Pembrokeshire Coast National Park ( cy, Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) is a national park along the Pembrokeshire coast in west Wales.
It was established as a National Park in 1952. It is one of three national parks in Wales, the others b ...
, the only park in the UK established primarily because of its coastline,
occupies more than a third of the county. The park contains the
Pembrokeshire Coast Path
The Pembrokeshire Coast Path ( cy, Llwybr Arfordir Sir Benfro), often called the Pembrokeshire Coastal Path, is a designated National Trail in Pembrokeshire, southwest Wales. Established in 1970, it is a long-distance walking route, mostly a ...
, a near-continuous
long-distance trail from
Amroth, by the Carmarthenshire border in the southeast, to
St Dogmaels just down the
River Teifi
, name_etymology =
, image = File:Llyn Teifi - geograph.org.uk - 41773.jpg
, image_size =
, image_caption = Llyn Teifi, the source of the Teifi
, map =
, map_size =
, map_caption ...
estuary
An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environm ...
from
Cardigan, Ceredigion, in the north.
The
National Trust
The National Trust, formally the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, is a charity and membership organisation for heritage conservation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. In Scotland, there is a separate and ...
owns of Pembrokeshire's coast.
Nowhere in the county is more than from tidal water. The large estuary and natural harbour of
Milford Haven cuts deep into the coast; this inlet is formed by the
confluence of the
Western Cleddau
The River Cleddau ( cy, Afon Cleddau) consists of the Eastern and Western Cleddau rivers in Pembrokeshire, west Wales. They unite to form the Daugleddau estuary and the important harbour of Milford Haven.
The name of the combined estuary – ...
(which flows through Haverfordwest), the
Eastern Cleddau
The River Cleddau ( cy, Afon Cleddau) consists of the Eastern and Western Cleddau rivers in Pembrokeshire, west Wales. They unite to form the Daugleddau estuary and the important harbour of Milford Haven.
The name of the combined estuary – ...
, and rivers Cresswell
and Carew. Since 1975, the estuary has been bridged by the
Cleddau Bridge
The Cleddau Bridge (, cy, Pont Cleddau) in Pembrokeshire, Wales, carries the A477 road over the River Cleddau between Neyland and Pembroke Dock.
Errors in the box girder design caused the collapse during construction in 1970. The bridge bec ...
,
a toll bridge carrying the
A477 between Neyland and Pembroke Dock. Large bays are Newport Bay, Fishguard Bay,
St Bride's Bay
St Brides Bay ( cy, Bae Sain Ffraid) is a bay in western Pembrokeshire, West Wales.
Either Skomer Island or the mainland extremity of Wooltack Point at the western end of the Marloes Peninsula marks the southern limit of the bay whilst its nort ...
and western
Carmarthen Bay
Carmarthen Bay ( cy, Bae Caerfyrddin) is an inlet of the South Wales coast, including notable beaches such as Pendine Sands and Cefn Sidan sands. Carmarthen Bay is partially within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. The Joint Nature Conserva ...
. There are several small islands off the Pembrokeshire coast, the largest of which are
Ramsey
Ramsey may refer to:
Geography British Isles
* Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, a small market town in England
* Ramsey, Essex, a village near Harwich, England
** Ramsey and Parkeston, a civil parish formerly called just "Ramsey"
* Ramsey, Isle of Man, t ...
,
Grassholm
Grassholm ( cy, Gwales or ) or Grassholm Island is a small uninhabited island situated off the southwestern Pembrokeshire coast in Wales, lying west of Skomer, in the community of Marloes and St Brides. It is the westernmost point in Wales ot ...
,
Skokholm
Skokholm () or Skokholm Island is an island off the coast of Pembrokeshire, Wales, south of the neighbouring island of Skomer. The surrounding waters are a marine reserve and all are part of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. Both islands ...
,
Skomer
Skomer () or Skomer Island is an island off the coast of Pembrokeshire, in the community of Marloes and St Brides in west Wales. It is well known for its wildlife: around half the world's population of Manx shearwaters nest on the island, the A ...
and
Caldey.
The seas around Skomer and Skokholm, and some other areas off the Pembrokeshire coast are
Marine protected area
Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes. These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities. MPAs restrict human activity for a conse ...
s.
[
There are many known shipwrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast with many more undiscovered.] A Viking
Vikings ; non, víkingr is the modern name given to seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden),
who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded and se ...
wreck off The Smalls
The Smalls are a Canadian hard rock/metal band formed in 1989 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. They were influenced by jazz, hardcore punk, speed metal and country music. They were one of the most prominent Alberta bands in the second wave of per ...
has protected status. The county has six lifeboat stations, the earliest of which was established in 1822; in 2015 a quarter of all Royal National Lifeboat Institution Welsh rescues took place off the Pembrokeshire coast.
Pembrokeshire's diverse range of geological features was a key factor in the establishment of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park and a number of sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs). In the north of the county are the Preseli Hills, a wide stretch of high moorland supporting sheep farming and some forestry, with many prehistoric sites and the probable source of the bluestone
Bluestone is a cultural or commercial name for a number of dimension or building stone varieties, including:
* basalt in Victoria, Australia, and in New Zealand
* dolerites in Tasmania, Australia; and in Britain (including Stonehenge)
* fe ...
s used in the construction of the inner circle of Stonehenge in England. The highest point is Foel Cwmcerwyn
Foel Cwmcerwyn is the highest point of the Preseli Hills and of Pembrokeshire. It lies within the borders of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park although it is 10 km from the sea. A path leads to the summit from the village of Rosebush, Pe ...
at , which is also the highest point in Pembrokeshire. Elsewhere in the county most of the land (86 per cent according to CORINE
Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) is a European programme initiated in 1985 by the European Commission, aimed at gathering information relating to the environment on certain priority topics for the European Union (air, water, ...
) is used for farming, compared with 60 per cent for Wales as a whole.
Wildlife
Pembrokeshire's wildlife is diverse, with marine, estuary, ancient woodland, moorland and farmland habitats. The county has a number of seasonal seabird breeding sites, including for razorbill
The razorbill, razor-billed auk, or lesser auk (''Alca torda'') is a colonial seabird and the only extant member of the genus '' Alca'' of the family Alcidae, the auks. It is the closest living relative of the extinct great auk (''Pinguinis im ...
, guillemot
Guillemot is the common name for several species of seabird in the Alcidae or auk family (part of the order Charadriiformes). In British use, the term comprises two genera: '' Uria'' and ''Cepphus''. In North America the ''Uria'' species ...
, puffin and Manx shearwater, and rare endemic species such as the red-billed chough
The red-billed chough, Cornish chough or simply chough ( ; ''Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax''), is a bird in the crow family, one of only two species in the genus '' Pyrrhocorax''. Its eight subspecies breed on mountains and coastal cliffs from the w ...
; Grassholm has a large gannet colony. Seals, several species of whales (including a rare humpback whale
The humpback whale (''Megaptera novaeangliae'') is a species of baleen whale. It is a rorqual (a member of the family Balaenopteridae) and is the only species in the genus ''Megaptera''. Adults range in length from and weigh up to . The hu ...
sighting in 2021), dolphins and porpoises can be seen off the Pembrokeshire coast; whale-watching boat trips are frequent, particularly during the summer months. An appeal for otter sightings in 2014 yielded more than 100 responses, and a rare visit by a walrus occurred in the spring of 2021.
Pembrokeshire is one of the few places in the UK that is home to the rare Southern damselfly, ''Coenagrion mercuriale
''Coenagrion mercuriale'', the southern damselfly, is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Algeria, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Morocco, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, ...
'', which is found at several locations in the county, and whose numbers have been boosted by conservation work over a number of years.
History
Human habitation of the region that is now Pembrokeshire extends back to between 125,000 and 70,000 years and there are numerous prehistoric sites such as Pentre Ifan
Pentre Ifan (literally "Evan's Village") is the name of an ancient manor in the community and parish of Nevern, Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is from Cardigan, Ceredigion, and east of Newport, Pembrokeshire. Pentre Ifan contains and gives i ...
, and neolithic
The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several p ...
remains (12,000 to 6,500 years ago), more of which were revealed in an aerial survey during the 2018 heatwave; in the same year, a 1st-century Celtic chariot burial was discovered, the first such find in Wales. There may have been dairy farming in Neolithic times.
Roman period
There is little evidence of Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
occupation in what is now Pembrokeshire. Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος, ; la, Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importance ...
's ''Geography'', written , mentioned some coastal places, two of which have been identified as the River Teifi and what is now St Davids Head, but most Roman writers did not mention the area; there may have been a Roman settlement near St Davids and a road from Bath, but this comes from a 14th-century writer. Any evidence for villas or Roman building materials reported by mediaeval or later writers has not been verified, though some remains near Dale were tentatively identified as Roman in character by topographer Richard Fenton
Richard Fenton (January 1747 – November 1821) was a Welsh lawyer, topographer and poet.
Biography
Fenton was born in January 1747 in St David's, Pembrokeshire, and was baptised in St David's Cathedral on 20 February 1747, "being then a month ...
in his ''Historical Tour'' of 1810. Fenton stated that he had "...reason to be of opinion that they had not colonized Pembrokeshire till near the decline of their empire in Britain".
Part of a possible Roman road is noted by CADW near Llanddewi Velfrey
Llanddewi Velfrey or Llandewi Velfrey (also Llan-ddewi-vel-vre) ( cy, Llanddewi Efelffre) is a village, parish and community of Pembrokeshire in West Wales. Historically it was in the Narberth Hundred. The village is in Lampeter Vale, northeast ...
, and another near Wiston. Wiston is also the location of the first Roman fort discovered in Pembrokeshire, investigated in 2013.
Some artefacts, including coins and weapons, have been found, but it is not clear whether these belonged to Romans or to a Romanised population. Welsh tradition has it that Magnus Maximus
Magnus Maximus (; cy, Macsen Wledig ; died 8 August 388) was Roman emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 383 to 388. He usurped the throne from emperor Gratian in 383 through negotiation with emperor Theodosius I.
He was made emperor in B ...
founded Haverfordwest, and took a large force of local men on campaign in Gaul in 383 which, together with the reduction of Roman forces in south Wales, left a defensive vacuum which was filled by incomers from Ireland.
Sub-Roman period
Between 350 and 400, an Irish tribe known as the Déisi
The ''Déisi'' were a socially powerful class of peoples from Ireland that settled in Wales and western England between the ancient and early medieval period. The various peoples listed under the heading ''déis'' shared the same status in Gaeli ...
settled in the region known to the Romans as ''Demetae
The Demetae were a Celtic people of Iron Age and Roman period, who inhabited modern Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire in south-west Wales, and gave their name to the county of Dyfed.
Classical references
They are mentioned in Ptolemy's ''Geograp ...
''. The Déisi merged with the local Welsh, with the regional name underlying ''Demetae'' evolving into Dyfed
Dyfed () is a preserved county in southwestern Wales. It is a mostly rural area with a coastline on the Irish Sea and the Bristol Channel.
Between 1974 and 1996, Dyfed was also the name of the area's county council and the name remains in use f ...
, which existed as an independent petty kingdom
A petty kingdom is a kingdom described as minor or "petty" (from the French 'petit' meaning small) by contrast to an empire or unified kingdom that either preceded or succeeded it (e.g. the numerous kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England unified into ...
from the 5th century. In 904, Hywel Dda
Hywel Dda, sometimes anglicised as Howel the Good, or Hywel ap Cadell (died 949/950) was a king of Deheubarth who eventually came to rule most of Wales. He became the sole king of Seisyllwg in 920 and shortly thereafter established Deheubart ...
married Elen (died 943), daughter of the king of Dyfed Llywarch ap Hyfaidd
Llywarch ap Hyfaidd (died ) was a king of Dyfed from until its conquest around 904 by King Cadell of Ceredigion / Seisyllwg and his son Hywel.
Upon Llywarch's death, the kingdom passed briefly to his brother Rhodri, but Hywel soon consolida ...
, and merged Dyfed with his own maternal inheritance of Seisyllwg
Seisyllwg () was a petty kingdom of medieval Wales.Davies, p. 85 It is unclear when it emerged as a distinct unit, but according to later sources it consisted of the former Kingdom of Ceredigion plus the region known as Ystrad Tywi. Thus it cover ...
, forming the new realm of Deheubarth
Deheubarth (; lit. "Right-hand Part", thus "the South") was a regional name for the realms of south Wales, particularly as opposed to Gwynedd (Latin: ''Venedotia''). It is now used as a shorthand for the various realms united under the House o ...
("southern district"). Between the Roman and Norman periods, the region was subjected to raids from Vikings
Vikings ; non, víkingr is the modern name given to seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden),
who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded and ...
, who established settlements and trading posts at Haverfordwest, Fishguard, Caldey Island and elsewhere.
Norman period
Dyfed remained an integral province of Deheubarth, but this was contested by invading Normans
The Normans ( Norman: ''Normaunds''; french: Normands; la, Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and indigenous West Franks and Gallo-Romans. ...
and Flemings
The Flemish or Flemings ( nl, Vlamingen ) are a Germanic peoples, Germanic ethnic group native to Flanders, Belgium, who speak Dutch language, Dutch. Flemish people make up the majority of Belgians, at about 60%.
"''Flemish''" was historically ...
who arrived between 1067 and 1111. The region became known as Pembroke (sometimes archaic "Penbroke"), after the Norman castle built in the cantref of Penfro
image:LDPenfroCantref.png, 250 px, Location of the cantref of Penfro within ancient Dyfed
The Cantref of Penfro was one of the seven cantrefi of the Kingdom of Dyfed. It subsequently became part of Deheubarth in around 950. It consisted of the lo ...
. In 1136, Prince Owain Gwynedd
Owain ap Gruffudd ( 23 or 28 November 1170) was King of Gwynedd, North Wales, from 1137 until his death in 1170, succeeding his father Gruffudd ap Cynan. He was called Owain the Great ( cy, Owain Fawr) and the first to be ...
at Crug Mawr near Cardigan met and destroyed a 3,000-strong Norman/Flemish army and incorporated Deheubarth into Gwynedd.
Norman/Flemish influence never fully recovered in West Wales. In 1138, the county of Pembrokeshire was named as a county palatine
In England, Wales and Ireland a county palatine or palatinate was an area ruled by a hereditary nobleman enjoying special authority and autonomy from the rest of a kingdom. The name derives from the Latin adjective ''palātīnus'', "relating to ...
. Rhys ap Gruffydd
Rhys ap Gruffydd, commonly known as The Lord Rhys, in Welsh ''Yr Arglwydd Rhys'' (c. 1132 – 28 April 1197) was the ruler of the Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1155 to 1197 and native Prince of Wales.
It was believed that he ...
, the son of Owain Gwynedd's daughter Gwenllian, re-established Welsh control over much of the region and threatened to retake all of Pembrokeshire, but died in 1197. After Deheubarth was split by a dynastic feud, Llywelyn the Great almost succeeded in retaking the region of Pembroke between 1216 and his death in 1240. In 1284 the Statute of Rhuddlan
The Statute of Rhuddlan (12 Edw 1 cc.1–14; cy, Statud Rhuddlan ), also known as the Statutes of Wales ( la, Statuta Valliae) or as the Statute of Wales ( la, Statutum Valliae, links=no), provided the constitutional basis for the government of ...
was enacted to introduce the English common law system to Wales, heralding 100 years of peace, but had little effect on those areas already established under the Marcher Lords
A Marcher lord () was a noble appointed by the king of England to guard the border (known as the Welsh Marches) between England and Wales.
A Marcher lord was the English equivalent of a margrave (in the Holy Roman Empire) or a marquis (in F ...
, such as Cemais in the north of the county.
Middle ages
Henry Tudor, born at Pembroke Castle
Pembroke Castle ( cy, Castell Penfro) is a medieval castle in the centre of Pembroke, Pembrokeshire in Wales. The castle was the original family seat of the Earldom of Pembroke. A Grade I listed building since 1951, it underwent major restorati ...
in 1457, landed an army in Pembrokeshire in 1485 and marched to Cardigan. Rallying support, he continued to Leicestershire and defeated the larger army of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As Henry VII, he became the first monarch of the House of Tudor, which ruled England until 1603.
The Laws in Wales Act 1535 effectively abolished the powers of the Marcher Lords and divided the county into seven hundreds, roughly corresponding to the seven pre-Norman cantrefi of Dyfed. The hundreds were (clockwise from the northeast): Cilgerran
Cilgerran (previously Kilgerran or Cil-Garon) is both a village, a parish, and also a community, situated on the south bank of the River Teifi in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It was formerly an incorporated market town.
Among Cilgerran's attractions a ...
, Cemais, Dewisland
250px, The cantref of Pebidiog in ancient Dyfed
The Hundred of Dewisland (often written "Dewsland") was a hundred in northwest Pembrokeshire, Wales. Formerly the pre- Norman cantref of Pebidiog, it included the city and the peninsula of St Davids ...
, Roose
Roose or Roosecote is a suburb and ward of Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, England. The word 'roose' is Celtic for "moor" or "heath" and the suffix 'cote' of Roosecote means "hut" or "huts" (the word 'cottage' is derived from 'cote'). Before the bui ...
, Castlemartin, Narberth and Dungleddy
200px, Ancient Dyfed showing Deugleddyf Cantref and its "commotes"
200px, Pembrokeshire showing Dungleddy Hundred
The Hundred of Dungleddy was a hundred in the centre of Pembrokeshire, Wales. It had its origins in the pre- Norman cantref of Deug ...
and each was divided into civil parishes; a 1578 map in the British Library is the earliest known to show parishes and chapelries in Pembrokeshire. The Elizabethan era
The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history. The symbol of Britannia (a female personific ...
brought renewed prosperity to the county through an opening up of rural industries, including agriculture, mining and fishing, with exports to England and Ireland, though the formerly staple woollen industry had all but disappeared.
During the First English Civil War
The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They include the Bishops' Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Second English Civil War, the Anglo ...
(1642–1646) the county gave strong support to the Roundhead
Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists, who ...
s (Parliamentarians), in contrast to the rest of Wales, which was staunchly Royalist
A royalist supports a particular monarch as head of state for a particular kingdom, or of a particular dynastic claim. In the abstract, this position is royalism. It is distinct from monarchism, which advocates a monarchical system of governm ...
. In spite of this, an incident in Pembrokeshire triggered the opening shots of the Second English Civil War
The Second English Civil War took place between February to August 1648 in Kingdom of England, England and Wales. It forms part of the series of conflicts known collectively as the 1639-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which include the 1641 ...
when local units of the New Model Army mutinied. Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three K ...
defeated the uprising at the Siege of Pembroke
The siege of Pembroke took place in 1648 during the Second English Civil War. In the engagement, Parliamentarian troops led by Oliver Cromwell sieged Pembroke Castle in Wales. The Castle had become a refuge for rebellious Parliamentarian so ...
in July 1648. On 13 August 1649, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland began when New Model Army forces sailed from Milford Haven.
18th and 19th centuries
In 1720, Emmanuel Bowen described Pembrokeshire as having five market towns, 45 parishes and about 4,329 houses, with an area of . In 1791 a petition was presented to the House of Commons concerning the poor state of many of the county's roads, pointing out that repairs could not be made compulsory by the law as it stood. The petition was referred to committee. People applying for poor relief
In English and British history, poor relief refers to government and ecclesiastical action to relieve poverty. Over the centuries, various authorities have needed to decide whose poverty deserves relief and also who should bear the cost of hel ...
were often put to work mending roads. Workhouses were poorly documented. Under the Poor Laws, costs and provisions were kept to a minimum, but the emphasis was often on helping people to be self-employed. While the Poor Laws provided a significant means of support, there were many charitable and benefit societies. After the Battle of Fishguard
The Battle of Fishguard was a military invasion of Great Britain by Revolutionary France during the War of the First Coalition. The brief campaign, on 22–24 February 1797, is the most recent landing on British soil by a hostile foreign fo ...
, the failed French invasion of 1797, 500 French prisoners were held at Golden Hill Farm, Pembroke. From 1820 to 1878 one of the county's prisons, with a capacity of 86, was in the grounds of Haverfordwest Castle. In 1831, the area of the county was calculated to be with a population of 81,424.
It was not until nearly the end of the 19th century that mains water was provided to rural south Pembrokeshire by means of a reservoir at Rosebush and cast iron water pipes throughout the district.
20th century
Throughout much of the 20th century (1911 to 1961) the population density in the county remained stable while it rose in England and Wales as a whole. There was considerable military activity in Pembrokeshire and offshore in the 20th century: a naval base at Milford Haven because German U-boats were active off the coast in World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
and, in World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
, military exercises in the Preseli Hills and a number of military airfields. The wartime increase in air activity saw a number of aircraft accidents and fatalities, often due to unfamiliarity with the terrain. From 1943 to 1944, 5,000 soldiers from the United States Army's 110th Infantry Regiment were based in the county, preparing for D-Day. Military and industrial targets in the county were subjected to bombing during World War II. After the end of the war, German prisoners of war were accommodated in Pembrokeshire, the largest prison being at Haverfordwest, housing 600. The County of Pembroke War Memorial
The County of Pembroke War Memorial ''(Welsh: Cofeb Ryfel Sir Benfro)'' is a county war memorial in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It was erected in 1921 in Pembrokeshire's county town, Haverfordwest, to commemorate the county's fallen of World War I. It i ...
in Haverfordwest carries the names of 1,200 of those that perished in World War I.
In 1972, a second reservoir for south Pembrokeshire, at Llys y Fran
Llys y Fran is a small village and parish in the community of New Moat on the southern slopes of the Preseli Mountains in Pembrokeshire, Wales. The parish includes the small settlement of Gwastad. A notable feature is Llys y Fran Reservoir and Cou ...
, was completed.
Demography
Population
Pembrokeshire's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census.
Language
As a result of differential immigration over hundreds of years, such as the influx of Flemish people, the south of the county has fewer Welsh-speaking inhabitants (about 15 per cent) than the north (about 50 per cent). The rough line that can be drawn between the two regions, illustrated by the map, is known as the Landsker Line
The Landsker Line ( cy, Ffin ieithyddol Sir Benfro) is a term used for the language border in Wales between the largely Welsh-speaking and largely English-speaking areas in Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire. The English-speaking areas, south of ...
, and the area south of the line has been termed "Little England Beyond Wales
Little England beyond Wales is a name that has been applied to an area of southern Pembrokeshire and southwestern Carmarthenshire in Wales, which has been English in language and culture for many centuries despite its remoteness from England. I ...
". The first objective, statistically based description of this demarcation was made in the 1960s, but the distinction was remarked upon as early as 1603 by George Owen of Henllys
George Owen of Henllys (1552 – 26 August 1613) was a Welsh antiquarian, author, and naturalist.
Early life
George Owen was the eldest son born to Elizabeth Herbert and William Owen in Henllys of the parish of Nevern, near Newport, Pembroke ...
. A 21st century introduction of Welsh place names for villages which had previously been known locally only by their English names has caused some controversy.
Religion
In 1851, a religious census of Pembrokeshire showed that of 70 per cent of the population, 53 per cent were nonconformist
Nonconformity or nonconformism may refer to:
Culture and society
* Insubordination, the act of willfully disobeying an order of one's superior
*Dissent, a sentiment or philosophy of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea or entity
** ...
s and 17 per cent Church of England (now Church in Wales
The Church in Wales ( cy, Yr Eglwys yng Nghymru) is an Anglican church in Wales, composed of six dioceses.
The Archbishop of Wales does not have a fixed archiepiscopal see, but serves concurrently as one of the six diocesan bishops. The p ...
, in the Diocese of St Davids
The Diocese of St Davids is a diocese of the Church in Wales, a church of the Anglican Communion. The diocese covers the historic extent of Ceredigion, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, together with a small part of western Glamorgan. The episcop ...
). The 2001 census for Preseli Pembrokeshire constituency showed that 74 per cent were Christian and 25 per cent of no religion (or not stated), with other religions totalling less than 1 per cent. This approximates to the figures for the whole of Wales.
Ethnicity
In 2001, Preseli Pembrokeshire constituency was 99 per cent white European, marginally lower than in 1991, compared with 98 per cent for the whole of Wales. 71 per cent identified their place of birth as Wales and 26 per cent as from elsewhere in the UK.
Governance, politics and public services
Under the Local Government Act 1888
Local may refer to:
Geography and transportation
* Local (train), a train serving local traffic demand
* Local, Missouri, a community in the United States
* Local government, a form of public administration, usually the lowest tier of administrat ...
, an elected county council
A county council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.
Ireland
The county councils created under British rule in 1899 continue to exist in Irel ...
was set up to take over the functions of the Pembrokeshire Quarter Sessions
The courts of quarter sessions or quarter sessions were local courts traditionally held at four set times each year in the Kingdom of England from 1388 (extending also to Wales following the Laws in Wales Act 1535). They were also established in ...
. It was based at the Shire Hall, Haverfordwest
The Shire Hall ( cy, Neuadd y Sir Hwlffordd) is a municipal structure in the High Street, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales. The shire hall, which was the meeting place of the old Pembrokeshire County Council, is a Grade II* listed building ...
. This and the administrative county of Pembrokeshire were abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, with Pembrokeshire forming two districts of the new county of Dyfed
Dyfed () is a preserved county in southwestern Wales. It is a mostly rural area with a coastline on the Irish Sea and the Bristol Channel.
Between 1974 and 1996, Dyfed was also the name of the area's county council and the name remains in use f ...
: South Pembrokeshire
South Pembrokeshire ( cy, De Sir Benfro) was one of six local government districts of Dyfed, Wales from 1974 to 1996.
Creation
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, from the following parts of the administra ...
and Preseli
Preseli Pembrokeshire (, ; cy, Preseli Sir Benfro) was one of six local government districts of Dyfed in West Wales from 1974 to 1996. Until 1987 the name of the district was Preseli. The district took its name from the Preseli Hills.
Creation
Th ...
– the split being made at the request of local authorities in the area. In 1996, under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994
The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 (c. 19) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which amended the Local Government Act 1972 to create the current local government structure in Wales of 22 unitary authority areas, referred to as ...
, the county of Dyfed was broken up into its constituent parts, and Pembrokeshire has been a unitary authority
A unitary authority is a local authority responsible for all local government functions within its area or performing additional functions that elsewhere are usually performed by a higher level of sub-national government or the national governmen ...
since then. A new County Hall was built in 1999 in Haverfordwest and serves as the county council's headquarters. In 2017 Pembrokeshire County Council
Pembrokeshire County Council ( cy, Cyngor Sir Penfro) is the governing body for Pembrokeshire, one of the Principal Areas of Wales.
Political control
The first election to the council was held in 1995, initially operating as a shadow authori ...
had 60 members and no political party in overall control; there were 34 independent
Independent or Independents may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups
* Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in the New Hope, Pennsylvania, area of the United States during the early 1930s
* Independ ...
councillors. In 2009, the question of county names and Royal Mail postal addresses was raised in the Westminster parliament; it was argued that Royal Mail's continued use of the county address Dyfed was causing concern and confusion in the Pembrokeshire business community. The Royal Mail has subsequently ceased requiring county names to be used in postal addresses. In 2018, Pembrokeshire County Council increased council tax
Council Tax is a local taxation system used in England, Scotland and Wales. It is a tax on domestic property, which was introduced in 1993 by the Local Government Finance Act 1992, replacing the short-lived Community Charge, which in turn re ...
by 12.5 per cent, the largest increase since 2004, but the county's council tax remains the lowest in Wales.
The Pembrokeshire (Communities) Order 2011 established the most recent arrangement of communities (the successors to civil parishes) in the county which have their own councils; see the foot of this page for a list of communities.
Since 2010, Pembrokeshire has returned two Conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...
MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative suprema ...
at Westminster: Stephen Crabb for Preseli Pembrokeshire
Preseli Pembrokeshire (, ; cy, Preseli Sir Benfro) was one of six local government districts of Dyfed in West Wales from 1974 to 1996. Until 1987 the name of the district was Preseli. The district took its name from the Preseli Hills.
Creation
Th ...
and Simon Hart
Simon Anthony Hart (born 15 August 1963) is a British politician serving as the Chief Whip of the House of Commons and Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury since October 2022. He previously served as Secretary of State for Wales between 2019 ...
for South Pembrokeshire
South Pembrokeshire ( cy, De Sir Benfro) was one of six local government districts of Dyfed, Wales from 1974 to 1996.
Creation
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, from the following parts of the administra ...
which is represented jointly with West Carmarthenshire. The corresponding Members of the Senedd
A Member of the Senedd (MS; plural: ''MSs''; cy, Aelodau o'r Senedd; , plural:) (AS)., group=la is a representative elected to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; ). There are sixty members, with forty members chosen to represent individual Senedd ...
(MSs) returned to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) in Cardiff are Paul Davies
Paul Charles William Davies (born 22 April 1946) is an English physicist, writer and broadcaster, a professor in Arizona State University and Director of BEYOND: Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science. He is affiliated with the Institute ...
and Angela Burns
Angela Jane Burns is a British businesswoman and politician who was elected as Conservative AM for Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire from 2007 to 2021.
Background
Burns was from an English family and brought up in several foreign coun ...
respectively, both Conservatives.
Pembrokeshire is served by the Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service
The Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service ( cy, Gwasanaeth Tân ac Achub Canolbarth a Gorllewin Cymru) is the fire and rescue service covering the Welsh principal areas of Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion, Neath Port Talbot, Pembrokeshire, ...
and Dyfed-Powys Police.
Transport
There are no motorways in Pembrokeshire; the nearest is the M4 motorway from London which terminates at the Pont Abraham services in Carmarthenshire some from Haverfordwest. The A40 crosses Pembrokeshire from the border with Carmarthenshire westwards to Haverfordwest, then northwards to Fishguard. The A477 from St. Clears to Pembroke Dock is long, of which only are dual carriageway. The Cleddau Bridge
The Cleddau Bridge (, cy, Pont Cleddau) in Pembrokeshire, Wales, carries the A477 road over the River Cleddau between Neyland and Pembroke Dock.
Errors in the box girder design caused the collapse during construction in 1970. The bridge bec ...
, toll-free from 28 March 2019, carries the A477 across the Cleddau Estuary
The River Cleddau ( cy, Afon Cleddau) consists of the Eastern and Western Cleddau rivers in Pembrokeshire, west Wales. They unite to form the Daugleddau estuary and the important harbour of Milford Haven.
The name of the combined estuary – ...
. The A478 traverses eastern Pembrokeshire from Tenby in the south to Cardigan, Ceredigion in the north, a distance of . The A487
The A487, officially the Fishguard to Bangor Trunk Road, is a trunk road in Wales that follows the coast from Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, in the south, to Bangor, Gwynedd, in the north.
Route
The road starts at a junction with the A40 i ...
is the other major route, running northwest from Haverfordwest to St Davids, then northeast following the coast, through Fishguard and Newport, to the boundary with Ceredigion at Cardigan. Owing to length restrictions in Fishguard, some freight vehicles are not permitted to travel northeast from Fishguard but must take a longer route via Haverfordwest and Narberth. The B4329 former turnpike runs from Eglwyswrw
Eglwyswrw is a village, community and parish in the former Cantref of Cemais, Pembrokeshire, Wales. The village lies between Newport and Cardigan at the junction of the A487 road and the B4332 at an altitude of .
The village is in the heart ...
in the north to Haverfordwest across the Preseli Hills.
The main towns in the county are covered by regular bus and train services operated by First Cymru
First Cymru is an operator of bus services in South West Wales. It is a subsidiary of FirstGroup with its headquarters in Swansea.
History
In 1987, South Wales Transport was sold during the privatisation of the National Bus Company in a man ...
(under their "Western Welsh" livery), Transport for Wales Rail
Transport for Wales Rail Limited, branded as Transport for Wales and TfW Rail ( and ), is a Welsh publicly owned train operating company, a subsidiary of Transport for Wales (TfW), a Welsh Government-owned company. It commenced operations of t ...
and sometimes Great Western Railway respectively, and many villages by local bus services, or community or education transport.
Pembrokeshire is served by rail via the West Wales Lines from Swansea. Direct trains from Milford Haven run to Manchester Piccadilly. Branch lines terminate at Pembroke Dock, Milford Haven and Fishguard
Fishguard ( cy, Abergwaun, meaning "Mouth of the River Gwaun") is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, Wales, with a population of 3,419 in 2011; the community of Fishguard and Goodwick had a population of 5,407. Modern Fishguard consists of two p ...
, linking with ferries to Ireland from Pembroke Dock and Fishguard. Seasonal ferry services operate from Tenby to Caldey Island, from St Justinians (St Davids) to Ramsey Island and Grassholm Island, and from Martin's Haven
Martin's Haven is a small bay in Pembrokeshire, Wales, UK, on the Dale Peninsula, with views across St Bride's Bay towards St David's. Its shingle beach has a stone slipway which acts as an embarkation point for the ferry which visits the near ...
to Skomer Island. Haverfordwest (Withybush) Airport provides general aviation
General aviation (GA) is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as all civil aviation aircraft operations with the exception of commercial air transport or aerial work, which is defined as specialized aviation services ...
services.
Economy
Pembrokeshire's economy now relies heavily on tourism; agriculture, once its most important industry with associated activities such as milling, is still significant. Mining of slate and coal had largely ceased by the 20th century. Since the 1950s, petrochemical
Petrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable so ...
and liquid natural gas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the vol ...
industries have developed along the Milford Haven Waterway
Milford Haven Waterway (''Welsh: Dyfrffordd Aberdaugleddau'') is a natural harbour in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is a ria or drowned valley which was flooded at the end of the last ice age. The Daugleddau estuary winds west to the sea. As one ...
and the county has attracted other major ventures. In 2016, the Rt. Hon. Stephen Crabb, then Welsh Secretary, commented in a government press release: ''"...with a buoyant local economy, Pembrokeshire is punching above its weight across the UK."''
In August 2019, the Pembrokeshire County Show celebrated 60 years at Haverfordwest Showground. The organisers anticipated 100,000 visitors, the largest three-day such event in Wales at the time. It showcased agriculture, food and drink, a rugby club, entertainment, with the star attraction a motorcycle display team.
Agriculture
Until the 12th century, a great extent of Pembrokeshire was virgin woodland. Clearance in the lowland south began under Anglo-Flemish colonisation and under mediaeval tenancies in other areas. Such was the extent of development that by the 16th century there was a shortage of timber in the county. Little is known about mediaeval farming methods, but much arable land was continuously cropped and only occasionally ploughed. By the 18th century, many of the centuries-old open field systems had been enclosed
Enclosure or Inclosure is a term, used in English landownership, that refers to the appropriation of "waste" or "common land" enclosing it and by doing so depriving commoners of their rights of access and privilege. Agreements to enclose land ...
, and much of the land was arable or rough pasture in a ratio of about 1:3.
Kelly's Directory of 1910 gave a snapshot of the agriculture of Pembrokeshire: were cropped (almost half under oats and a quarter barley), there were of grass and clover and of permanent pasture (of which a third was for hay). There were of mountain or heathland used for grazing, with of managed or unmanaged woodland. Estimates of livestock included 17,810 horses, 92,386 cattle, 157,973 sheep and 31,673 pigs. Of 5,981 agricultural holdings, more than half were between 5 and 50 acres.
Pembrokeshire had a flourishing wool industry. There are still working woollen mills at Solva
Solva ( cy, Solfach) is a village, community and electoral ward in Pembrokeshire, Wales. The village comprises principally Lower Solva and Upper Solva. The community also includes Middle Mill and Whitchurch.
Location
Solva lies on the north ...
and Tregwynt. One of the last few watermills in Wales producing flour is in St Dogmaels.
Pembrokeshire has good soil and benefits from the Gulf Stream, which provides a mild climate and a longer growing season than other parts of Wales. Pembrokeshire's mild climate means that crops such as its new potatoes (which have protected geographical status
Three European Union schemes of geographical indications and traditional specialties, known as protected designation of origin (PDO), protected geographical indication (PGI), and traditional specialities guaranteed (TSG), promote and protect nam ...
under European law) often arrive in British shops earlier in the year than produce from other parts of the UK. Other principal arable crops are oilseed rape
Rapeseed (''Brassica napus ''subsp.'' napus''), also known as rape, or oilseed rape, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains a ...
, wheat
Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain that is a worldwide staple food. The many species of wheat together make up the genus ''Triticum'' ; the most widely grown is common wheat (''T. aestivum''). The archaeologi ...
and barley
Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley p ...
, while the main non-arable activities are dairy farming for milk and cheese, beef production and sheep farming.
The county lends its name to the Pembroke Welsh Corgi
The Pembroke Welsh Corgi (; Welsh for "dwarf dog") is a cattle herding dog breed that originated in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is one of two breeds known as a Welsh Corgi. Pembroke Welsh Corgis descended from the Spitz family of dogs. The other i ...
, a herding dog whose lineage can be traced back to the 12th century, but which in 2015 was designated as a "vulnerable" breed.
Since 2006, Pembrokeshire Local Action Network for Enterprise and Development (PLANED) has provided a forum to promote an integrated approach to rural development, in which communities, public sector and voluntary partners and specialist interest groups come together to influence policy and promote projects aimed at sustainable agriculture. Sub-groups include promoting food and farming in schools and shortening supply chains.
Fishing
With Pembrokeshire's extensive coastal areas and tidal river estuaries, fishing was an important industry at least from the 16th century. Many ports and villages were dependent on the fishing. The former large sea fishing
Angling is a fishing technique that uses a fish hook or "angle" (from Old English ''angol'') attached to a fishing line to tether individual fish in the mouth. The fishing line is usually manipulated via a fishing rod, although rodless techniqu ...
industry around Milford Haven is now greatly reduced, although limited commercial fishing still takes place. At its peak, Milford was landing over 40,000 tons of fish a year. Pembrokeshire Fish Week
Pembrokeshire Fish Week is an biannual food festival held in June and July that celebrates Pembrokeshire’s seafood, coastline, beaches, and maritime heritage. It has many events that take place across the county.
Events
During the festival ...
is a biennial event which in 2014 attracted 31,000 visitors and generated £3 million for the local economy.
Mining
Slate quarrying was a significant industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries with quarrying taking place at about 100 locations throughout the county. Over 50 coal workings in the Pembrokeshire Coalfield
The Pembrokeshire Coalfield in West Wales is one of the smallest British coalfields, but continuously worked from the 14th to 20th centuries. The main coalfield extends across south Pembrokeshire from Saundersfoot on Carmarthen Bay westwards to B ...
were in existence between the 14th and 20th centuries, with the last coal mine, at Kilgetty, closing in 1950. Pembrokeshire has 61 disused coal tips; only one of these is in Category C (carrying a potential safety risk), but its location has not been disclosed.
Oil, gas and renewable energy
There are two oil refineries, two liquified natural gas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volu ...
(LNG) terminals and the 2,000 MW gas-fired Pembroke Power Station (opened in 2012) at Milford Haven. The LNG terminals on the north side of the river, just outside Milford Haven were opened in 2008; a pipeline connecting Milford Haven to Tirley in Gloucestershire was completed in 2007. The two oil refineries are operated by Chevron
Chevron (often relating to V-shaped patterns) may refer to:
Science and technology
* Chevron (aerospace), sawtooth patterns on some jet engines
* Chevron (anatomy), a bone
* '' Eulithis testata'', a moth
* Chevron (geology), a fold in rock ...
(formerly Texaco) producing and Murco (formerly Amoco/Elf) producing ; the latter was sold to Puma Energy
Puma Energy is a Swiss multinational mid- and downstream oil company, majority-owned by Singapore-based Swiss company Trafigura.
Its operations span around 40 countries across five continents and encompass the supply, storage, refining, di ...
in 2015 with the intention of converting it to a storage facility. At the peak, there were a total of five refineries served from around the Haven: the Esso refinery operated from 1960 to 1983, was demolished in the late 1980s and the site converted into the South Hook LNG terminal
South Hook LNG terminal is an LNG regasification terminal near Milford Haven and is the largest LNG terminal in Europe.
Together with the smaller Dragon LNG terminal nearby, it can handle up to 25% of the UK's gas requirement. The first tanker ...
; the Gulf Refinery operated from 1968 to 1997 and the site now incorporates the Dragon LNG terminal
Milford Haven Waterway (''Welsh: Dyfrffordd Aberdaugleddau'') is a natural harbour in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is a ria or drowned valley which was flooded at the end of the Last Glacial Period, last ice age. The Daugleddau estuary winds west ...
; BP had an oil terminal at Angle
In Euclidean geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the '' sides'' of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the '' vertex'' of the angle.
Angles formed by two rays lie in the plane that contains the rays. Angles a ...
Bay which served its refinery at Llandarcy
Llandarcy is a village near Neath in the Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales, and was the site of the first oil refinery in the United Kingdom. It was originally designed as a garden village to house the workers for the BP refinery built b ...
and operated between 1961 and 1985.
The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority has identified a number of areas in which renewable energy can be, and has been, generated in the county. Following several years of planning after the initial impact studies begun in 2011, the first submarine turbine of three was installed in Ramsey Sound in December 2015. The cumulative impact of single and multiple wind turbines is not without controversy and was the subject of a comprehensive assessment in 2013. In 2011 the first solar energy farm in Wales was installed at Rhosygilwen, Rhoshill with 10,000 panels in a field of , generating 1 MW.
Tourism
Pembrokeshire's tourism portal is ''Visit Pembrokeshire'', run by Pembrokeshire County Council. In 2015 4.3 million tourists visited the county, staying for an average of 5.24 days, spending £585 million; the tourism industry supported 11,834 jobs. Many of Pembrokeshire's beaches have won awards, including Poppit Sands and Newport Sands. In 2018, Pembrokeshire received the most coast awards in Wales, with 56 Blue Flag, Green Coast or Seaside Awards. In the 2019 Wales Coast Awards, 39 Pembrokeshire beaches were recognised, including 11 awarded Blue Flag status.
The Pembrokeshire coastline is a major draw to tourists; in 2011 National Geographic Traveller magazine voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the second best in the world and in 2015 the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park was listed among the top five parks in the world by a travel writer for the Huffington Post. Countryfile
''Countryfile'' is a British television programme which airs weekly on BBC One and reports on rural, agricultural, and environmental issues in the United Kingdom.
The programme is currently presented by John Craven, Adam Henson, Matt Baker ...
Magazine readers voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the top UK holiday destination in 2018, and in 2019 Consumers' Association members placed Tenby and St Davids in the top three best value beach destinations in Britain. With few large urban areas, Pembrokeshire is a "dark sky" destination. The many wrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast attract divers. The decade from 2012 saw significant, increasing numbers of Atlantic bluefin tuna
The Atlantic bluefin tuna (''Thunnus thynnus'') is a species of tuna in the family Scombridae. It is variously known as the northern bluefin tuna (mainly when including Pacific bluefin as a subspecies), giant bluefin tuna or individuals excee ...
, not seen since the 1960s, and now seen by some as an opportunity to encourage tourist sport fishing.
The county has a number of theme and animal parks (examples are Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo, Manor House Wildlife Park
Manor House Wildlife Park is a zoo located in Pembrokeshire, Wales, just north of the village of St Florence. It was bought in 2008 by television presenter Anna Ryder Richardson and Colin MacDougall and is more recently known as Manor Wildlife P ...
, Blue Lagoon Water Park Blue Lagoon may refer to:
Places
* Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa), Iceland
* Blue Lagoon Island, near Nassau, Bahamas
* Blue Lagoon Local Nature Reserve, Bletchley, Milton Keynes, England
* Blue Lagoon National Park, Zambia
* Blue Lagoon Reservoir or ...
and Oakwood Theme Park
Oakwood Theme Park (formerly Oakwood Leisure Park, Oakwood Coaster Country & Oakwood Park) is a theme park in Pembrokeshire, Wales.
Oakwood opened in the late 1980s as a very small family park with BMXs, a wooden fort, a 3D-style cinema experi ...
), museums and other visitor attractions including Castell Henllys
Castell Henllys (Welsh, "castle of the old court") is an important archaeological site in north Pembrokeshire, Wales, on the A487 road between Newport and Cardigan, in the parish of Nevern.
The Iron Age hillfort has been the subject of an ...
reconstructed Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age ( Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the Bronze Age ( Chalcolithic). The concept has been mostl ...
fort, Tenby Lifeboat Station
Tenby Lifeboat Station is a lifeboat station in Tenby, Pembrokeshire, Wales that has been situated to the east of the town since 1852, three generations having been built; the original and updates in 1905 and 2005. The station currently houses ...
and Milford Haven's Torch Theatre. There are 21 marked cycle trails around the county.
Pembrokeshire Destination Management Plan for 2020 to 2025 sets out the scope and priorities to grow tourism in Pembrokeshire by increasing its value by 10 per cent in the five years, and to make Pembrokeshire a top five UK destination.
Culture
Flag
The flag of Pembrokeshire
The flag of Pembrokeshire ( cy, Baner Sir Benfro) is the flag of the Welsh county of Pembrokeshire.
The flag was designed by Councillors Peter Stock, Dewi Pritchard, Jim Brock and Marjorie Jacobs in the 1970s after the abolition of Pembrokeshir ...
is a yellow cross on a blue field; in the centre of the cross is a green pentagon bearing a red and white Tudor rose
The Tudor rose (sometimes called the Union rose) is the traditional floral heraldic emblem of England and takes its name and origins from the House of Tudor, which united the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The Tudor rose consists o ...
, divided quarterly and counterchanged, the inner and outer roses having alternating red and white quarters.
Physical heritage
Pembrokeshire has more than 1,600 listed building
In the United Kingdom, a listed building or listed structure is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, in Wales, and the Northern Irel ...
s, ranging from mud huts to castles, and including bridges and other ancient and modern structures, under the auspices of Cadw and the County Council. The National Monuments Record of Wales of the identifies nearly 6,000 sites in Pembrokeshire as worthy of study, preservation and recording, including prehistoric and modern buildings, wrecks and natural features. There are 10 National Trust properties in Pembrokeshire.
The arts and media
Music festivals in Pembrokeshire include those at St Davids, Fishguard (folk, jazz and the International Music Festival) and Tenby (Blues Festival). Milford Haven's Torch Theatre produces drama, screens films and holds exhibitions of art and crafts, and there is a theatre-cinema in Fishguard ( Theatr Gwaun) and a cinema in Haverfordwest. There are museums and art galleries in several locations in the county, including Scolton Manor, Narberth, Tenby, Milford Haven and Fishguard; in Fishguard, the long ''Last Invasion Tapestry'', commemorating the Battle of Fishguard
The Battle of Fishguard was a military invasion of Great Britain by Revolutionary France during the War of the First Coalition. The brief campaign, on 22–24 February 1797, is the most recent landing on British soil by a hostile foreign fo ...
in 1797, is on display.
Pembrokeshire's coastal landscape and wealth of historic buildings has made it a popular location choice for film and television, including ''Moby Dick
''Moby-Dick; or, The Whale'' is an 1851 novel by American writer Herman Melville. The book is the sailor Ishmael's narrative of the obsessive quest of Ahab, captain of the whaling ship ''Pequod'', for revenge against Moby Dick, the giant whi ...
'' at Fishguard, and the final two ''Harry Potter'' films at Freshwater West. Others include:
There are seven local newspapers based in Pembrokeshire: the '' Western Telegraph'' (the largest in Pembrokeshire), ''The Milford Mercury'', ''Tenby Observer'', ''Pembroke Observer'', ''County Echo'' and ''The Pembrokeshire Herald'' (founded 2013. ''The Milford Mercury'' (circulation 3,681) and ''Western Telegraph'' (circulation 19,582) are part of the Newsquest group. Radio Pembrokeshire, and several other West Wales radio stations, were broadcast from Narberth until 2016, when they were relocated to the Vale of Glamorgan, while retaining satellite offices at Narberth and Milford Marina.
Sport
As the national sport of Wales, rugby union
Rugby union, commonly known simply as rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In it ...
is widely played throughout the county at both town and village level. Haverfordwest RFC
Haverfordwest Rugby Football Club is a rugby union team from the town of Haverfordwest, West Wales. The club is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Llanelli Scarlets.
Club badge
The club badge depicts a phoenix rising ...
, founded in 1875, is a feeder club for Llanelli Scarlets
The Scarlets () are one of the four professional Welsh rugby union teams and are based in Llanelli, Wales. Their home ground is the Parc y Scarlets stadium. They play in the United Rugby Championship and the European Rugby Champions Cup (which ...
. Village team Crymych RFC
Crymych Rugby Football Club (Welsh: Clwb Rygbi Crymych) is a rugby union team from the village of Crymych in Pembrokeshire, Wales. The club is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Llanelli Scarlets.
History
Crymych RFC is ...
in 2014 plays in WRU Division One West
The Welsh Rugby Union Division One West (also called the SWALEC Division One West for sponsorship reasons) is a rugby union league in Wales first implemented for the 1995/96 season. The league was formed in 2006 when the WRU divided the old Divis ...
. There are numerous football clubs in the county, playing in five leagues.
Triathlon event '' Ironman Wales'' has been held in Pembrokeshire since 2011, contributing £3.7 million to the local economy, and the county committed in 2017 to host the event for a further five years. ''Ras Beca'', a mixed road, fell and cross country race attracting UK-wide competitors, has been held in the Preseli Hills annually since 1977. The record of 32 minutes 5 seconds has stood since 1995. Pembrokeshire Harriers athletics club was formed in 2001 by the amalgamation of Cleddau Athletic Club (established 1970) and Preseli Harriers (1989) and is based in Haverfordwest.
The annual Tour of Pembrokeshire road-cycling event takes place over routes of optional length. The 4th Tour, in April 2015, attracted 1,600 riders including Olympic gold medallist Chris Boardman
Christopher Miles Boardman, (born 26 August 1968) is a British former racing cyclist. A time trial and prologue specialist, Boardman won the inaugural men's World time trial championship in 1994, won the individual pursuit gold medal at the 1 ...
and there were 1,500 entrants to the 2016 event. Part of Route 47 of the Celtic Trail cycle route
The Celtic Trail is a network of dedicated cycle routes in the National Cycle Network, crossing West, South and Mid Wales, and covering 377 miles in total. It is divided into east and west sections. The west section links Pembroke and Fishgua ...
is in Pembrokeshire. The Llys y Fran
Llys y Fran is a small village and parish in the community of New Moat on the southern slopes of the Preseli Mountains in Pembrokeshire, Wales. The parish includes the small settlement of Gwastad. A notable feature is Llys y Fran Reservoir and Cou ...
Hillclimb is an annual event run by Swansea Motor Club, and there are several other county motoring events held each year.
Abereiddy's ''Blue Lagoon'' was the venue for a round of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series
The Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series, established in 2009 and created by Red Bull, is an annual international series of cliff diving events in which a limited number of competitors determine the Cliff Diving World Series winner.
Divers j ...
in 2012, 2013, and 2016; the Welsh Surfing Federation
The Welsh Surfing Federation (WSF) is the national governing body of surfing in Wales, affiliated to the European Surfing Federation. It is responsible for promoting the sport by organising National Championships, participating in events to raise ...
has held the Welsh National Surfing Championships at Freshwater West
Freshwater West (also known as ''Fresh West'') is a beach near Castlemartin, Pembrokeshire in West Wales. It lies along the B4319 road and is part of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. Freshwater West, noted for its strong waves and curren ...
for several years, and Llys y Fran Country Park hosted the Welsh Dragonboat Championships from 2014 to 2017.
While not at major league level, cricket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by str ...
is played throughout the county and many villages such as Lamphey
Lamphey ( cy, Llandyfái ) is both a village, a parish and a community near the south coast of Pembrokeshire, Wales, approximately east of the historic town of Pembroke, and north of the seaside village of Freshwater East. The 2011 census re ...
, Creselly, Llangwm, Llechryd
Llechryd () is a rural village on the A484 road approximately from Cardigan, Ceredigion, Wales. Situated on the north bank of the tidal River Teifi, Llechryd is the first point upstream of Cardigan where crossing is possible. Most of the village ...
and Crymych
Crymych () is a village of around 800 inhabitants and a community (population 1,739) in the northeast of Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is situated approximately above sea level at the eastern end of the Preseli Mountains, on the old Tenby to Cardigan ...
field teams in minor leagues under the umbrella of the Cricket Board of Wales.
Notable people
From mediaeval times, Rhys ap Gruffydd
Rhys ap Gruffydd, commonly known as The Lord Rhys, in Welsh ''Yr Arglwydd Rhys'' (c. 1132 – 28 April 1197) was the ruler of the Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1155 to 1197 and native Prince of Wales.
It was believed that he ...
(-1197), ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth
Deheubarth (; lit. "Right-hand Part", thus "the South") was a regional name for the realms of south Wales, particularly as opposed to Gwynedd (Latin: ''Venedotia''). It is now used as a shorthand for the various realms united under the House of ...
, was buried in St Davids Cathedral. and Gerald of Wales
Gerald of Wales ( la, Giraldus Cambrensis; cy, Gerallt Gymro; french: Gerald de Barri; ) was a Cambro-Norman priest and historian. As a royal clerk to the king and two archbishops, he travelled widely and wrote extensively. He studied and taugh ...
was born at Manorbier Castle
Manorbier Castle ( cy, Castell Maenorbŷr) is a Norman castle in Manorbier, southwest of Tenby, Wales. It was founded in the late 11th century by the Anglo-Norman de Barry family. The castle was part of a mesne lordship under the control of the ...
. Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) was born in 1457 at Pembroke Castle
Pembroke Castle ( cy, Castell Penfro) is a medieval castle in the centre of Pembroke, Pembrokeshire in Wales. The castle was the original family seat of the Earldom of Pembroke. A Grade I listed building since 1951, it underwent major restorati ...
.
The pirate Bartholomew Roberts
)
, type=Pirate
, birth_place = Casnewydd Bach, near Puncheston, Pembrokeshire, Wales, Kingdom of England
, death_place = At sea off of Cape Lopez, Gabon
, allegiance=
, serviceyears=1719–1722
, base of operations= Off the coast of the Americ ...
(Black Bart) (Welsh: Barti Ddu) was born in Casnewydd Bach, between Fishguard and Haverfordwest in 1682.
In later military history, Jemima Nicholas, heroine of the so-called "last invasion of Britain" in 1797, was from Fishguard, Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton
Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton (24 August 175818 June 1815) was a British Army officer who fought in the Napoleonic Wars. According to the historian Alessandro Barbero, Picton was "respected for his courage and feared for his irascible t ...
GCB, born in Haverfordwest, was killed at the Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo, Belgium, Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium). A French army under the command of Napoleon was defeated by two of the armie ...
in 1815 and Private Thomas Collins
Private Thomas Collins of Pelcomb, Camrose in the county of Pembrokeshire, Wales was a participant in the battle of Rorke's Drift which took place 22–23 January 1879. During this battle, the 24th regiment of foot fought and resisted a force of ...
is believed to be the only Pembrokeshire man that fought in the Battle of Rorke's Drift
The Battle of Rorke's Drift (1879), also known as the Defence of Rorke's Drift, was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War. The successful British defence of the mission station of Rorke's Drift, under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the ...
in 1879.
In the arts, siblings Gwen and Augustus John
Augustus Edwin John (4 January 1878 – 31 October 1961) was a Welsh painter, draughtsman, and etcher. For a time he was considered the most important artist at work in Britain: Virginia Woolf remarked that by 1908 the era of John Singer Sarge ...
were both born in Pembrokeshire, as was the novelist Sarah Waters
Sarah Ann Waters (born 21 July 1966) is a Welsh novelist. She is best known for her novels set in Victorian society and featuring lesbian protagonists, such as '' Tipping the Velvet'' and '' Fingersmith''.
Life and education
Early life
Sa ...
; singer Connie Fisher
Connie Fisher (born 17 June 1983) is a British actress, singer and TV presenter, who won the BBC One talent contest, '' How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?''
On 15 November 2006, she opened to excellent reviews in the part of Maria von Trapp ...
grew up in Pembrokeshire. The actor Christian Bale
Christian Charles Philip Bale (born 30 January 1974) is an English actor. Known for his versatility and physical transformations for his roles, he has been a leading man in films of several genres. He has received various accolades, including ...
was born in Haverfordwest.
Stephen Crabb, a former Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Secretary of State for Wales
The secretary of state for Wales ( cy, ysgrifennydd gwladol Cymru), also referred to as the Welsh secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with responsibility for the Wales Office. The incumbent is a member ...
, was brought up in Pembrokeshire and is one of the county's two Members of Parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...
, the other being Simon Hart
Simon Anthony Hart (born 15 August 1963) is a British politician serving as the Chief Whip of the House of Commons and Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury since October 2022. He previously served as Secretary of State for Wales between 2019 ...
, who is also the current Secretary of State for Wales.
Education and health
A comprehensive review of education in Pembrokeshire was carried out in 2014 with a number of options for discussion in 2015. In 2018 there were 58 primary schools, eight secondary schools (two for ages 3 to 16) and one special school, in all providing education for more than 18,300 pupils. These include 15 Welsh medium primary schools in the county, three dual stream schools and two transition schools; four primary schools are classified as English Welsh schools (English medium schools with significant use of Welsh). In 2017/18, 22 per cent of seven-year-old pupils were educated through the medium of Welsh. This figure was expected to rise to 25 per cent by 2019/20. In 2019, there were two fewer primary schools. The local authority's education budget for 2019/2020 was £88 million, equating to £4,856 per pupil. A February 2020 report by schools' inspection body Estyn
Estyn is the education and training inspectorate for Wales. Its name comes from the Welsh language verb ''estyn'' meaning "to reach (out), stretch or extend". Its function is to provide an independent inspection and advice service on quality ...
, however, considered the local authority's performance in education provision "a significant concern".
Pembrokeshire has had a branch of the University of the Third Age
The University of the Third Age (U3A) is an international movement whose aims are the education and stimulation of mainly retired members of the community—those in their third 'age' of life.
There is no universally accepted model for the U3A. I ...
(U3A) since 1991 and has a wide range of groups.
Health services in the county are provided by Hywel Dda University Health Board
Hywel Dda University Health Board (HDUHB) ( cy, Bwrdd Iechyd Prifysgol Hywel Dda) is the local health board of NHS Wales for the west of Wales. Established on 1 October 2009 from the merger of the Hywel Dda NHS Trust, the Pembrokeshire Local H ...
which also provides for Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire. The county's principal hospital is Withybush General Hospital
Withybush General Hospital ( cy, Ysbyty Cyffredinol Llwynhelyg) is a district general hospital in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is managed by Hywel Dda University Health Board.
History
The hospital started life in 1942 as a wartime h ...
in Haverfordwest, with local hospitals in Tenby and Pembroke Dock. In November 2018, the health board informed Pembrokeshire's Community Health Council that the county had 38 full-time and 34 part-time GPs.
See also
* List of national parks of England and Wales
National parks of the United Kingdom ( cy, parciau cenedlaethol; gd, pàircean nàiseanta) are areas of relatively undeveloped and scenic landscape across the country. Despite their name, they are quite different from national parks in many o ...
* List of castles in Pembrokeshire
*
* List of Scheduled prehistoric Monuments in south Pembrokeshire
Pembrokeshire is only the fifth-largest county in Wales, but contains the second largest number of scheduled monuments (526) after Powys. This gives it an extremely high density of monuments, with 33.4 per 100km2. (Only the tiny county boroughs o ...
* List of Scheduled Roman to modern Monuments in Pembrokeshire
Pembrokeshire is the fifth-largest county in Wales, but has more scheduled monuments (526) than any other local authority area except Powys. This gives it an extremely high density of monuments, with 33.4 per 100km2. (Only the urban authority are ...
* List of Lord Lieutenants of Pembrokeshire
* List of Custodes Rotulorum of Pembrokeshire
* List of High Sheriffs of Pembrokeshire
* List of MPs for the former county of Pembrokeshire
* Cuisine of Pembrokeshire
Notes
References
{{reflist, refs=
[{{cite journal , journal= Archaeologia Cambrensis , date=1864 , volume=10 , series=4 , page=25 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZAbAQAAIAAJ&q=Elen , title= The Chronicle of the Princes , access-date= 2 February 2019]
[{{cite web , publisher= A Vision of Britain through Time , at= Pembrokeshire , title= Current rate: Population Density (Persons per Acre) , website= visionofbritain.org.uk , access-date= 1 February 2018 , url= http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10134869/rate/POP_DENS_A]
[{{cite news, last1=Francis, first1=Damien, url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/jul/22/christian.bale, title=Batman star Christian Bale arrested, work=]The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
, date=22 July 2008, access-date=31 August 2022, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126145856/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/jul/22/christian.bale, archive-date=26 January 2021, url-status=live
[{{cite web , title= The Flemish Colonists in Wales , work= BBC Legacies , url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/wales/w_sw/article_3.shtml , access-date= 30 December 2018]
[{{Cite news , title= Plan to honour Rorke's Drift hero , work= BBC News , url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/4635104.stm , date= 22 January 2006 , access-date= 16 September 2016]
[{{Cite news , title= Invasion heroine's records find , work= BBC News , url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_west/4874226.stm , date= 4 April 2006 , access-date= 10 May 2017]
[{{cite news , title= Controversial gas pipe completed , work= BBC News , url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7114479.stm , date= 27 November 2007 , access-date= 15 February 2009]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= Timeline: LNG plants in Wales , url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7881826.stm, date=19 March 2009 , access-date= 1 February 2018]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= All change in Carmarthen and Pembrokeshire , at= Election 2010 , date= 7 May 2010 , url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/wales/8667814.stm , access-date= 18 December 2017]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , date= 9 July 2010 , title= Pembrokeshire council to sell old Haverfordwest prison , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10555307 , access-date= 13 February 2018]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= Pembrokeshire tidal power impact studied , date= 8 May 2011 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-13295112 , access-date= 14 December 2015]
[{{cite news , last= ap Dafydd , first= Iolo , work= BBC News , date= 8 July 2011 , title= Wales' first solar park powers up in Pembrokeshire , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-14073447 , access-date= 27 April 2015]
[{{cite web , last= Aaron , first= Martin , title= Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series' Pembrokeshire UK debut , work= BBC News , date= 8 September 2012 , access-date= 30 March 2015 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-19401788 ]
[{{cite news , last= Moore , first= Sarah , title= Third new local newspaper launched in Wales , work= BBC News , date= 5 July 2013 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-23194789 , access-date= 7 November 2014]
[{{cite web , last= Neal , first= Abigail , title= World Series cliff divers brave Pembrokeshire cliffs , work= BBC News , date= 13 September 2013 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-wales-24085591/world-series-cliff-divers-brave-pembrokeshire-cliffs , access-date= 30 March 2015]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , date= 4 December 2013 , title=Pembrokeshire Early Potato gets protected European status , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-25213655 , access-date= 12 December 2014]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= 100 otters spotted on Pembrokeshire coast after appeal , date= 17 June 2014 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-27881878 , access-date= 1 June 2016]
[{{cite news , last= Moore , first= Sarah , title= Solva taken over for Under Milkwood filming , work= BBC News , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-27971791 , date= 23 June 2014 , access-date= 10 May 2016]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , date= 26 October 2014 , title= Pembrokeshire has 'thousands' of undiscovered wrecks - diver , last= Prior , first= Neil , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-29764177 , access-date= 6 December 2014]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= Puma Energy buys Murco Milford Haven oil refinery site , date= 13 March 2015 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-31877008 , access-date= 1 February 2018]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= Giant tidal turbine placed on seabed off Pembrokeshire , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-35087510 , date= 13 December 2015 , access-date= 14 December 2015]
[{{cite news , title= Country Park welcomes Welsh Dragonboat Championships , work= BBC News , date= 29 May 2016 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-36387033 , access-date= 29 May 2016]
[{{cite news , last= Coleman-Phillips , first= Ceri , title= Cliff diving: 'It's always a jump into the unknown' , work= BBC News , date= 10 September 2016 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-37290308 , access-date= 11 September 2016]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , date= 14 September 2016, title= Jobs at risk as Nation Broadcasting plans to relocate stations , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-37365313 , access-date= 18 February 2018]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= Premiere for new film Their Finest shot in Wales , date= 18 April 2017 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-39615818 , access-date= 18 April 2017]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= New five-year Ironman Wales deal confirmed for Tenby , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-41187991 , date= 7 September 2017 , access-date= 7 September 2017]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= How much of your area is built on? , last= Easton , first= Mark , date= 9 November 2017 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-41901294 , access-date= 9 November 2017]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , date= 10 January 2018 , title= Pollution hotspots revealed: Check your area , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42566393, access-date=10 January 2018]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= £40K cash boost for Pembrokeshire conservation project , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-42806004 , date= 27 January 2018 , access-date= 28 January 2018]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , date= 17 May 2018 , title= Wales beaches praised in Keep Wales Tidy Blue Flag awards , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-44150713 , access-date= 18 May 2018]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= Monthly bin collection: Conwy council warns of tax hike , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-45653443 , date= 26 September 2018 , access-date= 26 September 2018]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= Heatwave crop marks reveal 200 ancient sites in Wales , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-46542523 , date= 28 December 2018 , access-date= 29 December 2018]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , date= 31 January 2019 , title= Pembrokeshire chariot burial finds ruled as treasure , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-47072503 , access-date= 2 February 2019]
[{{cite news , last= Scourfield , first= Aled , work= BBC News , title= New plaque for Pembrokeshire's 'forgotten' pit disaster , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-47213492 , date= 14 February 2019 , access-date= 14 February 2019]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= Pembrokeshire memorial plan for US D-Day servicemen , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-47628359 , date= 19 March 2019 , access-date= 19 March 2019]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , title= Cleddau Bridge toll-free after 44 years , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-47722537 , author= Neil Prior , date= 28 March 2019 , access-date= 28 March 2019]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , url= https://www.milfordmercury.co.uk/news/17696243.classic-motors-delight-on-2019-bluestone-run/ , title= Classic motors delight on 2019 Bluestone Run, author=Bruce Sinclair , date= 10 June 2019 , access-date= 10 June 2019]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-48766001 , title= Late Iron Age chariot pieces found in Pembrokeshire , author= Huw Thomas , date= 26 June 2019 , access-date= 26 June 2019]
[{{cite news , work= BBC News , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-50143333 , access-date= 23 October 2019 , date= 22 October 2019 , title= D-Day: Pembrokeshire memorial unveiled for US soldiers ]
[{{cite news , url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-50809649 , title= Simon Hart appointed new Welsh secretary , date= 16 December 2019 , access-date= 17 December 2019 , work= BBC News]
[{{cite news, publisher= BBC , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-54279701 , title= Southern damselfly boosted in Pembrokeshire by 'fantastic' conservation , date= 24 September 2020 , access-date= 24 September 2020 ]
[{{cite news, publisher=BBC, date=7 January 2021, title=Luke Evans: The Pembrokeshire Murders sees actor return to Wales, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-55571022, access-date=7 January 2021]
[{{cite news, publisher= BBC News , title= Walrus spotted in Wales , date= 20 March 2021 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-56470235 , access-date= 20 March 2021]
[{{cite news , publisher= BBC News , title= Giant bluefin tuna return in Wales a 'massive opportunity' , last= Messenger , first= Steffan , date= 1 April 2021 , access-date= 1 April 2021 , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-56593198 ]
[{{cite news , publisher= BBC News , last= Prior , first= Neil , date= 12 August 2021, title= Trellyffaint: Proof unearthed of Neolithic dairy farming in Pembrokeshire , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-58174481 , access-date= 12 August 2021 ]
[{{cite news , publisher= BBC News , url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-58214562 , date= 14 August 2021 , title= Humpback whale spotted off Pembrokeshire coast , access-date= 14 August 2021 ]
[{{cite news, publisher=BBC News, date=26 October 2021, title=Coal tips: Areas of Wales with most higher-risk sites revealed, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-59041863, access-date=3 November 2021]
[{{cite web , url= http://bcw-project.org/timelines/1649 , publisher= BCW Project , title= Timelines: 1649 , access-date= 28 November 2016]
[{{Cite map , title= Pembrokeshire , publisher= Microsoft , map = Pembrokeshire , access-date = 31 January 2018 , map-url= https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=51.845~-4.842222&lvl=14&sp=Point.51.845_-4.842222_Pembrokeshire&sty=s]
[{{cite web , title= Penbrok comitat , publisher= ]British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and is one of the largest libraries in the world. It is estimated to contain between 170 and 200 million items from many countries. As a legal deposit library, the British ...
, access-date= 28 April 2019 , url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/p/001map00000c7c1u00035000.html
[{{cite web , title= Best value British beach towns , publisher= Consumers Association , url= https://www.which.co.uk/reviews/destinations/article/best-value-british-beach-towns , access-date= 24 August 2019 ]
[{{Coflein, desc=Roman road W of Carmarthen; Via Julia, possible features NE of Wiston , num=309510 , access-date= 13 August 2019]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire flag , publisher= CRW Flags Inc. , website= CRWFlags.com , url= http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-wpemb.html , access-date= 6 July 2016]
[{{cite web , title= Directory Of Clubs , publisher= Cricket Wales , url= http://www.cricketwales.org.uk/clubs.aspx , access-date= 29 January 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Military aircraft crash sites in south-west Wales , publisher= Dyfed Archaeological Trust , url= http://www.dyfedarchaeology.org.uk/projects/crashsites2012-13.pdf , access-date= 5 May 2019]
[{{cite web , publisher= Dyfed Archaeological Trust , title= Mynydd Preseli , url= http://www.dyfedarchaeology.org.uk/HLC/Preseli/area/area281.htm , access-date= 28 November 2016]
[{{cite web , title= Dyfed Archaeological Trust: Wiston Roman Fort , url= http://www.dyfedarchaeology.org.uk/digdiaries2013/wiston.html , access-date= 13 August 2019]
[{{cite book , first= John , last= Davies , title= A History of Wales , date= 1994 , publisher= Penguin , location= London , isbn= 978-0-14-014581-6]
[{{cite book , last= Davies , first= Gilli , title= A Taste of Wales , publisher= Pavilion Books , location= London , edition= First , date= 1995 , isbn= 978-1-85793-293-5]
[{{cite book , last= Davies , first= Norman , title= The Isles – A History , publisher= Macmillan , location= London , date= 2000 , isbn= 978-0-333-69283-7]
[{{cite book , last= Davison , first= Charles , publisher= Cambridge University Press , orig-year= 1924 , date= 2009 , title= A History of British Earthquakes , url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O7zGmg19a70C&q=Clunderwen+history&pg=PA185 , access-date= 29 March 2015 , isbn= 978-0-521-14099-7]
[{{cite web , title= Skomer, Skokholm and the Seas off Pembrokeshire , url= http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-7497 , access-date= 5 May 2019]
[{{cite web , title= Wrecks around Pembrokeshire , work= Dive Pembrokeshire UK , url= http://www.dive-pembrokeshire.com/wrecks.html , access-date= 4 May 2015]
[{{cite web , title= Dyfed-Powys Police , url= https://www.dyfed-powys.police.uk/en/about-us/who-we-are/who-we-serve-and-where/ , access-date= 5 August 2019 ]
[{{cite news , newspaper= The Telegraph , last= Sawer , first= Patrick , title= The Queen's Corgis designated a 'vulnerable' breed , date= 8 February 2015 , url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11397687/The-Queens-Corgis-designated-a-vulnerable-breed-as-Pembroke-Welsh-dogs-go-out-of-fashion.html , archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11397687/The-Queens-Corgis-designated-a-vulnerable-breed-as-Pembroke-Welsh-dogs-go-out-of-fashion.html , archive-date=12 January 2022 , url-access=subscription , url-status=live , access-date= 16 May 2015{{cbignore]
[{{cite news , last= Shute , first= Joe , title= From council house to cabinet: the unlikely childhood of Stephen Crabb , newspaper= Daily Telegraph , date= 26 March 2016 , url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/12204410/From-council-house-to-Cabinet-the-unlikely-childhood-of-Stephen-Crabb.html , archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/12204410/From-council-house-to-Cabinet-the-unlikely-childhood-of-Stephen-Crabb.html , archive-date=12 January 2022 , url-access=subscription , url-status=live , access-date= 31 January 2018 {{cbignore]
[{{cite book , first= Richard , last= Fenton , author-link= Richard Fenton , title= A historical tour through Pembrokeshire , date= 1811 , url= https://archive.org/details/b22013179, publisher= Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & co. , location= London]
[{{cite web , title= ''Baltic Storm'' , publisher= IMDb , url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0313250/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt , access-date=30 June 2016]
[{{cite web , title= ''Basil'' , publisher= IMDb , url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118686/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt , access-date= 30 June 2016]
[{{cite web , title= ''I Capture the Castle'' , publisher= IMDb , url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0300015/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt , access-date=30 June 2016]
[{{cite web , title= ''Dragonworld'' , publisher= IMDb , url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109661/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt , access-date= 30 June 2016]
[{{cite web , title= ''Fury at Smuggler's Bay'' , publisher= IMDb , url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057085/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt , access-date= 30 June 2016]
[{{cite web , title= ''Jaberwocky'' , publisher= IMDb , url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076221/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt , access-date= 30 June 2016]
[{{cite news, publisher= Independent , title= All aboard the unsinkable soap opera , author= Jasper Rees , url= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/television-all-aboard-the-unsinkable-soap-opera-1372932.html , archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/television-all-aboard-the-unsinkable-soap-opera-1372932.html , archive-date=25 May 2022 , url-access=subscription , url-status=live , date= 28 April 1994 , access-date= 30 January 2020]
[{{cite web , last= McDowell , first= Martin , title= Filming Snow White and the Huntsman at Marloes Sands , url= http://blog.martinmcdowell.com/filming-snow-white-and-the-huntsman-at-marloes-sands-2015.html , access-date= 10 May 2016 , date= 21 September 2011 , archive-date= 28 January 2012 , url-status= dead , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120128215214/http://blog.martinmcdowell.com/filming-snow-white-and-the-huntsman-at-marloes-sands-2015.html , df= dmy-all ]
[{{cite web , title= ''The Thief of Bagdad'' , publisher= IMDb , url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033152/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt , access-date= 30 June 2016]
[{{cite web , title= ''Third Star'' , publisher= IMDb , url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1510906/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt , access-date= 30 June 2016]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire flag , access-date= 29 January 2018 , url= https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/flags/pembrokeshire/ , publisher= Flag Institute , website= flaginstitute.org ]
[{{cite web , title= Agricultural Statistics 1908 , publisher= GENUKI: UK & Ireland Genealogy , url= http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/CGN/AgStats.html , access-date= 12 December 2014]
[{{cite web , last= Edwards , first= George , date= 1963 , others= Contributed by Delyth Wilson (April 2007) , title= The Coal Industry in Pembrokeshire , publisher= GENUKI: UK & Ireland Genealogy , url= http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/PemCoal.html , access-date= 12 December 2014]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire Farming c1580-1620 , publisher= GENUKI: UK & Ireland Genealogy , url= http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PemFarm2.html , access-date= 12 December 2014 , url-status= dead , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141213010214/http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PemFarm2.html , archive-date= 13 December 2014 , df=dmy]
[{{cite web , publisher= GENUKI: UK & Ireland Genealogy , title= Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/ , access-date= 28 January 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire Hundreds and Parishes , publisher= GENUKI: UK & Ireland Genealogy , url= http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/Hundreds.html , access-date= 16 October 2016]
[{{cite web , last= Crabb , first= Stephen , title= Pembrokeshire is punching above its weight with a strong local economy , publisher= Office of the Sectretary of State for Wales , website= gov.uk , url= https://www.gov.uk/government/news/stephen-crabb-pembrokeshire-is-punching-above-its-weight-with-a-strong-local-economy , date= 18 March 2016 , access-date= 17 February 2018]
[{{cite news , last= Allardice , first= Lisa , title= Uncharted Waters , newspaper= The Guardian , location= UK , date= 1 June 2006 , url= http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2006/story/0,,1787355,00.html , access-date= 30 January 2018]
[{{cite news , newspaper= The Guardian , date= 10 July 2012 , title= Top 10 wildlife spots in Pembrokeshire - in pictures , last= Davies , first= Andy , url= https://www.theguardian.com/travel/gallery/2012/jul/10/top-10-wildlife-pembrokeshire-wales-pictures , access-date= 25 January 2015]
[{{cite book , last= Warner , first= Philip , title= Famous Welsh Battles , publisher= Barnes & Noble , location= New York , date= 1997 , asin= B01K3MUPM2]
[{{cite web , url= https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1994-12-08/Debate-4.html , title= Cleddau Bridge , work= Hansard , date= 8 December 1994 , access-date= 2 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Westminster Hall Debate: Pembrokeshire (Royal Mail Database) , at= Column 218WH , work= Hansard , date= 23 June 2009 , access-date= 5 February 2017 , url= https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090623/halltext/90623h0008.htm]
[{{cite web , last1= Howells , first1= Sid , title= Geological History of Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.pembrokeshireonline.co.uk/geology2.htm, website= pembrokeshireonline.co.uk , access-date= 21 June 2016]
[{{cite news , last= Searle , first= Ian , title= Education: the age of uncertainty , url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/further/education-the-age-of-uncertainty-2298154.html , archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/further/education-the-age-of-uncertainty-2298154.html , archive-date=25 May 2022 , url-access=subscription , url-status=live , newspaper= The Independent , date= 16 June 2011 , access-date= 25 January 2015]
[{{cite book , title= Journals of the House of Commons , volume= 46 , publisher= HM Stationery Office , location= London , date= 1803 , website= google.co.uk , access-date= 17 May 2015 , url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QhlDAAAAcAAJ&q=Poll+Tax+Inn]
[{{cite journal , first= Brian , last= John , title= The Linguistic Significance of the Pembrokeshire Landsker , journal= The Pembrokeshire Historian , volume= 4 , publisher= The Pembrokeshire Community Council , location= Haverfordwest , date= 1972 , access-date= 22 February 2019 , url= https://journals.library.wales/view/1041698/1041935/8#?xywh=23%2C-806%2C2462%2C2165]
[{{cite DWB , last= Johnston , first= Samuel Henry Fergus , title= PICTON, Sir THOMAS (1758-1815), a soldier , date= 1959 , id=s-PICT-THO-1758 , access-date= 31 January 2018]
[{{cite book , author=Francis Jones , title=The Princes and Principality of Wales , year= 1969 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SWTAAAAIAAJ, access-date=2 March 2011 , publisher= University of Wales Press, isbn=9780900768200 ]
[{{cite web , last= Jones , first= Ray , title= The 1851 Religious Census in Pembrokeshire , date= 2017, publisher= Pembrokeshire Historical Society , url= http://www.pembrokeshirehistoricalsociety.co.uk/the-1851-religious-census-in-pembrokeshire/ , access-date= 19 December 2017]
[{{cite DWB , last= Jones Pierce , first= Thomas , title= RHYS ap GRUFFYDD (1132 - 1197), lord of Deheubarth, known in history as ' Yr Arglwydd Rhys ' (' The lord Rhys ') , date= 1959 , id=s-RHYS-APG-1132 , access-date= 11 June 2018]
[{{cite book , last= Laws , first= Edward , title= The History of Little England Beyond Wales , publisher= George Bell , url= https://archive.org/details/b21781023 , location= London , date= 1888]
[{{cite book , last= Lloyd , first= J. E. , title= A History of Wales: From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest , publisher= Barnes & Noble , location= New York , date= 2004 , asin= B01FKW4P94]
[{{cite book , last= MacCaffrey , first= James , title= The Catholic Encyclopedia , volume= 6 , chapter= Giraldus Cambrensis , chapter-url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06568d.htm , publisher= Robert Appleton Company , via= New Advent , location= New York , date= 1909 , access-date= 17 February 2018]
[{{cite book , last1= Madge , first1= Steve , last2= Burn , first2= Hilary , title= Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world , year= 1994
, publisher= Christopher Helm / A & C Black , location= London , isbn= 978-0-7136-3999-5]
[{{cite web , title= Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service , access-date= 5 August 2019 , url= http://www.mawwfire.gov.uk/English/Area/Pages/default.aspx]
[{{cite web , title= Wales: Climate , publisher= Met Office , url= https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/wl , access-date= 6 December 2017]
[{{cite web , title= Penycwm climate information , url= https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gchr5sy4d , publisher= Met Office , access-date= 4 December 2017]
[{{cite web , title= Tenby climate information , url= https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gchtuyxvd , publisher= Met Office , access-date= 4 December 2017]
[{{cite book , last= Miller , first= Charles D. , title= Harry Potter Places: Snitch-Seeking in Southern England and Wales, Book 3 , chapter= Chapter 10—Site #38: Freshwater West Beach, Pembrokeshire, Wales , chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LEnHs53G0j0C&pg=PA52 , date=8 June 2012 , publisher= First Edition Design Pub. , location= London , isbn= 978-1-937520-98-4]
[{{cite book , last= Holroyd , first= Michael , editor-last= Mintle , editor-first= Justin , date= 2002 , title= Makers of Modern Culture , volume= 1 , chapter= Augustus John , publisher= Routledge , location= London and New York , isbn= 978-0-415-26583-6 , access-date=29 January 2018 , chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=991tT3wSot0C&q=augustus+john&pg=PA252]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Milford & West Wales Mercury , date=27 January 2016 , title= Quarter of all 2015 Welsh lifeboat rescues were off Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.milfordmercury.co.uk/news/pembrokeshire_news/14232734.Quarter_of_all_2015_Welsh_lifeboat_rescues_were_off_Pembrokeshire/ , access-date= 27 January 2016]
[{{cite news , title= Hear the dragons roar at rowing championship tomorrow , newspaper= Milford Mercury , date= 27 May 2017 , access-date= 27 May 2017 , url= http://www.milfordmercury.co.uk/news/pembrokeshire_news/15311863.Hear_the_dragons_roar_at_rowing_championship_tomorrow/]
[{{cite web , title= Llys-Y-Fran Hillclimb Guide , website= Motorsportcircuits.co.uk , access-date= 29 June 2016 , url= http://www.motorsportcircuits.co.uk/html/llys-y-fran-hill-climb-guide.html ]
[{{cite web , title= Laws in Wales Act 1535 (repealed 21.12.1993) (c.26) , publisher= The National Archive , website= statutelaw.gov.uk , access-date= 28 November 2016 , year= 2010 , url= http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1517920&versionNumber=1]
[{{cite web , title= The Pembrokeshire (Communities) Order 2011 , at= 2011 No. 683 (W.101) , date= 7 March 2011 , publisher= The National Archive , website= legislation.gov.uk , access-date=18 December 2017 , url= http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2011/683/made]
[{{cite magazine , magazine= National Geographic , title= Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, Wales , url= https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel-and-adventure/2017/11/pembrokeshire-coast-national-park-wales , date= 2 November 2017 , access-date= 23 January 2022]
[{{cite web , title= Haverfordwest - EGFE , publisher= NATS Aeronautical Information Service , url= http://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/public/index.php%3Foption=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=75&Itemid=124.html , access-date= 16 October 2016]
[{{cite web , title= South Pembrokeshire Hospital , publisher= University Health Board , website= wales.nhs.uk , url= http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/862/page/93340 , date= 3 October 2018 , access-date= 4 March 2019]
[{{cite web , title= Tenby Cottage Hospital , publisher= Pembrokeshire and Derwen NHS Trust , website= wales.nhs.uk , date= March 2006 , url= http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sites3/Documents/254/2007%20Issue%209%20TenbyCottageHosp.pdf , access-date= 29 November 2016]
[{{cite web , title= Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest , publisher= University Health Board , website= wales.nhs.uk , date= 2 January 2019 , url= http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/862/page/41088 , access-date= 29 November 2016]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire , publisher= National Trust , access-date= 27 February 2018 , url= https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/days-out/regionwales/pembrokeshire]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire Coast Path , publisher= National Trails , website= nationaltrail.co.uk , url= https://www.nationaltrail.co.uk/pembrokeshire-coast-path , access-date= 4 March 2019]
[{{Cite map , year = 2007 , title = Pembrokeshire , edition = Landranger , sections= 145, 157, 158 , publisher= Ordnance Survey ]
[{{cite book , last= Owen , first= George , editor-last= Miles , editor-first= Dillwyn , title= The Description of Pembrokeshire , publisher= Gomer Press , location= Llandysul , edition= First , date= 1994 , isbn= 978-1-85902-120-0]
[{{cite web , title= Your Councillors , publisher= Pembrokeshire County Council , url= http://mgenglish.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.aspx?FN=PARTY&VW=LIST&PIC=0 , access-date= 18 December 2017]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire County Council: Cycle Pembrokeshire , date= 23 March 2018 , url= https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/cycle-pembrokeshire , access-date= 25 August 2019 ]
[{{cite web, title= Pembrokeshire County Council: Lifelong learning , date= 20 July 2017 , url= https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/getting-out-and-about/lifelong-learning , access-date= 14 February 2020 ]
[{{cite web , title= Listed Buildings , publisher= Pembrokeshire County Council , url= https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/listed-buildings-and-conservation-area/listed-buildings , date= 24 January 2018, access-date= 18 February 2018]
[{{cite web , publisher= Pembrokeshire County Council , title= Public transport , url= https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/search?q=Public+transport , access-date= 24 March 2016]
[{{cite web , url= https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/pembrokeshire-schools , publisher= Pembrokeshire County Council , title= Pembrokeshire Schools , date= 28 April 2017 , access-date= 4 September 2018]
[{{cite web , author= , title= Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire: Cumulative Impact of Wind Turbines on Landscape and Visual Amenity guidance , publisher= Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority , url= https://www.pembrokeshirecoast.wales/files/files/Dev%20Plans/Cumulative%20Impact%20SPG%20Final%20Jan2014.pdf , date= 11 December 2013 , access-date= 27 February 2019]
[{{cite web , publisher= Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority , title= River Cresswell , url= http://www.pembrokeshirecoast.org.uk/apps/witp/default.asp?level=4&WalkID=39 , access-date= 21 June 2014]
[{{cite web , publisher= Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority , title= Pembrokeshire's geology , url= http://www.pembrokeshirecoast.org.uk/?PID=206 , access-date= 29 March 2015]
[{{cite web , publisher= Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority , title= Pembrokeshire's Islands , url= http://www.pembrokeshirecoast.wales/default.asp?PID=371 , access-date= 29 January 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Renewable energy sources , publisher= Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority , url= https://www.pembrokeshirecoast.wales/Default.asp?PID=474 , access-date= 3 March 2019]
[{{cite web , publisher= Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority , title= Seasonal seabirds , url= http://www.pembrokeshirecoast.wales/default.asp?PID=452 , access-date= 3 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire Coast National Park: Dark sky destination , url= https://www.discoveryinthedark.wales/pembrokeshire , access-date= 18 March 2019]
[{{cite web, title=Pembrokeshire Destination Management Plan 2020 to 2025, url=https://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/wp-content/uploads/Pembrokeshire-Destination-Management-Plan-2020-2025-English.pdf, access-date=7 April 2021]
[{{cite web, author=Cadw , author-link=Cadw , work= National Historic Assets of Wales , url=https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/sam/FullReport?lang=&id=1443 , title=Roman Road 300m East of Bryn Farm (PE472)]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire Harriers: Club history , website= pembrokeshireharriers.org.uk , url= http://www.pembrokeshireharriers.org.uk/history.html , access-date= 14 August 2014]
[{{cite news , newspaper= The Pembrokeshire Herald , title= Pembroke Borough Waterworks , date= 14 April 1882 , url= https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3060205/3060208/14/Tufton, access-date=20 July 2019]
[{{cite news , last= Sinclair , first= Thomas , title= Gold medallist to ride Tour of Pembrokeshire , newspaper= Pembrokeshire Herald , url= http://www.pembrokeshire-herald.com/15782/gold-medallist-to-ride-tour-of-pembrokeshire/ , date= 22 April 2015 , access-date= 30 April 2015]
[{{cite news , last= Coles , first= Jon , title= Cycling tour a resounding success! , newspaper= Pembrokeshire Herald , date= 20 May 2016 , access-date= 20 May 2016 , url= http://www.pembrokeshire-herald.com/25103/cycling-tour-a-resounding-success/]
[{{cite web , title= Sustainable agriculture and natural resources , publisher= PLANED , url= https://www.planed.org.uk/sustainable-agriculture-and-natural-resources/ , access-date=28 November 2017]
[{{cite web , last= Hancock , first= Simon , title= Aspects of the Old Poor Law , date= 9 December 2016 , publisher= Pembrokeshire Historical Society , url= http://www.pembrokeshirehistoricalsociety.co.uk/aspects-of-the-old-poor-law-in-pembrokeshire/ , access-date= 13 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire Sport: Football , access-date= 18 June 2019 , url= http://www.pembrokeshiresport.co.uk/football]
[{{cite web , last= Hotchin , first= Becky , title= Pembrokeshire's Maria - Vote Connie , date= 16 September 2006 , website= pembrokeshiretv.com , url= http://www.pembrokeshiretv.com/content/templates/v6-article.asp?articleid=2762 , url-status= dead , archive-date= 13 March 2007 , df= dmy-all , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070313191739/http://www.pembrokeshiretv.com/content/templates/v6-article.asp?articleid=2762 ]
[{{cite book , first= William Owen , last= Pughe , title= Cambrian Register for the Year 1796, Vol. II , date= 1799 , publisher= E & T Williams , location= London , url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p9wuAAAAMAAJ , access-date= 7 May 2015]
[{{cite web , publisher= Pembrokeshire Virtual Museum , title= Air Raids , url-status= dead , url= http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=3653,3684,3686&parent_directory_id=101 , archive-url= https://archive.today/20141212220659/http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=3653,3684,3686&parent_directory_id=101 , archive-date= 12 December 2014 , access-date= 12 December 2014]
[{{cite web , publisher= Pembrokeshire Virtual Museum , title= Coal Mining , url= http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=101,1226,3596,3600 , access-date= 29 April 2014 , url-status= dead , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070616/http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=101%2C1226%2C3596%2C3600 , archive-date= 24 September 2015 , df= dmy-all]
[{{cite web , title= Types of Farming , publisher= Pembrokeshire Virtual Museum , url-status= dead , url= http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=1226,3601,3629&parent_directory_id=101 , access-date= 12 December 2014 , archive-date= 24 September 2015 , df=dmy-all , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070705/http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=1226%2C3601%2C3629&parent_directory_id=101 ]
[{{cite web , title= The Fishing Industry , publisher= Pembrokeshire Virtual Museum , url= http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=1226,3588&parent_directory_id=101&textonly=true , date= 24 June 2013 , access-date= 11 October 2014 , url-status= dead , archive-date= 24 September 2015 , df= dmy-all , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070652/http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=1226%2C3588&parent_directory_id=101&textonly=true ]
[{{cite web , publisher= Pembrokeshire Virtual Museum , title= Geology , url= http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=1395&parent_directory_id=101 , access-date= 29 March 2015 , url-status= dead , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150406011000/http://www.pembrokeshirevirtualmuseum.co.uk/content.asp?nav=1395&parent_directory_id=101 , archive-date= 6 April 2015 ]
[{{cite web , last= Mumford , first= Martin , title= Radio Pembrokeshire Public file , publisher= Radio Pembrokeshire , date= March 2016 , url= http://radiopembrokeshire.wales/wp-content/uploads/Radio-Pembrokeshire-Public-File.pdf , access-date= 18 February 2018]
[{{cite news , publisher=Radio Times , last= Cremona , first= Patrick , url= https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/2021-01-13/the-pembrokeshire-murders-filming-location/ , title= Where was The Pembrokeshire Murders filmed? , date= 13 January 2021 , access-date= 14 January 2021]
[{{Coflein, desc= Angle Bay BP oil terminal and pumping station, Popton, Milford Haven , num=306321 , date= 14 April 2010 , fewer-links=yes , access-date= 1 August 2012]
[{{Coflein, desc= Golden Hill Prison , num=412561 , fewer-links=yes , access-date= 13 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire: Sites , publisher= Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales , website= coflein.gov.uk , url= http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/search/result?PCOUNAME=714&SEARCH_MODE=COMPLEX_SEARCH , access-date= 18 February 2018]
[{{cite book , last1= Rogers , first1= Caroline , last2= Turvey , first2= Roger , title= Access to History: Henry VII , publisher= Hodder Murray , location= London , edition= 3rd , date= 2005 , isbn= 978-0-340-88896-4]
[{{cite book , last= Royle , first= Trevor , title= Civil War: The War of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660 , publisher= Abacus , location= London , date= 2005 , isbn= 978-0-349-11564-1]
[{{cite web , title= SWALEC League: 1 West , publisher= Welsh Rugby Union Wales , url= https://community.wru.wales/club/national-leagues/national-leagues-fixtures-and-results/league-1-west/ , access-date= 4 March 2019]
[{{cite news , last= Lewis , first= Sue , title= All set for Beca event , newspaper= Tivyside Advertiser , date=13 August 2014 , access-date= 14 August 2014 , url= http://www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk/sport/11405785.All_set_for_Beca_event/?ref=var_0 ]
[{{cite news , title= Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire beaches get top award , newspaper= Tivyside Advertiser , date= 17 May 2018 , access-date= 17 May 2018 , url= http://www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk/news/16231704.Four_local_beaches_awarded_Blue_Flag_status_for_2018/]
[{{cite news , title= Pressure on GP surgeries in Pembrokeshire , newspaper= Tivyside Advertiser , url= https://www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk/news/17222263.pressure-on-gp-surgeries-in-pembrokeshire/ , date= 14 November 2018 , access-date= 14 November 2018]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Tivyside Advertiser , date= 11 February 2019 , title=Chance to look behind the scenes at St Dogmaels water mill , last= Parkinson , first= Dave , access-date= 11 February 2019 , url= https://www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk/news/17421918.chance-to-look-behind-the-scenes-at-st-dogmaels-water-mill/ ]
[{{cite web , publisher= Transport for Wales , title= Route Map , url= https://tfwrail.wales/route-map , access-date= 3 March 2019]
[{{cite web , title= Caldey Island , publisher= Tenby Guide , access-date= 1 February 2018 , url= http://www.tenbyguide.com/caldey.asp ]
[{{cite book , editor-last= Thomas , editor-first= Roger , title= A Guide to the Military Heritage of Pembrokeshire , others= Compiled by local historians , date= 2013 , publisher= Planed , website= yudu.com , url= http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1qcir/PembrokeshireMilitar/resources/41.htm , access-date= 22 June 2014]
[{{cite web , title= Tour of Pembrokeshire , website= tourofpembrokeshire.co.uk , url= http://www.tourofpembrokeshire.co.uk/ , access-date= 30 April 2015]
[{{cite book , last= Tucker , first= Gordon & Mary , editor-last= Griffith-Jones , editor-first= Bill , title= The old slate industry of Pembrokeshire and other parts of South Wales , publisher= National Library of Wales journal , location= Aberystwyth , volume= XXIII/2, Winter , date= 1983 , url= http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/Archives/NLWjournals/Slate]
[{{cite web, title= U3A Pembrokeshire , url= https://pembrokeshireu3a.org.uk/ , access-date= 14 February 2020 ]
[{{cite web , title= 2001 Census of Population for Preseli Pembrokeshire , version= Research Paper 03/044 , publisher= Assembly Wales , date= April 2003 , url= http://www.assembly.wales/NAfW%20Documents/03-044.pdf%20-%2002052007/03-044-English.pdf , access-date= 19 December 2017]
[{{cite web , url= http://www.ukcensusdata.com/saundersfoot-w05000450#sthash.siB2LfnW.dpbs , title= Saundersfoot: Ward and community population 2011 , publisher= UK Census Data , access-date= 21 April 2011 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034112/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/saundersfoot-w05000450#sthash.siB2LfnW.dpbs , archive-date= 4 March 2016 , url-status= dead ]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire , publisher= UK Census data , access-date= 16 December 2017 , url= http://www.ukcensusdata.com/pembrokeshire-w06000009#sthash.Hj2D8vYQ.dpbs]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire's award winning beaches , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/latest-news/may-2017/pembrokeshire-award-winning-beaches-2017/ , date= May 2017 , access-date= 3 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= BBC Countryfile Magazine Awards 2018 , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/latest-news/january-2018/countryfile-magazine-awards-2018/ , date= January 2018 , access-date= 26 March 2018 ]
[{{cite web , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , title= Grassholm Island , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/explore-pembrokeshire/wildlife-and-nature/grassholm-island/ , access-date= 8 November 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Grassholm Island , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/explore-pembrokeshire/wildlife-and-nature/grassholm-island/ , access-date= 1 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Theatr Gwaun , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/attractions-events/theatr-gwaun/ , access-date= 7 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Llys y Fran Reservoir and Country Park , access-date=4 July 2014 , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/attractions-events/llys-y-fran-reservoir-country-park/]
[{{cite web , title= Museums and art galleries , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/attractions-events/museums-and-galleries/ , access-date= 7 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Music in Pembrokeshire , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/attractions-events/music/ , access-date= 7 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Ramsey Island , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/explore-pembrokeshire/wildlife-and-nature/ramsey-island/ , access-date= 1 February 2018]
[{{cite web , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , title= Seal watching in Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/explore-pembrokeshire/wildlife-and-nature/seal-watching/ , access-date= 1 June 2016]
[{{cite web , title= Skomer Island , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/explore-pembrokeshire/wildlife-and-nature/skomer-island/ , access-date= 1 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Last Invasion Tapestry , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/attractions-events/last-invasion-tapestry/ , access-date= 8 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= The Torch Theatre , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/attractions-events/torch-theatre/ , access-date= 7 February 2018]
[{{cite web , title= Welcome to Pembrokeshire , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/ , access-date= 10 February 2018]
[{{cite web , publisher= Visit Pembrokeshire , title= Whale and Dolphin watching in Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.visitpembrokeshire.com/explore-pembrokeshire/wildlife-and-nature/whales-and-dolphins/ , access-date= 1 June 2016]
[{{cite web , title= Lights, camera, action: Welsh film & TV locations , publisher= Visit Wales , url= http://www.visitwales.com/holidays-breaks/days-out/tv-film-locations-uk/wales-on-film , access-date= 12 May 2016]
[{{cite web , title= Exploring the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park , publisher= Visit Wales , url=https://www.visitwales.com/destinations/west-wales/pembrokeshire/exploring-pembrokeshire-coast-national-park , access-date= 23 January 2022]
[{{cite web , title= Pembrokeshire Historical Society: The story behind the Pembrokeshire County Great War Monument at Haverfordwest , date= 12 December 2016 , url= http://www.pembrokeshirehistoricalsociety.co.uk/anatomy-war-memorial-story-behind-pembrokeshire-county-great-war-monument-haverfordwest/ , access-date= 19 February 2021]
[{{cite book , last= Wheeler , first= Jill C. , title= Welsh Corgis , date= 2010 , publisher= ABDO Publishing , location= Edina, MN , isbn= 978-1-60453-786-4 , url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hMbUoWHTgQkC&q=Pembroke+Welsh+Corgi+1107&pg=PA6]
[{{cite web , title= Mills Open to the Public , publisher= Welsh Mills Society , url=http://www.welshmills.org.uk/millsopen.html , date= 14 September 2013 , access-date=16 May 2015]
[{{cite news , publisher= Wales Online , title= Pembrokeshire Fish Week , date= 3 June 2014 , url= http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/pembrokeshire-fish-week-7211686 , access-date= 11 October 2014]
[{{cite news , last= Misstear , first= Rachael , title= Why fish are proving to be Pembrokeshire's newest tourism asset , work= Wales Online , date= 28 November 2014 , access-date= 3 December 2014 , url= http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/fish-proving-pembrokeshires-newest-tourism-8194583]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Wales online , title= Bad Education takes over Pembroke Castle for film version of the hit show , last= Jones , first= Hannah , date= 27 March 2015, url= http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/bad-education-takes-over-pembroke-8930722 , access-date= 10 May 2016]
[{{cite web , last= Jones , first= Ciaran , title= Assembly Election 2016: The full list of Welsh AMs , url= http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/assembly-election-2016-full-list-11292401 , work= WalesOnline , date= 6 May 2016 , access-date= 18 December 2017]
[{{cite news , work= Wales online , title= The hidden wrecks of Wales that you never knew were there , date=6 January 2018 , last= Hayward , first= Will , url= http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/hidden-wrecks-wales-you-never-14112956 , access-date= 11 January 2018]
[{{cite news, publisher= Wales Online , author= Abbie Wightwick , title= Schools in Pembrokeshire are a 'significant concern', says inspections body Estyn , url= https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/education/schools-pembrokeshire-significant-concern-says-17729576 , date= 12 February 2020 , access-date= 14 February 2020 ]
[{{cite book , last= Wood , first= Bruce , title= The Process of Local Government Reform: 1966–1974 , publisher= Allen & Unwin , location= London , date= 1976 , isbn= 978-0-04-350052-1]
[{{cite web , title= Woollen Mills Working and Weaving in West Wales , publisher= The Real Wales , url= https://westwalesholidaycottages.co.uk/blog/woollen-mills-working-and-weaving-in-west-wales/ , date= 11 February 2013 , access-date= 3 March 2019]
[{{cite web , title= Welsh Surf News , publisher= The Welsh Surfing Federation , access-date= 30 March 2015 , url= http://www.welshsurfingfederation.org.uk/index.php]
[{{cite news , last= Humfrey , first= Anwen , title= Lower Town, Fishguard, still blighted by lorry chaos , newspaper= Western Telegraph , date= 27 June 2010 , access-date= 31 January 2018 , url= http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/8240629.Town_tells_of_lorry_loads_of_traffic_jams/]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Western Telegraph , title= £585 million Pembrokeshire tourism boost , date= 23 July 2011 , access-date= 10 February 2018 , url= http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/county/9156280.__544m_Pembrokeshire_tourism_boost/]
[{{cite news , title= Wind turbine plans in Pembrokeshire continue to generate debate , newspaper= Western Telegraph , date= 10 April 2013 , access-date= 14 December 2015 , url= http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/10345447.Wind_turbine_plans_in_Pembrokeshire_continue_to_generate_debate/]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Western Telegraph , title= German Prisoners of War in Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/nostalgia/10820024.German_Prisoners_of_War_in_Pembrokeshire/ , date= 19 November 2013 , access-date= 13 February 2018]
[{{cite news , title= Closure of Sir Thomas Picton, Tasker Milward, Ysgol Dewi Sant and Ysgol Bro Gwaun Schools planned in huge shake-up , newspaper= Western Telegraph , date= 22 January 2015 , access-date= 25 January 2015 , url= http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/11743954.Closure_of_Sir_Thomas_Picton__Tasker_Milward__Ysgol_Dewi_Sant_and_Ysgol_Bro_Gwaun_Schools_planned_in_huge_shake_up/ ]
[{{cite news , title= Pembrokeshire Coast National Park named among the five best in the world , newspaper= Western Telegraph , date= 22 May 2015 , access-date= 26 May 2015 , url= http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/12966720.Pembrokeshire_Coast_National_Park_named_among_the_five_best_in_the_world/?ref=mr&lp=18]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Western Telegraph , date= 10 May 2016 , last= Sinclair , first= Bruce , title= Me Before You movie release will see Pembroke on the silver screen , url= http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/14481780.Me_Before_You_movie_release_will_see_Pembroke_on_the_silver_screen/ , access-date= 10 May 2016]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Western Telegraph , date= 14 January 2018 , url= http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/15827137.Secret_history_of_Pembrokeshire_s_forgotten_cinemas_rediscovered/ , title= Secret history of Pembrokeshire's forgotten cinemas rediscovered , access-date= 7 February 2018 ]
[{{cite news , title= Top awards for beautiful Pembrokeshire beaches , newspaper= Western Telegraph , date= 17 May 2018 , access-date= 17 May 2018 , url= http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/16229382.11_Pembrokeshire_beaches_to_fly_prestigious_Blue_Flag/ ]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Western Telegraph , last= Lynch , first= David , date= 26 June 2018 , title= Concerns over new standard place name spellings for Pembrokeshire villages , url= https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/16315353.concerns-over-new-standard-place-name-spellings-for-pembrokeshire-villages/ , access-date= 30 December 2018]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Western Telegraph , date= 12 November 2018 , title= Pembrokeshire's front line role in the U-boat war , url= https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/17217924.pembrokeshires-front-line-role-in-the-u-boat-war/ , access-date= 13 November 2018]
[{{cite news , title= Pembrokeshire beaches claim 11 Blue Flags in 2019 Wales Coast Awards , newspaper= Western Telegraph , url= https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/17640564.pembrokeshire-beaches-claim-11-blue-flags-in-2019-wales-coast-awards/ , access-date= 15 May 2019 , date= 15 May 2019]
[{{cite news , newspaper= Western Telegraph , date= 13 August 2019 , title= Pembrokeshire County Show gets underway in the sun , url= https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/17833285.pembrokeshire-county-show-gets-underway-sun/ , access-date= 30 August 2019 ]
[{{cite web , publisher= The Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales , title= Pembrokeshire , url= http://www.welshwildlife.org/where-i-live/pembrokeshire/ , access-date= 25 January 2015]
[{{cite book , last= Youngman , first= Angela , title= In the Footsteps of Robin Hood , format= eBook , url= https://leicesteruk.overdrive.com/media/B07CC64A-CD13-494B-AE50-2B672D9BECC0 , date= 2011 , publisher= Collca , location= Oxted , isbn=978-1-908795-00-7]
[{{cite book, author=Yount, Lisa, date=2002, title=Pirates, publisher=Lucent Books, isbn=1-56006-955-4]
Further reading
* {{cite book , last= Awbery , first= G. M. , title= Pembrokeshire Welsh, A Phonological Study , publisher= National Museum of Wales , location= Cardiff , edition= First , date= 1986 , asin= B000S54DVE
* {{cite book , last= Charles , first= B. G. , title= The Place-Names of Pembrokeshire (2 Volumes) , publisher= National Museum of Wales , location= Cardiff , edition= First , date= 1992 , isbn= 978-0-907158-58-5
* {{cite book , last= Charles-Jones , first= Caroline , others= Illustrations by Leon Olin & David H. White Jr. , title= Historic Pembrokeshire Homes and Their Families: The Francis Jones , publisher= Brawdy Books , location= Dinas , edition= 2nd Revised , date= 2001 , isbn= 978-0-9528344-5-8
* {{cite book , last= Davies , first= E. , display-authors=etal , title= Pembrokeshire County History , volume= 1 , url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AbDBswEACAAJ , isbn= 978-0-903771-16-0 , publisher= Pembrokeshire Historical Society , year= 1987
* {{cite book , last= Davies , first= B. S. , title= Pembrokeshire Limekilns , publisher= Merrivale Publications , location= St Davids , edition= 2nd Revised , date= 1997 , isbn= 978-0-9515207-7-2
* {{cite book , last= Dillon , first= Myles , chapter= The Irish settlements in Wales , pages= 1–11 , title= Celtica , volume= 12 , publisher= Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies , location= Dublin , date= 1977 , url= https://www.dias.ie/celt/celtica/celtica-volume-12/
* {{cite book , last= Downes , first= John , title= Folds, Faults and Fossils: Exploring geology in Pembrokeshire , publisher= Llygad Gwalch Cyf , location= Pwllheli , date= 2011 , isbn= 978-1-84524-172-8
* {{cite book , last= Fudge , first= Pam , title= South West Wales Through the Lens of Harry Squibbs Pembrokeshire , volume= 2 , publisher= Amberley Publishing , location= Stroud , date= 2014 , isbn= 978-1-4456-3435-7
* {{cite book , last= Harris , first= P. Valentine , title= South Pembrokeshire Dialect And Place Names , publisher= H. G. Walters , location= Tenby , via= Gebert Press, Plano, TX , date= 2011 , isbn= 978-1-4474-1940-2
* {{cite book , last= James , first= J. Ivor , title= Molleston Baptist Church-Reflections on the Founders' Tercentenary , publisher= V.G. Lodwick & Sons Ltd , location= Carmarthen , edition= First , date= 1968 , asin= B00J1IHH9Y
* {{cite book , last= Jenkins , first= J. Geraint , title= Pembrokeshire, its present and its past Explored , publisher= Llygad Gwalch Cyf , location= Pwllheli , date= 2016 , isbn= 978-1-84524-246-6
* {{cite book , last= John , first= Brian S. , title= The Geology of Pembrokeshire , publisher= Abercastle Publications , location= Cardigan , date= 1998 , isbn= 978-1-872887-20-3
* {{cite book , last= Jones , first= Francis , editor-last= Innes-Smith , editor-first= Robert , title= Historic Houses of Pembrokeshire and Their Families , publisher= Brawdy Books , location= Dinas , edition= First , date= 1996 , isbn= 978-0-9528344-0-3
* {{cite book , last1= Lloyd , first1= Thomas , last2= Orbach , first2= Julian , last3= Scourfield , first3= Robert , title= Pembrokeshire: The Buildings of Wales (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of Wales) , publisher= Yale University Press , location= New Haven, CT , edition= First , date= 2004 , isbn= 978-0-300-10178-2
* {{cite book , last= Lockley , first= Ronald Mathias , title= The Regional Books: Pembrokeshire , publisher= Robert Hale , location= London , edition= 2nd , date= 1969 , isbn= 978-0-7091-0781-1
* {{cite book , last= Owen , first= George of Henllys , others= With additions and observations by John Lewis of Manarnawan , title= A History of Pembrokeshire , orig-year=First published 1603 , date= 1796 , via= Cambrian Register, Volume 2 , location= London , pages= 53–230 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9wuAAAAMAAJ
* {{cite book , last= Thornhill-Timmins , first= H. , title= Nooks and Corners of Pembrokeshire , publisher= Elliot Stock , location= London , date= 1895
* {{cite book , last= Willison , first= Christine , title= Pembrokeshire Folk Tales , publisher= The History Press , location= Stroud , date= 2013 , isbn= 978-0-7524-6565-4
External links
{{Wikivoyage, Pembrokeshire
{{Commons category, Pembrokeshire
Historical information about Pembrokeshire on GENUKI
Pembrokeshire County Council