''St. Paul'' (in German ''Paulus''), Op. 36, is an
oratorio
An oratorio () is a large musical composition for orchestra, choir, and soloists. Like most operas, an oratorio includes the use of a choir, soloists, an instrumental ensemble, various distinguishable characters, and arias. However, opera is mus ...
by
Felix Mendelssohn
Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include sy ...
. The composer oversaw versions and performances in both German and English within months of completing the music in early 1836.
Background
The
libretto
A libretto (Italian for "booklet") is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or Musical theatre, musical. The term ''libretto'' is also sometimes used to refer to the t ...
"after words of holy scripture" was begun in 1832. The composer with pastor Julius Schubring, a childhood friend, compiled passages from the
New Testament
The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...
, chiefly the
Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its messag ...
, and the
Old
Old or OLD may refer to:
Places
*Old, Baranya, Hungary
*Old, Northamptonshire, England
*Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD)
*OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, Mai ...
, as well as the texts of
chorales
A Lutheran chorale is a musical setting of a Lutheran hymn, intended to be sung by a congregation in a German Protestant Church service. The typical four-part setting of a chorale, in which the sopranos (and the congregation) sing the melody al ...
and hymns, in a polyglot manner after Bach's model. Composition of the music started in 1834 and was complete in early 1836.
Performances
The work was premiered on 22 May 1836 (having been completed in April of that year) at the
Lower Rhenish Music Festival
The Lower Rhenish Music Festival (German: Das Niederrheinische Musikfest) was one of the most important festivals of classical music, which happened every year between 1818 and 1958, with few exceptions, at Pentecost for 112 times.
History
In t ...
in
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf ( , , ; often in English sources; Low Franconian and Ripuarian: ''Düsseldörp'' ; archaic nl, Dusseldorp ) is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany. It is the second-largest city in th ...
. The English premiere was in
Liverpool
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a popul ...
on 3 October 1836 in a translation by Mendelssohn's friend, Karl Klingermann. Contralto Mary Shaw was one of the soloists at the English premiere. The first performance in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
was in Boston on March 14, 1837. Mendelssohn himself conducted the first performance in Leipzig in the Paulinerkirche on 16 March 1837. Numerous performances followed in
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
and in the United States.
During Mendelssohn's lifetime, ''St. Paul'' was a popular and frequently performed work. Today it is regularly performed in Germany and well disseminated in both of its original languages through an array of complete recordings.
Instrumentation
*solo voice: soprano, alto, tenor, 2 basses (SATBB)
*mixed (SATB) and either children's or women's choruses
*2
flute
The flute is a family of classical music instrument in the woodwind group. Like all woodwinds, flutes are aerophones, meaning they make sound by vibrating a column of air. However, unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is a reedless ...
s, 2
oboe
The oboe ( ) is a type of double reed woodwind instrument. Oboes are usually made of wood, but may also be made of synthetic materials, such as plastic, resin, or hybrid composites. The most common oboe plays in the treble or soprano range.
A ...
s, 2
clarinet
The clarinet is a musical instrument in the woodwind family. The instrument has a nearly cylindrical bore and a flared bell, and uses a single reed to produce sound.
Clarinets comprise a family of instruments of differing sizes and pitches ...
s, 2
bassoon
The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family, which plays in the tenor and bass ranges. It is composed of six pieces, and is usually made of wood. It is known for its distinctive tone color, wide range, versatility, and virtuo ...
s,
contrabassoon
The contrabassoon, also known as the double bassoon, is a larger version of the bassoon, sounding an octave lower. Its technique is similar to its smaller cousin, with a few notable differences.
Differences from the bassoon
The reed is consi ...
and
serpent
Serpent or The Serpent may refer to:
* Snake, a carnivorous reptile of the suborder Serpentes
Mythology and religion
* Sea serpent, a monstrous ocean creature
* Serpent (symbolism), the snake in religious rites and mythological contexts
* Serp ...
(predecessor of the
ophicleide
The ophicleide ( ) is a family of conical-bore keyed brass instruments invented in early 19th century France to extend the keyed bugle into the alto, bass and contrabass ranges. Of these, the bass ophicleide in C or B took root over the cours ...
now replaced by a
tuba
The tuba (; ) is the lowest-pitched musical instrument in the brass family. As with all brass instruments, the sound is produced by lip vibrationa buzzinto a mouthpiece. It first appeared in the mid-19th century, making it one of the ne ...
), 4
horns Horns or The Horns may refer to:
* Plural of Horn (instrument), a group of musical instruments all with a horn-shaped bells
* The Horns (Colorado), a summit on Cheyenne Mountain
* ''Horns'' (novel), a dark fantasy novel written in 2010 by Joe Hill ...
, 2
trumpet
The trumpet is a brass instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group ranges from the piccolo trumpet—with the highest register in the brass family—to the bass trumpet, pitched one octave below the standard ...
s, 3
trombone
The trombone (german: Posaune, Italian, French: ''trombone'') is a musical instrument in the Brass instrument, brass family. As with all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips cause the Standing wave, air column ...
s (alto, tenor and bass),
timpani
Timpani (; ) or kettledrums (also informally called timps) are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum categorised as a hemispherical drum, they consist of a membrane called a head stretched over a large bowl traditionall ...
, strings and
organ
Organ may refer to:
Biology
* Organ (biology), a part of an organism
Musical instruments
* Organ (music), a family of keyboard musical instruments characterized by sustained tone
** Electronic organ, an electronic keyboard instrument
** Hammond ...
Structure
Part One
APPEAL AND DOXOLOGY
:1. Overture
:2. Chorus — ''Herr! Der du bist Gott (Lord, thou alone art God)''English translation of the German from score by Novello, Ewer & Co Ltd, ca. 1890; with some modern corrections
:3. Chorale — '' Allein Gott in der Höh' sei Ehr' (To God on high be thanks and praise)''
SCENE ONE — STONING OF
STEPHEN
Stephen or Steven is a common English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( grc-gre, Στέφανος ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; ...
:4. Recitative & Duet — ''Die Menge der Gläubigen (And the many that believed were of one heart)''
:5. Chorus — ''Dieser Mensch hört nicht auf (Now this man ceaseth not)''
:6. Recitative & Chorus — ''Und sie sahen auf ihn (And all that sat in the council)''
:7. Aria (S) — ''Jerusalem! Die du tötest die Propheten (Jerusalem! thou that killed the Prophets)''
:8. Recitative & Chorus — ''Sie aber stürmten auf ihn ein; Steiniget ihn! (Then they ran upon him; Stone him!)''
:9. Recitative & Chorale — ''Und sie steinigten ihn; Dir, Herr, dir (And they stoned him; To thee, O Lord)''
:10. Recitative — ''Und die Zeugen legten ab ihre Kleider (And the witnesses)''
:11. Chorus — ''Siehe! wir preisen selig (Happy and blest are they)''
SCENE TWO — CONVERSION AND BAPTISM OF SAUL (PAUL)
:12. Recitative (T) & Aria (B) — ''Saulus aber zerstörte die Gemeinde (And Saul made havock of the Church)''
:13. Recitative & Arioso (S) — ''Und zog mit einer Schar (But the Lord is mindful of his own)''
:14. Recitative & Chorus — ''Und als er auf dem Weg war; Saul! was verfolgst du mich? (And as he was on the way; Saul, why do you persecute me?)''
:15. Chorus — ''Mache dich auf! Werde Licht! (Arise! Let there be light!)''
:16. Chorale — '' Wachet auf! ruft uns die Stimme (Awake, calls the voice to us)''
:17. Recitative — ''Die Männer aber, die seine Gefährten waren (And his companions)''
:18. Aria (B) — ''Gott, sei mir gnädig (O God, have Mercy)''
:19. Recitative — ''Es war aber ein Jünger (And there was a Disciple)''
:20. Aria (B) & Chorus — ''Ich danke dir, Herr, mein Gott (I praise thee, O Lord)''
:21. Recitative — ''Und Ananias ging hin (And Ananias went his way)''
:22. Chorus — ''O welch eine Tiefe des Reichtums (O great is the depth)''
Part Two
SCENE THREE — MISSION OF PAUL AND
BARNABAS
Barnabas (; arc, ܒܪܢܒܐ; grc, Βαρνάβας), born Joseph () or Joses (), was according to tradition an early Christian, one of the prominent Christian disciples in Jerusalem. According to Acts 4:36, Barnabas was a Cypriot Jew. Name ...
:23. Chorus — ''Der Erdkreis ist nun des Herrn (The nations are now the Lord's)''
:24. Recitative (S) — ''Und Paulus kam (And Paul came to the congregation)''
:25. Duettino (TB) — ''So sind wir nun Botschafter (Now we are ambassadors)''
:26. Chorus — ''Wie lieblich sind die Boten (How lovely are the messengers)''
:27. Recitative & Arioso (S) — ''Und wie sie ausgesandt von dem heiligen Geist (I will sing of thy great mercies)''
SCENE FOUR — PERSECUTION OF PAUL BY HIS FORMER FELLOW BELIEVERS
:28. Recitative (T) & Chorus — ''Da aber die Juden das Volk sahen (But when the Jews; Thus saith the Lord)''
:29. Chorus & Chorale — ''Ist das nicht; O Jesu Christe, wahres Licht (Is this he?; O Thou, the true and only light)''
:30. Recitative (TB) — ''Paulus aber und Barnabas sprachen (But Paul and Barnabas spoke freely)''
:31. Duet (TB) — ''Denn also hat uns der Herr geboten (For so hath the Lord)''
:32. Recitative (S) — ''Und es war ein Mann zu Lystra (And there was a man at Lystra)''
:33. Chorus — ''Die Götter sind den Menschen gleich geworden (The gods themselves)''
:34. Recitative (A) — ''Und nannten Barnabas Jupiter (And they called Barnabas Jupiter)''
:35. Chorus — ''Seid uns gnädig (O be gracious, ye immortals)''
:36. Recitative (TB), Aria (B) & Chorus — ''Da das die Apostel hörten (Now when the Apostles; For know ye not?)''
:37. Recitative (S) — ''Da ward das Volk erreget (Then the multitude)''
:38. Chorus — ''Hier ist des Herren Tempel (This is the Lord's temple)''
:39. Recitative (S) — ''Und sie alle verfolgten Paulus (And they all persecuted Paul)''
:40. Cavatina (T) — ''Sei getreu bis in den Tod (Be though faithful unto death)''
SCENE FIVE — FAREWELL OF PAUL FROM
EPHESUS
Ephesus (; grc-gre, Ἔφεσος, Éphesos; tr, Efes; may ultimately derive from hit, 𒀀𒉺𒊭, Apaša) was a city in ancient Greece on the coast of Ionia, southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It was built in t ...
:41. Recitative (SB) — ''Paulus sandte hin (And Paul sent and called the elders)''
:42. Chorus & Recitative (SATB) — ''Schone doch deiner selbst (Far be it from thy path)''
:43. Chorus — ''Sehet, welch eine Liebe (See what love)''
SCENE SIX — MARTYRDOM OF PAUL
:44. Recitative (S) — ''Und wenn er gleich geopfert wird (And though he be offered)''
:45. Chorus — ''Nicht aber ihm allein (Not only unto him)''
Recordings
*
Helen Donath
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Biography
She was born in Corpus Christi, Texas and studied there at Del Mar College. Later she studied in New York with Paola Nov ...
,
Hanna Schwarz
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,
Werner Hollweg
Werner Hollweg (13 September 1936 in Solingen - 1 January 2007 in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German operatic tenor. He is best known for his interpretation of Mozart's operas. Hollweg died from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic la ...
,
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (28 May 1925 – 18 May 2012) was a German lyric baritone and conductor of classical music, one of the most famous Lieder (art song) performers of the post-war period, best known as a singer of Franz Schubert's Lieder, ...
, Düsseldorf Musikverein Choir and the
Düsseldorfer Symphoniker
The Deutsche Oper am Rhein (German Opera on the Rhine) is an opera company based in Düsseldorf and Duisburg. The opera also has an associated classical ballet company. Axel Kober has been its Music Director since 2009. The resident orchestra, th ...
conducted by
Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos
Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (born Rafael Frühbeck; 15 September 1933 – 11 June 2014) was a Spanish conductor and composer. Frühbeck was born in Burgos, Spain to a family of German ancestry. He first took up conducting while on military serv ...
— October 1976 — EMI Electrola
*''Paulus'' —
Rachel Yakar
Rachel Yakar (born 3 March 1938) is a French soprano.
Yakar was born in Lyon, France. She studied under Germaine Lubin at the Paris Conservatoire. In 1963, she made her debut at Strasbourg. For the next twenty years, she was associated with the D ...
,
Brigitte Balleys
Brigitte Balleys (born 18 June 1959) is a Swiss mezzo-soprano in opera and concert.
Biography
Born in the canton of Vaud, Brigitte Balleys studied at Sion,
then at the Conservatory of Bern where she graduated from the singing class of Jakob Stä ...
,
Markus Schäfer
Markus Schäfer (born 13 June 1961) is a German lyric tenor, a soloist in opera, oratorio, and '' Lied''. He has performed with major opera houses and with the ensemble La Petite Bande. He has been a professor of voice at the Musikhochschule Ha ...
,
Thomas Hampson
Thomas Walter Hampson (born June 28, 1955) is an American lyric baritone, a classical singer who has appeared world-wide in major opera houses and concert halls and made over 170 musical recordings.
Hampson's operatic repertoire spans a range ...
Michel Corboz
Michel Corboz (14 February 1934 – 2 September 2021) was a Swiss conductor.
Life
Corboz was born in Marsens, Switzerland, and educated in his native canton of Fribourg. He studied vocal performance and composition at the conservatory in Fribourg ...
Hans Peter Blochwitz
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Born in Garmisch-Partenkirchen on 28 September 1949, Blochwitz fir ...
,
Theo Adam
Theo Adam (1 August 1926 – 10 January 2019) was a German operatic bass-baritone and bass singer who had an international career in opera, concert and recital from 1949. He was a member of the Staatsoper Dresden for his entire career, and sang ...
Gewandhaus Orchestra
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conducted by
Kurt Masur
Kurt Masur (18 July 1927 – 19 December 2015) was a German conductor. Called "one of the last old-style maestros", he directed many of the principal orchestras of his era. He had a long career as the Kapellmeister of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Or ...
— December 1986 — Philips
*
Agnes Giebel
Agnes Giebel (10 August 1921 – 24 April 2017) was a German classical soprano. She was born in Heerlen, in the Netherlands, where she lived the first years of her life. She studied at the Folkwangschule in Essen and made her first public appe ...
, Mariko Sasaki, Shogo Miyahara, Heinrich-Schütz-Chor Tokyo, Ensemble Claudio and the Symphonia Musica Poetica conducted by Yumiko Tanno — live in
Tokyo
Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.468 ...
in 1993 — ALM Records ALCD 1098-99
*
Juliane Banse
Juliane Banse (born 10 July 1969 in Tettnang, Germany) is a German opera soprano and noted singer.
Banse received her vocal training at the Zürich Opera, and with Brigitte Fassbaender in Munich. She won first prize in the singing competition of ...
,
Ingeborg Danz
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Career
Danz studied school music at the Hochschule für Musik Detmold and voice with Heiner Eckels. She took advanced classes with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, am ...
,
Michael Schade
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...
Gächinger Kantorei
Gächinger Kantorei (Gächingen Chorale) is an internationally known German mixed choir, founded by Helmuth Rilling in 1954 in Gächingen (part of St. Johann close to Reutlingen) and conducted by him until 2013, succeeded by Hans-Christoph Radema ...
Czech Philharmonic
The Česká filharmonie (Czech Philharmonic) is a symphony orchestra based in Prague. The orchestra's principal concert venue is the Rudolfinum.
History
The name "Czech Philharmonic Orchestra" appeared for the first time in 1894, as the title ...
conducted by
Helmuth Rilling
Helmuth Rilling (born 29 May 1933) is a German choral conductor and an academic teacher. He is the founder of the Gächinger Kantorei (1954), the Bach-Collegium Stuttgart (1965), the Oregon Bach Festival (1970),
the Internationale Bachakademie S ...
— November 17–19, 1994 — Hänssler Classic
*
Soile Isokoski
Soile Marja Isokoski (born 14 February 1957) is a Finnish lyric soprano. She is an opera singer as well as a concert and lieder singer.
Career
Isokoski was born in Posio, Finland. She graduated from the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki (a cantor ...
,
Mechthild Bach
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Biography and career
Bach was born in Limburg an der Lahn, where she was a member of the Limburg Cathedral's girl choir from a very young age. After he ...
Peter Lika
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Life
Lika was born in Augsburg in 1947. He began his singing career as a boy soloist with the Regensburger ...
,
Das Neue Orchester
Christoph Spering (23 June 1959 in Simmern) is a German conductor of classical music, especially church music. He founded in 1985 the choir Chorus Musicus Köln and in 1988 the orchestra Das Neue Orchester (The new orchestra).
Selected recordings ...
Christoph Spering
Christoph Spering (23 June 1959 in Simmern) is a German conductor of classical music, especially church music. He founded in 1985 the choir Chorus Musicus Köln and in 1988 the orchestra Das Neue Orchester (The new orchestra).
Selected recordings ...
- 1995 -
Opus 111
''Opus'' (pl. ''opera'') is a Latin word meaning "work". Italian equivalents are ''opera'' (singular) and ''opere'' (pl.).
Opus or OPUS may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Music
* Opus number, (abbr. Op.) specifying order of (usually) publicatio ...
*
Melanie Diener
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Career
Diener was born in S ...
,
Annette Markert
Annette Markert (born in Kaltensundheim, Thuringia) is a German classical mezzo-soprano and alto.
Career
Annette Markert studied voice at the Leipzig School of Music and was engaged at the Halle Opera House in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt from 1983 to ...
,
James Taylor
James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A six-time Grammy Award winner, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, havi ...
,
Matthias Goerne
Matthias Goerne (born 31 March 1967) is a German baritone. He has performed and recorded extensively, both on the opera stage and in Lieder settings. Goerne has been referred to as "Today's leading interpreter of German art songs" by the Chicago ...
Orchestre des Champs-Élysées The Orchestre des Champs-Élysées is an orchestra that specializes in the performance of music from the period from roughly 1750 to the early twentieth century, that is, it covers the period from the flourishing of Haydn to that of Mahler. It perfo ...
conducted by
Philippe Herreweghe
Philippe Maria François Herreweghe, Knight Herreweghe (born 2 May 1947) is a Belgian conductor and choirmaster.
Herreweghe founded La Chapelle Royale and Collegium Vocale Gent and is renowned as a conductor, with a repertoire ranging from Rena ...
— live in
Montreux
Montreux (, , ; frp, Montrolx) is a Swiss municipality and town on the shoreline of Lake Geneva at the foot of the Alps. It belongs to the district of Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, and has a population of approximat ...
on October 30 and November 1, 1995 — Harmonia Mundi
* Susan Roberts, Ruby Philogene, Glenn Siebert, Mark Beesley, the Royal Scottish National Chorus and the
Royal Scottish National Orchestra
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conducted by
Leon Botstein
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Biography 1946–1975: Early life, education, and career
Botstein was ...
— 1997 — Arabesque Z-6705
*
Susan Gritton
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Life a ...
,
Jean Rigby
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Biography
Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Rigby studied at the Birmingham School of Music and ...
Peter Coleman-Wright
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,
BBC National Chorus of Wales
The BBC National Orchestra of Wales (BBC NOW) ( cy, Cerddorfa Genedlaethol Gymreig y BBC) is a Welsh symphony orchestra and one of the BBC's five professional radio orchestras. The BBC NOW is the only professional symphony orchestra organisation ...
and the
BBC National Orchestra of Wales
The BBC National Orchestra of Wales (BBC NOW) ( cy, Cerddorfa Genedlaethol Gymreig y BBC) is a Welsh symphony orchestra and one of the BBC's five professional radio orchestras. The BBC NOW is the only professional symphony orchestra organisatio ...
conducted by
Richard Hickox
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Early life
Hickox was born in Stokenchurch in Buckinghamshire into a musical family. After attending the Royal Gram ...
— live in
Cardiff
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on May 5, 2000 — Chandos
* ''Saint Paul''] (in English) — Natalie Griffin Mitchell, Susan Fleming, Scot Cameron, David Robinson, Briarwood Chancel Choir and the Alabama Philharmonic conducted by Clay Campbell — May 16–18, 2005 — Resmiranda
*
María Cristina Kiehr María Cristina Kiehr (born in Tandil, Argentina) is a soprano vocalist associated with Baroque music. After receiving her early musical training in Argentina, she moved in 1983 to Europe and studied under René Jacobs at the Schola Cantorum Basil ...
(soprano and alto solos),
Werner Güra
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Career
Güra was born in Munich. He studied at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg. He continued his studies with Kurt Wi ...
,
Michael Volle
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Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen
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History
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conducted by
Frieder Bernius Frieder is both a surname and a masculine given name, a variant of Friedrich. People with the name include:
Surname:
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*Bill Frieder (1942), former basketball coach
*Katalin Frieder (1915–1991), Hun ...
— September 16–19, 2005 —
Carus-Verlag
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Carus was founded by choral conductor Günter Graulich and his wife Waltraud with an emphasis on choral repertoire. The catalogue currently includes more than 26,00 ...
Klaus Mertens
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Klaus Mertens took singing lessons ...
, Kantorei der Schlosskirche Weilburg and the Capella Weilburgensis conducted by Doris Hagel — September 18–22, 2008 —
Hänssler Classic
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Paul Gay
Paul Gay (born 8 November 1968 Accessed August 10, 2009.) is a notable American Symphony Orchestra
The American Symphony Orchestra is a New York-based American orchestra founded in 1962 by Leopold Stokowski whose mission is to demystify orchestral music and make it accessible and affordable for all audiences. Leon Botstein is the orchestra's m ...
conducted by
Leon Botstein
Leon Botstein (born December 14, 1946 in Zürich, Switzerland) is a Swiss-American conducting, conductor, educator, and scholar serving as the President of Bard College.
Biography 1946–1975: Early life, education, and career
Botstein was ...