The Papaveraceae are an economically important

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

of about 42

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

and approximately 775 known

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...

s in the order

Ranunculales Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group kno ...

, informally known as the poppy family. The family is

cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan may refer to: Food and drink * Cosmopolitan (cocktail), also known as a "Cosmo" History * Rootless cosmopolitan, a Soviet derogatory epithet during Joseph Stalin's anti-Semitic campaign of 1949–1953 Hotels and resorts * Cosmopoli ...

, occurring in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ...

and

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north a ...

climates (mostly in the northern hemisphere), but almost unknown in the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also refer ...

. Most are

herbaceous plant Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition ...

s, but a few are

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from tree ...

s and small

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s. The family currently includes two groups that have been considered to be separate families: Fumariaceae and Pteridophyllaceae.

Description

The plants may be annual, biennial, or

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widel ...

. Usually

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition o ...

, a few species form shrubs or evergreen trees. They are lactiferous, producing latex, which may be milky or watery, coloured or plain. All parts contain a well-developed duct system (these ducts are called "laticifers"), producing a milky

latex Latex is an emulsion (stable dispersion) of polymer microparticles in water. Latexes are found in nature, but synthetic latexes are common as well. In nature, latex is found as a milky fluid found in 10% of all flowering plants (angiosperms ...

, a watery white, yellow or red juice. The simple

leaves A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, st ...

are alternate or sometimes whorled. They have petioles and are not enclosed by a sheath. The leaves are usually lobed or pinnatifid (i.e. consisting of several not entirely separate leaflets), or much divided. There are no

stipule In botany, a stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides (sometimes on just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole). Stipules are considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant, although in many speci ...

s. The plants are

hermaphroditic In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes. Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have s ...

and are

pollinated Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, a ...

mostly by

insect Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three pa ...

s (

entomophilous Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects. Flowers pollinated by insects typically advertise themselves with bright colours, some ...

); flower nectaries are lacking. A few are wind pollinated ( anemophilous). There is a distinct

calyx Calyx or calyce (plural "calyces"), from the Latin ''calix'' which itself comes from the Ancient Greek ''κάλυξ'' (''kálux'') meaning "husk" or "pod", may refer to: Biology * Calyx (anatomy), collective name for several cup-like structures ...

and

corolla Corolla may refer to: *Corolla (botany), the petals of a flower, considered as a unit *Toyota Corolla, an automobile model name *Corolla (headgear) A ''corolla'' is an ancient headdress in the form of a small circlet or crown.Macleaya ''Macleaya'', or plume poppy, is a genus of two or three species of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae, native to Japan (''Macleaya cordata'') and China ('' Macleaya miclocarpa''). They are large rhizomatous herbaceous perennial ...

'' where the corolla is lacking. The flowers are medium-sized or large. The terminal flowers are solitary in many species. In others the terminal

inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are forme ...

is cymose or

racemose A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...

. The flowers are odourless and regular. There are many

stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the fila ...

s, mostly 16 to 60, arranged in two separate whorls, the outer one with stamens alternating with petals, the inner one opposite, or numerous in the subfamily

Papaveroideae Papaveroideae is a subfamily of the family Papaveraceae (the poppy family). Genera * Subfamily Papaveroideae Eaton :* Tribe Eschscholzieae Baill. ::* '' Dendromecon'' Benth. – California. ::* '' Eschscholzia'' Cham. – Western North Amer ...

. The gynoecium consists of a compound

pistil Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) '' pistils ...

with 2 to 100 carpels. The

ovary The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. ...

is superior and

unilocular A locule (plural locules) or loculus (plural loculi) (meaning "little place" in Latin) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usu ...

. The ovary is either stemless (sessile) or on a short stem (stipitate). The non-fleshy

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

is usually a capsule, breaking open at maturity to release the

seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...

s through pores (poricidal), through the partitions between the cells (septicidal), or by means of valves (valvular). The numerous seeds are small. Their nutritive tissue (endosperm) is oily and farinose. The fruit of '' Platystemon'' is a

schizocarp A schizocarp is a dry fruit that, when mature, splits up into mericarps. There are different definitions: * Any dry fruit composed of multiple carpels that separate. : Under this definition the mericarps can contain one or more seeds (the m ...

. The basic chromosome number, ''x'', is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, up to ''12n'' = 84 (dodecaploidy) in species of ''

Papaver ''Papaver'' is a genus of 70–100 species of frost-tolerant annuals, biennials, and perennials native to temperate and cold regions of Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the type genus of the poppy family, Papaveraceae. Description The ...

'', ''

Argemone ''Argemone'' is a genus (biology), genus of flowering plants in the family (biology), family Papaveraceae commonly known as prickly poppies. There are about 32 species native to the Americas and Hawaii.Meconopsis ''Meconopsis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It was created by French botanist Viguier in 1814 for the species known by the common name Welsh poppy, which Carl Linnaeus had described as ''Papaver cambricum''. ...

''.

Taxonomy

The

APG III system The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a fur ...

(2009; unchanged from the

APG II system The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Gro ...

of 2003 and the

APG system The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved AP ...

of 1998) places the family in the order

, in the clade

eudicots The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons. Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dico ...

. The Papaveraceae differ from the rest of the Ranunculales in some important characteristics but they share others such as the presence of isoquinoline-derived alkaloids. Based on molecular and morphological data, the family forms a clade with the families

Lardizabalaceae Lardizabalaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which places it in the order Ranunculales, in the clade eudic ...

Circaeasteraceae Circaeasteraceae is a family of two species of herbaceous plants native to China and the Himalayas. The family has been recognized by many taxonomists. The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), recognizes it and places it ...

Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form ...

Berberidaceae The Berberidaceae are a family of 18 genera of flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order Ranunculales. The family contains about 700 known species, of which the majority are in ''Berberis''. The species i ...

and

Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae (buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide. The largest genera are ''Ranunculus'' (600 species), ''Delphinium' ...

Genera

The broad

circumscription Circumscription may refer to: *Circumscribed circle *Circumscription (logic) *Circumscription (taxonomy) * Circumscription theory, a theory about the origins of the political state in the history of human evolution proposed by the American anthrop ...

of Papaveraceae in the APG III system includes three taxa that have previously been separated into different families: the Papaveraceae ''sensu stricto'', the Fumariaceae and the Pteridophyllaceae. Thus the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) a ...

of 1981 recognised the Fumariaceae as a separate family, despite their close phylogenetic relationship to the Papaveraceae ''sensu stricto''. The three former families may be treated as subfamilies. One morphological and molecular study concluded that the former family Pteridophyllaceae has a basal position with a subsequent division into two terminal clades each containing one of the subfamilies Fumarioideae and Papaveroideae, which are clearly monophyletic. A more recent study includes the former Pteridophyllaceae in the Fumarioideae, dividing the Papaveraceae into only two subfamilies. The internal division of the Fumarioideae shown below follows Lidén (1993), with the exception of the placement of ''Pteridophyllum''. The subtribes are given by the

Germplasm Resources Information Network Germplasm Resources Information Network or GRIN is an online USDA National Genetic Resources Program software project to comprehensively manage the computer database for the holdings of all plant germplasm collected by the National Plant Germplasm ...

. The division of the Papaveroideae follows Hoot et al. (1997). In the latter study, the tribe Eschscholzieae would be the basal clade and sister group to the rest of the subfamily, which is divided into a different terminal clade (Chelidonieae) and into its sister group, formed by the Papavereae and Platystemoneae, whose separation is not based on the data presented by these authors. For discussions of subfamilies, see Carolan et al. (2006) and Blattner & Kadereit (1999).

Fumarioideae

*Subfamily

Fumarioideae Fumarioideae is a subfamily of the family Papaveraceae (the poppy family). It was formerly treated as a separate family, the Fumariaceae (the fumitory, fumewort or bleeding-heart family). It consists of about 575 species of herbaceous plants in 20 ...

Eaton :*Tribe Hypecoeae Dumort. ::*'' Hypecoum'' L. – Mediterranean region to Mongolia and Western China. ::*'' Pteridophyllum''

Siebold Siebold or von Siebold is a German surname: * Carl Caspar von Siebold (1736–1807), surgeon * Regina von Siebold (1771–1849), obstetrician * Adam Elias von Siebold (1775–1828), medical doctor * Charlotte von Siebold (1788–1859), gynaecol ...

& Zucc. – Japan :*Tribe Dumort. ::*Subtribe :::*''

Adlumia ''Adlumia'' is a genus of two species in the family Papaveraceae. The genus name derives from John Adlum (1759–1836), a surveyor, associate judge, plantsman and agriculturist who ran an 80 ha (200 acre) experimental farm in Georgetown, Washingt ...

'' Raf. ex

DC. Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...

– Eastern North America, Korea, China :::*''

Capnoides ''Capnoides sempervirens'', the harlequin corydalis, rock harlequin, pale corydalis or pink corydalis, is an annual or biennial plant native to rocky woodland and burned or disturbed places in northern North America. ''Capnoides sempervirens'' i ...

Mill. Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular '' The Gardeners Dict ...

– Northern North America :::*''

Corydalis ''Corydalis'' (from Greek ''korydalís'' "crested lark") is a genus of about 470 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Papaveraceae, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere and the high mountains of tropical eastern ...

nom. cons. – Eurasia, North America, East Africa :::*''

Dactylicapnos ''Dactylicapnos'' (climbing dicentra; formerly included in ''Dicentra'') is a genus of frost-tender perennial or annual climbers native to the Himalayas, northern Burma, central southern China, and northern Vietnam. Description Leaves are compou ...

'' Wall. – Himalayas :::*''

Dicentra ''Dicentra'' ( Greek ''dís'' "twice", ''kéntron'' "spur"), known as bleeding-hearts, is a genus of eight species of herbaceous plants with oddly shaped flowers and finely divided leaves, native to eastern Asia and North America. Description F ...

Bernh. Johann Jakob Bernhardi (1 September 1774, in Erfurt – 13 May 1850, in Erfurt) was a German doctor and botanist. Biography Johann J. Bernhardi studied Medicine and Botany at the University of Erfurt, and after graduation practiced medicine for a ...

nom. cons. – Eastern Asia, North America :::*''

Ehrendorferia ''Ehrendorferia'' (eardrops) is a genus of two species of biennial or perennial herbaceous plants native to wildfire-prone areas of California and the Baja California peninsula. It was named after the Austrian botanist Friedrich Ehrendorfer Fri ...

Fukuhara Fukuhara (written: 福原) is a Japanese surname meaning "field of fortune", "field of blessings", or "lucky field". Alternate transliterations include Fukubara and Fukuwara. Notable people with the surname include: * Aaron Fukuhara (born 1991), Am ...

& Lidén – Western United States :::*''

Ichtyoselmis ''Ichtyoselmis macrantha'' (also spelled ''Ichthyoselmis''; formerly known as ''Dicentra macrantha''; large-flowered dicentra) is the only species in the genus ''Ichtyoselmis''. It is a perennial plant growing from a long rhizome, native to woodl ...

'' Lidén & Fukuhara – China :::*''

Lamprocapnos ''Lamprocapnos spectabilis'', bleeding heart, fallopian buds or Asian bleeding-heart, is a species of flowering plant belonging to the fumitory subfamily (fumarioideae) of the poppy family Papaveraceae, and is native to Siberia, northern China, ...

Endl. Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher also known as Endlicher István László (24 June 1804, Pressburg, Bratislava (Pozsony) – 28 March 1849, Vienna) was an Austrian Empire, Austrian botanist, numismatist and Sinologist. He was a director of the Botan ...

– China, Korea ::*Subtribe :::*''

Ceratocapnos ''Ceratocapnos'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Papaveraceae. Its native range is Europe, Mediterranean and Western Asia. Species: * ''Ceratocapnos claviculata ''Ceratocapnos claviculata'', the climbing corydalis, is ...

'' Durieu – South west of Europe, north west of Africa :::*'' Cryptocapnos'' Rech.f. – Central Afghanistan :::*'' Cysticapnos'' Mill. – South Africa :::*''

Discocapnos ''Discocapnos'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Papaveraceae The Papaveraceae are an economically important family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales, i ...

'' Cham. & Schltdl. – South Africa :::*''

Fumaria ''Fumaria'' (fumitory or fumewort, from Latin ', "smoke of the earth") is a genus of about 60 species of annual flowering plants in the family Papaveraceae. The genus is native to Europe, Africa and Asia, most diverse in the Mediterranean regi ...

'' L. – Mediterranean region, Himalayas, East Africa :::*'' Fumariola'' Korsh. – Central Asia :::*''

Platycapnos ''Platycapnos'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Papaveraceae. Its native range is Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; es, Canarias, ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and ...

'' (DC.)

– Western Mediterranean region :::*''

Pseudofumaria ''Pseudofumaria'' is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants native to Europe, formerly included in the genus '' Corydalis''. There are two species: *'' Pseudofumaria alba'' (Mill.) Lidén ( syn. ''Corydalis ochroleuca'')northwest Balkans *'' P ...

'' Medik. – Italy, Balkans :::*'' Rupicapnos'' Pomel – North west Africa :::*'' Sarcocapnos'' DC. – Spain, Morocco, Algeria :::*'' Trigonocapnos''

Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...

– South Africa Hypecoum procumbens FlowerCloseup 25April2009 CampodeCalatrava.jpg, ''Hypecoum procumbens'' Corydalisaurea.jpg,

Scrambled eggs Scrambled eggs is a dish made from eggs (usually chicken eggs) stirred, whipped or beaten together while being gently heated, typically with salt, butter, oil and sometimes other ingredients. Preparation Only eggs are necessary to make scrambled ...

(''Corydalis aurea'') Corydalis solida01.jpg, Fumewort (''Corydalis solida'') Corydalis-cheilanthifolia-habitus.jpg, Ferny corydalis (''Corydalis cheilanthifolia'') Pale corydalis closeup.jpg, Pale corydalis (''Capnoides sempervirens'') 3949 - Dicentra scandens (Kletterndes Tränendes Herz).JPG, Climbing bleeding-heart (''Dactylicapnos scandens'' or ''Dicentra scandens'') Dicentra cucullaria.png,

Dutchman's breeches ''Dicentra cucullaria'', Dutchman's britches, or Dutchman's breeches, is a perennial herbaceous plant, native to rich woods of eastern North America, with a disjunct population in the Columbia Basin. The common name Dutchman's breeches deriv ...

(''Dicentra cucullaria'') Fringed bleeding-heart flower cluster.jpg, Fringed bleeding-heart (''Dicentra eximia'') Dicentra peregrina (flower).JPG, Komakusa (''Dicentra peregrina'') Dicentrachrysantha.jpg, Golden eardrops (''Ehrendorferia chrysantha'' or ''Dicentra chrysantha'') Tränendes Herz (Dicentra spectabilis).jpg, Asian bleeding-heart (''Lamprocapnos spectabilis'' or ''Dicentra spectabilis'') Earth smoke 04.jpg, Earth smoke (''Fumaria officinalis'') Corydalis lutea Flowers.JPG, Yellow corydalis (''Pseudofumaria lutea'' or ''Corydalis lutea'') Sarcocapnos enneaphylla733.jpg, ''Zapatitos de la Virgen'' (''Sarcocapnos enneaphylla'')

Papaveroideae

*Subfamily

Eaton :*Tribe

Baill. Henri Ernest Baillon was a French botanist and physician. He was born in Calais on 30 November 1827 and died in Paris on 19 July 1895. Baillon spent his professional life as a professor of natural history, and he published numerous works on ...

::*''

Dendromecon ''Dendromecon'', the tree poppy, is a genus of one or two species of shrubs to small trees, native to California and northern Baja California. The leaves are evergreen, alternate, lanceolate to ovate, 3–10 cm long. The flowers are yello ...

Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...

– California. ::*''

Eschscholzia ''Eschscholzia'' is a genus of 12 annual or perennial plants in the Papaveraceae (poppy) family. The genus was named after the Baltic German/ Imperial Russian botanist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz (1793–1831). All species are native to Me ...

'' Cham. – Western North America. ::*''

Hunnemannia ''Hunnemannia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae, containing the single species ''Hunnemannia fumariifolia'' (tulip poppy or Mexican tulip poppy) native to the highlands of Mexico. It is typically found at ...

Sweet Sweetness is a basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars. Sweet tastes are generally regarded as pleasurable. In addition to sugars like sucrose, many other chemical compounds are sweet, including aldehydes, ketones ...

– Eastern Mexico. :*Tribe Dumort. ::*'' Bocconia'' L. – Central and southern America, Antilles ::*''

Chelidonium ''Chelidonium'', commonly known as celandines, is a small genus of flowering plants in the poppy family The Poppy Family was a Canadian psychedelic pop group based in Vancouver. They had a number of international hit records in the late 1960 ...

'' L. – Eurasia ::*'' Dicranostigma''

Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...

Thomson Thomson may refer to: Names * Thomson (surname), a list of people with this name and a description of its origin * Thomson baronets, four baronetcies created for persons with the surname Thomson Businesses and organizations * SGS-Thomson Mic ...

– Central Asia ::*''

Eomecon ''Eomecon'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Papaveraceae, poppy family containing the single species ''Eomecon chionantha''. Its common names include snow-poppy and dawn-poppy. It is native to China. This perennial herbaceous pla ...

Hance Hance is an English and French surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Benjamin Hance (born 2000), Australian Paralympic swimmer * Blake Hance (born 1996), American football player * Guy Hance (1933–2008), Belgian politician *Henry Fl ...

– Eastern China ::*'' Glaucium'' Mill. – Europe to Central Asia ::*'' Hylomecon''

Maxim. Carl Johann Maximovich (also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich, Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 in Tula, Russia – 16 February 1891 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian botanist. Maximovich spent most of his lif ...

– Eastern Asia ::*''

Macleaya ''Macleaya'', or plume poppy, is a genus of two or three species of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae, native to Japan (''Macleaya cordata'') and China ('' Macleaya miclocarpa''). They are large rhizomatous herbaceous perennial ...

'' R.Br. – Eastern Asia ::*''

Sanguinaria ''Sanguinaria canadensis'', bloodroot, is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant native to eastern North America. It is the only species in the genus ''Sanguinaria'', included in the poppy family Papaveraceae, and is most closely related to ...

'' L. – Eastern North America ::*'' Stylophorum''

Nutt. Thomas Nuttall (5 January 1786 – 10 September 1859) was an England, English botany, botanist and zoologist who lived and worked in America from 1808 until 1841. Nuttall was born in the village of Long Preston, near Settle, North Yorkshire, S ...

– Eastern North America, Eastern Asia :*Tribe Spach ::*'' Hesperomecon''

Greene Greene may refer to: Places United States *Greene, Indiana, an unincorporated community *Greene, Iowa, a city *Greene, Maine, a town ** Greene (CDP), Maine, in the town of Greene *Greene (town), New York ** Greene (village), New York, in the town ...

– Western North America ::*'' Meconella'' Nutt. – Western North America ::*'' Platystemon''

– Western North America :*Tribe Dumort. ::*''

Arctomecon ''Arctomecon'' is a genus of the poppy family Papaveraceae commonly called the bear poppies or bear-paw poppies, after the distinctive appearance of the leaves. The three species occur only in the northeastern part of the Mojave Desert of North ...

'' Torr. & Frém. – Western North America ::*''

Parry PARRY was an early example of a chatbot, implemented in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby. History PARRY was written in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, then at Stanford University. While ELIZA was a tongue-in-cheek simulation of a Rogeria ...

– Western North America ::*''

Cathcartia ''Cathcartia'' is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Papaveraceae, native to China, Nepal, the eastern Himalayas, and northern Myanmar. Chloroplast DNA evidence supports a split of ''Cathcartia'' from the blue poppy genus ''Meconopsi ...

'' Hook.f. – China and the Himalayas, split from ''Meconopsis'' ::*''

Meconopsis ''Meconopsis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It was created by French botanist Viguier in 1814 for the species known by the common name Welsh poppy, which Carl Linnaeus had described as ''Papaver cambricum''. ...

'' Vig. – Central southern Asia, western Europe; paraphyletic ::*''

'' L. – Northern hemisphere, South Africa, Cape Verde; paraphyletic ::*''

Roemeria ''Roemeria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Papaveraceae, native to Macaronesia, Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Caucasus, the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, the western Himalayas, Xinjiang, and Mongo ...

'' Medik. – Mediterranean region, south west Asia ::*'' Romneya'' Harv. – California ::*'' Stylomecon'' G. Taylor – California Flickr - brewbooks - Island Tree Poppy (1).jpg, Channel Island tree poppy (''Dendromecon harfordii'') Hunnemannia fumariifolia flowers 2002-10-10.jpg, Tulip poppy (''Hunnemannia fumariifolia'') Starr 070308-5399 Bocconia frutescens.jpg, Plume poppy (''Bocconia frutescens'') Flower October 2008-1.jpg,

Greater celandine ''Chelidonium majus'', the greater celandine, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. One of two species in the genus ''Chelidonium'', it is native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North Ame ...

(''Chelidonium majus'') Dicranostigma erectum2.JPG, Eastern horned poppy (''Dicranostigma erectum'') Ab plant 60.jpg, Red horned poppy (''Glaucium corniculatum'') Eomecon chionantha.jpg, Snow-poppy (''Eomecon chionantha'') Hylomecon japonica 01.JPG, Forest poppy (''Hylomecon vernalis'') Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) - Guelph.jpg,

Bloodroot ''Sanguinaria canadensis'', bloodroot, is a Perennial plant, perennial, herbaceous flowering plant native to eastern North America. It is the monotypic genus, only species in the genus ''Sanguinaria'', included in the poppy family Papaveraceae, ...

(''Sanguinaria canadensis'') Stylophorum diphyllum flowers cropped.png, Wood poppy (''Stylophorum diphyllum'') Platystemon californicus (1).jpg, Creamcups (''Platystemon californicus'') Arctomecon californica 3.jpg, Bearpaw poppy (''Arctomecon californica'') White poppy Argemone munita close.jpg, Flat-bud prickly poppy (''Arctomecon munita'') Pygmy Poppy, Canbya candida.jpg, Pygmy poppy (''Canbya candida'') Arctic poppies at Showa Memorial Park.jpg, Arctic poppy (''Papaver nudicaule'') Papaver(Kirechko).jpg, Persian poppy (''Papaver bracteatum'') Papaver somniferum (Kowal).jpg,

Opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum'', commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamen ...

(''Papaver somniferum'') Romneya-coulteri-habitus.jpg,

Matilija poppy ''Romneya'' () is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the poppy family (Papaveraceae). There are two species in genus ''Romneya'', which was named for Irish astronomer John Thomas Romney Robinson. They are known commonly as Matilija poppies ...

(''Romneya coulteri'')

Ecology

Pollination is entomophile (basically by

flies Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...

and wasps and bees, less often by

beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

s), except in '' Bocconia'' and ''

''. In Papaveroideae, the reward is pollen as there is no nectar. The visual attractant is the petals that are usually brightly coloured and often have basal

guides A guide is a person who leads travelers, sportspeople, or tourists through unknown or unfamiliar locations. The term can also be applied to a person who leads others to more abstract goals such as knowledge or wisdom. Travel and recreation Exp ...

, sometimes the attractant can also be the

androecium The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...

as the petals do not last long. Some species, mostly those from the arctic and alpine regions, reinforce their attraction with floral fragrance (for example, '' Papaver alpinum'' smells of cloves), which in the case of '' Romneya'' drugs the insects. The

anther The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...

s and stigmas mature at the same time, but ''Bocconia'' is clearly

protogynous Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and ...

, the stigmas emerge from the

that encloses them. Autopollination is common and in some cases (for example, ''Roemeria hybrida'') it occurs before the bud opens (

cleistogamy Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of certain plants that can propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Especially well known in peanuts, peas, and pansies, this behavior is most widespread in the grass family. How ...

). The presence of an

aril An aril (pronounced ), also called an arillus, is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed. An arillode or false aril is sometimes distinguished: whereas an aril grows from the attachment point of the see ...

suggests dispersion of seeds by ants (

myrmecochory Myrmecochory ( (sometimes myrmechory); from grc, μύρμηξ, mýrmēks ("ant") and ''khoreíā'' ("circular dance") is seed dispersal by ants, an ecologically significant ant–plant interaction with worldwide distribution. Most myrmeco ...

), once they have been expelled by the fruit. In the case of ''Bocconia'' the seeds remain attached to the

replum A silique or siliqua (plural ''siliques'' or ''siliquae'') is a type of fruit (seed capsule) having two fused carpels with the length being more than three times the width. When the length is less than three times the width of the dried fruit ...

s after the capsule's

valves A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings ...

have fallen leaving their brilliant red or orange arils exposed, which attract birds to feed on them, facilitating their dispersal ( ornithochory). Seeds that lack an aril appear to be dispersed by the wind (

anemochory In Spermatophyte plants, seed dispersal is the movement, spread or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants have limited mobility and rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their seeds, including both abiotic vectors, ...

) for capsules that open, in the other cases they are freed when the fruit decomposes. Many

species have explosive fruits (ballistic), while '' Rupicapnos'' and '' Sarcocapnos'' species are

chasmophyte This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary o ...

s, growing on rocks, and their fruit's peduncles and

pedicel Pedicle or pedicel may refer to: Human anatomy *Pedicle of vertebral arch, the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body, and is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures ...

s are

geotropic Gravitropism (also known as geotropism) is a coordinated process of differential growth by a plant in response to gravity pulling on it. It also occurs in fungi. Gravity can be either "artificial gravity" or natural gravity. It is a general featu ...

and they lengthen so that the seeds bury into the base of the plant. The Papaveroideae typically grow in cooler and wooded areas, forming part of the undergrowth. They have adapted to arctic and alpine habitats and to arid, Mediterranean areas, many species are

ruderal A ruderal species is a plant species that is first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance may be natural for example, wildfires or avalanchesor the consequences of human activities, such as construction ( of roads, of buildings, mining, et ...

and segetal (growing in cornfields). '' Pteridophyllum'' grows in the undergrowth of woods of needle-leaved trees between . The Fumarioideae are basically found in open, rocky, alpine landscapes or vertical or overhanging cracks, while some species are ruderal or segetal.

Phytochemistry

Argemone maxicana in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 1102

Alkaloid Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar ...

s: The isoquinolinic alkaloids present in the family are well known. They are derived from

berberine Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids found in such plants as ''Berberis vulgaris'' (barberry), '' Berberis aristata'' (tree turmeric), '' Mahonia aquifolium'' (Oregon grape), '' Hyd ...

, tetrahydroberberine,

protopine Protopine is an alkaloid occurring in opium poppy, ''Corydalis'' tubers and other plants of the family papaveraceae, like ''Fumaria officinalis''. Protopine is metabolically derived from the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid ''(S)''- Reticuline through ...

and benzophenanthridine in Papaveroideae, and from spirobenzylisoquinoline and cularine in Fumarioideae, as well as from other groups that give them pharmacological properties: derivatives of

aporphine Aporphine is an alkaloid with the chemical formula . The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) name of aporphine is ''6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo e,guinoline.'' It is the core chemical substructure of the aporphine ...

morphinan Morphinan is the prototype chemical structure of a large chemical class of psychoactive drugs, consisting of opiate analgesics, cough suppressants, and dissociative hallucinogens, among others. Structure Morphinan has a phenanthrene core stru ...

, pavine, isopavine, narceine and

rhoeadine Rhoeadine (rheadine) is an alkaloid derived from the flowers of the corn poppy (''Papaver rhoeas''). It has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of morphine dependence. Toxicity 5 different patients were admitted to ER after bei ...

. Others: Other characteristic substances contained within these species include:

meconic acid Meconic acid, also known as acidum meconicum and poppy acid, is a chemical substance found in certain plants of the poppy family, Papaveraceae, such as ''Papaver somniferum'' (opium poppy) and ''Papaver bracteatum''. Meconic acid constitutes abou ...

and

chelidonic acid Chelidonic acid is a heterocyclic organic acid with a pyran skeleton. Preparation Chelidonic acid can be prepared in two steps from diethyl oxalate and acetone: : Uses Chelidonic acid is used to synthesize 4-pyrone via thermal decarboxylation. ...

, as well as cyanogenic glycoside compounds derived from

tyrosine -Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Gr ...

dhurrin Dhurrin is a cyanogenic glycoside produced in many plants. Discovered in multiple sorghum varieties in 1906 as the culprit of cattle poisoning by hydrogen cyanide, dhurrin is most typically associated with ''Sorghum bicolor'', the organism used fo ...

and triglochinin; in the Fumarioideae while the Chelidonieae contain the free amino acid δ-acetylornithine.

Flavonoid Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. Chemically, flavonoids ...

Iridoid Iridoids are a type of monoterpenoids in the general form of cyclopentanopyran, found in a wide variety of plants and some animals. They are biosynthetically derived from 8-oxogeranial. Iridoids are typically found in plants as glycosides, mos ...

s and

proanthocyanidin Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants, such as cranberry, blueberry, and grape seeds. Chemically, they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. More complex ...

s absent.

Flavonol Flavonols are a class of flavonoids that have the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone (IUPAC name : 3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one). Their diversity stems from the different positions of the phenolic -OH groups. They are distinct from flavanols (with "a ...

kaempferol Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, found in a variety of plants and plant-derived foods including kale, beans, tea, spinach, and broccoli. Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a meltin ...

and/or

quercetin Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. It has a bitter flavor a ...

present. Many of these plants are

poison Poison is a chemical substance that has a detrimental effect to life. The term is used in a wide range of scientific fields and industries, where it is often specifically defined. It may also be applied colloquially or figuratively, with a broa ...

ous. The Mexican prickly poppy is poisonous if taken internally and may cause

oedema Edema, also spelled oedema, and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin which feels tight, the area ma ...

and

glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that result in damage to the optic nerve (or retina) and cause vision loss. The most common type is open-angle (wide angle, chronic simple) glaucoma, in which the drainage angle for fluid within the eye rem ...

. Even if an animal, such as a

goat The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the a ...

, should persist in grazing on this plant, not only will the animal suffer but so will those who drink its

milk Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfed human infants) before they are able to digestion, digest solid food. Immune factors and immune ...

, because the poisons are passed along in the milk.

Fossil record

The fossils of the late

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...

poppy ''Palaeoaster inquirenda'' from the Western Interior of North America occurs from 74.5 million year old deposits in the

Fruitland Formation The Fruitland Formation is a geologic formation found in the San Juan Basin in the states of New Mexico and Colorado, in the United States of America. It contains fossils dating it to the Campanian age of the late Cretaceous.

New Mexico ) , population_demonym = New Mexican ( es, Neomexicano, Neomejicano, Nuevo Mexicano) , seat = Santa Fe , LargestCity = Albuquerque , LargestMetro = Tiguex , OfficialLang = None , Languages = English, Spanish ( New Mexican), Navajo, Ker ...

to 64.5 million year old deposits in the

Hell Creek Formation The Hell Creek Formation is an intensively studied division of mostly Upper Cretaceous and some lower Paleocene rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana. The formation stretches over portions of ...

North Dakota North Dakota () is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the Native Americans in the United States, indigenous Dakota people, Dakota Sioux. North Dakota is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north a ...

. Dehiscent fruit fossils of ''Palaeoaster'' have been found at the excavation site for the well known ''

Tyrannosaurus rex ''Tyrannosaurus'' is a genus of large theropod dinosaur. The species ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' (''rex'' meaning "king" in Latin), often called ''T. rex'' or colloquially ''T-Rex'', is one of the best represented theropods. ''Tyrannosaurus'' live ...

'' specimen BHI 3033. The seed capsule of ''Palaeoaster'' has some similarities to that of the extant poppy genus '' Romneya''. Papaverites a fruit from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

may be associated with Papaveraceae. Chesters et al. (1967) mentions Papaver pictum from the

Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the ...

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...

Cultivation

The family is well known for its striking flowers, with many species grown as

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that i ...

s, including

California poppy ''Eschscholzia californica'', the California poppy, golden poppy, California sunlight or cup of gold, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae, native to the United States and Mexico. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant f ...

(''Eschscholtzia californica'', the California state flower), the stunning blue Himalayan poppies (''Meconopsis''), several species of ''Papaver'', and the wildflower

bloodroot ''Sanguinaria canadensis'', bloodroot, is a Perennial plant, perennial, herbaceous flowering plant native to eastern North America. It is the monotypic genus, only species in the genus ''Sanguinaria'', included in the poppy family Papaveraceae, ...

. Only two species are of economic importance for the production of

opium Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: ''Lachryma papaveris'') is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which i ...

and its derivatives for pharmaceutical use: ''

Papaver somniferum ''Papaver somniferum'', commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable orname ...

'' is cultivated legally in order to obtain

morphine Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as a analgesic, pain medication, and is also commonly used recreational drug, recreationally, or to make ...

and other

opiates An opiate, in classical pharmacology, is a substance derived from opium. In more modern usage, the term ''opioid'' is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonist ...

, and ''

Papaver bracteatum ''Papaver bracteatum'', also known as the Iranian poppy or Persian poppy and the great scarlet poppy (first described by Dr. N. Saharghi and l. Lalezari nature 213, 1244, 1967 doi:10.1038/2131244a0 ) is a sturdy hardy perennial poppy with large d ...

'', for

thebaine Thebaine (paramorphine), also known as codeine methyl enol ether, is an opiate alkaloid, its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, '' Thēbai'' (Thebes), an ancient city in Upper Egypt. A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar ...

. ''Papaver somniferum'' is also the source of the

poppy seed Poppy seed is an oilseed obtained from the opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum''). The tiny, kidney-shaped seeds have been harvested from dried seed pods by various civilizations for thousands of years. It is still widely used in many countries, ...

s used in

cooking Cooking, cookery, or culinary arts is the art, science and craft of using heat to Outline of food preparation, prepare food for consumption. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely, from grilling food over an open fire to using electric ...

and

baking Baking is a method of preparing food that uses dry heat, typically in an oven, but can also be done in hot ashes, or on hot stones. The most common baked item is bread but many other types of foods can be baked. Heat is gradually transferred " ...

, and

poppy seed oil Poppyseed oil (also poppy seed oil and poppy oil) is an edible oil obtained from poppy seeds (specifically seeds of ''Papaver somniferum'', the opium poppy). Poppy seeds yield 45–50% oil. Like poppy seeds, poppyseed oil is highly palatable, h ...

. The illegal cultivation of poppies in Asia for the production of opium and

heroin Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a potent opioid mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medical grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white and brow ...

is virtually equal to the legal production in the rest of the world. Some Funarioideae have a limited use in gardening, with ''

Lamprocapnos spectabilis ''Lamprocapnos spectabilis'', bleeding heart, fallopian buds or Asian bleeding-heart, is a species of flowering plant belonging to the fumitory subfamily (fumarioideae) of the poppy family Papaveraceae, and is native to Siberia, northern China, ...

'' ("bleeding heart"), and ''

Pseudofumaria lutea ''Pseudofumaria lutea'' ( syn. ''Corydalis lutea''), the yellow corydalis or rock fumewort, is a short-lived perennial plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It is native to the southern foothills of the south-western and central Alps of Italy ...

'' ("yellow corydalis") commonly used. Chinese traditional medicine used the boiled and dried tubers of '' Corydalis yanhusuo'' ("yanhusuo").

Symbolism

The opium poppy and corn poppy are symbols, respectively, of sleep and death. In Great Britain, Canada, the United States, and Australia the corn poppy is worn in remembrance of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

References

Bibliography

* * * * * * In * * * In * In * * * * * * (pbk.)

External links

Papaveraceae in Topwalks
ensu strictoin L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards)
''The families of flowering plants''
. *Papaveraceae ensu latoin th
''Flora of North America''links at CSDL
Flowers in Israel
Mapa de PteridophylloideaeMapa de PapaveroideaeMapa de Fumarioideae
{{Authority control Eudicot families