PHYLIP

PHYLogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP) is a free computational phylogenetics package of programs for inferring evolutionary trees (phylogenies). It consists of 65 portable programs, i.e., the source code is written in the programming language C. As of version 3.696, it is licensed as open-source software; versions 3.695 and older were proprietary software freeware. Releases occur as source code, and as precompiled executables for many operating systems including Windows (95, 98, ME, NT, 2000, XP, Vista), Mac OS 8, Mac OS 9, OS X, Linux ( Debian, Red Hat); and FreeBSD from FreeBSD.org.
Full documentation is written for all the programs in the package and is included therein. The programs in the phylip package were written by Professor Joseph Felsenstein, of the Department of Genome Sciences and the Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle.

Methods (implemented by each program) that are available in the package include parsimony, distance matrix, and likelihood methods, including bootstrapping and consensus trees. Data types that can be handled include molecular sequences, gene frequencies, restriction sites and fragments, distance matrices, and discrete characters.

Each program is controlled through a menu, which asks users which options they want to set, and allows them to start the computation. The data is read into the program from a text file, which the user can prepare using any word processor or text editor (but this text file cannot be in the special format of the word processor, it must instead be in ''flat ASCII'' or ''text only'' format). Some sequence analysis programs such as the ClustalW alignment program can write data files in the PHYLIP format. Most of the programs look for the data in a file called infile . If the phylip programs do not find this file, they then ask the user to type in the file name of the data file.

File format

The component programs of phylip use several different formats, all of which are relatively simple. Programs for the analysis of DNA sequence alignments, protein sequence alignments, or discrete characters (e.g., morphological data) can accept those data in sequential or interleaved format, as shown below.

Sequential format:
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Turkey AAGCTNGGGC ATTTCAGGGT GAGCCCGGGC AATACAGGGT AT
Salmo schiAAGCCTTGGC AGTGCAGGGT GAGCCGTGGC CGGGCACGGT AT
H. sapiensACCGGTTGGC CGTTCAGGGT ACAGGTTGGC CGTTCAGGGT AA
Chimp AAACCCTTGC CGTTACGCTT AAACCGAGGC CGGGACACTC AT
Gorilla AAACCCTTGC CGGTACGCTT AAACCATTGC CGGTACGCTT AA
Interleaved format:
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Turkey AAGCTNGGGC ATTTCAGGGT
Salmo schiAAGCCTTGGC AGTGCAGGGT
H. sapiensACCGGTTGGC CGTTCAGGGT
Chimp AAACCCTTGC CGTTACGCTT
Gorilla AAACCCTTGC CGGTACGCTT

GAGCCCGGGC AATACAGGGT AT
GAGCCGTGGC CGGGCACGGT AT
ACAGGTTGGC CGTTCAGGGT AA
AAACCGAGGC CGGGACACTC AT
AAACCATTGC CGGTACGCTT AA
The numbers are the number of taxa (different species in the example shown above) followed by the number of characters (aligned nucleotides or amino acids in the case of molecular sequences). Restriction site data must include the number of enzymes as well.

Names are limited to 10 characters by default and must be blank-filled to be of that length and followed immediately by the character data using one-letter codes, although the 10 character limit name can be changed by a minor modification of the code (by changing nmlngth in phylip.h and recompiling). All printable ASCII/ISO characters are allowed names, except for parentheses ("(" and ")"), square brackets (" .html" ;"title="/code>" and "">/code>" and "/code>"), colon (":"), semicolon (";") and comma (","). The spaces embedded in the alignment are ignored.

Many programs for phylogenetic analyses, including the commonly-use
RAxML
an
IQ-TREE
ref> programs, use the phylip format or a minor modification of that format called the relaxed phylip format.

Relaxed phylip format (sequential):
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Turkey AAGCTNGGGCATTTCAGGGTGAGCCCGGGCAATACAGGGTAT
Salmo_schiefermuelleri AAGCCTTGGCAGTGCAGGGTGAGCCGTGGCCGGGCACGGTAT
H_sapiens ACCGGTTGGCCGTTCAGGGTACAGGTTGGCCGTTCAGGGTAA
Chimp AAACCCTTGCCGTTACGCTTAAACCGAGGCCGGGACACTCAT
Gorilla AAACCCTTGCCGGTACGCTTAAACCATTGCCGGTACGCTTAA
The primary difference in relaxed phylip format is the absence of the 10 character limit and the removal of the need to blank fill names to reach that length (although filling names to start the character matrix at the same position can improve readability for user). This example of relaxed uses underscores rather than spaces in the names and uses spaces between the names and the aligned character data; it is often good practice to avoid white space within taxon names and to separate the character data from the name when generating files. Like strict phylip format files, relaxed phylip format files can be in interleaved format and include spaces and endlines within the sequence data.

The programs that use distance data, like the neighbor program that implements the neighbor-joining method, also use a simple distance matrix format the includes only the number of taxa, their names, and numerical values for the distances:

Phylip distance matrix:
7
Bovine 0.0000 1.6866 1.7198 1.6606 1.5243 1.6043 1.5905
Mouse 1.6866 0.0000 1.5232 1.4841 1.4465 1.4389 1.4629
Gibbon 1.7198 1.5232 0.0000 0.7115 0.5958 0.6179 0.5583
Orang 1.6606 1.4841 0.7115 0.0000 0.4631 0.5061 0.4710
Gorilla 1.5243 1.4465 0.5958 0.4631 0.0000 0.3484 0.3083
Chimp 1.6043 1.4389 0.6179 0.5061 0.3484 0.0000 0.2692
Human 1.5905 1.4629 0.5583 0.4710 0.3083 0.2692 0.0000
The number indicates the number of taxa and same limitations for taxon names exist. Note that this matrix is symmetric and the diagonal has values of 0 (since the distance between a taxon and itself is zero by definition).

Programs that use trees as input accept the trees in Newick format, an informal standard agreed to in 1986 by authors of seven major phylogeny packages. Output is written onto files with names like outfile and outtree. Trees written onto outtree are in the Newick format.


Component programs

File format conversion

Many programs that convert among alignment formats will output data in phylip or relaxed phylip format. For example, conversion between the PHYLIP multiple sequence alignment format and Multi-FASTA format can done with Genozipet al. (2021) Genozip: a universal extensible genomic data compressor, Bioinformatics''
/ref> using ''genocat --fasta'' or ''genocat --phylip''. The PAUP* software package is especially useful for converting between the Nexus format and phylip format.

References

External links

*
Phylogeny Programs List
A large list of phylogeny packages with details on each one. {{As of, 2011, 01, 26, alt=Current count at 366.

Phylogenetics software