Neo-nationalism, or new nationalism, is an

ideology An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." Formerly applied pri ...

and

political movement A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some t ...

built on the basic characteristics of classical nationalism. It developed to its final form by applying elements with

reactionary In political science, a reactionary or a reactionist is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the ''status quo ante'', the previous political state of society, which that person believes possessed positive characteristics abse ...

character generated as a reaction to the political, economic and socio-cultural changes that came with globalization during the second wave of globalization in the 1980s. In its extreme forms, neo-nationalism is associated with several positions such as

right-wing populism Right-wing populism, also called national populism and right-wing nationalism, is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establi ...

anti-globalization The anti-globalization movement or counter-globalization movement, is a social movement critical of economic globalization. The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement, alter-globalization movement, anti-globalist m ...

, nativism, protectionism,

opposition to immigration Opposition to immigration, also known as anti-immigration, has become a significant political ideology in many countries. In the modern sense, immigration refers to the entry of people from one state or territory into another state or territory ...

, Islamophobia in non-Muslim-majority countries, and Euroscepticism, where applicable. With globalisation and the idea of a single nation, neo-nationalists see the problems of identification and threatened identities. They call for the protection of symbolic heritage, like art and folk traditions, which is also common for cultural nationalism. Particularly notable expressions of new nationalism include the vote for Brexit in the

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, commonly referred to as the EU referendum or the Brexit referendum, took place on 23 June 2016 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Gibraltar to ask the electorate whether the country shoul ...

and the

2016 election The following elections occurred in the year 2016. Africa Benin Republic *2016 Beninese presidential election 6 March 2016 Cape Verde * 2016 Cape Verdean presidential election 2 October 2016 Chad * 2016 Chadian presidential election 10 A ...

of Donald Trump as the President of the United States. Several neo-nationalist politicians have come to power or run strongly during the

2010s File:2010s collage v21.png, From top left, clockwise: Anti-government protests called the Arab Spring arose in 2010–2011, and as a result, many governments were overthrown, including when Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi was Death of Muammar Gadd ...

and

2020s The 2020s (pronounced "twenty-twenties" shortened to "the '20s" and referred to as the twenties) is the current decade, which began on January 1, 2020, and will end on December 31, 2029. The 2020s began with the COVID-19 pandemic — the first ...

, including Giorgia Meloni in Italy,

Marine Le Pen Marion Anne Perrine "Marine" Le Pen (; born 5 August 1968) is a French lawyer and politician who ran for the French presidency in 2012, 2017, and 2022. A member of the National Rally (RN; previously the National Front, FN), she served as its pre ...

in France,

Rodrigo Duterte Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson ...

and

Bongbong Marcos Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. ( , , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials PBBM or BBM, is a Filipino politician who is the 17th and current president of the Philippines. He previously served as a senat ...

in the Philippines, and

Jair Bolsonaro Jair Messias Bolsonaro (; born 21 March 1955) is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who has been the 38th president of Brazil since 1 January 2019. He was elected in 2018 as a member of the Social Liberal Party, which he turn ...

in Brazil.

Origins

Neo-nationalism is considered as a pan-West European phenomenon. It has its origins in the post-

Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...

period and the changes that the third phase of globalization brought to the West European states. The European Union integration and enlargement gave rise to a series of economic, social, and political changes causing uncertainties on an individual and collective level. Empowerment of the European Union by extending its members and the referendums on European Constitution formed the idea of a transnational quasi-state and a global nation under liberal democracy as the single political ideology that governs that transnational state. After the referendum on the Treaty to establish a Constitution for Europe was rejected, the delegation of national sovereignty to the European Union was seen by the neo-nationalists as a strategic act that aims at accumulation of power that undermines states’ national sovereignty and their right of

self-determination The right of a people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a ''jus cogens'' rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms. It stat ...

External factors

The dramatical events that marked the Islamic world in the 1980s such as the

Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution ( fa, انقلاب ایران, Enqelâb-e Irân, ), also known as the Islamic Revolution ( fa, انقلاب اسلامی, Enqelâb-e Eslâmī), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynas ...

, the

assassination of Anwar Sadat Anwar Sadat, the 3rd President of Egypt, was assassinated on 6 October 1981 during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of t ...

and the death of the

President of Pakistan The president of Pakistan ( ur, , translit=s̤adr-i Pākiṣṭān), officially the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces.Islamization" and turned into the explanatory factor for a specific defensive collective behaviour. The conflicts and the violence that followed after the political destabilization in some of the Islamic states led to the categorisation of Islam as having an anti-democratic and anti-modern character that is at odds with the Western liberal democracy. After the September 11 attacks, this image of Islam became dominant. The sense of the "Islamic threat" to de modern societies, and their culture that spread along the Western European states resulted in the rise of national awareness and pride in terms of culture and folklore and a need of protection the national cultural identity.

Roots in nationalism

Neo-nationalism is the successor to classical nationalism. Both nationalists and neo-nationalists see the nation as one family but differ in the criteria for affiliation. Nationalists see the state and the nation as a family whose members are inextricably linked based on ethnical, racial, genetic, religious or cultural homogeneity as criteria of belonging In contrast, neo-nationalists take historical association as the major factor for granting membership to the national family, which makes it inclusive and fundamentally different from their predecessors in terms of inclusiveness.

Overview and characteristics

Writing for '' Politico'', Michael Hirsh described new nationalism as "a bitter populist rejection of the status quo that global elites have imposed on the international system since the

ended, and which lower-income voters have decided—understandably—is unfair." Michael Brendan Dougherty wrote in '' The Week'' that new nationalism is a "broad nativist revolt" against post-Cold War politics long "characterized by an orthodoxy of free trade, nurturing the service economy,

neoliberal Neoliberalism (also neo-liberalism) is a term used to signify the late 20th century political reappearance of 19th-century ideas associated with free-market capitalism after it fell into decline following the Second World War. A prominent fa ...

trading arrangements, and liberalized immigration policies." Political science professor Eirikur Bergmann definces new-nationalism as being a specific kind of nativist populism. '' The Economist'' wrote in November 2016 that "new nationalists are riding high on promises to close borders and restore societies to a past homogeneity." Clarence Page wrote in the ''

Las Vegas Sun The ''Las Vegas Sun'' is one of the Las Vegas Valley's two daily Subscription business model, subscription newspapers. It is owned by the Greenspun family and is affiliated with Greenspun Media Group. The paper published afternoons on weekdays ...

'' that "a new neo-tribal nationalism has boiled up in European politics and to a lesser degree in the United States since the global economic meltdown of 2008". In ''The Week'', Ryan Cooper and researchers with the Centre for Economic Policy Research have linked 21st-century

to the Great Recession. According to Harvard political theorist

Yascha Mounk Yascha Benjamin Mounk (born 10 June 1982) is a German-born American political scientist. , he is currently Associate Professor of the Practice of International Affairs at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies in Wash ...

, "economic stagnation among lower- and middle-class whites as beena main driver for nationalism's rise around the globe." According to religion scholar Mark L. Movesian, new nationalism "sets the nation-state against supranational, liberal regimes like the EU or NAFTA, and local customs and traditions, including religious traditions, against alien, outside trends."

David Brog David Brog (born 1965/1966) is the former executive director of Christians United for Israel (CUFI), an American pro-Israel Christian organization, and a conservative activist. Career After graduating from Harvard Law School, Brog served as an ex ...

and Yoram Hazony wrote in '' National Review'' that some conservatives view the new nationalism associated with Brexit,

, and Donald Trump as a betrayal of conservative ideology, while they see it as a "return". According to conservative commentator Jonah Goldberg, the nationalism associated with Trump is "really little more than a brand name for generic white identity politics." Writing for ''The Week'', Damon Linker called the idea of neo-nationalism being racist "nonsense" and went on to say that "the tendency of progressives to describe it as nothing but 'racism, Islamophobia, and xenophobia'—is the desire to delegitimize any particularistic attachment or form of solidarity, be it national, linguistic, religious, territorial, or ethnic." Regarding new nationalism, ''The Economist'' said that "Mr Trump needs to realise that his policies will unfold in the context of other countries' jealous nationalism" and called nationalism itself a "slippery concept" that is "easy to manipulate". They also repeatedly contrasted ethnic nationalism and

civic nationalism Civic nationalism, also known as liberal nationalism, is a form of nationalism identified by political philosophers who believe in an inclusive form of nationalism that adheres to traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, in ...

and implied new nationalism could become "angry" and difficult to control, citing

Chinese nationalism Chinese nationalism () is a form of nationalism in the People's Republic of China (Mainland China) and the Republic of China on Taiwan which asserts that the Chinese people are a nation and promotes the cultural and national unity of all Chi ...

as an example.

Associated politicians, parties and events

Brazil

The President of Brazil

of the country's Social Liberal Party has been described as a leading new nationalist. Bolsonaro's ideology and policies have been heavily influenced by his adviser, nationalist thinker Olavo de Carvalho.

China

Chinese Communist Party

general secretary Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived ...

Xi Jinping's concept of " Chinese Dream" has been described as an expression of new nationalism. His form of nationalism stresses pride in the historic Chinese civilisation, embracing the teachings of Confucius and other ancient Chinese sages, and thus rejecting the anti-Confucius campaign of Party chairman Mao Zedong.

Egypt

Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (assumed office in 2014), has been described as a new nationalist.

Hungary

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán (assumed office in 2010), the leader of the ruling Fidesz party, has been described as a new nationalist.

India

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (assumed office in 2014) and his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have been referred to as neo-nationalist. Modi is a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing paramilitary organisation aligned with the BJP, which has also been said to advocate a neo-nationalist ideology. Modi's nationalist campaigns have been directed by BJP strategist

Amit Shah Amit Anil Chandra Shah (born 22 October 1964) is an Indian politician currently serving as the Minister of Home Affairs since 2019 and the first Minister of Co-operation of India since 2021. He served as the President of the Bharatiya Janata P ...

, who currently serves as the Indian Home Minister (assumed office in 2019), and has been touted as a potential successor to Modi as Prime Minister. Yogi Adityanath, Chief Minister of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (assumed office in 2017), has also been identified as a neo-nationalist. He has also been touted as a future Prime Minister of the country.

Israel

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (assumed office from 2009 to 2021), the leader of the Likud party, has been described both as promoting new nationalism, and as pursuing a foreign policy of close ties with other new nationalist leaders, including Trump, Orbán, Salvini, Putin, Modi, Bolsonaro, Duterte and Sisi. In 2019, Netanyahu has forged a political alliance with the ultranationalist Union of Right-Wing Parties.

Italy

Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte (assumed office in 2018), head of the populist coalition Government of Change, and in particular former Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister and the League's leader Matteo Salvini (2018–2019), were often described as new nationalists. While in office, Salvini was described by some media outlets as the most powerful politician in the country, and a "de facto prime minister". In August 2019, Salvini filed a motion of no confidence in the coalition government, asking new election to take "full powers", but Conte formed a new government between

Five Star Movement The Five Star Movement ( it, Movimento 5 Stelle , M5S) is a political party in Italy. Its leader and president is Giuseppe Conte, Prime Minister of Italy from 2018 until 2021. The M5S was founded on 4 October 2009 by Beppe Grillo, a comedian an ...

(M5S) and Democratic Party (PD). At the head of this new cabinet, Conte toned down his neo-nationalist rhetoric. In the

2022 Italian general election The 2022 Italian general election was a snap election held in Italy on 25 September 2022. After the fall of the Draghi government, which led to a parliamentary impasse, President of Italy, President Sergio Mattarella dissolved the parliament on 2 ...

, the neo-nationalist Brothers of Italy emerged as the most voted party and its leader, Giorgia Meloni, became the new prime minister on 22 October 2022, at the head of what it was described as the most right-wing government in Italy since 1945.

Japan

The 63rd Prime Minister Shinzō Abe (assumed office from 2012 to 2020), a member of the right-wing organisation Nippon Kaigi, has promoted ideas of new nationalism, as does the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, which he leads.

Mexico

Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (assumed office in 2018) has been described as Neo-nationalist and often dubbed as "Mexican Donald Trump" by the media.

Pakistan

Former Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan (2018-2022), the leader of the then-ruling

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI; ur, , ) is a political party in Pakistan. It was founded in 1996 by Pakistani cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan, who served as the country's prime minister from 2018 to 2022. The PTI is one of the thre ...

(Pakistan Movement for Justice) was compared to Donald Trump and described as a neo-nationalist populist during his tenure.

Philippines

Philippine President

(assumed office in 2016) has been described as a new nationalist. His party PDP-Laban has adopted Filipino nationalism as a platform. The country has also a "

far-right Far-right politics, also referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism, are political beliefs and actions further to the right of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of being ...

" reputation politically.

, elected in

2022 File:2022 collage V1.png, Clockwise, from top left: Road junction at Yamato-Saidaiji Station several hours after the assassination of Shinzo Abe; 2022 Sri Lankan protests, Anti-government protest in Sri Lanka in front of the Presidential Secretari ...

, is expected to govern in continuity with Duterte with a more far-right agenda.

Poland

Confederation party is a main political party in Poland that promotes New Nationalism, especially National Movement. There is also a neofascist and National Radical

Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski National Rebirth of Poland ( pl, Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski), abbreviated to NOP, is an ultranationalist far-right political party in Poland registered by the District Court in Warsaw and National Electoral Commission. As of the 2015 election, t ...

that promotes harshly anti-globalist, anti-immigrant and anti-liberal agenda.

Russia

President of Russia Vladimir Putin (second President of Russia from 2000 to 2008 and fourth President of Russia from 2012) has been labelled a new nationalist. Putin has been described by Hirsh as "the harbinger of this new global nationalism". Charles Clover, the Moscow bureau chief of the '' Financial Times'' from 2008 to 2013, wrote a book in 2016 titled ''Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism''. Russian nationalist thinker Aleksandr Dugin in particular has had influence over the Kremlin, serving as an adviser to key members of the ruling United Russia party, including now- SVR Director Sergey Naryshkin. Russia has been accused of supporting new nationalist movements across the Western World.

Saudi Arabia

The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammad bin Salman (assumed office in 2017), has been described by Kristin Diwan of

The Arab Gulf States Institute The Arab Gulf States Institute is a Washington, D.C.-based think tank A think tank, or policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, ...

as being attached to a "strong new nationalism". The "new Saudi nationalism" has been used to bolster support for the Kingdom's economic and foreign policies, and represents a shift away from the Kingdom's earlier dependence on religion for legitimacy. Many of the country's foreign policy actions from 2017 onwards, such as its blockade of Qatar and its diplomatic dispute with Canada have been described as motivated by this nationalism. The policies of Mohammad bin Salman's administration have been heavily influenced by his adviser

Saud al-Qahtani Saud bin Abdullah al-Qahtani (born July 7, 1978) is a Saudi Arabian consultant and former royal court advisor. Prior to his dismissal in late 2018, he worked as an advisor to King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia and crown prince Mohammed bin Salman. ...

, who has been described as a "nationalist ideologue" and whose role has been compared to that formerly of Steve Bannon.

Turkey

In 2014,

Mustafa Akyol Mustafa Akyol (born 20 February 1972) is a Turkish writer and journalist. He is the author of ''Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty'', long-listed in 2012 for the Lionel Gelber Prize, a literary award for the world's best non-ficti ...

wrote of a new "brand of Turkish neonationalism" promoted by

Justice and Development Party Justice and Development Party may refer to several political parties, the best-known ones being: * Justice and Development Party (Morocco) * Justice and Development Party (Turkey) Justice and Development Party may also refer to: * Justice and Dev ...

(AKP), the country's ruling party, whose leader is President

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician serving as the List of presidents of Turkey, 12th and current president of Turkey since 2014. He previously served as prime minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014 and as Lis ...

(assumed office in 2014). The Turkish "new nationalism" replaces the secular character of traditional forms of Turkish nationalism with an "assertively Muslim" identity. Devlet Bahçeli, the leader of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), has been described as creating a "new nationalist front" by forming the People's Alliance with Erdoğan's AKP in 2018. The MHP is affiliated with the Grey Wolves paramilitary organisation, which Erdoğan has also expressed support for.

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates, under the leadership of Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Mohammed bin Zayed (assumed office in 2004), has been described as propagating a "new Arab nationalism", which replaces the older, leftist form of the Arab nationalist ideology with a more conservative form, through its strong support for the rise of the respective new leaders of Egypt and Saudi Arabia, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Prince Mohammad bin Salman, as a means of countering Iranian and Turkish influence in the Arab states.

United Kingdom

The 23 June 2016 referendum in the United Kingdom to leave the European Union (" Brexit") has been described as a milestone of neo-nationalism.

Owen Matthews Owen Matthews (born December 1971) is a British writer, historian and journalist. His first book, ''Stalin's Children'', was shortlisted for the 2008 Guardian First Book Award, the Orwell Prize for political writing, and France's Prix Médicis E ...

noted similarities in motives for support of the Brexit movement and Donald Trump in the United States. He wrote in '' Newsweek'' that supporters of both are motivated by "a yearning to control immigration, reverse globalization and restore national greatness by disengaging from the wide, threatening world". Matt O'Brien wrote of the Brexit as "the most shocking success for the new nationalism sweeping the Western world". Leaders of the Brexit campaign, such as Nigel Farage, the former leader of the eurosceptic UK Independence Party (now of Reform UK); London Mayor (now former Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader) Boris Johnson; Vote Leave Co-Convenor

Michael Gove Michael Andrew Gove (; born Graeme Andrew Logan, 26 August 1967) is a British politician serving as Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities and Minister for Intergovernmental Relations since 2021. He has been Member of Parli ...

; former

Brexit Secretary Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union or, informally, Brexit Secretary, was a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for the business of the Department for Exiting the Europ ...

David Davis; and European Research Group chairman Jacob Rees-Mogg, have been called "new nationalists".

United States

Donald Trump's rise to the Republican candidacy was widely described as a sign of growing new nationalism in the United States. A '' Chicago Sun-Times'' editorial on the day of the inauguration of Donald Trump called him "our new nationalist president". The appointment of Steve Bannon, the executive of Breitbart News (later cofounding ''

The Movement The Movement may refer to: Politics * The Movement (Iceland), a political party in Iceland * The Movement (Israel), a political party in Israel, led by Tzipi Livni * Civil rights movement, the African-American political movement * The Movemen ...

''), as White House Chief Strategist, was described by one analyst as arousal of a " new world order, driven by patriotism and a fierce urge to look after your own, a neo-nationalism that endlessly smears Muslims and strives to turn back the clock on free trade and globalization, a world where military might counts for far more than diplomacy and compromise". In the wake of Trump's election, U.S. Senator

Marco Rubio Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the senior United States senator from Florida, a seat he has held since 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he served as Speaker of the Florida Hous ...

has called for the Republican Party to embrace a "new nationalism" to oppose "economic elitism that has replaced a commitment to the dignity of work with a blind faith in financial markets and that views America simply as an economy instead of a nation."

People

The following politicians have all been described in some way as being neo-nationalists:

Africa

* Muhammadu Buhari, President of Nigeria (2015–) *

Hamid Chabat Hamid Chabat ( ar, حميد شباط – born 17 August 1953, Taza Province) is a Moroccan politician and the previous Secretary-General of the Istiqlal Party. Hamid Chabat has been the mayor of Fes since October 2003 and was elected on 23 ...

, former Mayor of Fez (2003–2015) and leader of the Moroccan Istiqlal Party * Uhuru Kenyatta, President of Kenya (assumed office in 2013) and leader of the Jubilee Party of Kenya * Pieter Groenewald, Leader of the Freedom Front Plus and member of

South African National Assembly The National Assembly is the directly elected house of the Parliament of South Africa, located in Cape Town, Western Cape. It consists of four hundred members who are elected every five years using a party-list proportional representation syste ...

* Julius Malema, President of the

Economic Freedom Fighters The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) is a South African left-wing to far-left pan-Africanist and Marxist–Leninist political party. It was founded by expelled former African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) President Julius Malema, and hi ...

and member of South African National Assembly *

Herman Mashaba Herman Samtseu Philip Mashaba (born August 26, 1959) is a South African politician, entrepreneur and the current president of ActionSA, a party he launched on 29 August 2020. He served as the Mayor of Johannesburg from 2016 to 2019. He is the f ...

, former Mayor of Johannesburg (2016–) and ex-member of the Democratic Alliance * John Magufuli, President of Tanzania (2015–2021) *

Isaias Afwerki Isaias Afwerki ( ti, ኢሳይያስ ኣፍወርቂ, ; born 2 February 1946) is an Eritrean politician and partisan who has been the president of Eritrea since shortly after he led the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) to victory in M ...

, President of Eritrea (1993–)

Americas

, President of Brazil (2019–) and former member of the Social Liberal Party. * Olavo de Carvalho, Brazilian political pundit and journalist. * Mario Abdo Benítez, President of Paraguay (2018–) and candidate from the Colorado Party *

Chi Hyun Chung Chi Hyun Chung (, ; ; born 7 March 1970) is a Korean-Bolivian doctor, evangelical pastor and politician. He became notable in the country's media for his statements against the LGBT community. Chung was a candidate for the President of Bolivi ...

, Presidential candidate of

2019 Bolivian general election General elections were held in Bolivia on 20 October 2019. Voters elected all 130 members of the Chamber of Deputies and 36 senators and cast ballots for a joint slate of president and vice president. The Bolivian constitution allows the Pres ...

* Luis Fernando Camacho, Governor of Santa Cruz (2021–) * Maxime Bernier, MP, 2017 candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada and leader of the People's Party of Canada * Nayib Bukele, former Mayor of

San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital i ...

(2015–2018) and President of El Salvador (2019–) * Horacio Cartes, former President of Paraguay (2013–2018) and candidate from the Colorado Party * Andrés Chadwick, Interior Minister of Chile (2012–2014; 2018–2019) and member of the Independent Democratic Union *

Juan Orlando Hernández Juan Orlando Hernández Alvarado (; born 28 October 1968), also known as JOH, is a Honduran lawyer and politician who served as President of Honduras from 2014 to 2022. A member of the National Party, Hernández previously served as the pres ...

, President of Honduras (2014–2022) and candidate from the

National Party of Honduras The National Party of Honduras (PNH; es, Partido Nacional de Honduras) is a conservative political party in Honduras founded on 27 February 1902, by Manuel Bonilla Chirinos. Historically it has been one of the two most influential parties in t ...

* José Antonio Kast, Member of the

Chamber of Deputies of Chile The Chamber of Deputies ( es, Cámara de Diputadas y Diputados, links=no) is the lower house of Chile's bicameral Congress. Its organisation and its powers and duties are defined in articles 42 to 59 of Chile's current constitution. Eligibil ...

(2002–2018), independent presidential candidate in the 2017 presidential election, right-wing presidential candidate in the 2021 presidential election and leader of

Republican Party Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party. Republican Party may also refer to: Africa *Republican Party (Liberia) * Republican Part ...

* François Legault, Premier of Quebec (2018–) and leader of the Canadian

Coalition Avenir Québec The Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ; , ) is a Quebec nationalist, autonomist and conservativeKellie Leitch, MP and 2017 candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada *

Iván Duque Márquez Ivan () is a Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John) from Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. The earliest person known to bear the name was Bulga ...

, President of Colombia (2018–2022) and candidate from the Democratic Center * Jimmy Morales, President of Guatemala (2016–2020) and candidate from the National Convergence Front * Alejandro Giammattei, President of Guatemala (2020–) *

Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz Fabricio Gerardo Alvarado Muñoz (born 30 May 1974) is a Costa Rican politician, singer and undergraduate journalist. Biography He was once a deputy in the Legislative Assembly, representing the San José Province. He is also a musician, ha ...

2018 File:2018 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in PyeongChang, South Korea; Protests erupt following the Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi; March for Our Lives protests take place across the United ...

and 2022 presidential candidate *

Juan Diego Castro Fernández Juan Diego Castro Fernández (born 9 June 1955 in Cartago, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican lawyer and politician, former Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Costa Rica. Castro is a Defense lawyer who studied Law and Criminal science at the Univers ...

, 2018 Costa Rican presidential candidate. * Rodrigo Chaves Robles, President of Costa Rica. * Andrés Manuel López Obrador, President of Mexico (2018–) and founder of the National Regeneration Movement. * Kevin O'Leary, businessman and 2017 candidate for the leadership of the

Conservative Party of Canada The Conservative Party of Canada (french: Parti conservateur du Canada), colloquially known as the Tories, is a federal political party in Canada. It was formed in 2003 by the merger of the two main right-leaning parties, the Progressive Con ...

* Donald Trump, businessman, television personality, politician, former President of the United States (2017–2021) and member the

. *

, U.S. Senator from Florida and member of the Republican Party. * Steve Bannon, American political figure, former White House Chief Strategist and former executive chairman of Breitbart News. * Tucker Carlson, American political commentator and host for Fox News. * Josh Hawley, U.S. Senator from Missouri and member of the Republican Party *

Nicolás Maduro Nicolás Maduro Moros (; born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician and president of Venezuela since 2013, with his presidency under dispute since 2019. Beginning his working life as a bus driver, Maduro rose to become a trade unio ...

, Disputed President of Venezuela and leader of the PSUV *

Daniel Ortega José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (; born 11 November 1945) is a Nicaraguans, Nicaraguan revolutionary and politician serving as President of Nicaragua since 2007. Previously he was leader of Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as coordinator of the ...

President of Nicaragua The president of Nicaragua ( es, Presidente de Nicaragua), officially known as the president of the Republic of Nicaragua ( es, Presidente de la República de Nicaragua), is the head of state and head of government of Nicaragua. The office was ...

* Elise Stefanik, U.S. representative from New York and member of the Republican Party *

Marjorie Taylor Greene Marjorie Taylor Greene (born May 27, 1974), also known by her initials MTG, is an American politician, businesswoman, and far-right conspiracy theorist Sources describing Greene as "far-right" include: * * * * * * * * * who has served as th ...

, U.S. representative from Georgia and member of the Republican Party * Lauren Boebert, U.S. representative from Colorado and member of the Republican Party * Mary Miller, U.S. representative from Illinois and member of the Republican Party * Matt Gaetz, U.S. representative from Florida and member of the Republican Party

Asia-Pacific

* Tony Abbott, former Prime Minister of Australia (2013–2015) and former leader of the Liberal Party of Australia * Xi Jinping,

Paramount leader Paramount leader () is an informal term for the most important political figure in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The paramount leader typically controls the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), often hol ...

of China (2012–) and

General Secretary Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived ...

of the Chinese Communist Party. *

Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un (; , ; born 8 January 1982) is a North Korean politician who has been Supreme Leader of North Korea since 2011 and the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) since 2012. He is a son of Kim Jong-il, who was North Korea's sec ...

Supreme Leader of North Korea The supreme leader () of North Korea is the ''de facto'' paramount leader of the Workers' Party of Korea, the state and the Korean People's Army. The title has not been written into the national constitution as a separate office, but it currentl ...

(2011–) and

of the Workers' Party of Korea * Khaltmaagiin Battulga, President of Mongolia (2017–) and candidate of the Mongolian Democratic Party * Prayut Chan-o-cha,

Prime Minister of Thailand The prime minister of Thailand ( th, นายกรัฐมนตรี, , ; literally 'chief minister of state') is the head of government of Thailand. The prime minister is also the chair of the Cabinet of Thailand. The post has existed si ...

(2014–) and prime ministerial candidate of the

Phalang Pracharat Party Palang Pracharath Party ( th, พรรคพลังประชารัฐ, ; ) is a Thai civil-military political party with ties to the National Council for Peace and Order, the military junta that ruled the country after the 2014 coup. It ...

in the 2019 general election * Peter Dutton, Minister for Defence (2021–), Minister for Home Affairs (2018–2021) and member of the Liberal Party of Australia * Park Geun-hye, former President of South Korea (2013–2017) and former leader of the

Saenuri Party The Liberty Korea Party () was a conservative political party in South Korea that was described variously as right-wing, right-wing populist, or far-right. Until February 2017, it was known as the Saenuri Party (), and before that as the H ...

* Hong Jun-pyo, former leader of the

Liberty Korea Party The Liberty Korea Party () was a conservative political party in South Korea that was described variously as right-wing, right-wing populist, or far-right. Until February 2017, it was known as the Saenuri Party (), and before that as the Hanna ...

and candidate in the 2017 presidential election *

President of the Philippines (2022-) * Narendra Modi,

Prime Minister of India The prime minister of India (IAST: ) is the head of government of the Republic of India. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and their chosen Council of Ministers, despite the president of India being the nominal head of the ...

(2014–) and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. * Shinzō Abe, former Prime Minister of Japan (2006–2007, 2012–2020) and former leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (2006–2007, 2012–2020). * Tarō Asō, Deputy Prime Minister of Japan (2012–2021) and Minister of Finance (2012–2021) * Imran Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2018–) and leader of

, President of the Philippines (2016–2022) and leader of PDP–Laban. * Winston Peters, former Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (2017-2020) and leader of

New Zealand First New Zealand First ( mi, Aotearoa Tuatahi), commonly abbreviated to NZ First, is a nationalist and populist political party in New Zealand. The party formed in July 1993 following the resignation on 19 March 1993 of its leader and founder, Winst ...

Najib Razak Dato' Sri Haji Mohammad Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak ( ms, محمد نجيب بن عبد الرزاق, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset, ; born 23 July 1953) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 6th prime minister of Malaysi ...

, former Prime Minister of Malaysia (2009–2018) and former leader of Barisan Nasional and the United Malays National Organisation * Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985–) and leader of the Cambodian People's Party * Prabowo Subianto, Defense Minister of Indonesia (2019–), leader of the Great Indonesia Movement Party and candidate in the 2019 presidential election * Abdulla Yameen, former President of the Maldives (2013–2018) and leader of the Progressive Party of Maldives *

Pauline Hanson Pauline Lee Hanson (''née'' Seccombe, formerly Zagorski; born 27 May 1954) is an Australian politician who is the founder and leader of One Nation, a right-wing populist political party. Hanson has represented Queensland in the Australian ...

, leader of One Nation * Min Aung Hlaing, leader of the Tatmadaw and Chairman of the State Administration Council *

Lukar Jam Atsok Lukar Jam Atsok or commonly Lukar Jam, born 1972, in Tsolho Dragkartri district, in Amdo, Tibet. He is a Tibetan refugee and political activist that ran for Prime Minister (Tibetan: Sikyong) of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in Dharamshala, Indi ...

, Sikyong candidate for the Central Tibetan Administration.

Europe

* Sebastian Kurz, former Chancellor of Austria (2017-2019, 2020-2021) and former leader of the

Austrian People's Party The Austrian People's Party (german: Österreichische Volkspartei , ÖVP ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Austria. Since December 2021, the party has been led provisionally by Karl Nehammer. It is currentl ...

* Heinz-Christian Strache, former Vice Chancellor of Austria (2017–2019) and former leader of the Freedom Party of Austria * Norbert Hofer, former Transport, Innovation and Technology Minister of Austria (2017–2019), leader of the Freedom Party of Austria and candidate in the

2016 presidential election This national electoral calendar for 2016 lists the national/federal elections held in 2016 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included. January *7 January: Kirib ...

. *

Tom Van Grieken Tom Jozef Irène Van Grieken (born 7 October 1986) is a Belgian politician and author who has served as leader of Vlaams Belang since October 2014. Early life Van Grieken was born in Antwerp and later moved to Mortsel where he served as a muni ...

, leader of the Belgian Vlaams Belang. *

Theo Francken Theo Francken (born 7 February 1978) is a Belgian politician who has been a member of the Chamber of Representatives since 2010. He is a member of the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), a conservative Flemish nationalist party. Francken was ma ...

, member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives and former Secretary of State for Asylum, member of

N-VA The New Flemish Alliance ( nl, Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie, N-VA) is a Flemish nationalist and conservative political party in Belgium. The party was founded in 2001 by the right-leaning fraction of the centrist-nationalist People's Union (VU). T ...

. * Mischaël Modrikamen, Belgian politician and lawyer, former leader of the People's Party and former executive director of

* Tomislav Karamarko, Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia (2016) and former leader of the

Croatian Democratic Union The Croatian Democratic Union ( hr, Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, lit=Croatian Democratic Community, HDZ) is the major conservative, centre-right political party in Croatia. It is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Croa ...

Boyko Borisov Boyko Metodiev Borisov ( bg, Бойко Методиев Борисов, ; born 13 June 1959) is a Bulgarian politician who served as the prime minister of Bulgaria from 2009 to 2013, 2014 to 2017, and 2017 to 2021, making him Bulgaria's secon ...

, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (2009–2013, 2014–2021) and leader of GERB *

Krasimir Karakachanov Krasimir Donchev Karakachanov ( bg, Красимир Дончев Каракачанов ; born 29 March 1965) is a Bulgarian politician. He has been the leader of the IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement since 1991. Biography Karakachanov says ...

, Defence Minister of Bulgaria, leader of IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement and spokesperson for United Patriots. *

Veselin Mareshki Veselin Naydenov Mareshki ( bg, Веселин Найденов Марешки; born 26 March 1967) is a Bulgarian businessman and politician. He is the founder and leader of political party Volya (Bulgarian political party), Volya. Background ...

, Bulgarian businessman and leader of Volya. * Miloš Zeman,

President of the Czech Republic The president of the Czech Republic is the head of state of the Czech Republic and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. The president mostly has ceremonial powers as the day-to-day business of the executive governm ...

(2013–), former

Prime Minister of the Czech Republic The prime minister of the Czech Republic (Czech: ''Předseda vlády České republiky'') is the head of the government of the Czech Republic. The prime minister is the de-facto leader of the executive branch, chairs the Cabinet and selects its m ...

(1998–2002) and leader of the Party of Civic Rights. *

Andrej Babiš Andrej Babiš (; born 2 September 1954) is a Czech politician and businessman of Slovak descent who served as the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 2017 to 2021. Babis previously served as the Minister of Finance and deputy Prime Minister ...

, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2017–2021) and leader of ANO 2011 * Tomio Okamura, leader of the Czech Freedom and Direct Democracy * Kristian Thulesen Dahl, Member of the Folketing and leader of the Danish People's Party. * Mart Helme, Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister of Estonia (assumed office in 2019) and leader of the Conservative People's Party of Estonia * Jussi Halla-aho, Member of the Finnish Parliament and leader of the Finns Party. *

, leader of the French

National Rally The National Rally (french: Rassemblement National, ; RN), until 2018 known as the National Front (french: link=no, Front National, ; FN), is a Far-right politics, far-rightAbridged list of reliable sources that refer to National Rally as fa ...

and candidate in the 2017 presidential election * Éric Zemmour, leader or Reconquête and candidate in the

2022 French presidential election The 2022 French presidential election was held on 10 and 24 April 2022. As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a runoff was held, in which Emmanuel Macron defeated Marine Le Pen and was re-elected as President of France. Macron, f ...

Alexander Gauland Eberhardt Alexander Gauland (born 20 February 1941) is a German politician, journalist and lawyer who has served as leader of the right-wing political party Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the Bundestag since September 2017 and co-leader of th ...

, Member of the German Bundestag and co-leader of

Alternative for Germany Alternative for Germany (german: link=no, Alternative für Deutschland, AfD; ) is a right-wing populist * * * * * * * political party in Germany. AfD is known for its opposition to the European Union, as well as immigration to Germany. I ...

. * Jörg Meuthen, Member of the German Bundestag and co-leader of

. * Alice Weidel, Member of the German Bundestag and parliamentary leader of

. * Adonis Georgiadis, Minister for Development and Investment of Greece and member of New Democracy. * Panos Kammenos, former Defence Minister of Greece (2015–2019) and leader of the

Independent Greeks The Independent Greeks - National Patriotic Alliance ( el, Ανεξάρτητοι Έλληνες (ΑΝΕΛ), ''Anexartitoi Ellines'', ANEL) is a national-conservative political party in Greece. The party was the junior coalition partner to the ...

* Georgios Karatzaferis, leader of Popular Orthodox Rally * Ilias Kasidiaris, Greek agronomist and former member of the Greek Parliament. *

Ioannis Lagos Ioannis (Giannis) Lagos ( el, Ιωάννης (Γιάννης) Λαγός; born 7 September 1972) is a Greek politician currently serving as a Member of the European Parliament and one of the founders of Greek nationalist political party and crim ...

, Greek MEP and leader of the National People's Conscience. *

Nikos Michaloliakos Nikolaos G. Michaloliakos ( el, Νικόλαος Γ. Μιχαλολιάκος, ; born 11 December 1957) is a Greek politician and convicted criminal. He is the founder and leader of the far-right party Golden Dawn. In October 2020, he and 67 oth ...

, Greek mathematician and leader of the

Golden Dawn Golden Dawn or The Golden Dawn may refer to: Organizations * Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a nineteenth century magical order based in Britain ** The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc., a modern revival founded in 1977 ** Open Source ...

. *

Kyriakos Velopoulos Kyriakos Velopoulos ( el, Κυριάκος Ιωσήφ Βελόπουλος; born 24 October 1965) is a Greek politician and Hellenic Parliament member and Greek Solution party leader, as well as television personality and author. Early life and ...

, Greek television personality, politician and leader of the Greek Solution party. * Makis Voridis, Agricultural Development Minister of Greece (assumed office in 2019) and member of New Democracy * Failos Kranidiotis, Greek lawyer and leader of New Right. * Viktor Orbán, Prime Minister of Hungary (1998–2002, 2010–) and leader of Fidesz. * Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, former Prime Minister of Iceland (2013–2016) and leader of the Centre Party * Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister of Italy (2022–present) and leader of Brothers of Italy. * Matteo Salvini, Deputy Prime Minister of Italy (2018–2019, 2022–present) and current leader of League. *

Raivis Zeltīts Raivis Zeltīts (born 21 March 1992 in Riga) is a Latvian politician, national-conservative activist, and writer. From 2014 to 2020 he was the Secretary-General of the National Alliance, as well as board member and leader of its youth organizati ...

, Latvian politician and Secretary General of National Alliance. * Rolandas Paksas, former Prime Minister and President of Lithuania, former leader of Order and Justice. * Nebojša Medojević, candidate in the

2008 Montenegrin presidential election Presidential elections were held in Montenegro on 6 April 2008, the first after independence in 2006. The result was a victory for incumbent President Filip Vujanović, who received 52% of the vote. Electoral system The law on presidential elect ...

and leader of Movement for Changes. * Geert Wilders, leader of the Dutch

Party for Freedom The Party for Freedom ( nl, Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV) is a nationalist, right-wing populist political party in the Netherlands. Founded in 2006 as the successor to Geert Wilders' one-man faction in the House of Representatives, it won nine ...

* Thierry Baudet, member of the House of Representatives and leader of Forum for Democracy. * Janusz Korwin-Mikke, Polish politician, philosopher, writer, former member of the European Parliament and leader of Confederation. * Victor Ponta, former Prime Minister of Romania (2012–2015) and former leader of the Social Democratic Party * Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, former Prime Minister of Russia and leader of United Russia. * Robert Fico, former Prime Minister of Slovakia and leader of Direction-Social Democracy *

Andrej Danko Andrej Danko (born 12 August 1974) is a Slovak politician who has been Speaker (politics), Speaker of the National Council (Slovakia), National Council of the Slovak Republic from 2016 to 2020 and Chairman of the Slovak National Party since 2012 ...

, Speaker of the Slovak National Council and leader of the Slovak National Party. * Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia and leader of the Slovenian Democratic Party * Santiago Abascal, former member of Basque Parliament, and leader of VOX. *

Pablo Casado Pablo Casado Blanco (; born 1 February 1981) is a Spanish former politician. He was a member of the Congress of Deputies representing Madrid until 4 April 2022, having previously represented Ávila between 2011 and 2019. From 2015 to 2018, he al ...

, Spanish opposition leader and President of People's Party *

Jimmie Åkesson Per Jimmie Åkesson (; born 17 May 1979) is a Swedish politician and author, serving as leader of the Sweden Democrats since 2005. He has been a member of the Riksdag (SD) for Jönköping County since 2010. He previously served as leader of the ...

, Member of the Swedish

Riksdag The Riksdag (, ; also sv, riksdagen or ''Sveriges riksdag'' ) is the legislature and the supreme decision-making body of Sweden. Since 1971, the Riksdag has been a unicameral legislature with 349 members (), elected proportionally and se ...

and leader of the

Sweden Democrats The Sweden Democrats ( sv , Sverigedemokraterna ; SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden. As of 2022, it is the largest member of Sweden's right-wing governing bloc to which it provides confidence and supply, a ...

. * Christoph Blocher, former member of the Swiss Federal Council and former vice president of the

Swiss People's Party The Swiss People's Party (german: Schweizerische Volkspartei, SVP; rm, Partida populara Svizra, PPS), also known as the Democratic Union of the Centre (french: Union démocratique du centre, UDC; it, Unione Democratica di Centro, UDC), is a nati ...

. * Gerard Batten, Deputy leader of the UK Independence Party, former Member of the European Parliament and former leader of the UK Independence Party. *

Christian Tybring-Gjedde Christian Tybring-Gjedde (born 8 August 1963) is a Norwegian politician who represents the Progress Party. He has been a member of the Norwegian parliament since 2005, and was the leader of the Progress Party's Oslo chapter from 2010 to 2014. H ...

, Progress Party Member of Norwegian Parliament

Middle East

* Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, President of Egypt (2014–) and former Minister of Defence (2012–2014). * Muqtada al-Sadr, leader of the Iraqi Sadrist Movement * Benjamin Netanyahu, former Prime Minister of Israel (1996–1999, 2009–2021) and leader of Likud. * Naftali Bennett, Prime Minister of Israel (2021–), former Israeli Minister of Education, former leader of The Jewish Home and current member of New Right. * Khalifa Haftar, commander of the Libyan National Army (assumed office in 2015) *

Tamim bin Hamad Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani ( ar, تميم بن حمد بن خليفة آل ثاني; born 3 June 1980, Doha, Qatar) is the Emir of Qatar who succeeded his father, Sheikh Hamad, after Hamad abdicated in his favour. Tamim is the fourth son o ...

Emir of Qatar The Emir, or Amir, of the State of Qatar ( ar, أمیر دولة قطر) is the monarch and head of state of the country. He is also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and guarantor of the Constitution. He holds the most powerful positio ...

(2013–) *

, President of Turkey (2014–), former

Prime Minister of Turkey The prime minister of the Republic of Turkey (Turkish language, Turkish: ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı'') was the head of government of the Republic of Turkey from 1920 to 2018, who led a political coalition in the Grand National Assembly of ...

(2003–2014) and leader of the

. * Mohammad bin Salman, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (2017–) and Deputy Prime Minister. *

, Saudi Arabian consultant and former Royal Court Advisor. * Devlet Bahçeli, former Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey and leader of the Nationalist Movement Party. * Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of the United Arab Emirates. *

Bashar al-Assad Bashar Hafez al-Assad, ', Levantine pronunciation: ; (, born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the 19th president of Syria, since 17 July 2000. In addition, he is the commander-in-chief of the Syrian Armed Forces and the ...

, President of Syria (2000–). * Mohammed Dahlan, Palestinian politician and advisor of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

Parties

The following parties have all been described in some way as being neo-nationalist parties:

Communist Party of Vietnam The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), also known as the Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP), is the founding and sole legal party of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Founded in 1930 by Hồ Chí Minh, the CPV became the ruling party of North ...

Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino (KDP) is a Philippine neo-nationalist political party founded in 2018. It was formed by supporters of 16th President Rodrigo Duterte, including some officers affiliated with the Citizen National Guard, a nation ...

* Kuomintang * Lao People's Revolutionary Party * One Nation in

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

Europe

* The Danish People's Party, which provided parliamentary support for the centre-right governing coalition led by Venstre Party (2001–2011, 2015–2019) * The Dutch Forum for Democracy * The National Alliance, a member of the governing coalition in Latvia (since 2016) * The Slovak National Party, a member of the governing coalition in Slovakia (2016–2020) * We Are Family, a member of the governing coalition in Slovakia (assumed office in 2020) * The

* The

, a member of the governing coalition in Switzerland (since 1929) * The United Patriots, a member of the governing coalition in Bulgaria (since 2014) * The Flemish Vlaams Belang * The Portuguese

Enough Enough may refer to: Film and television * ''Enough'' (film), a 2002 film starring Jennifer Lopez * "Enough" (''CSI: NY''), an episode of the TV series *"Enough", an episode of ''Tru Calling'' Songs * "Enough" (Tarja Turunen song), 2009 * "Eno ...

References

{{alt-right footer 2010s in politics Anthropology Anti-globalization movement Nationalism Political theories Right-wing populism World systems theory

Origins

External factors

Roots in nationalism

Overview and characteristics

Associated politicians, parties and events

Brazil

China

Egypt

Hungary

India

Israel

Italy

Japan

Mexico

Pakistan

Philippines

Poland

Russia

Saudi Arabia

Turkey

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United States

People

Africa

Americas

Asia-Pacific

Europe

Middle East

Parties

Africa

Americas

Asia-Pacific

Europe

See also

References