The National Historic Chemical Landmarks program was launched by the
American Chemical Society in 1992 to recognize significant achievements in the history of
chemistry
Chemistry is the science, scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the Chemical element, elements that make up matter to the chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions ...
and related professions. The program celebrates the
centrality of chemistry. The designation of such generative achievements in the history of chemistry demonstrates how chemists have benefited society by fulfilling the ACS vision: Improving people's lives through the transforming power of chemistry.
The program occasionally designates International Historic Chemical Landmarks to commemorate "chemists and chemistry from around the world that have had a major impact in the United States".
List of landmarks
1993
*
Bakelite
Polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, better known as Bakelite ( ), is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. The first plastic made from synthetic components, it was developed ...
, the world's first completely synthetic
plastic, developed by
Leo Baekeland around 1907
1994
*
Chandler Chemistry Laboratory at
Lehigh University, constructed in 1884
*
Joseph Priestley House
The Joseph Priestley House was the American home of 18th-century British theologian, Dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher (and discoverer of oxygen), educator, and political theorist Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) from 1798 until his death. ...
, U.S. home of
Joseph Priestley, discoverer of
oxygen, from 1798 to 1804
1995
*Research on the
atomic weight of
oxygen conducted by
Edward Morley
Edward Williams Morley (January 29, 1838 – February 24, 1923) was an American scientist known for his precise and accurate measurement of the atomic weight of oxygen, and for the Michelson–Morley experiment.
Biography
Morley was born in New ...
at
Case Western Reserve University
Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) is a private research university in Cleveland, Ohio. Case Western Reserve was established in 1967, when Western Reserve University, founded in 1826 and named for its location in the Connecticut Western Reser ...
, published in 1895
*
Nylon, the first totally synthetic
fiber used in consumer products, commercialized by
DuPont
DuPont de Nemours, Inc., commonly shortened to DuPont, is an American multinational chemical company first formed in 1802 by French-American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours. The company played a major role in ...
in 1939
*First U.S. facility to produce
acetyl
In organic chemistry, acetyl is a functional group with the chemical formula and the structure . It is sometimes represented by the symbol Ac (not to be confused with the element actinium). In IUPAC nomenclature, acetyl is called ethanoyl, ...
chemicals commercially using
coal gasification Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas—a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapour (H2O)—from coal and water, air and/or oxygen.
Historically, coal ...
technology, opened by
Eastman Chemical Company in 1983
*
Riverside Laboratory for
oil refining
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into useful products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefie ...
research, constructed by
Universal Oil Products in 1921
1996
*Williams-Miles History of Chemistry Collection at
Harding University
Harding University is a private university with its main campus in Searcy, Arkansas. It is the largest private university in Arkansas. Established in 1924, the institution offers undergraduate, graduate, and pre-professional programs. The uni ...
, established in 1992
*The
Houdry process for
catalytic cracking
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, olefinic gases, and other petroleum prod ...
of
crude petroleum into
gasoline, developed by
Eugene Houdry and the
Sun Oil Company
Sunoco LP is an American master limited partnership organized under Delaware state laws and headquartered in Dallas, Texas, that is a wholesale distributor of motor fuels. It distributes fuel to more than 5,500 Sunoco-branded gas stations, ...
in the 1930s
*Kem-Tone Wall Finish, the first commercially successful water-based
paint
Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or solid mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture. Paint can be made in many ...
, introduced by
Sherwin-Williams in 1941
*The Sohio process for production of
acrylonitrile, developed by
Sohio in 1957 and commercialized in 1960
1997
*First use of
radiation chemistry for commercial products by
Raychem Corporation
The Raychem Corporation was founded in Redwood City, California, in 1957 by Paul M. Cook, James B. Meikle, and Richard W. Muchmore. Led by Cook and second-in-command Robert M. Halperin, Raychem became a pioneer of commercial products realized thro ...
in 1957
*
Electrolytic production of
bromine (also known as the
Dow process) by
Herbert Henry Dow in 1891 at the Evens Mill in
Midland, Michigan
*The
Hall-Héroult process for production of
aluminum by
electrochemistry, discovered by American chemist
Charles Martin Hall in 1886 and independently the same year by French chemist
Paul Héroult
*
Gilman Hall at the
University of California, Berkeley, built between 1916 and 1917 in
Berkeley, California
1998
*Discovery of
histamine H2-receptor antagonists and the introduction of
Tagamet by scientists at
Smith Kline and French
Smith, Kline & French (SKF) was an American pharmaceutical company.
History
In 1830, John K. Smith opened a drugstore in Philadelphia, and his younger brother, George, joined him in 1841 to form John K Smith & Co. In 1865, Mahlon Kline joined '' ...
in 1976
*Discovery of an
electric arc process for the commercial production of
calcium carbide and
acetylene
Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula and structure . It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure ...
, discovered by Canadian inventor
Thomas Willson
Thomas Leopold "Carbide" Willson (March 14, 1860 – December 20, 1915) was a Canadian inventor.
He was born on a farm near Princeton, Ontario, in 1860 and went to school in Hamilton, Ontario. By the age of 21, he had designed and patented t ...
in 1892
*Research and production of
synthetic rubber
A synthetic rubber is an artificial elastomer. They are polymers synthesized from petroleum byproducts. About 32-million metric tons of rubbers are produced annually in the United States, and of that amount two thirds are synthetic. Synthetic rubbe ...
, developed by the United States Synthetic Rubber Program between 1939 and 1945
*
Havemeyer Hall at
Columbia University, built between 1896 and 1898 under the direction of
Charles Frederick Chandler in
New York City, New York
*First commercial
fluid bed reactor for
petroleum cracking, which went on stream in 1942 at the
Baton Rouge Refinery
ExxonMobil's Baton Rouge Refinery in Baton Rouge, Louisiana is the fifth-largest oil refinery in the United States and thirteenth-largest in the world, with an input capacity of per day as of January 1, 2020. The refinery is the site of the first ...
of the
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey
ExxonMobil, an American multinational oil and gas corporation presently based out of Texas, has had one of the longest histories of any company in its industry. A direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil, the company traces its roo ...
*The
Raman Effect, discovered by Indian physicist
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1928 at the
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
1999
*
Hermann Staudinger's research on
macromolecular chemistry at the
University of Freiburg between 1926 and 1956
*Synthesis of
physostigmine by
Percy Lavon Julian at
DePauw University in 1935, which made physostigmine readily available for the treatment of
glaucoma
*Work of
Antoine Lavoisier to elucidate the principles of modern chemistry in the late 1700s
*Synthesis of
progesterone
Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens and is the m ...
by
Russell Marker at
Pennsylvania State University
The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State or PSU) is a Public university, public Commonwealth System of Higher Education, state-related Land-grant university, land-grant research university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvan ...
in 1938 (a process now known as
Marker degradation The Marker degradation is a three-step synthetic route in steroid chemistry developed by American chemist Russell Earl Marker in 1938–40. It is used for the production of cortisone and mammalian sex hormones (progesterone, estradiol, etc.) from p ...
), and the development of the Mexican steroid hormone industry by
Syntex S.A. in the 1940s
*Separation of
rare earth elements by
Charles James at the
University of New Hampshire in the early 1900s
*Discovery of
polypropylene and development of a new
high-density polyethylene by
J. Paul Hogan
John Paul Hogan (August 7, 1919 – February 19, 2012) was an American research chemist. Along with Robert Banks, he discovered methods of producing polypropylene and high-density polyethylene.
Hogan was born in Lowes, Kentucky to Charles Frankli ...
and
Robert Banks at
Phillips Petroleum Company in 1951
*Discovery of
penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from ''Penicillium'' moulds, principally '' P. chrysogenum'' and '' P. rubens''. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using ...
by
Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of w ...
at
St Mary's Hospital, London
St Mary's Hospital is an NHS hospital in Paddington, in the City of Westminster, London, founded in 1845. Since the UK's first academic health science centre was created in 2008, it has been operated by Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, wh ...
in 1928, and its large-scale development between 1939 and 1945 at the
USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory,
Abbott Laboratories
Abbott Laboratories is an American multinational medical devices and health care company with headquarters in Abbott Park, Illinois, United States. The company was founded by Chicago physician Wallace Calvin Abbott in 1888 to formulate known dr ...
,
Lederle Laboratories
American Cyanamid Company was a leading American conglomerate which became one of the nation's top 100 manufacturing companies during the 1970s and 1980s, according to the Fortune 500 listings at the time. It started in fertilizer, but added m ...
,
Merck & Co., Inc.,
Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., and
E.R. Squibb & Sons
2000
*
Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial Collection in the history of chemistry at the
University of Pennsylvania, opened in 1931
*Discovery of
helium in
natural gas by
Hamilton Cady
Hamilton Perkins Cady (May 2, 1874 – May 26, 1943) was an American chemist who in 1907 in collaboration with David McFarland discovered that helium could be extracted from natural gas.
Early life
On May 2, 1874, Cady was born in Skiddy, Kansas ...
and David Ford McFarland at the
University of Kansas in 1905
*Isolation of
organic free radicals by
Moses Gomberg at the
University of Michigan in 1900
*Discovery of new
elements beyond
Curium
Curium is a transuranic, radioactive chemical element with the symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This actinide element was named after eminent scientists Marie and Pierre Curie, both known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first inte ...
by researchers at the
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), commonly referred to as the Berkeley Lab, is a United States Department of Energy National Labs, United States national laboratory that is owned by, and conducts scientific research on behalf of, t ...
in
Berkeley
Berkeley most often refers to:
*Berkeley, California, a city in the United States
**University of California, Berkeley, a public university in Berkeley, California
* George Berkeley (1685–1753), Anglo-Irish philosopher
Berkeley may also refer ...
,
California
*
Bowood House in
Wiltshire, U.K., site of
Joseph Priestley's discovery of
oxygen in 1774
*
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, macromolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The two main cl ...
and
protein chemistry at
Rockefeller University
The Rockefeller University is a private biomedical research and graduate-only university in New York City, New York. It focuses primarily on the biological and medical sciences and provides doctoral and postdoctoral education. It is classif ...
*
Wallace Carothers' research on
polymers at
DuPont
DuPont de Nemours, Inc., commonly shortened to DuPont, is an American multinational chemical company first formed in 1802 by French-American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours. The company played a major role in ...
between 1928 and 1937
2001
*Savannah Pulp and Paper Laboratory (now Herty Advanced Materials Development Center), founded by
Charles H. Herty, Sr. in 1932
*Commercialization of the
Hall-Héroult process for producing
aluminum by the
Pittsburgh Reduction Company in 1888
*
John William Draper
John William Draper (May 5, 1811 – January 4, 1882) was an English-born American scientist, philosopher, physician, chemist, historian and photographer. He is credited with producing the first clear photograph of a female face (1839–40) and ...
and the founding of the
American Chemical Society in 1876
*The National Bureau of Standards (now
National Institute of Standards and Technology), founded in 1901
2002
*Invention of the
multiple-effect evaporator
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water. Water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower pressure than the last. Because the ...
for processing sugar by
Norbert Rillieux in 1846
*Discovery of
Vitamin C by
Albert Szent-Györgyi between 1930 and 1936
*
Noyes Laboratory at the
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, named for chemist
William A. Noyes
William Albert Noyes (November 6, 1857 – October 24, 1941) was an American analytical and organic chemist. He made pioneering determinations of atomic weights, chaired the Chemistry Department at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champ ...
and opened in 1902
*Development of
occupational medicine
Occupational medicine, until 1960 called industrial medicine, is the branch of medicine which is concerned with the maintenance of health in the workplace, including prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries, with secondary objectives ...
by
Alice Hamilton at
Hull House between 1897 and 1935
*Research on the quality and stability of
frozen foods conducted at the
USDA-
ARS Western Regional Research Center between 1948 and 1965
2003
*The discovery of
Camptothecin (1966) and
Taxol (1971) at the
Research Triangle Institute by
Monroe E. Wall,
Mansukh C. Wani
Mansukh C. Wani, (died 2020), was a principal scientist (emeritus) at the Research Triangle Institute in North Carolina. He was co-discoverer of Taxol and camptothecin, two anti-cancer drugs considered standard in the treatment to fight ovarian, ...
, and colleagues
*Establishment of the Polymer Research Institute (now
Polytechnic Institute of New York University) by
Herman Mark
Herman Francis Mark (May 3, 1895, Vienna – April 6, 1992, Austin, Texas) was an Austrian-American chemist regarded for his contributions to the development of polymer science. Mark's x-ray diffraction work on the molecular structure of fibers ...
in 1946, the first academic facility in the United States devoted to the study and teaching of
polymer science
*Development of high-performance
carbon fibers at
Union Carbide Corporation
Union Carbide Corporation is an American chemical corporation wholly owned subsidiary (since February 6, 2001) by Dow Chemical Company. Union Carbide produces chemicals and polymers that undergo one or more further conversions by customers befo ...
(now
GrafTech International
GrafTech International Ltd. is a manufacturer of graphite electrodes and petroleum coke, which are essential for the production of electric arc furnace steel and other metals. The company is headquartered in Brooklyn Heights, Ohio and has manufa ...
) between 1958 and 1970
2004
*Development of the
Beckman pH meter by
Arnold Orville Beckman in 1935
*Research on
cotton products, including the development of
durable press and
flame retardant cotton by the
USDA-Agricultural Research Service's Southern Regional Research Center in the 1950s and 1960s
*Research on
carbohydrate metabolism and establishment of the
Cori cycle
The Cori cycle (also known as the lactic acid cycle), named after its discoverers, Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori, is a metabolic pathway in which lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscles, is transported to the liver and converte ...
in 1929 by
Carl Carl may refer to:
*Carl, Georgia, city in USA
*Carl, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
* Carl (name), includes info about the name, variations of the name, and a list of people with the name
*Carl², a TV series
* "Carl", an episode of te ...
and
Gerty Cori, at the
Washington University School of Medicine
2005
*
George Washington Carver
George Washington Carver ( 1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion. He was one of the most prominent black scientists of the ea ...
's research in new agricultural products,
crop rotation, and
soil fertility
Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality. at
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee University (Tuskegee or TU), formerly known as the Tuskegee Institute, is a private, historically black land-grant university in Tuskegee, Alabama. It was founded on Independence Day in 1881 by the state legislature.
The campus was d ...
between 1896 and 1943
*Isolation of
antibiotics, including
streptomycin (in 1943), by
Selman Waksman at
Rutgers University Cook Campus
*Columbia Dry Cell, the first sealed
dry cell
upLine art drawing of a dry cell: 1. brass cap, 2. plastic seal, 3. expansion space, 4. porous cardboard, 5. zinc can, 6. carbon rod, 7. chemical mixture
A dry cell is a type of electric battery, commonly used for portable electrical devices. Un ...
battery
Battery most often refers to:
* Electric battery, a device that provides electrical power
* Battery (crime), a crime involving unlawful physical contact
Battery may also refer to:
Energy source
*Automotive battery, a device to provide power t ...
successfully manufactured for the mass market, by the
National Carbon Company The National Carbon Company was founded in 1886 by the former Brush Electric Company executive W. H. Lawrence, in association with Myron T. Herrick, James Parmelee, and Webb Hayes, son of U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, in Cleveland, Ohio. ...
in 1896
2006
*
Neil Bartlett's demonstration of the first reaction of a
noble gas at the
University of British Columbia in 1962
*Modern
baking powder, developed by
Eben Horsford at the Rumford Chemical Works (now
Clabber Girl) in 1869
*
Tide, the first heavy-duty synthetic
laundry detergent, developed by
Procter & Gamble in 1946
2007
*
Food dehydration technology
Freeze drying, also known as lyophilization or cryodesiccation, is a low temperature dehydration process that involves freezing the product and lowering pressure, removing the ice by sublimation. This is in contrast to dehydration by most conve ...
developed at the
USDA-
Agricultural Research Service
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ARS is one of four agencies in USDA's Research, Education and Economics mission area. ARS is charged with ext ...
-
Eastern Regional Research Center
The Eastern Regional Research Center (ERRC) is a United States Department of Agriculture laboratory center in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania. The Center researches new industrial and food uses for agricultural commodities, develops new technology to impro ...
in the 1950s-1970s
*
Chemical Abstracts Service, established by the
American Chemical Society in 1907
*
Scotch Tape, developed by
Richard Gurley Drew at
3M in 1930
*Chemistry at
Jamestown, Virginia
The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. It was located on the northeast bank of the James (Powhatan) River about southwest of the center of modern Williamsburg. It was ...
, the earliest evidence of European chemical technologies in the United States, circa 1607
2008
*Production and distribution of
radioisotopes for civilian research and medical use at the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1946
*Development of deep-tank fermentation for the
mass production
Mass production, also known as flow production or continuous production, is the production of substantial amounts of standardized products in a constant flow, including and especially on assembly lines. Together with job production and batch ...
of
penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from ''Penicillium'' moulds, principally '' P. chrysogenum'' and '' P. rubens''. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using ...
by
Pfizer in the 1940s
*Development of acrylic emulsion technology for the production of
acrylic paint by
Rohm and Haas in 1953
2009
*Development of the
Pennsylvania oil industry by
Edwin Drake and
Samuel Kier
Samuel Martin Kier (July 19, 1813 – October 6, 1874) was an American inventor and businessman who is credited with founding the American petroleum refining industry. He was the first person in the United States to refine crude oil into la ...
in the 1850s
*Deciphering of the
genetic code by
Marshall Warren Nirenberg and
J. Heinrich Matthaei
Johannes Heinrich Matthaei (born 4 May 1929) is a German biochemist. He is best known for his unique contribution to solving the genetic code on 15 May 1961.
Career
Whilst a post-doctoral visitor in the laboratory of Marshall Warren Nirenberg ...
at the
National Institutes of Health in the 1960s
2010
*
Diagnostic test strips, developed by
Helen Murray Free
Helen Murray Free (February 20, 1923 – May 1, 2021) was an American chemist and educator. She is most known for revolutionizing many in vitro self-testing systems for diabetes and other diseases while working at Miles Laboratories. The tests a ...
and Alfred Free at
Miles Laboratories (now
Bayer AG) in the 1950s
*Discovery of
fullerenes by
Richard Smalley
Richard Errett Smalley (June 6, 1943 – October 28, 2005) was an American chemist who was the Gene and Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry, Physics, and Astronomy at Rice University. In 1996, along with Robert Curl, also a professor of ch ...
,
Robert Curl,
James R. Heath
James R. Heath (born 1962) is an American chemist and the president and professor of Institute of Systems Biology. Previous to this, he was the Elizabeth W. Gilloon Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology, after having move ...
, Sean O'Brien, and
Harold Kroto at
Rice University in 1985
2011
*Development of the
Varian A-60
NMR Spectrometer
A spectrometer () is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon. Spectrometer is a broad term often used to describe instruments that measure a continuous variable of a phenomenon where the ...
in 1960, and the development of
MRI by
Paul Lauterbur at
Stony Brook University
Stony Brook University (SBU), officially the State University of New York at Stony Brook, is a public research university in Stony Brook, New York. Along with the University at Buffalo, it is one of the State University of New York system's ...
in the 1970s
2012
*
DayGlo fluorescent pigments, developed by
Bob Switzer
Robert C. Switzer (19 May 1914 – 20 August 1997) was an American inventor, businessman and environmentalist. Switzer was co-inventor of the first black light fluorescent paint along with his brother Joseph Switzer and the inventor of the M ...
and Joe Switzer of Switzer Brothers, Inc., (now Day-Glo Color Corp.) between the 1930s and 1950s
*
Rachel Carson's book
Silent Spring, published in 1962
2013
*The
Mellon Institute of Industrial Research
The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research is a former research institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, which is now part of Carnegie Mellon University. It was founded in 1913 by Andrew Mellon and Richard B. Mellon as part of the U ...
at
Carnegie Mellon University
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. One of its predecessors was established in 1900 by Andrew Carnegie as the Carnegie Technical Schools; it became the Carnegie Institute of Technology ...
in
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, established in 1913 by
Andrew W. Mellon and
Richard B. Mellon
Richard Beatty Mellon (March 19, 1858 – December 1, 1933), sometimes R.B., part of the Mellon family, was a banker, industrialist, and philanthropist from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Biography
He and his brother Andrew Mellon, sons of Judge Tho ...
to conduct scientific research and train industrial researchers
*The R. B. Wetherill Laboratory of Chemistry at
Purdue University in
West Lafayette
West Lafayette () is a city in Wabash Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States, about northwest of the state capital of Indianapolis and southeast of Chicago. West Lafayette is directly across the Wabash River from its sister c ...
,
Indiana, constructed between 1928 and 1955 to house the university's Department of Chemistry
*Research in the area of
flavor chemistry and advances in
analytical chemistry conducted at the
USDA-
ARS Western Regional Research Center from the 1940s
2014
*
Thomas Edison's work in chemistry, including the development of
carbon filaments and the
nickel-iron battery and research into domestic sources of
rubber at the
Thomas Edison National Historical Park in
West Orange, New Jersey,
The Henry Ford in
Dearborn, Michigan
Dearborn is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 109,976. Dearborn is the seventh most-populated city in Michigan and is home to the largest Muslim population in the United States pe ...
, and the
Edison and Ford Winter Estates in
Fort Myers,
Florida.
*
Izaak Maurits Kolthoff's role in establishing the modern discipline of
analytical chemistry at the
University of Minnesota in
Minneapolis,
Minnesota.
*The research and professional contributions of
Rachel Holloway Lloyd
Rachel () was a Biblical figure, the favorite of Jacob's two wives, and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, two of the twelve progenitors of the tribes of Israel. Rachel's father was Laban. Her older sister was Leah, Jacob's first wife. Her aunt ...
, the first American woman to receive a
Ph.D. in
chemistry
Chemistry is the science, scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the Chemical element, elements that make up matter to the chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions ...
(awarded by the
University of Zurich in 1887), at the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln where she taught.
2015
*The
Keeling Curve, a record of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels initiated in 1958 by
Charles David Keeling
Charles David Keeling (April 20, 1928 – June 20, 2005) was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory confirmed Svante Arrhenius's proposition (1896) of the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to ...
of the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (sometimes referred to as SIO, Scripps Oceanography, or Scripps) in San Diego, California, US founded in 1903, is one of the oldest and largest centers for oceanography, ocean and Earth science research ...
at the
University of California, San Diego, with samples taken at the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Mauna Loa Observatory in
Hilo, Hawaii
Hilo () is a census-designated place (CDP) and the largest settlement in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States, which encompasses the Island of Hawaii. The population was 44,186 according to the 2020 census. It is the fourth-largest settlement i ...
.
*
William Kelly's
pneumatic
Pneumatics (from Greek ‘wind, breath’) is a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized air.
Pneumatic systems used in Industrial sector, industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases. A central ...
iron refining
{{Unreferenced, date=December 2009
Refining (also perhaps called by the mathematical term affining) is the process of purification of a (1) substance or a (2) form. The term is usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form, b ...
process, patented in 1857, at the Lyon County Public Library in
Eddyville, Kentucky, and at
Murray State University
Murray State University (MSU) is a public university in Murray, Kentucky. In addition to the main campus in Calloway County in southwestern Kentucky, Murray State operates extended campuses offering upper level and graduate courses in Paducah, H ...
in
Murray, Kentucky
Murray is a home rule-class city in Calloway County, Kentucky, United States. It is the seat of Calloway County and the 19th-largest city in Kentucky. The city's population was 17,741 during the 2010 U.S. census, and its micropolitan area's po ...
.
*
Edwin H. Land
Edwin Herbert Land, ForMemRS, FRPS, Hon.MRI (May 7, 1909 – March 1, 1991) was an Russian-American scientist and inventor, best known as the co-founder of the Polaroid Corporation. He invented inexpensive filters for polarizing light, a ...
's invention of
instant photography
An instant camera is a camera which uses self-developing film to create a chemically developed print shortly after taking the picture. Polaroid Corporation pioneered (and patented) consumer-friendly instant cameras and film, and were followe ...
(also known by the company's name,
Polaroid
Polaroid may refer to:
* Polaroid Corporation, an American company known for its instant film and cameras
* Polaroid camera, a brand of instant camera formerly produced by Polaroid Corporation
* Polaroid film, instant film, and photographs
* Polar ...
), at the former Polaroid Corporation Laboratory (now owned by the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
*The discovery and isolation of
phytochrome, a
photoreceptive pigment in plants that controls their
germination
Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, fer ...
, growth, and flowering. Phytochrome was isolated in 1959 at the
U.S. Department of Agriculture's
Beltsville Area Research Center in
Beltsville, Maryland.
2016
*
Willard Libby's discovery of
radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
The method was dev ...
at the
University of Chicago.
*
Merck & Co.'s research on
The Vitamin B Complex
* The
discovery of Ivermectin
2017
*
Infrared Spectrometer and the
Exploration of Mars
*
Chlorofluorocarbons and
Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone l ...
2018
* Plutonium-238 Production for Space Exploration
2019
*
St. Elmo Brady
Saint Elmo Brady (December 22, 1884 – December 25, 1966) was an American chemist who was the first African American to obtain a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States. He received his doctorate at the University of Illinois in 1916.
Ear ...
, the First African-American Ph.D. in Chemistry
* Steroid Medicines and Upjohn Innovation
*
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma).
A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or com ...
, Midland, Michigan
References
{{Reflist
External links
National Historic Chemical Landmarks(
American Chemical Society)
American Chemical Society
Heritage registers in the United States
History of chemistry
Awards established in 1993