National conservatism is a nationalist variant of conservatism that concentrates on upholding national and

cultural identity Cultural identity is a part of a person's identity, or their self-conception and self-perception, and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct cultur ...

. National conservatives usually combine nationalism with conservative stances promoting traditional cultural values,

family values Family values, sometimes referred to as familial values, are traditional or cultural values that pertain to the family's structure, function, roles, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals. In the social sciences and U.S. political discourse, the conventi ...

and

opposition to immigration Opposition to immigration, also known as anti-immigration, has become a significant political ideology in many countries. In the modern sense, immigration refers to the entry of people from one state or territory into another state or territory ...

. It shares characteristics with traditionalist conservatism and

social conservatism Social conservatism is a political philosophy and variety of conservatism which places emphasis on traditional power structures over social pluralism. Social conservatives organize in favor of duty, traditional values and social institutio ...

since all three variations focus on preservation and tradition. As national conservatism seeks to preserve national interests, traditionalist conservatism emphasizes the preservation of social order. Additionally, social conservatism emphasizes traditional

which regulate moral behavior to preserve one's traditional status in society. National conservative parties often have roots in environments with a rural, traditionalist or peripheral basis, contrasting with the more urban support base of liberal-conservative parties. In Europe, most embrace some form of Euroscepticism.Traynor, Ian
The EU's weary travellers
'' The Guardian'', 4 April 2006 Most conservative parties in post-Communist

Central Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...

and Eastern Europe since 1989 have been national conservative.

Ideology

Social policies

Ideologically, national conservatives lean towards

patriotism Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and sense of attachment to one's country. This attachment can be a combination of many different feelings, language relating to one's own homeland, including ethnic, cultural, political or histor ...

, nationalism,

cultural conservatism Cultural conservatism is described as the protection of the cultural heritage of a nation state, or of a culture not defined by state boundaries. It is usually associated with criticism of multiculturalism, and opposition to immigration. Cultu ...

, and

monoculturalism Monoculturalism is the policy or process of supporting, advocating, or allowing the expression of the culture of a single social or ethnic group. It generally stems from beliefs within the dominant group that their cultural practices are superior t ...

, while opposing internationalism,

globalism Globalism refers to various patterns of meaning beyond the merely international. It is used by political scientists, such as Joseph Nye, to describe "attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world—and to highlight patterns ...

, multiculturalism, and cultural pluralism. National conservatives adhere to a form of cultural nationalism that emphasizes the preservation of national identity as well as

. As a result, many favor

assimilation Assimilation may refer to: Culture *Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs **Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...

into the dominant culture, restrictions on immigration, and strict law and order policies. National conservative parties are "socially traditional" and support traditional

, gender roles, and religion.Rosenberger, Sieglinde
Europe is swinging towards the right - What are the effects on women?
, University of Vienna, 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2010. According to the Austrian political scientist

Sieglinde Rosenberger Sieglinde Katharina Rosenberger (born 21 January 1957 in Wippenham) is an Austrian political scientist. She is Professor of Political Science at the University of Vienna and was president of the Austrian Political Science Association from 2006 to ...

, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity, and tradition". Many national conservatives are thus

social conservatives Social conservatism is a political philosophy and variety of conservatism which places emphasis on traditional power structures over social pluralism. Social conservatives organize in favor of duty, traditional values and social instituti ...

Economic policies

National conservative parties in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy. Their views may range from support of a corporatism to a mixed economy to a '' laissez-faire'' approach. In the first, more common case, national conservatives can be distinguished from liberal conservatives,National Questions, ''National Review'', Vol. 49, Issue 12, 30 June 1997, pp. 16-17 for whom free market economic policies,

deregulation Deregulation is the process of removing or reducing state regulations, typically in the economic sphere. It is the repeal of governmental regulation of the economy. It became common in advanced industrial economies in the 1970s and 1980s, as a ...

, and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and economic liberal conservatism: "Most parties of the Right odayare run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalized social,

cultural Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human Society, societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, and habits of the ...

, and national conservatives."

Regionalist conservatism

In some contexts, the "nationalism" of a regional party may not align with the country to which the region belongs. South Tyrol is a notable example, as the "national conservative" movements there represent its majority

German-speaking German ( ) is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol. It is a ...

population, and identify with their German-speaking neighbors, particularly Austria, which borders South Tyrol, and with which South Tyrol shares cultural and historical ties.

List of national conservative political parties

Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions

The following political parties have been characterised as national conservative, at least as one of their ideological influences. * Albania: Democratic Party of Albania,

Republican Party of Albania The Republican Party of Albania (, PR or PRSH ) is a national-conservative political party in Albania. It currently holds 3 of the 140 seats in the Parliament of Albania, in alliance with the Democratic Party of Albania. History The party was fou ...

* Armenia: Republican Party of Armenia (self-proclaimed)''Provisions of RPA Program''
, Republican Party of Armenia, 2008. * Austria: Freedom Party of Austria, Alliance for the Future of Austria * Australia: Pauline Hanson's One Nation * Bangladesh: Bangladesh Nationalist Party * Belgium: Vlaams Belang * Bosnia and Herzegovina: Party of Democratic Action, Democratic People's Alliance, Party of Democratic Progress * Brazil: Alliance for Brazil, Progressistas, Brazilian Labour Party, Patriota * Bulgaria: GERB, Revival, IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement,

National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria The National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria ( bg, Национален фронт за спасение на България, Natsionalen front za spasenie na Bŭlgariya, NFSB), is an ultranationalist political party in Bulgaria. History ...

, Union of Democratic Forces,

Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria ( bg, Демократи за силна България, ДСБ, Demokrati za Silna Balgariya, DSB) is a political party in Bulgaria established by former Bulgarian Prime Minister Ivan Kostov (1997–2001). H ...

Democratic Party Democratic Party most often refers to: *Democratic Party (United States) Democratic Party and similar terms may also refer to: Active parties Africa *Botswana Democratic Party *Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea *Gabonese Democratic Party *Demo ...

* Cambodia: Cambodian People's Party * Canada: People's Party of Canada * Chile: Republican Party (Chile, 2019) * Croatia:

Homeland Movement ''Homeland Movement'' is the debut studio album by Australian rock band Yothu Yindi that was released in April 1989 on the Mushroom Records label. The album peaked at number 59 on the ARIA Chart in 1992. Background and release Following a tou ...

, Croatian Sovereignists

Croatian Democratic Union The Croatian Democratic Union ( hr, Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, lit=Croatian Democratic Community, HDZ) is the major conservative, centre-right political party in Croatia. It is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Croa ...

* Cyprus: Solidarity Movement * Czech Republic: Tricolour Citizens' Movement, Civic Democratic Party * Denmark: Danish People's Party, The New Right * Estonia: Conservative People's Party of Estonia, Isamaa * Finland: Finns Party * France:

National Rally The National Rally (french: Rassemblement National, ; RN), until 2018 known as the National Front (french: link=no, Front National, ; FN), is a Far-right politics, far-rightAbridged list of reliable sources that refer to National Rally as fa ...

, France Arise, Movement for France, Action Française, Reconquête * Germany:

Alternative for Germany Alternative for Germany (german: link=no, Alternative für Deutschland, AfD; ) is a right-wing populist * * * * * * * political party in Germany. AfD is known for its opposition to the European Union, as well as immigration to Germany. I ...

, The Republicans, German Social Union * Greece:

Independent Greeks The Independent Greeks - National Patriotic Alliance ( el, Ανεξάρτητοι Έλληνες (ΑΝΕΛ), ''Anexartitoi Ellines'', ANEL) is a national-conservative political party in Greece. The party was the junior coalition partner to the ...

, Greek Solution,

Golden Dawn Golden Dawn or The Golden Dawn may refer to: Organizations * Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a nineteenth century magical order based in Britain ** The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc., a modern revival founded in 1977 ** Open Source ...

, New Right * Hungary: Fidesz, Christian Democratic People's Party,

Independent Smallholders Party The Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party ( hu, Független Kisgazda-, Földmunkás- és Polgári Párt), known mostly by its acronym FKgP or its shortened form Independent Smallholders' Party ( hu, Független Kisgazdapárt), ...

, Jobbik, Our Homeland Movement * India: Bharatiya Janata Party,

Hindu Mahasabha The Hindu Mahasabha (officially Akhil Bhārat Hindū Mahāsabhā, ) is a Hindu nationalist political party in India. Founded in 1915, the Mahasabha functioned mainly as a pressure group advocating the interests of orthodox Hindus before the B ...

* Indonesia: Great Indonesia Movement Party, Golkar * Ireland: Fianna Fáil * Israel: Likud, Yamina * Italy: Brothers of Italy,

Forza Italia Forza ItaliaThe name is not usually translated into English: ''forza'' is the second-person singular imperative of ''forzare'', in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Ital ...

(faction –

Protagonist Italy Protagonist Italy (''Italia Protagonista'') is a national conservative foundation and think tank connected to Forza Italia (formerly PdL), a political party in Italy. Founded in 2009 by Maurizio Gasparri, it can be seen as a continuation of Prota ...

), nowiki/>Citizens' Union for South Tyrol,Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck
/ref> South Tyrolean Freedom (Regionalism (politics), regionalist)] * Japan: Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), Liberal Democratic Party * Kenya: Jubilee Party * Latvia: National Alliance (Latvia), National Alliance * Liechtenstein: Progressive Citizens' Party * Lithuania: Homeland Union, Order and Justice * Luxembourg: Alternative Democratic Reform Party * Malaysia: United Malays National Organisation * Moldova: Șor Party * Montenegro: New Serb Democracy * Myanmar: Union Solidarity and Development Party * Nepal: Rastriya Prajatantra Party * Netherlands: Forum for Democracy * North Macedonia: VMRO-DPMNE, VMRO – People's Party * Norway: Progress Party, The Democrats * Panama: Panameñista Party * Paraguay: Colorado Party * Philippines:

Nacionalista Party The Nacionalista Party (Filipino and Spanish: ''Partido Nacionalista''; ) is the oldest political party in both the Philippines and in Southeast Asia in general. It is responsible for leading the country throughout the majority of the 20th ce ...

* Poland: United Right, (

Law and Justice Law and Justice ( pl, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość , PiS) is a right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Poland. Its chairman is Jarosław Kaczyński. It was founded in 2001 by Jarosław and Lech Kaczyński as a direct su ...

and United Poland), Confederation Liberty and Independence (factions, mainly National Movement), Right Wing of the Republic * Portugal:

CDS – People's Party The CDS – People's Party ( pt, CDS – Partido Popular, derived from ''Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular'', CDS–PP)

Enough Enough may refer to: Film and television * ''Enough'' (film), a 2002 film starring Jennifer Lopez * "Enough" (''CSI: NY''), an episode of the TV series *"Enough", an episode of ''Tru Calling'' Songs * "Enough" (Tarja Turunen song), 2009 * "Eno ...

* Romania:

National Identity Bloc in Europe The National Identity Bloc in Europe ( ro, Blocul Identităţii Naţionale în Europa), abbreviated to BINE, is a nationalist electoral alliance in Romania currently formed by two political parties: the Greater Romania Party (PRM) and Noua Dreapt� ...

( Greater Romania Party and United Romania Party), Alliance for the Union of Romanians, People's Movement Party * Russia: All-Russia People's Front ( United Russia and Rodina), Great Russia,

Russian All-People's Union The Russian All-People's Union (ROS; russian: Российский общенародный союз; РОС; ''Rossiyskiy obshchenarodnyy soyuz'', ''ROS'') is a Russian conservative political party formed in October 1991. In 2001, it merged into ...

* Serbia: Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Radical Party, Serbian Patriotic Alliance, United Serbia, Serbian People's Party, People's Peasant Party, New Serbia, Better Serbia, Fatherland, People's Freedom Movement,

Serbian Party Oathkeepers The Serbian Party Oathkeepers ( sr-cyrl, Српска странка Заветници, Srpska stranka Zavetnici, SSZ) is a far-right political party in Serbia. The party's previous name was Serbian Movement Oathkeepers ( sr-cyrl, Српск� ...

, Serbian Right, Obraz,

Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia The Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia ( sr, link=, Покрет обнове Краљевине Србије, Pokret obnove Kraljevine Srbije; abbr. ПОКС or POKS) is a monarchist and national-conservative political party ...

* Singapore: People's Action Party * Slovakia: We Are Family, Slovak National Party * Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party * Spain: Vox * Sweden:

Sweden Democrats The Sweden Democrats ( sv , Sverigedemokraterna ; SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden. As of 2022, it is the largest member of Sweden's right-wing governing bloc to which it provides confidence and supply, a ...

* Switzerland:

Swiss People's Party The Swiss People's Party (german: Schweizerische Volkspartei, SVP; rm, Partida populara Svizra, PPS), also known as the Democratic Union of the Centre (french: Union démocratique du centre, UDC; it, Unione Democratica di Centro, UDC), is a nati ...

Federal Democratic Union The Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (German: ''Eidgenössisch-Demokratische Union'', EDU; French: ''Union Démocratique Fédérale'', UDF; Italian: ''Unione Democratica Federale'', UDF; Romansch: ''Uniun Democrata Federala'', UDF) is a na ...

* Taiwan: Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), New Party * Thailand: People's State Power Party * Turkey: People's Alliance (

Justice and Development Party Justice and Development Party may refer to several political parties, the best-known ones being: * Justice and Development Party (Morocco) * Justice and Development Party (Turkey) Justice and Development Party may also refer to: * Justice and Dev ...

and Nationalist Movement Party), Nation Alliance (factions, mainly Good Party) and Homeland Party * Ukraine: People's Front, Svoboda, National Corps, Right Sector * United Kingdom:

Democratic Unionist Party The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is a unionist, loyalist, and national conservative political party in Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1971 during the Troubles by Ian Paisley, who led the party for the next 37 years. Currently led by J ...

, Traditional Unionist Voice, UK Independence Party,

British Democrats The British Democratic Party (BDP), commonly known as the British Democrats, is a British far-right political party. It was launched in 2013 in a village hall in Leicestershire by a ten-member steering committee which included former members of se ...

* United States:

Republican Party Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party. Republican Party may also refer to: Africa *Republican Party (Liberia) * Republican Part ...

(factions), American Freedom Party

Defunct or formerly national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions

* Austria: Fatherland Front * Belgium: Rexist Party, Vlaams Blok * Brazil:

Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Action (Portuguese: ''Ação Integralista Brasileira'', AIB) was an integralist/fascist political party in Brazil. It was based upon the ideology of Brazilian Integralism as developed by its leader Plínio Salgado. Brazilian ...

* Canada: Union Nationale * Czech Republic: Realists * Czechoslovakia:

Czechoslovak National Democracy The Czechoslovak National Democracy (), called also Czechoslovak National Democratic Party (), was a First Republic right-wing political party in Czechoslovakia. History The party was established in 1918 by a merger of the Free-minded National ...

, Party of National Unity * France:

Rally for the Republic The Rally for the Republic (french: Rassemblement pour la République ; RPR ), was a Gaullist and conservative political party in France. Originating from the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), it was founded by Jacques Chirac in 1976 a ...

* Germany: German National People's Party, Deutsche Rechtspartei, The Blue Party, German People's Union * Hungary: Hungarian Democratic Forum, Unity Party * India: Bharatiya Jana Sangh * Iran: Rastakhiz Party * Israel: National Union ( Hatikva), Union of Right-Wing Parties * Italy: National Fascist Party,Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. p. 106. Italian Nationalist Association,

Italian Social Movement The Italian Social Movement ( it, Movimento Sociale Italiano, MSI) was a neo-fascist political party in Italy. A far-right party, it presented itself until the 1990s as the defender of Italian fascism's legacy, and later moved towards national ...

, National Alliance, The Right * Norway: Fatherland League * Poland: National Democracy,

League of Polish Families The League of Polish Families (Polish: ''Liga Polskich Rodzin'', LPR) is a conservative political party in Poland, with many far-right elements in the past. The party's original ideology was that of the National Democracy movement which was heade ...

, Kukiz'15 * Portugal: National Union * Romania: Conservative Party, * Slovakia: Slovak People's Party, Slovak National Party, People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Conservative Democrats of Slovakia * South Africa: National Party * South Korea: Democratic Republican Party Democratic Justice Party, New Korea Party,

Liberty Korea Party The Liberty Korea Party () was a conservative political party in South Korea that was described variously as right-wing, right-wing populist, or far-right. Until February 2017, it was known as the Saenuri Party (), and before that as the Hanna ...

* Spain: FET y de las JONS, CEDA, People's Alliance * Yugoslavia:

Yugoslav Radical Union The Yugoslav Radical Union (Serbian language, Serbian: ''Jugoslovenska radikalna zajednica'', Југословенска радикална заједница; sl, Jugoslovanska radikalna skupnost, Croatian language, Croatian: ''Jugoslavenska rad ...

, Yugoslav National Movement

References

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