The Pentium II brand refers to

Intel Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It is the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer by revenue, and is one of the developers of the x86 seri ...

's sixth-generation

microarchitecture In computer engineering, microarchitecture, also called computer organization and sometimes abbreviated as µarch or uarch, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented in a particular processor. A given ISA may be impl ...

(" P6") and

x86 x86 (also known as 80x86 or the 8086 family) is a family of complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architectures initially developed by Intel based on the Intel 8086 microprocessor and its 8088 variant. The 8086 was introd ...

-compatible

microprocessor A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circu ...

s introduced on May 7, 1997. Containing 7.5 million

transistor upright=1.4, gate (G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (pink). A transistor is a semiconductor device used to Electronic amplifier, amplify or electronic switch, switch e ...

s (27.4 million in the case of the mobile Dixon with 256 KB

L2 cache A CPU cache is a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access data from the main memory. A cache is a smaller, faster memory, located closer to a processor core, which ...

), the Pentium II featured an improved version of the first ''P6''-generation core of the

Pentium Pro The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 microprocessor developed and manufactured by Intel and introduced on November 1, 1995. It introduced the P6 microarchitecture (sometimes termed i686) and was originally intended to replace the original P ...

, which contained 5.5 million transistors. However, its L2 cache subsystem was a downgrade when compared to the Pentium Pros. It is a single-core microprocessor. In 1998, Intel stratified the Pentium II family by releasing the Pentium II-based

Celeron Celeron is Intel's brand name for low-end IA-32 and x86-64 computer microprocessor models targeted at low-cost personal computers. Celeron processors are compatible with IA-32 IA-32 (short for "Intel Architecture, 32-bit", commonly called ...

line of processors for low-end workstations and the

Pentium II Xeon Xeon ( ) is a brand of x86 microprocessors designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the non-consumer workstation, server, and embedded system markets. It was introduced in June 1998. Xeon processors are based on the same arc ...

line for servers and high-end workstations. The Celeron was characterized by a reduced or omitted (in some cases present but disabled) on-die full-speed L2 cache and a 66 MT/s FSB. The Xeon was characterized by a range of full-speed L2 cache (from 512 KB to 2048 KB), a 100 MT/s FSB, a different physical interface (

Slot 2 Slot 2 refers to the physical and electrical specification for the 330-lead Single Edge Contact Cartridge (or edge-connector) used by Intel's Pentium II Xeon and Pentium III Xeon. When first introduced, Slot 1 Pentium IIs were intended to rep ...

), and support for

symmetric multiprocessing Symmetric multiprocessing or shared-memory multiprocessing (SMP) involves a multiprocessor computer hardware and software architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single, shared main memory, have full access to all ...

. In February 1999, the Pentium II was replaced by the nearly identical

Pentium III The Pentium III (marketed as Intel Pentium III Processor, informally PIII or P3) brand refers to Intel's 32-bit x86 desktop and mobile CPUs based on the sixth-generation P6 microarchitecture introduced on February 28, 1999. The brand's initial p ...

, which only added the then-new SSE instruction set. However, the older family would continue to be produced until June 2001 for desktop units, September 2001 for mobile units, and the end of 2003 for embedded devices.

Overview

The Pentium II microprocessor was largely based upon the

of its predecessor, the

, but with some significant improvements. Unlike previous Pentium and Pentium Pro processors, the Pentium II CPU was packaged in a

slot Slot, the slot or Slots may refer to: People * Arne Slot (born 1978), Dutch footballer * Gerrie Slot (born 1954), Dutch cyclist * Hanke Bruins Slot (born 1977), Dutch politician * Tonny Bruins Slot (born 1947), Dutch association football coach wh ...

-based module rather than a

CPU socket In computer hardware, a CPU socket or CPU slot contains one or more mechanical components providing mechanical and electrical connections between a microprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB). This allows for placing and replacing the centr ...

. The processor and associated components were carried on a

daughterboard In computing, an expansion card (also called an expansion board, adapter card, peripheral card or accessory card) is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an electrical connector, or expansion slot (also referred to as a bus slo ...

similar to a typical expansion board within a plastic cartridge. A fixed or removable

heatsink A heat sink (also commonly spelled heatsink) is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, the ...

was carried on one side, sometimes using its own fan. This larger package was a compromise allowing Intel to separate the secondary

cache Cache, caching, or caché may refer to: Places United States * Cache, Idaho, an unincorporated community * Cache, Illinois, an unincorporated community * Cache, Oklahoma, a city in Comanche County * Cache, Utah, Cache County, Utah * Cache Count ...

from the processor while still keeping it on a closely coupled

back-side bus In personal computer microprocessor architecture, a back-side bus (BSB), or backside bus, was a computer bus used on early Intel platforms to connect the CPU to CPU cache memory, usually off-die L2. If a design utilizes it along with a front-sid ...

. The L2 cache ran at half the processor's clock frequency, unlike the Pentium Pro, whose off die L2 cache ran at the same frequency as the processor. However, its associativity was increased to 16-way (compared to 4-way on the Pentium Pro) and its size was always 512 KB, twice of the smallest option of 256 KB on the Pentium Pro. Off-package cache solved the Pentium Pro's low yield issues, allowing Intel to introduce the Pentium II at a mainstream price level.Pabst, Thomas
The Intel Pentium II ('Klamath') CPU
Tom's Hardware, March 1, 1997.Lal Shimpi, Anand
Intel Pentium II
Anandtech, May 30, 1997. Intel improved

16-bit 16-bit microcomputers are microcomputers that use 16-bit microprocessors. A 16-bit register can store 216 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two mos ...

code execution performance on the Pentium II, an area in which the Pentium Pro was at a notable handicap, by adding segment register caches. Most consumer software of the day was still using at least some 16-bit code, because of a variety of factors. The issues with partial registers was also addressed by adding an internal flag to skip pipeline flushes whenever possible. To compensate for the slower L2 cache, the Pentium II featured 32 KB of L1 cache, double that of the Pentium Pro, as well as 4 write buffers (vs. 2 on the Pentium Pro); these can also be used by either pipeline, instead of each one being fixed to one pipeline. The Pentium II was also the first P6-based CPU to implement the Intel MMX integer

SIMD Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) is a type of parallel processing in Flynn's taxonomy. SIMD can be internal (part of the hardware design) and it can be directly accessible through an instruction set architecture (ISA), but it should ...

instruction set which had already been introduced on the

Pentium MMX The Pentium (also referred to as P5, its microarchitecture, or i586) is a fifth generation, 32-bit x86 microprocessor that was introduced by Intel on March 22, 1993, as the very first CPU in the Pentium brand. It was instruction set compatible ...

. The Pentium II was basically a more consumer-oriented version of the Pentium Pro. It was cheaper to manufacture because of the separate, slower L2 cache memory. The improved 16-bit performance and MMX support made it a better choice for consumer-level operating systems, such as

Windows 9x Windows 9x is a generic term referring to a series of Microsoft Windows computer operating systems produced from 1995 to 2000, which were based on the Windows 95 kernel and its underlying foundation of MS-DOS, both of which were updated in subs ...

, and multimedia applications. The slower and cheaper L2 cache's performance penalty was mitigated by the doubled L1 cache and architectural improvements for legacy code. General processor performance was increased while costs were cut. All ''Klamath'' and some early ''Deschutes'' Pentium IIs use a combined L2 cache controller /

tag RAM A CPU cache is a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access data (computing), data from the main memory. A cache is a smaller, faster memory, located closer to a proc ...

chip that only allows for 512 MB to be cached; while more RAM could be installed in theory, this would result in very slow performance. While this limit was practically irrelevant for the average home user at the time, it was a concern for some workstation or server users. Presumably, Intel put this limitation deliberately in place to distinguish the Pentium II from the more upmarket Pentium Pro line, which has a full 4 GB cacheable area. The '82459AD' revision of the chip on some 333 MHz and all 350 MHz and faster Pentium IIs lifted this restriction and also offered a full 4 GB cacheable area.

Variants

Klamath

The original ''Klamath'' Pentium II microprocessor (Intel product code 80522) ran at 233, 266, and 300

MHz The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second. The hertz is an SI derived unit whose expression in terms of SI base units is s−1, meaning that one he ...

and was produced in a 0.35

μm The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Unit ...

process.IA-32 implementation Intel P2 (incl. Celeron and Xeon)
, SandPile.org, accessed May 5, 2007. The 300 MHz version, however, only became available in large quantities later in 1997. These CPUs had a 66 MHz

front-side bus A front-side bus (FSB) is a computer communication interface (bus) that was often used in Intel-chip-based computers during the 1990s and 2000s. The EV6 bus served the same function for competing AMD CPUs. Both typically carry data between the ...

and were initially used on motherboards equipped with the aging

Intel 440FX The Intel 440FX (codenamed Natoma), is a chipset from Intel, supporting the Pentium Pro and Pentium II processors. It is the first chipset from Intel that supports Pentium II. It is also known as i440FX and was released in May 1996. Official part ...

''Natoma'' chipset designed for the Pentium Pro. Pentium II-based systems using the Intel 440LX ''Balboa'' chipset widely popularized

SDRAM Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (synchronous dynamic RAM or SDRAM) is any DRAM where the operation of its external pin interface is coordinated by an externally supplied clock signal. DRAM integrated circuits (ICs) produced from the ...

(which was to replace

EDO RAM Dynamic random-access memory (dynamic RAM or DRAM) is a type of random-access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a memory cell, usually consisting of a tiny capacitor and a transistor, both typically based on metal-oxid ...

and was already introduced with 430VX), and the AGP graphics bus. On July 14, 1997, Intel announced a version of the Pentium II ''Klamath'' with 2× 72-bit ECC L2 cache for entry-level servers, as opposed to the 2× 64-bit non-ECC L2 cache on regular models. The extra bits give it error-correction capability built into hardware, without impacting performance. The variant can be determined through the CPU part number. In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Klamath CPUs are family 6, model 3.

Deschutes

The ''Deschutes'' core Pentium II (80523), which debuted at 333 MHz in January 1998, was produced with a 0.25

process and has a significantly lower power draw. The die size is 113 mm². The 333 MHz variant was the final Pentium II CPU that used the older 66 MHz

; all subsequent Deschutes-core models used a 100 MHz FSB. Later in 1998, Pentium IIs running at 266, 300, 350, 400, and 450 MHz were also released. The ''Deschutes'' core introduced FXSAVE and FXRSTOR instructions for fast FPU context save and restore. Towards the end of its design life, Deschutes chips capable of 500 MHz within Intel cooling and design specifications were produced. However, these were not marketed. Rather than destroy already multiplier-locked units, those Deschutes units that had been tested and locked with a multiplier of 5 were sold as being 333 MHz. This was accomplished by disabling the 100 MHz bus option.

Overclockers In computing, overclocking is the practice of increasing the clock rate of a computer to exceed that certified by the manufacturer. Commonly, operating voltage is also increased to maintain a component's operational stability at accelerated spe ...

, upon learning of this, purchased the units in question and ran them well over 500 MHz; most notably, when overclocking, the final batch of "333 MHz" CPUs were capable of speeds much higher than CPUs sold at 350, 400, or 450 MHz. Concurrent with the release of Deschutes cores supporting a 100 MHz front-side bus was Intel's release of the 440BX ''Seattle'' chipset and its derivatives, the 440MX, 450NX, and 440ZX chipsets. Replacing the aged 66 MHz FSB, which had been on the market since 1993, the 100 MHz FSB resulted in solid performance improvements for the Pentium II lineup. Pentium II chips starting with 350 MHz were released in both SECC and SECC2 form factors. Late Pentium IIs also marked the switch to

flip-chip Flip chip, also known as controlled collapse chip connection or its abbreviation, C4, is a method for interconnecting dies such as semiconductor devices, IC chips, integrated passive devices and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), to exter ...

based packaging with direct heatsink contact to the die, as opposed to traditional bonding. While ''Klamath'' features 4 cache chips and simulates dual-porting through interleaving (2x 64-bit) for a slight performance improvement on concurrent accesses, ''Deschutes'' only sports 2 cache chips and offers slightly lower L2 cache performance at the same clockspeed. Furthermore, ''Deschutes'' always features ECC-enabled L2 cache. Pentium II Xeon 450 512

The

was a high-end version of Deschutes core intended for use on

workstation A workstation is a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by a single user, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. The term ''workstat ...

s and

server Server may refer to: Computing *Server (computing), a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called clients Role * Waiting staff, those who work at a restaurant or a bar attending customers and su ...

s. Principally, it used a different type of slot (

), case, board design, and more expensive full-speed custom L2 cache, which was off-die. Versions were produced with 512 KB, 1 MB or 2 MB L2 caches by varying the number of 512 KB chips incorporated on the board. KL Intel PPro Overdrive P6T Top

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Deschutes CPUs are family 6, model 5 and have the part number 80523.

Pentium II OverDrive

In 1998, the 0.25 μm Deschutes core was utilized in the creation of the

Pentium II Overdrive The Pentium OverDrive was a microprocessor marketing brand name used by Intel, to cover a variety of consumer upgrade products sold in the mid-1990s. It was originally released for 486 motherboards, and later some Pentium sockets. Intel dropped the ...

processor, which was aimed at allowing corporate

users to upgrade their aging servers. Combining the Deschutes core in a

package with a 512 KB full-speed L2 cache chip from the Pentium II Xeon into a

Socket 8 The Socket 8 CPU socket was used exclusively with the Intel Pentium Pro and Pentium II Overdrive computer processors. Intel discontinued Socket 8 in favor of Slot 1 with the introduction of the Pentium II and Slot 2 with the release of ...

-compatible module resulted in a 300 or 333 MHz processor that could run on a 60 or 66 MHz front-side bus. This combination brought together some of the more attractive aspects of the Pentium II and the Pentium II Xeon: MMX support/improved 16-bit performance and full-speed L2 cache, respectively. The later "Dixon" mobile Pentium II would emulate this combination with 256 KB of full-speed cache. In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, the Pentium II OverDrive CPU identifies itself as family 6, model 3, though this is misleading, as it is not based on the family 6/model 3 Klamath core. As mentioned in the Pentium II Processor update documentation from Intel, "although this processor has a CPUID of 163xh, it uses a Pentium II processor CPUID 065xh processor core."Specification Update for the Pentium II Processor

Tonga

The 0.25 μm ''Tonga'' core was the first mobile Pentium II and had all of the features of the desktop models. In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Tonga CPUs are family 6, model 5.

Dixon

Later, in 1999, the 0.25; 0.18 (400

) μm ''Dixon'' core with 256 KB of on-die full speed cache was produced for the mobile market. Reviews showed that the Dixon core was the fastest type of Pentium II produced. In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Dixon CPUs are family 6, model 6 and their Intel product code is 80524. These identifiers are shared with the ''Mendocino''

processors.

Core specifications

Desktop

Klamath (80522)

* L1 cache: 16 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions) * L2 cache: 512 KB, as external chips on the CPU module clocked at half the CPU frequency. * Packaging:

Slot 1 Slot 1 refers to the physical and electrical specification for the connector used by some of Intel's microprocessors, including the Pentium Pro, Celeron, Pentium II and the Pentium III. Both single and dual processor configurations were impleme ...

module * MMX *

Front-side bus A front-side bus (FSB) is a computer communication interface (bus) that was often used in Intel-chip-based computers during the 1990s and 2000s. The EV6 bus served the same function for competing AMD CPUs. Both typically carry data between the ...

: 66 MHz, GTL+ * VCore: 2.8 V *

Process A process is a series or set of activities that interact to produce a result; it may occur once-only or be recurrent or periodic. Things called a process include: Business and management *Business process, activities that produce a specific se ...

: 0.35 μm CMOS * First release: May 7, 1997 * Clockrate: 233, 266, 300 MHz

Deschutes (80523)

* L1 cache: 16 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions) * L2 cache: 512 KB, as external chips on the CPU module clocked at half the CPU frequency. * Packaging:

module * MMX *

: 66, 100 MHz, GTL+ * VCore: 2.0 V * Process: 0.25 μm CMOS * First release: January 26, 1998 * Clockrate: 266–450 MHz ** 66 MHz FSB : 266, 300, 333 MHz ** 100 MHz FSB: 350, 400, 450 MHz

Deschutes (Pentium II Overdrive)

* L1 cache: 16 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions) * L2 cache: 512 KB external chip on CPU module running at 100% of CPU speed * Socket:

: 60 or 66 MHz, GTL+ * VCore: 3.1–3.3 V (Has on-board voltage regulator) * Fabrication: 0.25 μm * Based on the Deschutes-generation Pentium II * First release: 1998 * Supports MMX technology * The sSpec number SL2KE denotes a Pentium II Overdrive sold with an integrated heatsink/fan combination for Socket 8. ote that the sSpec number SL2EA denotes a Pentium II Overdrive sold with an integrated heatsink but no fan for Slot 1.

Mobile

Tonga (80523)

Mobile Pentium II * L1 cache: 16 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions) * L2 cache: 512 KB, as external chips on the CPU module clocked at half the CPU frequency. * Package:

MMC-1 Mobile Module Connector 1 (MMC-1) is a 280-pin microprocessor cartridge developed by Intel for used by their mobile Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pentium II and Celeron processors. It contains the microprocessor and its associated L2 cache A CPU cache ...

MMC-2 Mobile Module Connector 2 (MMC-2) is Intel's 400-pin processor cartridge used with Pentium II, Celeron and Pentium III mobile processors. It contains CPU, 443BX (Pentium II) Northbridge, off-die L2 cache (early Pentium II only) and voltage regu ...

Mini-Cartridge The Mini-Cartridge or Mobile Mini-Cartridge was Intel's 240-pin multi-chip module for their mobile Pentium II processors. It contained the CPU core, as well as separate cache Cache, caching, or caché may refer to: Places United States * Cach ...

* MMX *

: 66 MHz, GTL+ * VCore: 1.6 V * Process: 0.25 μm CMOS * First release: April 2, 1998 * Clockrate: 233, 266, 300 MHz

Dixon (80524)

Mobile Pentium II PE ("Performance Enhanced") * L1 cache: 16 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions) * L2 cache: 256 KB, on-die, full speed. * Package:

BGA1 A ball grid array (BGA) is a type of surface-mount packaging (a chip carrier) used for integrated circuits. BGA packages are used to permanently mount devices such as microprocessors. A BGA can provide more interconnection pins than can be p ...

, μPGA1 PPGA-B615 * MMX *

: 66, 100 MHz, GTL+ * VCore: 1.5, 1.55, 1.6, 2.0 V * Process: 0.25; 0.18 (400

) μm CMOS * First release: January 25, 1999 * Clockrate: 266, 300, 333, 366, 400 MHz * Containing 27.4 million

s *

Die Die, as a verb, refers to death, the cessation of life. Die may also refer to: Games * Die, singular of dice, small throwable objects used for producing random numbers Manufacturing * Die (integrated circuit), a rectangular piece of a semicondu ...

size (

semiconductor A semiconductor is a material which has an electrical resistivity and conductivity, electrical conductivity value falling between that of a electrical conductor, conductor, such as copper, and an insulator (electricity), insulator, such as glas ...

chip) is 10.36 mm x 17.36 mm = 179.8496 mm²

References

External links

Listing of various PII, PIII, and Celeron alphanumeric model designations

CPU-INFO: Intel Pentium II, indepth processor history

Construction Analysis: Intel 266MHz 32-Bit Pentium II (Klamath) Processor
Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation Intel datasheets
Pentium II (Klamath)

Pentium II (Deschutes)

Mobile Pentium II (Tonga)

Mobile Pentium II in Micro-PGA and BGA packages (Dixon)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pentium Ii Computer-related introductions in 1997 Pentium 2 Superscalar microprocessors 32-bit microprocessors