![Haeckel Tineida](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Haeckel_Tineida.jpg)
Microlepidoptera (micromoths) is an artificial (i.e., unranked and not
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
) grouping of
moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...
families, commonly known as the 'smaller moths' (
micro
Micro may refer to:
Measurement
* micro- (μ), a metric prefix denoting a factor of 10−6
Places
* Micro, North Carolina, town in U.S.
People
* DJ Micro, (born Michael Marsicano) an American trance DJ and producer
*Chii Tomiya (都宮 ちい ...
,
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...
). These generally have wingspans of under 20 mm, and are thus harder to identify by external
phenotypic
In genetics, the phenotype () is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological proper ...
markings than
macrolepidoptera
Macrolepidoptera is a group within the insect order Lepidoptera. Traditionally used for the larger butterflies and moths as opposed to the "microlepidoptera", this group is artificial. However, it seems that by moving some taxa about, a monoph ...
. They present some lifestyles which the larger Lepidoptera do not have, but this is not an identifying mark. Some hobbyists further divide this group into separate groups, such as
leaf miner
A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies (Symphyta, the mother clade of wasps), ...
s or rollers, stem or root borers, and then usually follow the more rigorous scientific
taxonomy of lepidopterans. Efforts to stabilize the term have usually proven inadequate.
Diversity
Vernacular
A vernacular or vernacular language is in contrast with a "standard language". It refers to the language or dialect that is spoken by people that are inhabiting a particular country or region. The vernacular is typically the native language, n ...
usage divides the Lepidoptera simply into smaller and larger or into more-primitive and less-primitive groups: microlepidoptera and macrolepidoptera, respectively. Intuitively, the "micros" are any lepidopteran not currently placed in the
macrolepidoptera
Macrolepidoptera is a group within the insect order Lepidoptera. Traditionally used for the larger butterflies and moths as opposed to the "microlepidoptera", this group is artificial. However, it seems that by moving some taxa about, a monoph ...
. This
paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
assemblage, however, includes also the
superfamilies Zygaenoidea
The Zygaenoidea comprise the superfamily of moths that includes burnet moths, forester moths, and relatives.
The families are:
* Aididae
* Anomoeotidae
* Cyclotornidae
* Dalceridae
* Epipyropidae
* Heterogynidae
* Himantopteridae
* L ...
,
Sesioidea
Sesioidea is the superfamily currently containing clearwing moths (Sesiidae
The Sesiidae or clearwing moths are a diurnal moth family in the order Lepidoptera known for their Batesian mimicry in both appearance and behaviour of various Hyme ...
and
Cossoidea
Cossoidea is the superfamily of moths that includes carpenter moths and relatives. Like their likely sister group Sesioidea they are internal feeders and have spiny pupae with moveable segments to allow them to extrude out of their exit holes in ...
that would in common parlance normally be lumped with the "macros". A lepidopterist might call these groups 'primitive macros'. Furthermore, even all of the non
ditrysia
The Ditrysia are a natural group or clade of insects in the lepidopteran order containing both butterflies and moths. They are so named because the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for mating, and the other for laying eggs (in contra ...
n moths are not small. For example, the
Hepialidae
The Hepialidae are a family of insects in the lepidopteran order. Moths of this family are often referred to as swift moths or ghost moths.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Hepialidae constitute by far the most diverse group of the infraorder Exopo ...
or "swift moths" (up to 25 cm wingspan) fall quite
basally in the lepidopteran "tree of life". The recently discovered primitive superfamily
Andesianoidea is another case in point: lurking within the
Cossoidae until 2001, these moths have up to an order of magnitude greater wingspan (5.5 cm) than most previously known
monotrysia
The Monotrysia are a group of moths in the lepidopteran order, not currently considered to be a natural group or clade. Apart from the recently discovered family Andesianidae, most of the group consists of small, relatively understudied species ...
n "micros". Whilst the smaller moths are usually also more seldom noticed, a more expansive "non-
macrolepidoptera
Macrolepidoptera is a group within the insect order Lepidoptera. Traditionally used for the larger butterflies and moths as opposed to the "microlepidoptera", this group is artificial. However, it seems that by moving some taxa about, a monoph ...
n" concept of the microlepidoptera would include about 37 out of the approximately 47 superfamilies.
Whilst usually less popular, micros are thus more important in the sense that they include a much wider span of the "tree of life" (i.e.,
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
diversity). Whereas they include no
butterflies
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The ...
, micros do also include a surprising number of day-flying groups, and the advent of online identification resources in many countries (e.g. "UK moth
combined with the widespread use of digital
macrophotography
Macro photography (or photomacrography or macrography, and sometimes macrophotography) is extreme close-up photography, usually of very small subjects and living organisms like insects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is grea ...
, is making them much easier to identify.
Life style
Microlepidoptera can be found in a broad variety of habitats and
ecological niche
In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition.
Three variants of ecological niche are described by
It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for ...
s worldwide, both
terrestrial
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth.
Terrestrial may also refer to:
* Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...
and
freshwater
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...
aquatic (e.g.
Acentropinae
Acentropinae is a fairly small subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. Species of this subfamily are exclusively found in wetlands and aquatic habitats.
Systematics
In modern treatments, the former subfa ...
). They have a wide variety of feeding habits in both
larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
The ...
l and
adult
An adult is a human or other animal that has reached full growth. In human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a " minor", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of major ...
life stages.
Caterpillar
Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).
As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...
s feed on a wide variety of plant tissue and across a wide spectrum of plant groups from
liverworts
The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of ge ...
to
angiosperms
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
. They are either external feeders ("exophagous") or more usually feed internally ("endophagous"), typically as
miners
A miner is a person who extracts ore, coal, chalk, clay, or other minerals from the earth through mining. There are two senses in which the term is used. In its narrowest sense, a miner is someone who works at the rock face; cutting, blasting, ...
or tunnellers, but some feed on
fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...
,
scavenge
Scavengers are animals that consume Corpse decomposition, dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a h ...
on dead animals, are
parasitoid
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable str ...
s usually of other
insect
Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs ...
s (some
Zygaenoidea
The Zygaenoidea comprise the superfamily of moths that includes burnet moths, forester moths, and relatives.
The families are:
* Aididae
* Anomoeotidae
* Cyclotornidae
* Dalceridae
* Epipyropidae
* Heterogynidae
* Himantopteridae
* L ...
) or are
detritivore
Detritivores (also known as detrivores, detritophages, detritus feeders, or detritus eaters) are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces). There are many kinds of invertebrates, ...
s, and ''
Hyposmocoma molluscivora
''Hyposmocoma molluscivora'' is a Hawaiian moth whose larvae are predators, capturing snails in their silk, much like a hunting spider's web, and then crawling inside the snail's shell to eat it alive. It has been called the snail-eating caterpil ...
'' even feeds on live snails. Adult moths feed with
mandibles
In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower tooth, teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movabl ...
on spores and pollen (
Micropterigidae
Micropterigoidea is the superfamily of "mandibulate archaic moths", all placed in the single family Micropterigidae, containing currently about twenty living genera. They are considered the most primitive extant lineage of lepidoptera (Kristense ...
) on dew (e.g.
Eriocraniidae
Eriocraniidae is a family of moths restricted to the Holarctic region, with six extant genera. These small, metallic moths are usually day-flying, emerging fairly early in the northern temperate spring. They have a proboscis with which they drin ...
), with their
proboscises on nectar (many groups e.g.
Choreutidae
Choreutidae, or metalmark moths, are a family of insects in the lepidopteran order whose relationships have been long disputed. It was placed previously in the superfamily Yponomeutoidea in family Glyphipterigidae and in superfamily Sesioide ...
) or are simply nonfeeding with
mouthparts reduced or absent. The larvae of many smaller moths are considered economic
pests
PESTS was an anonymous American activist group formed in 1986 to critique racism, tokenism, and exclusion in the art world. PESTS produced newsletters, posters, and other print material highlighting examples of discrimination in gallery represent ...
, causing damage to plants, as well as fabrics and other man-made goods. Commonly noticed "micros" include the
plume moth
The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. Though they belong to the Apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblag ...
and the various species of
clothes moth
Clothes moth or clothing moth is the common name for several species of moth considered to be pests, whose larvae eat animal fibres (hairs), including clothing and other fabrics.
These include:
* ''Tineola bisselliella'', the common clothes moth ...
.
Main groups
The list below is ordered initially in approximate order of species
diversity
Diversity, diversify, or diverse may refer to:
Business
*Diversity (business), the inclusion of people of different identities (ethnicity, gender, age) in the workforce
*Diversity marketing, marketing communication targeting diverse customers
* ...
and
ecological
Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overlaps wi ...
abundance. The first four superfamilies listed here may comprise 90% of species in a sample of smaller moths and the listed characters may be of some assistance to sort these out, particularly the form of the
labial palp
The term ''labial'' originates from '' Labium'' (Latin for "lip"), and is the adjective that describes anything of or related to lips, such as lip-like structures. Thus, it may refer to:
* the lips
** In linguistics, a labial consonant
** In zoolog ...
and
scaling
Scaling may refer to:
Science and technology
Mathematics and physics
* Scaling (geometry), a linear transformation that enlarges or diminishes objects
* Scale invariance, a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energ ...
of the proboscis (Robinson et al. 2001).
1. Curved horn moths, twirler moths, case-bearers and allies – 16,250 spp.
*
Gelechioidea
__NOTOC__
Gelechioidea (from the type genus ''Gelechia'', "keeping to the ground") is the superfamily of moths that contains the case-bearers, twirler moths, and relatives, also simply called curved-horn moths or gelechioid moths. It is a large a ...
: Head smooth-scaled, labial palps usually are slender, recurved, with the terminal
segment long and pointed; the long proboscis bears scales on basal half. Resting posture very varied.
**
Gelechiidae
The Gelechiidae are a family of moths commonly referred to as twirler moths or gelechiid moths. They are the namesake family of the huge and little-studied superfamily Gelechioidea, and the family's taxonomy has been subject to considerable dis ...
– twirler moths
**
Oecophoridae
Oecophoridae (concealer moths) is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The phylogeny and systematics of gelechoid moths are still not fully resolved, and the circumscription of the Oecophoridae is strongly affected by this.
Ta ...
– concealer moths
**
Lecithoceridae
The Lecithoceridae, or long-horned moths, are a family of small moths described by Simon Le Marchand in 1947. Although lecithocerids are found throughout the world, the great majority are found in the Indomalayan realm and the southern part of th ...
– tropical longhorned moths
**
Cosmopterigidae
The Cosmopterigidae are a family of insects (cosmet moths) in the order Lepidoptera. These are small moths with narrow wings whose tiny larvae feed internally on the leaves, seeds and stems of their host plants. About 1500 species are described. ...
– cosmet moths
**
Coleophoridae
__NOTOC__
The Coleophoridae are a family of small moths, belonging to the huge superfamily Gelechioidea. Collectively known as case-bearers, casebearing moths or case moths, this family is represented on all continents, but the majority are found ...
– case-bearers
**
Elachistidae
The Elachistidae (grass-miner moths) are a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. Some authors lump about 3,300 species in eight subfamilies here, but this arrangement almost certainly results in a massively paraphyletic and co ...
– grass-miner miners
**
Momphidae
The Momphidae, or mompha moths, is a family of moths with some 115 described species. It was described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1857. These moths tend to be rather small with a wingspan of up to 21 mm. The wings are he ...
– mompha moths
**
Ethmiidae
The Ethmiinae are a subfamily of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea sometimes included in the Elachistidae or the Oecophoridae, but mostly in the Depressariidae as a subfamily Ethmiinae.Wikispecies (2009-JUN-29), and see references in ...
**
Blastobasidae
The Blastobasidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. Its species can be found almost anywhere in the world, though in some places they are not native but introduced by humans. In some arrangements, these moths are included in t ...
– scavenger moths
**
Batrachedridae
The Batrachedridae are a small family of tiny moths. These are small, slender moths which rest with their wings wrapped tightly around their bodies.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of this and related groups is often disputed.
This group was first propos ...
– flower moths
**
Scythrididae
Scythrididae (flower moths) is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The family is sometimes included in the Xyloryctidae as a subfamily Scythridinae, but the Xyloryctidae themselves have sometimes been included in the Oecophor ...
– flower moths
**
Pterolonchidae
Pterolonchidae is a small family of very small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea.Wikispecies (2008-NOV-06) There are species native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica.
Taxonomy and systematics
As of 2014 the family may be co ...
– lance-wing moths
**
Symmocidae
The Symmocinae are a subfamily of moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. These small moths are found mainly in the Palearctic and Africa.
In modern treatments, they are usually united with the concealer moth family Autostichidae.
History of clas ...
**
Agonoxenidae
The Agonoxeninae are a subfamily of moths.
History of classification
Formerly, the subfamily only contained four named species – all in the type genus '' Agonoxena'' – if (e.g. following Nielsen ''et al.'', 1996). Such a monotypic ar ...
– palm moths
**
Holcopogonidae
**
Metachandidae
2. Pyralids, snout moths and grass moths – 16,000 spp.
*
Pyraloidea
The Pyraloidea (pyraloid moths or snout moths) are a moth superfamily containing about 16,000 described species worldwide, and probably at least as many more remain to be described. They are generally fairly small moths, and as such, they have b ...
: Head rough-scaled, proboscis scaled,
tympanal organ
A tympanal organ (or tympanic organ) is a hearing organ in insects, consisting of a membrane ( tympanum) stretched across a frame backed by an air sac and associated sensory neurons. Sounds vibrate the membrane, and the vibrations are sensed by ...
s on abdomen; labial palps usually not recurved, terminal segment usually blunt.
Hindwing
Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwi ...
veins ("Sc" + "R1") and "Rs" are close or fused in the middle of the wing; resting posture usually either with wings tightly rolled or and held quite flat to surface in triangular shape and with labial palps often projecting forward, giving
Concorde
The Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde () is a retired Franco-British supersonic airliner jointly developed and manufactured by Sud Aviation (later Aérospatiale) and the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC).
Studies started in 1954, and France an ...
-like appearance;
antennae often swept back parallel together over body. Generally they are considered the closest group to '
macrolepidoptera
Macrolepidoptera is a group within the insect order Lepidoptera. Traditionally used for the larger butterflies and moths as opposed to the "microlepidoptera", this group is artificial. However, it seems that by moving some taxa about, a monoph ...
', and maybe ancestral to it, macrolepidoptera itself is not a universally accepted taxon.
**
Pyralidae
The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyrali ...
– pyrales or snout moths
**
Crambidae
The Crambidae are the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies includ ...
– grass moths
3. Tortrix moths, leaf-roller moths, bell moths, codling moths and allies – 6,200 spp.
*
Tortricidae
The Tortricidae are a family of moths, commonly known as tortrix moths or leafroller moths, in the order Lepidoptera. This large family has over 11,000 species described, and is the sole member of the superfamily Tortricoidea, although the genu ...
: Head rough-scaled, labial palps with short blunt
apical
Apical means "pertaining to an apex". It may refer to:
*Apical ancestor, refers to the last common ancestor of an entire group, such as a species (biology) or a clan (anthropology)
*Apical (anatomy), an anatomical term of location for features loc ...
segment, basal half of proboscis not scaled; wings held over back in tent-like or flattened position;
forewing
Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwin ...
costa
Costa may refer to:
Biology
* Rib (Latin: ''costa''), in vertebrate anatomy
* Costa (botany), the central strand of a plant leaf or thallus
* Costa (coral), a stony rib, part of the skeleton of a coral
* Costa (entomology), the leading edge of th ...
often quite strongly
convex
Convex or convexity may refer to:
Science and technology
* Convex lens, in optics
Mathematics
* Convex set, containing the whole line segment that joins points
** Convex polygon, a polygon which encloses a convex set of points
** Convex polytope ...
or sinuate in many Tortricinae giving bell-like shape
4. Clothes moths, bagworms and allies – 4,200 spp.
*
Tineoidea
Tineoidea is the ditrysian superfamily of moths that includes clothes moths, Bagworm moth, bagworms and relatives. There are six families usually included within it, Eriocottidae, Arrhenophanidae, Lypusidae, Acrolophidae, Tineidae and Psychidae, ...
: Head often with tufty erect scales; labial palps usually have bristles on middle segment and terminal segment is long; wings usually held over back in tent-like position and head close to surface; tineids often run fast
**
Tineidae
Tineidae is a family of moths in the order Lepidoptera described by Pierre André Latreille in 1810. Collectively, they are known as fungus moths or tineid moths. The family contains considerably more than 3,000 species in more than 300 genera. ...
– clothes moths and fungus moths
**
Eriocottidae
Eriocottidae or Old World spiny-winged moths is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera whose position relative to other members of the superfamily Tineoidea is currently unknown. There are two subfamilies, Compsocteninae and Eriocottinae.
...
– Old World spiny winged moths
**
Acrolophidae
Acrolophinae is a family of moths in the order Lepidoptera. The subfamily comprises the burrowing webworm moths and tube moths and holds about 300 species in five genera, which occur in the wild only in the New World. It is closely related to the ...
– tube moths
**
Arrhenophanidae
Arrhenophanidae is a family of moths in the order Lepidoptera.
Genera
* '' Arrhenophanes''
* '' Cnissostages''
* '' Dysoptus''
* '' Notiophanes''
* '' Palaeophanes''
The genus ''Parameristis'' with the species ''Parameristis eremaea'' is now con ...
– tropical lattice moths
**
Psychidae
The Psychidae (bagworm moths, also simply bagworms or bagmoths) are a family of the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). The bagworm family is fairly small, with about 1,350 species described. Bagworm species are found globally, with some, su ...
– bagworm moths
**
Lypusidae
Lypusidae is an obscure family of moths placed in the superfamily Gelechioidea.
History of classification
The group was traditionally considered monotypic (containing only the genus ''Lypusa'' with two species) and belonging in the primitive mot ...
– European bagworm moths
5, 6. Leaf miner moths – 3,200 spp.
*
Gracillarioidea
Gracillarioidea is a large superfamily containing four families of insects in the order Lepidoptera. These generally small moths are miners in plant tissue as caterpillars. There are about 113 described genera distributed worldwide, the most comm ...
– 2,300 spp.
**
Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, ''Cameraria ...
– blotch leaf miner moths
**
Bucculatricidae
Bucculatricidae or (Bucculatrigidae) is a family of moths. This small family has representatives in all parts of the world. Some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family Lyonetiidae.
Adults of this family are easily overlooked, bein ...
– ribbed cocoon makers
**
Douglasiidae
Douglasiidae is a small Lepidopteran family including around 28 species of micromoth whose adults are collectively called Douglas moths. The largest genus in the family is ''Tinagma''. They are primarily found in the Palearctic (20 spp.) and Near ...
– Douglas moths
**
Roeslerstammiidae
Roeslerstammiidae is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera. The family arose from the taxonomic uncertainty of the genus ''Roeslerstammia'' Zeller, 1839, which was assigned to different families. The genus ''Roeslerstammia'' was removed f ...
– double-eye moths
*
Nepticuloidea
Nepticuloidea is a superfamily of usually very small monotrysian moths that are characterised by small or large eyecaps over the compound eyes.
It comprises two families, the "pigmy moths" (Nepticulidae), with 12 genera which are very diverse wor ...
– 900 spp. - eyecap moths
**
Nepticulidae
Nepticulidae is a family of very small moths with a worldwide distribution. They are characterised by eyecaps over the eyes (see also Opostegidae, Bucculatricidae, Lyonetiidae). These pigmy moths or midget moths, as they are commonly known, inc ...
– pygmy eyecap moths
**
Opostegidae – white eyecap moths
7. Ermine moths, webworm moths, yucca moths and allies – 1,500 spp.
*
Yponomeutoidea
Yponomeutoidea is a superfamily of ermine moths and relatives. There are about 1,800 species of Yponomeutoids worldwide, most of them known to come from temperate regions. This superfamily is one of the earliest groups to evolve external feeding ...
**
Yponomeutidae
: ''Certain members of the unrelated snout moths (Pyralidae) are also known as "ermine moths." Spilosoma lubricipeda is an unrelated moth with the common name "white ermine."''
The family Yponomeutidae are known as the ermine moths, with severa ...
– ermine moths
**
Acrolepiidae
The Acrolepiidae are a family of moths known as false diamondback moths. In modern classifications, they are often treated as a subfamily (Acrolepiinae) of the family Glyphipterigidae.
Caterpillars are typically spotted and 10 to 12 mm in l ...
– false diamond-back moths
**
Ypsolophidae
Ypsolophidae is a family of moths with some 160 species. They are included in the Plutellidae by many authors.
Systematics
This is a list of genera and selected species.
Ypsolophinae
* '' Phrealcia'' Chrétien, 1900
* '' Ypsolopha'' Latreille, ...
**
Plutellidae
The Plutellidae are a family of moths commonly known as the diamondback moths, named after the diamondback moth (''Plutella xylostella'') of European origin. It was once considered to have three subfamilies: Plutellinae, Praydinae, and Scythropi ...
– diamond-back moths and allies
**
Glyphipterigidae
The Glyphipterigidae are a family of small moths commonly known as sedge moths, as the larvae of many species feed on sedge
The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family ...
– sedge moths
**
Heliodinidae
Heliodinidae, commonly known as sun moths, is a family of small moths with slender bodies and narrow wings. Members of this family are found in most parts of the world. Heliodinid moths are brightly coloured day-flying moths. The base of the haus ...
– sun moths
**
Bedelliidae
Bedelliidae is a small family of small, narrow-winged moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are ...
**
Lyonetiidae
Lyonetiidae is a family of moths with some 200 described species. These are small, slender moths, the wingspan rarely exceeding 1 cm. The very narrow forewings, held folded backwards covering the hindwings and abdomen, often have pointed ap ...
– lyonet moths
8, 9. Plume moths – 1,160 spp.
*
Pterophoridae
The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. Though they belong to the Apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblag ...
– plume moths – 1,000 spp.
*
Alucitidae – many-plumed moths – 160 spp.
10. Tropical leaf moths or picture-winged moths – more than 1000 spp.
*
Thyrididae
The Thyrididae comprise the family of picture-winged leaf moths. They are the only family in the superfamily Thyridoidea, which sometimes has been included in the Pyraloidea, but this isn't supported by cladistic analysis.
Most species live in t ...
: Small mainly dayflying moths:
11. Fairy moths, longhorn moths and allies – 600 spp.
*
Adeloidea
Adeloidea is a superfamily of primitive monotrysian moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are th ...
**
Incurvariidae
Incurvariidae is a family of small primitive monotrysian moths in the order Lepidoptera. There are twelve genera recognised (Davis, 1999). Many species are leaf miners and much is known of their host plants, excluding ''Paraclemensia acerifoliell ...
– leaf-cutter moths
**
Adelidae
The Adelidae or fairy longhorn moths are a family of monotrysian moths in the lepidopteran infraorder Heteroneura. The family was first described by Charles Théophile Bruand d'Uzelle in 1851. Most species have at least partially metallic patter ...
– fairy moths
**
Heliozelidae
A family of primitive monotrysian moths in the order Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae are small, metallic day-flying moths with shiny smooth heads. In Europe the small adult moths (genera ''Antispila'' and ''Heliozela'') are seldom noticed as they fly qu ...
– shield-bearer leaf-miners
**
Prodoxidae
The Prodoxidae are a family of moths, generally small in size and nondescript in appearance. They include species of moderate pest status, such as the Lampronia capitella, currant shoot borer, and others of considerable ecological and evolutiona ...
– yucca moths
**
Cecidosidae
Cecidosidae is a family of primitive monotrysian moths in the order Lepidoptera which have a piercing ovipositor used for laying eggs in plant tissue in which they induce galls, or they mine in bark (Davis, 1999; Hoare and Dugdale, 2003). Nine spe ...
– gall moths
12. Metalmark moths – 402 spp.
*
Choreutidae
Choreutidae, or metalmark moths, are a family of insects in the lepidopteran order whose relationships have been long disputed. It was placed previously in the superfamily Yponomeutoidea in family Glyphipterigidae and in superfamily Sesioide ...
13. Mandibulate archaic moths – 180 spp.
*
Micropterigidae
Micropterigoidea is the superfamily of "mandibulate archaic moths", all placed in the single family Micropterigidae, containing currently about twenty living genera. They are considered the most primitive extant lineage of lepidoptera (Kristense ...
14. Sparkling archaic sun moths or spring jewel moths – 24 spp.
*
Eriocraniidae
Eriocraniidae is a family of moths restricted to the Holarctic region, with six extant genera. These small, metallic moths are usually day-flying, emerging fairly early in the northern temperate spring. They have a proboscis with which they drin ...
Superfamilies less likely to be encountered:
15. Tropical fruitworm moths – 318 spp.
*
Copromorphoidea
Copromorphoidea, the "fruitworm moths", is a superfamily of insects
Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exos ...
**
Copromorphidae
Copromorphidae, the "tropical fruitworm moths", is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order. These moths have broad, rounded forewings, and well-camouflaged scale patterns. Unlike Carposinidae the mouthparts include "labial palps" with ...
**
Carposinidae
Carposinidae, the "fruitworm moths", is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera. These moths are narrower winged than Copromorphidae, with less rounded forewing tips. Males often have conspicuous patches of scales on either surface (Dugdale ...
16. Fringe tufted moths – 83 spp.
*
Epermeniidae
Epermeniidae or the fringe-tufted moths is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order with about 14 genera. Previously they have been divided in two subfamilies Epermeniinae and Ochromolopinae (e.g. Common, 1990: 321) but this is no longer ...
17. Blackberry leaf skeletonizer and allies – 8 spp.
*
Schreckensteiniidae
Schreckensteinioidea is a superfamily in the insect order Lepidoptera containing a single family, Schreckensteiniidae, or "bristle-legged moths", because of the stout spines on the hindlegs. The superfamily and family were both described by Thom ...
18. Immid moths – 250 spp.
*
Immidae
Immoidea is a superfamily of pantropical moths containing only the family Immidae comprising ten genera with around 250 species, over half of them in the genus ''Imma''. Many are brightly coloured and diurnal. The position of this group is curr ...
19. False burnet moths – 60 spp.
*
Urodidae
Urodidae or "false burnet moths" is a family of moths in the lepidopteran order. It is the type genus in the superfamily, Urodoidea, with three genera, one of which, ''Wockia'', occurs in Europe.
Taxonomy and systematics
Urodidae were previousl ...
20. Tropical teak moths – 20 spp.
*
Hyblaeidae
Hyblaeidae are the "teak moths", a family of insects in the Lepidopteran order. The two genera with about 18 species make up one of the two families of the Hyblaeoidea superfamily (the other family being the monotypic Prodidactidae), which in th ...
21. Whalley's Malagasy moths – 2 spp.
*
Whalleyanidae
More rarely encountered "primitive" families:
22. Kauri pine moths – 2 spp.
*
Agathiphagidae
''Agathiphaga'' is a genus of moths, known as kauri moths. It is the only living in the family Agathiphagidae. This caddisfly-like lineage of primitive moths was first reported by Lionel Jack Dumbleton in 1952, as a new genus of Micropterigidae ...
22. Southern beech moths or Valdivian archaic moths – 9 spp.
*
Heterobathmiidae
''Heterobathmia'' is a genus of Lepidoptera. It is the only genus in the suborder Heterobathmiina, as well as in the superfamily Heterobathmioidea and in the family Heterobathmiidae. Primitive, day-flying, metallic moths confined to southern So ...
23. Archaic sun moths – 4 spp.
*
Acanthopteroctetidae
Acanthopteroctetidae is a small family of primitive moths with two described genera, ''Acanthopteroctetes'' and '' Catapterix'', and a total of seven described species. They are known as the archaic sun moths.
As of 2002, the Acanthopteroctetida ...
24. Australian archaic sun moths – 6 spp.
*
Lophocoronidae
25. Archaic bell moths – 12 spp.
*
Neopseustidae
Neopseustidae is a small family of day and night-flying "archaic bell moths" in the order Lepidoptera. They are classified into their own superfamily Neopseustoidea and infraorder Neopseustina. Four genera are known. These primitive moths are re ...
26. New Zealand endemic moths – 7 spp.
*
Mnesarchaeidae
27. Gondwanaland moths – 60 spp.
*
Palaephatidae
Palaephatoidea is a superfamily of insects in the order Lepidoptera with a single family, Palaephatidae with seven known genera. These "Gondwanaland moths" exhibit a disjunct distribution occurring mainly in South America (Davis, 1986), with fou ...
28. Trumpet leaf miner moths – 107 spp.
*
Tischeriidae
29. Simaethistid moths – 4 spp.
*
Simaethistidae
30. Galacticoid moths or webworm moths – 17 spp.
*
Galacticidae
Galacticidae is a recently recognised and enigmatic family of insects in the lepidopteran order. These moderate sized moths are 8–17 mm in wingspan and have previously been embedded within several lepidopteran superfamilies (Tineoidea: ...
Larger "micros"
These groups have been formerly included in macros by hobbyists. 'Archaic and primitive
macros' is not a recommended name for these as it may create confusion of their placement in some classification systems.
31. Swift moths and allies – 544 spp.
*
Hepialoidea
The Hepialoidea are the superfamily of "ghost moths" and "swift moths".
Fossils
Fossil Hepialoidea appear to be few. ''Prohepialus'' (possibly Hepialidae) has been described from the about 35-million-year-old Bembridge marls of Isle of Wight. ...
**
Hepialidae
The Hepialidae are a family of insects in the lepidopteran order. Moths of this family are often referred to as swift moths or ghost moths.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Hepialidae constitute by far the most diverse group of the infraorder Exopo ...
– swift moths
**
Anomosetidae
''Anomoses hylecoetes'' is a species of primitive hepialoid moth endemic to Queensland and New South Wales
)
, nickname =
, image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinate ...
– Australian primitive ghost moths
**
Prototheoridae
''Prototheora'' is a genus of moths. It is the only genus of the Prototheoridae, or the African primitive ghost moths, a family of insects in the lepidopteran order, contained in the superfamily Hepialoidea. These moths are endemic to Southern Af ...
– African primitive ghost moths
**
Neotheoridae
Neotheoridae, or Amazonian primitive ghost moths, is a primitive family of insects in the lepidopteran order containing a single genus and species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an orga ...
– Amazonian primitive ghost moths
**
Palaeosetidae
The Palaeosetidae or miniature ghost moths are a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera contained within the superfamily Hepialoidea.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Palaeosetidae are a primitive family of Hepialoidea with four currently reco ...
– miniature ghost moths
Unassigned to superfamily:
32. Meyrick's mystic moth – 1 sp.
*
Prodidactidae
Large
monotrysia
The Monotrysia are a group of moths in the lepidopteran order, not currently considered to be a natural group or clade. Apart from the recently discovered family Andesianidae, most of the group consists of small, relatively understudied species ...
n micros:
33. Andean endemic moths – 3 spp.
*
Andesianidae
Large
ditrysia
The Ditrysia are a natural group or clade of insects in the lepidopteran order containing both butterflies and moths. They are so named because the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for mating, and the other for laying eggs (in contra ...
n micros (formerly 'primitive macros'):
34. Burnet moths, slug moths, hag moths, glass moths and allies – 2,600 spp.
*
Zygaenoidea
The Zygaenoidea comprise the superfamily of moths that includes burnet moths, forester moths, and relatives.
The families are:
* Aididae
* Anomoeotidae
* Cyclotornidae
* Dalceridae
* Epipyropidae
* Heterogynidae
* Himantopteridae
* L ...
**
Zygaenidae
The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. Some of the 1000 or so species are commonly known as burnet or forester moths, ofte ...
– burnet and forester moths
**
Limacodidae
The Limacodidae or Eucleidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Zygaenoidea or the Cossoidea;Scoble, M.J. (1992). ''The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity.'' Oxford University Press. the placement is in dispute. They are often ca ...
– slug moths or saddleback caterpillar moths
**
Megalopygidae
The flannel moths or crinkled flannel moths (scientific name Megalopygidae) are a family of insects. They occur in North America (11 species) and the New World tropics.
Distribution and habitat
The moth occurs in North America and the New World ...
– flannel moths
**
Epipyropidae
The Epipyropidae comprise a small family of moths. This family and the closely related Cyclotornidae are unique among the Lepidoptera in that the larvae are ectoparasites, the hosts typically being fulgoroid planthoppers, thus the common name ...
– planthopper parasite moths
**
Heterogynidae
The Heterogynidae are a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidopte ...
– Mediterranean burnet moths
**
Himantopteridae
The Himantopteridae are a family of moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be appro ...
– long-tailed burnet moths
**
Anomoeotidae
The Anomoeotidae are a family of moths in the order Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera ...
**
Cyclotornidae – Australian parasite moths
**
Somabrachyidae
The Somabrachyidae are a family of moths in the order Lepidoptera.Geertsema, H. (2000). Studies on African zygaenoid moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea): ''Parapsycharium'' n. gen. (Somabrachyidae) from the Western Cape province, South Africa. ''Afri ...
– African flannel moths
**
Dalceridae
The Dalceridae are a small family of zygaenoid moths with some 80 known species encompassing about one dozen genera mostly found in the Neotropical region with a few reaching the far south of the Nearctic region.
These are generally small or m ...
– glass moths
**
Lacturidae
The Lacturidae comprise a family of moths in the superfamily Zygaenoidea. Brightly coloured tropical moths, the Lacturidae have been previously placed in the Plutellidae, Yponomeutidae
: ''Certain members of the unrelated snout moths (Pyralidae ...
– Australian burnet moths
**
Aididae
The Aididae are a family of moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximatel ...
35. Clearwing moths, castniid moths, little bear moths and allies – 1,300 spp.
*
Sesioidea
Sesioidea is the superfamily currently containing clearwing moths (Sesiidae
The Sesiidae or clearwing moths are a diurnal moth family in the order Lepidoptera known for their Batesian mimicry in both appearance and behaviour of various Hyme ...
**
Sesiidae
The Sesiidae or clearwing moths are a diurnal moth family in the order Lepidoptera known for their Batesian mimicry in both appearance and behaviour of various Hymenoptera.
The family consists of 165 genera spread over two subfamilies, contai ...
– clearwing moths
**
Castniidae
Castniidae, or castniid moths, is a small family of moths with fewer than 200 species: The majority are Neotropical with some in Australia and a few in south-east Asia. These are medium-sized to very large moths, usually with drab, cryptically-ma ...
– castniid moths
**
Brachodidae
Brachodidae is a family of day-flying moths, commonly known as little bear moths, which contains about 135 species distributed around much of the world (Edwards et al. 1999). The relationships and status of the presently included genera are not w ...
– little bear moths
36, 37. Goat or carpenter moths and allies – 676 spp.
*
Cossoidea
Cossoidea is the superfamily of moths that includes carpenter moths and relatives. Like their likely sister group Sesioidea they are internal feeders and have spiny pupae with moveable segments to allow them to extrude out of their exit holes in ...
**
Cossidae
The Cossidae, the cossid millers or carpenter millers, make up a family (biology), family of mostly large Miller (moth), miller moths. This family contains over 110 genera with almost 700 known species, and many more species await description. ...
– goat moths, leopard moths or carpenterworm moths
**
Dudgeoneidae – Dudgeon carpenterworm moths
Sources
* Robinson, G.S., Tuck, K.R., Shaffer, M. and Cook, K. (1994). ''The smaller moths of South-East Asia''. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
Common Name Index
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1178801
Moth taxonomy
Polyphyletic groups