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Lubawka (german: Liebau) is a town in Poland, in
Lower Silesia Voivodship Lower Silesian Voivodeship, or Lower Silesia Province, in southwestern Poland, is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided. The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Wrocław, Legnica, Wałbrzy ...
, in
Kamienna Góra County __NOTOC__ Kamienna Góra County ( pl, powiat kamiennogórski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Pol ...
. It is the administrative seat of Gmina Lubawka. It lies in the Sudetes near to the border with the Czech Republic on the way across the
Lubawka pass Lubawka (german: Liebau) is a town in Poland, in Lower Silesia Voivodship, in Kamienna Góra County. It is the administrative seat of Gmina Lubawka. It lies in the Sudetes near to the border with the Czech Republic on the way across the Lubawk ...
(516m) between the
Karkonosze The Giant Mountains, Krkonoše or Karkonosze (Czech: , Polish: , german: Riesengebirge) are a mountain range located in the north of the Czech Republic and the south-west of Poland, part of the Sudetes mountain system (part of the Bohemian Mas ...
and Krucze Mountains ( cz, Vraní hory). Two small rivers, the Bóbr and Czarnuszka, run through the town, which has 6,028 inhabitants (2019).


History

In the 13th century a Polish defensive stronghold on the border with the
Czech Kingdom The Kingdom of Bohemia ( cs, České království),; la, link=no, Regnum Bohemiae sometimes in English literature referred to as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, the predecessor of the modern Czec ...
was located in present-day Lubawka. The first written reference to Lubawka is from 1284 when it was written down as ''Lubavia'',. The name is of Polish origin, and it comes from the word ''lubić'', which means "to like", or from the word ''łub'', which means "
bark Bark may refer to: * Bark (botany), an outer layer of a woody plant such as a tree or stick * Bark (sound), a vocalization of some animals (which is commonly the dog) Places * Bark, Germany * Bark, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland Arts, ...
". In 1292 Duke Bolko I the Strict granted Lubawka, which at that time already enjoyed town rights, to the
Cistercian The Cistercians, () officially the Order of Cistercians ( la, (Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint ...
monastery in Krzeszów, to which it belonged until 1810. The town remained part of the Polish Duchy of Świdnica until 1392, when it passed to the
Bohemian Crown The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were a number of incorporated states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods connected by feudal relations under the Bohemian kings. The crown lands primarily consisted of the Kingdom of Bo ...
. The town was destroyed twice during the
Hussite Wars The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution, were a series of civil wars fought between the Hussites and the combined Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, European monarchs loyal to the Cat ...
in 1425 and 1431. From 1526 with the Bohemian Crown it was part of the Habsburg Empire. Another great war disaster hit Lubawka when the
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
army during the Thirty Years' War devastated the city which was abandoned by its inhabitants for more than six months. The city developed rapidly in the 18th century, particularly due to growth in the textile industry there and in surrounding villages. Unfortunately, several great fires damaged the city in those times. The largest one in 1734 destroyed the town hall, school, church, vicarage and almost all buildings. In 1810 when the Cistercian monastery in Krzeszów (then ''Grüssau'') was abolished, Lubawka (then under the Germanized name ''Liebau'') in conjunction with nearby Chełmsko Śląskie began to develop on their own. The railway, a great incentive to faster development, arrived in Liebau from Sędzisław in 1867. Several years later it was extended to Královec and connected with Žacléř and Trutnov in the nearby Czech Kingdom. In those times coal mining reached prosperity. From 1871 to 1945 the town was part of Germany. At the end of 19th century Lubawka and the surrounding villages became very well known as a destination for tourism. The German Olympic team used a facility built near Lubawka to prepare for the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936. In Nazi Germany the facility was used by Hitler-Jugend as a training and recreation center. In 1944, a branch of the German
Gross-Rosen concentration camp , known for = , location = , built by = , operated by = , commandant = , original use = , construction = , in operation = Summer of 1940 – 14 February 1945 , gas cham ...
was established in the city to house 500 Jewish women sent from
Auschwitz Auschwitz concentration camp ( (); also or ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It con ...
. On May 7, 1945, the town was occupied by the Soviet Red Army. In accordance to the
Potsdam Agreement The Potsdam Agreement (german: Potsdamer Abkommen) was the agreement between three of the Allies of World War II: the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union on 1 August 1945. A product of the Potsdam Conference, it concerned th ...
the town's German population was in totality expelled and the area was re-settled by
Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Ce ...
, transferred from the former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, as well as from the war-devastated area of the city of
Nowy Sącz Nowy Sącz (; hu, Újszandec; yi, Tzanz, צאַנז; sk, Nový Sonč; german: Neu-Sandez) is a city in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship of southern Poland. It is the district capital of Nowy Sącz County as a separate administrative unit. It has ...
in present southeastern Poland. The city was renamed as ''Lubawka'', referring to its original Polish name. Lubawka became once again a Polish border town located on the Polish-Czech border.


Places of interest

*Market Square (''Rynek'') filled with colourful historic townhouses *Town Hall (''Ratusz'') from 18th century * ("Raven Rock"), with a ski jumping hill * Dolina Miłości ("Valley of Love") *Medieval Church of St. Mary *17th-century Church of St. Anne *Lubawka Calvary ('' pl, Kalwaria Lubawska'') *
Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
Saint Christopher's Church in the Ulanowice district


Pop music references

The town is mentioned in the version of the 1964 song '' Universal Soldier'' by Buffy Sainte-Marie released in 1965 by Scottish singer
Donovan Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946), known mononymously as Donovan, is a Scottish musician, songwriter, and record producer. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelic rock and world mus ...
; the original used
Dachau , , commandant = List of commandants , known for = , location = Upper Bavaria, Southern Germany , built by = Germany , operated by = ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) , original use = Political prison , construction ...
.http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=530835
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Notable people

* Wolfgang Liebeneiner (1905–1987), actor * Otto Mueller (1874–1930), painter and lithographer *
Johann-Georg Richert __NOTOC__ Johann-Georg Richert (14 April 1890 – 30 January 1946) was a German general during World War II. He commanded the 286th Security Division whose personnel committed numerous war crimes in occupied Belarus, in the Army Group Center R ...
(1890–1946), Wehrmacht general * Edgar Röhricht (1892–1967), Wehrmacht general *
Ryszard Zbrzyzny Ryszard Zbrzyzny (born 4 May 1955 in Lubawka) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 9644 votes in 1 Legnica district as a candidate from Democratic Left Alliance The Democratic Left Alliance () was a ...
(*1955)


Twin towns – sister cities

See twin towns of Gmina Lubawka.


References


External links


Official town website
{{Authority control Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship Kamienna Góra County Cities in Silesia Holocaust locations in Poland