pusher aircraft In an aircraft with a pusher configuration (as opposed to a tractor configuration), the propeller(s) are mounted behind their respective engine(s). Since a pusher propeller is mounted behind the engine, the drive shaft is in compression in nor ...

is a type of aircraft using propellers placed behind the engines.
Pushers may be classified according to lifting surfaces layout (conventional or 3 surface, canard, joined wing, tailless and rotorcraft) as well as engine/propeller location and drive. For historical interest, pusher aircraft are also classified by date.
Some aircraft have a

Push-pull configuration An aircraft constructed with a push-pull configuration has a combination of forward-mounted tractor (pull) propellers, and backward-mounted ( pusher) propellers. Historical The earliest known examples of "push-pull" engined-layout aircraft incl ...

with both tractor and pusher engines. The list includes these even if the pusher engine is just added to a conventional layout (engines inside the wings or above the wing for example).

Conventional and three surface layouts

The conventional layout of an aircraft has wings ahead of the

empennage The empennage ( or ), also known as the tail or tail assembly, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third ed ...

Direct drive

Propeller ahead of tail

=Between frames (''Farman layout'')

Curtiss Model E (1911) Curtiss Model F (1912) Vickers FB.5 (1915) Royal Aircraft Factory FE2b profile

FBA Type H (1916) Voisin VIII (1916) Macchi M.5 (1917) Bereiev MBR-2 (1935) Dornier Do 18 D-ANHR in flight 1938

Kyushu J7W Shinden (1945) Republic SeaBee

Fokker F.25 (1946) Alaparma Baldo (1949) SMFN333Rivera

Piaggio P166 Albatross ZU-NJZ (Ex SAAF 898) (2) (6925889329)

Raab Krähe IV Powered Glider D-KORL RFrontSide DMFO 10June2013 (14563794606)

PZL M-17 (1977) SbY0U

Sadler Vampire (1982) Beechcraft Starship fly-by

Spectrum SA-550 (1983) Dornier Seastar D-ICKS

RTAF-5 (1984) Prescott Pusher (1985) Miller-Bohannan JM-2 Special 1989 Seabird SB7L-360A Seeker 2 Bundaberg Vabre

Embraer-FMA CBA-123 Vector (IA-70 Parana) (PT-ZVE)

Creative Flight Aerocat (2001) Aeroprakt A-36 (2011) AHRLAC Take-off

Voisin-Farman I The 1907 Voisin biplane (designated the Voisin II by the 1913 edition of ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft''), was the first successful powered aircraft designed by aeronautical engineer and manufacturer Gabriel Voisin. It was used by the F ...

1907, 60 built *

AEA June Bug The ''June Bug'' (or ''Aerodrome #3'') was an American "pioneer era" aircraft designed and flown by Glenn H. Curtiss and built by the Aerial Experiment Association (A.E.A) in 1908. The ''June Bug'' is famous for winning the first aeronautical ...

1908 experimental, 1 built * Cody British Army Aeroplane No 1 1908, 1 built *

AEA Silver Dart The ''Silver Dart'' (or ''Aerodrome #4'') was a derivative of an early aircraft built by a Canadian/U.S. team, which after many successful flights in Hammondsport, New York, earlier in 1908, was dismantled and shipped to Baddeck, Nova Scotia. ...

1909, first flight in Canada, 1 built *

Curtiss No. 1 The Curtiss No. 1 also known as the Curtiss Gold Bug or Curtiss Golden Flyer was a 1900s American early experimental aircraft, the first independent aircraft designed and built by Glenn Curtiss. Development After his success with designing airc ...

1909 Golden Flyer biplane, 1 built *

Curtiss No. 2 Curtiss at the controls of the Reims Racer The Curtiss No. 2, often known as the Reims Racer, was a racing aircraft built in the United States by Glenn Curtiss in 1909 to contest the Gordon Bennett Cup air race in Reims, France that year. Desi ...

1909 Reims racer biplane, 1 built *

Cody Michelin Cup Biplane The Cody Michelin Cup Biplane was an experimental aircraft designed and built in Britain during 1910 by Samuel Franklin Cody, a prominent showman and aviation pioneer. Cody had worked with the British Army on experiments with man-lifting kites ...

1910, 1 built *

Bristol Boxkite The Boxkite (officially the Bristol Biplane) was the first aircraft produced by the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company (later known as the Bristol Aeroplane Company). A pusher biplane based on the successful Farman III, it was one of the ...

1910 trainer, 78 built *

Howard Wright 1910 Biplane The Howard Wright 1910 Biplane was an early British aircraft built by Howard T. Wright to a design by W.O. Manning. One was used by Thomas Sopwith for his early record-breaking flights. Another made the first powered flight in New Zealand. De ...

1910, 7 built *

Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.1 The Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.1 was designed and built in 1910 by the pioneer designer Geoffrey de Havilland. He used it to teach himself to fly during late 1910. After De Havilland was appointed assistant designer and test pilot at the Army B ...

1910 biplane, 1 built *

Wright Model B The Wright Model B was an early pusher biplane designed by the Wright brothers in the United States in 1910. It was the first of their designs to be built in quantity. Unlike the Model A, it featured a true elevator carried at the tail rat ...

1910 biplane 2 seater, about 100 built *

Cody Circuit of Britain biplane The Cody Circuit of Britain biplane, also known as the Cody III, was the third powered aircraft built by Samuel Franklin Cody. It was flown by him in various competitions during 1911, including the Daily Mail Circuit of Britain competition in ...

1911, 1 built *

Curtiss Model D The 1911 Curtiss Model D (or frequently "Curtiss Pusher") was an early United States pusher aircraft with the engine and propeller behind the pilot's seat. It was among the first aircraft in the world to be built in any quantity, during an era ...

1911 biplane, 1 seat *

Curtiss Model E The Curtiss Model E was an early aircraft developed by Glenn Curtiss in the United States in 1911. Design Essentially a refined and enlarged version of the later "headless" Model D, variants of the Model E made important steps in pioneering ...

1911 biplane floatplane, 17+ built *

Baldwin Red Devil The Baldwin Red Devil was a series of early pusher configuration aircraft employing steel tube construction. The aircraft were designed by Thomas Scott Baldwin. Development After building several aircraft, Baldwin had C. and A. Wittemann of S ...

1911 aerobatic biplane, 6 built *

Farman MF.7 The Maurice Farman MF.7 ''Longhorn'' is a French biplane developed before World War I which was used for reconnaissance by both the French and British air services in the early stages of the war before being relegated to service as a trainer. D ...

1911 biplane, unk no. built * Cody V biplane 1912, 2 built * Cody VI biplane/floatplane 1913, 1 built *

Short S.38 The Short S.38 was an early British aircraft built by Short Brothers. Design and development The Short S.38 was originally a Short S.27 with the manufacturer's number S.38. After an accident when hoisting this aircraft aboard the remains were r ...

1912, 48 built *

Farman HF.20 The Farman HF.20 and its derivatives were a family of reconnaissance aircraft produced in France shortly before and during the First World War. It was a refined version of the Farman MF.11 "Shorthorn" that did away with the type's distinctive ...

1913 military biplane, unk no. built *

Farman MF.11 The Maurice Farman MF.11 ''Shorthorn'' is a French aircraft developed before World War I by the Farman Aviation Works. It was used as a reconnaissance and light bomber during the early part of World War I, later being relegated to training duti ...

1913 biplane, unk no. built *

Grahame-White Type X Charabanc __NOTOC__ The Grahame-White Type X Charabanc or Aerobus was a 1910s British passenger-carrying biplane designed and built by the Grahame-White Aviation Company based at Hendon Aerodrome, North London. Development The Charabanc was built by the ...

1913 transport, 1 built * Short S.80 Nile Pusher Biplane Seaplane 1913, 1 built *

Grahame-White Type XV The Grahame White Type XV was a military trainer biplane produced in the United Kingdom before and during World War I. It is often referred to as the Box-kite, although this name more properly describes the Grahame-White Type XII, an earlier a ...

1913 trainer, 135 built *

Sopwith Bat Boat The Sopwith Bat Boats were British flying boats designed and built from 1912 to 1914. A single-engined pusher biplane, the Bat Boat was the first successful flying boat and amphibious aircraft built in the United Kingdom, with examples used by ...

1913, 6 built

=Between frames or booms (1915 and later)

= *

Breguet Bre.4 Breguet or Bréguet may refer to: * Breguet (watch), watch manufacturer **Abraham-Louis Breguet (1747–1823), Swiss watchmaker **Louis-François-Clement Breguet (1804–1883), French physicist, watchmaker, electrical and telegraph work * Bréguet ...

1914 2 seat military biplane, about 100 built *

Grahame-White Type XI __NOTOC__ The Grahame-White Type XI (also known as the "Naval and Military Biplane") was an early aircraft built in the United Kingdom and marketed as being particularly well-suited to military applications. It was a two-bay biplane of pod-and-b ...

1914 reconnaissance biplane, 1 built *

Short S.81 __NOTOC__ The Short S.81 was an experimental British gun-carrying pusher biplane seaplane, ordered from Short Brothers by the British Admiralty in 1913 for use by the Royal Naval Air Service. The seaplane, manufacturers serial number S.81, w ...

1914, 1 built *

Sopwith Gunbus The Sopwith Gunbus was a British fighter aircraft of the First World War. It was a single-engined Pusher configuration, pusher biplane based on a floatplane built by Sopwith Aviation Company, Sopwith before the war for Greece. Small numbers w ...

1914, 35 built (including floatplanes) *

Vickers F.B.5 The Vickers F.B.5 (Fighting Biplane 5) (known as the "Gunbus") was a British two-seat pusher military biplane of the First World War. Armed with a single .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun operated by the observer in the front of the ...

1914, 224 built *

Voisin III The Voisin III was a French World War I two-seat pusher biplane multi-purpose aircraft developed by Voisin in 1914 as a more powerful version of the 1912 Voisin I. It is notable for being the aircraft used for the first successful shooting down ...

1914 bomber, about 3200 built *

Wight Pusher Seaplane The Wight Pusher Seaplane, or Navyplane, was a British twin-float patrol seaplane produced by John Samuel White & Company Limited (Wight Aircraft). Design and development Designed by Howard T Wright, the Pusher Seaplane was an enlarged versio ...

1914, 11 built * Breguet Bre.5 1915 2 seat military biplane, unk no. built *

AD Scout The AD Scout (also known as the Sparrow) was designed by Harris Booth of the British Admiralty's Air Department as a fighter aircraft to defend Britain from Zeppelin bombers during World War I. Design and development The Scout was a very unco ...

1915 interceptor, 4 built *

AGO C.II The AGO C.II was a German reconnaissance biplane of World War I. It was essentially a slightly redesigned version of the manufacturer's C.I design with a more powerful engine and 3-bay wings. Two examples were equipped with floats (designation ...

1915 reconnaissance biplane, 15 built *

Airco DH.1 The Airco DH.1 was an early military biplane of typical "Farman" pattern flown by Britain's Royal Flying Corps during World War I. By the time the powerplant for which it was designed was sufficiently plentiful it was obsolete as an operationa ...

1915 biplane, 2 seat, 100 built, *

Airco DH.2 The Airco DH.2 was a single-seat pusher biplane fighter aircraft which operated during the First World War. It was the second pusher design by aeronautical engineer Geoffrey de Havilland for Airco, based on his earlier DH.1 two-seater. The d ...

1915 biplane fighter, 453 built * Avro 508 1915, 1 built *

Farman F.30 The Farman F.30A C2 was a two-seat biplane designed as a fighter in France in 1916 and powered by a single, water-cooled radial engine. It showed poor flight characteristics and only one was built, though it was modified twice. It should not b ...

1915 military biplane, unk no. built *

Farman F.40 The Farman F.40 was a French pusher biplane reconnaissance aircraft. Development Developed from a mix of the Maurice Farman designed MF.11 and the Henry Farman designed HF.22, the F.40 (popularly dubbed the Horace Farman) had an overall s ...

1915 military biplane, unk no. built *

Otto C.I The Otto C.I, also known as the Otto KD.15, was a German two-seat biplane reconnaissance and bomber aircraft of the First World War designed and produced by Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik. The C.I was a rare example of an aircraft flown by the Central Po ...

1915 reconnaissance biplane, unk no. built *

Pemberton-Billing P.B.25 The Pemberton-Billing P.B.25 was a First World War British single-seat scout aircraft built by Pemberton-Billing Limited, later Supermarine Aviation Works Limited. Design and development The P.B.23 was designed in 1915 as a single-seat bipl ...

1915 scout, 20 built *

Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 Between 1911 and 1914, the Royal Aircraft Factory used the F.E.2 (Farman Experimental 2) designation for three quite different aircraft that shared only a common "Farman" pusher biplane layout. The third "F.E.2" type was operated as a day and n ...

1915 military biplane, 1939 built *

Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8 The Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8 was a British single-seat fighter of the First World War designed at the Royal Aircraft Factory. It could not escape the drag penalty imposed by its tail structure and was no match for the Albatros fighters of ...

1915 biplane fighter, 295 built *

Voisin IV The Voisin IV was a French two-seat bomber and ground attack aircraft of World War I. Design The Voisin IV was a biplane with a single engine in a pusher configuration, developed by Voisin in 1915 with staggered wings. It differed from earlier V ...

Voisin V The Voisin V was a French pusher-type bomber aircraft of World War I. Development history The Voisin III had proved a successful bomber, but its payload was limited by the Salmson M9 engine, which produced only 120-hp. With an already identif ...

1915 bomber, about 350 built * Breguet Bre.12 1916 2 seat military biplane, unk no. built *

Friedrichshafen FF.34 The Friedrichshafen FF.34 was a German biplane floatplane of the 1910s produced by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen. Development and design The FF.34 was similar to the earlier FF.31 as it was a pusher configuration twin-boom floatplane. It had a ce ...

1916 patrol seaplane, 1 built *

Häfeli DH-1 The Häfeli DH-1 was a 1910s Swiss two-seat reconnaissance aircraft, built by the aircraft department of the Federal Construction Works (''Eidgenoessische Konstruktionswerkstaette'', K+W) at Thun, Switzerland. Development and design In 1915 K + ...

1916 reconnaissance biplane, 6 built *

Vickers F.B.12 The Vickers F.B.12 was a biplane pusher fighter aircraft developed during World War I by Vickers Limited. The failure of the engine for which it was designed, and the obsolescence of the pusher configuration, resulted in its remaining an expe ...

1916 fighter, about 22 built *

Voisin VII The Voisin VII was a French reconnaissance pusher biplane aircraft of World War I. Design The Voisin VII was a biplane with a single engine in a pusher configuration, developed by Voisin in 1916 as an enlarged Voisin V with the engine cooling ...

1916 reconnaissance biplane, about 100 built *

Voisin VIII The Voisin VIII was a French two-seat biplane pusher configuration, pusher which was built in two versions, one fitted with a 37mm Hotchkiss cannon (the LBP or Ca.2), and the other as a conventional bomber (the LAP or Bn.2).Davilla, p.559 Probl ...

1916 bomber, about 1,100 built * Blackburn Triplane 1917 fighter, 1 built *

Curtiss Autoplane The Curtiss Autoplane, invented by Glenn Curtiss in 1917, is widely considered the first attempt to build a roadable aircraft. Although the vehicle was capable of lifting off the ground, it never achieved full flight. Development and design The ...

1917 (hops only) roadable aircraft, 1 built * Port Victoria P.V.4 1917 floatplane, 1 built. *

Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.9 The Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.9 was a prototype United Kingdom, British two-seat fighter-reconnaissance aircraft of the First World War. A single-engined pusher configuration, pusher biplane of 1917, the F.E.9 had poor performance and handling, ...

1917 2 seat fighter, 3 built *

Royal Aircraft Factory N.E.1 The Royal Aircraft Factory N.E.1 was a prototype British Night fighter of the First World War. A single-engined pusher biplane, it was a development of the Royal Aircraft Factory's earlier F.E.9 fighter, but was not successful, only six being ...

1917 night fighter, 6 built *

Savoia-Pomilio SP.3 The Savoia-Pomilio SP.3 was a reconnaissance and bomber aircraft built in Italy during the First World War.Taylor 1989, p.793 Development The SP.3 was a further development of the family of designs that had started with the SP.1. Ultimately al ...

1917 reconnaissance biplane about 350 built * Vickers F.B.26 Vampire 1917, 4 built *

Voisin IX The Voisin VIII was a French two-seat biplane pusher which was built in two versions, one fitted with a 37mm Hotchkiss cannon (the LBP or Ca.2), and the other as a conventional bomber (the LAP or Bn.2).Davilla, p.559 Problems with the Peugeot ...

1917 reconnaissance biplane, 1 built * Voisin X 1917 bomber, about 900 built *

Vickers VIM The VIM or Vickers Instructional Machine was a trainer biplane aircraft built for the Republic of China by Vickers from war-surplus stocks of Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2d parts, powered by a surplus Rolls-Royce Eagle engine, but fitted with ...

1920, 35 built

=Between booms

= * Henderson H.S.F.1 1929 transport, 1 built *

Hanriot H.110 The Hanriot H.110 was an unusual pusher configuration, twin boom, single seat fighter aircraft built in France in the early 1930s. It proved to be slower and less manoeuvrable than its contemporaries and failed to reach production, even as the Ha ...

1933 fighter, 1 built *

Stearman-Hammond Y-1 The Stearman-Hammond Y-1 was a 1930s American utility monoplane built by the Stearman-Hammond Aircraft Corporation and evaluated by the United States Navy and the British Royal Air Force. Development In the early 1930s Dean Hammond designed the ...

1934 safety airplane about 20 built *

de Schelde Scheldemusch The de Schelde Scheldemusch was a single-seat pusher biplane designed in the Netherlands to be easy and safe to fly. It was one of the first light aircraft to use a tricycle undercarriage. Despite a sales campaign in the UK, only six were built, ...

1935 1 seat biplane trainer, 6 built * ITS-8 1936 motorglider monoplane, 2 built * SCAL FB.30 Avion Bassou 1936 2 seat light aircraft, 2 built *

Abrams P-1 Explorer The Abrams P-1 Explorer was an American purpose-designed aerial photography and survey aircraft that first flew in November 1937. Design and development The Explorer was designed by aerial survey pioneer Talbert Abrams, to meet his needs for a ...

1937, 1 built *

SAIMAN LB.2 The SAIMAN LB.2 was an unconventional Italian two seat cabin side by side sport aircraft designed around 1937, with a single pusher configuration engine, twin tail booms and an early tricycle undercarriage. Design and development As well as it ...

1937 2 seat monoplane, 1 built *Alliet-Larivière Allar 4, 1938 experimental 2 seat, 1 built * General Aircraft GAL.33 Cagnet 1939 trainer, 1 built *

WNF Wn 16 The WNF Wn 16 was an Austrian experimental aircraft built near the start of World War II to test the properties of the then-new tricycle undercarriage arrangement. Design The WNF Wn 16, originally built as the Meindl-van Nes A.XV (aka Meindl ...

1939, Austrian experimental aircraft *

General Aircraft GAL.47 The General Aircraft GAL.47 was a 1940s British single-engined twin-boom Air Observation Post aircraft, built by General Aircraft Limited at London Air Park, Hanworth. Design and development The GAL.47 was a private-venture design of an air o ...

1940 observation, 1 built * de Schelde S.21 1940 fighter mockup (unflow

* Fane F.1/40 1941 observation monoplane, 1 built * Saab 21 1943 fighter, 298 built *

Vultee XP-54 The Vultee XP-54 ''Swoose Goose'' was a prototype fighter built by the Vultee Aircraft Company for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Design and development Vultee submitted a proposal in response to a U.S. Army Air Corps request for ...

1943 fighter, 2 built * Skoda-Kauba V6 1944 1 seat, 1 built 1945 and later *

Convair 106 Skycoach The Convair Model 106 Skycoach was an experimental four-seat light aircraft, designed and built by the Stinson Division of Convair at the end of World War II. Design and development The Model 106 was a four-seat cabin aircraft with a pusher en ...

1946 4 seater, one built * Fokker F.25 1946 4 seater, 20 built *

SECAN Courlis The SECAN SUC-10 Courlis (en: Curlew) was a French high-wing touring monoplane designed and built by Société d'Etudes et de Construction Aéronavales (SECAN), a branch of the automobile company Société des Usines Chaussons. The aircraft had ...

1946 transport, unk no. built *

Anderson Greenwood AG-14 The Anderson Greenwood AG-14 is a two-seat utility aircraft developed in the United States shortly after World War II. It is an all-metal, shoulder-wing monoplane of pod-and-boom configuration, equipped with a pusher propeller, side-by-side seat ...

1947 2 seat experimental, 6 built * Heston JC.6/AOP 1947 2 seat reconnaissance, 2 built *

Alaparma Baldo The Alaparma Baldo was an unusual two-seat light monoplane produced in Italy shortly after World War II. Designed by Adriano Mantelli, it featured an egg-shaped fuselage with cabin doors that hinged upwards and to the back. The Empennage, conventi ...

1949 1 seat, about 35 built *

SNCASO SO.8000 Narval The SNCASO SO.8000 Narval ( en, Narwhal) was a French carrier-based strike fighter designed by Sud-Ouest in the late 1940s. The French Navy (Marine nationale) ordered two prototypes in 1946 and they made their maiden flights three years later. ...

1949 naval fighter, 2 built *

1950 2 seats, 6 built * SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera 1952 amphibie 4 seater, 29 built *

Potez 75 The Potez 75 was a low-cost, simple, ground-support, observation and launch aircraft for anti-tank missiles, designed and built in the early 1950s, for use in colonial conflicts. One hundred and fifteen were ordered in 1956, but cancelled in 1957 ...

1953 reconnaissance, 1 built * SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera 1962 4 seat amphibian, 29 built * Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-26 Moseppl 1970 1 seat powered sailplane, unk no. built *

Cessna XMC The Cessna XMC was a prototype technology demonstrator designed to show advanced aerodynamics and materials. The marketing name of XMC stood for "Experimental Magic Carpet" with the single test aircraft designated Cessna 1014 and later 1034 in ...

1971 research aircraft, 1 built * Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-28 Avispa 1972 2 seat transport, 1 built * Kortenbach & Rauh Kora 1973 Motor glider, 2 built * Lartin Skylark 1973 Utility Prototype *

PZL M-17 The PZL M-17 "Duduś Kudłacz" (initially EM-5A) was a Polish twin-boom pusher general aviation and trainer aircraft of 1977, which remained a prototype. Design and development The aircraft was an amateur design of a team of students of Warsaw Un ...

1973 Trainer Prototype *

Edgley Optica The Edgley EA-7 Optica is a British light aircraft designed for low-speed observation work, and intended as a low-cost alternative to helicopters. The Optica has a loiter speed of 130 km/h (70 kn; 81 mph) and a stall speed of 108 ...

1979 ducted fan observation aircraft 21 built 1980 and later *

ADI Condor The ADI Condor was a motor glider of unusual configuration built in the United States in 1981. While most motor gliders follow traditional sailplane layout, the Condor was of twin-boom configuration, with twin, inwardly canted tail fins joined at ...

1981 2 seat motorglider, unk no. built * Acapella 200 1982 homebuilt, 1 built *

Applebay Zia The Applebay Zia is an American, single-seat, high-wing, twin-boom, pusher configuration motor glider that was designed by George Applebay for the 1982 Sailplane Homebuilders Association Homebuilt Sailplane Design Contest. The aircraft was int ...

1982 1 seat ultralight motorglider, 4 built *

Sadler Vampire The Sadler SV-1 Vampire is a single-seat ultralight sport aircraft developed in the United States in the early 1980s.''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1985–86'', p.677 It is uncharacteristic of ultralight designs in both its layout and its co ...

1982 Ultralight *

Spectrum SA-550 The Basler Turbo 37/Spectrum SA-550 is a twin-boom single engined aircraft converted from a Reims/Cessna FTB337G Skymaster by Basler Turbo Conversions and Spectrum Aircraft Corporation. The aircraft first flew on 1 February 1983. Design and de ...

1983 Utility prototype, 2 built *

RTAF-5 The RTAF-5 was a Thai training and forward air control aircraft developed and built by the Science and Weapon Systems Development Centre of the Royal Thai Air Force in the 1980s. It was a twin-boom configuration aircraft powered by a single push ...

1984 Trainer prototype * Aero Dynamics Sparrow Hawk Mk.II 1984 Experimental 2 seater *

NPO Molniya NPO Molniya (''lightning'') (russian: Научно-производственное объединение «Молния») is a Russian scientific and production enterprise, founded on February 26, 1976. Currently part of Rostec. Space system ...

1993 transport 6 seater, 2 built *

Yakovlev Yak-58 The Yakovlev Yak-58 is a small, multi-role utility transport and business aircraft. The aircraft features a pusher engine and twin boom tail. It saw limited production in the late 1990s. Design and development Following the collapse of the Soviet ...

1993 Utility, 7 built * HFL Stratos 300 1996 1 seat ultralight motorglider *NPP Aerorik Dingo 1997 multi-role amphibian (air cushion), 6 built *Toucan PJ-1B 1998 experimental 1 seat, one built *

Creative Flight Aerocat The Creative Flight Aerocat is a Canadian mid-wing, all composite, four passenger experimental aircraft that can be configured for amphibious float operations. Under development since 1998, the aircraft is intended to be supplied in kit form by ...

2001 Transport Prototype *

Airsport Song The Airsport Song is a Czech ultralight aircraft, designed by Marek Ivanov and produced by Airsport of Zbraslavice. Design and development The aircraft was designed to comply with the LTF-L 120 kg, US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles and English ...

2009 ultralight *

Northrop Grumman Firebird The Northrop Grumman Firebird is an intelligence gathering aircraft designed by Northrop Grumman's subsidiary Scaled Composites which can be flown remotely or by a pilot. At Scaled, it is known as the Model 355. It was unveiled on May 9, 2011. ...

2010 Reconnaissance Prototype *

Ion Aircraft Ion The Ion Aircraft Ion is a two-seat, twin boom, pusher configuration light aircraft based on the DreamWings Valkyrie. It was still in development in 2010 but is intended either for homebuilding from kits or flyaway production, with version ...

2007 prototype 2 seater tandem, 1 built *

Terrafugia Transition The Terrafugia Transition is a light sport, roadable airplane under development by Terrafugia since 2006. The Rotax 912ULS piston engine powered, carbon-fiber vehicle is planned to have a flight range of using either automotive premium grad ...

2009 roadable airplane 2 seater, 2 built *

WLT Sparrow The Wolfsberg Aircraft Sparrow ML is a twin boom, pusher configuration ultralight aircraft seating two in tandem. Designed and built in the Czech Republic. Design and development The Sparrow is largely built from carbon fibre. Its wing has a s ...

2010 Ultralight, 13 built * Synergy Aircraft Synergy 2011 Double boxtail demonstrator electric powered 1/4 scale model, in development *

AHRLAC Holdings Ahrlac The AHRLAC (Advanced High Performance Reconnaissance Light Aircraft) is a South African light reconnaissance and counter-insurgency aircraft developed by AHRLAC Holdings, a joint venture between the Paramount Group and Aerosud. It is designed ...

2014 reconnaissance attack, 1 built *Commuter Craft Innovator 2016 prototype 2 seater, 1 built *ISA 180 Seeker 2019 prototype monoplane

=Between booms / UAV's

= *

IAI Scout The IAI Scout (known in Israel under its Hebrew name זהבן - " Oriole") is a reconnaissance unmanned air vehicle developed in Israel in the 1970s by Israel Aircraft Industries as a competitor to the Tadiran Mastiff. The project was led by Char ...

1977 UAV drone *

AAI RQ-2 Pioneer The AAI RQ-2 Pioneer is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that had been used by the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Army, and deployed at sea and on land from 1986 until 2007. Initially tested aboard USS ''Iowa'', the RQ-2 Pioneer was placed ...

1986 UAV drone *

EADS Harfang The EADS Harfang, formerly known as ''Système intérimaire de drone MALE'' (SIDM, "Interim medium-altitude, long-endurance drone system") is a unmanned aerial vehicle used by the French Air Force, supplementing the RQ-5 Hunter. Development ...

2008 UAV drone

=Between
outboard tail An outboard tail is a type of aircraft tail or empennage which is split in two, with each half mounted on a short boom just behind and outboard of each wing tip. It comprises outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) and may or may not include addition ...
booms

= * Blohm & Voss P208 1944 fighter project * Skoda-Kauba SK SL6 1944 research one seat project

=Coaxially in rear fuselage

= * Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.3/A.E.1 1913 armoured biplane, 1 built *

Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.6 The Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.6 was a two-bay, single-engine pusher biplane built by the British Royal Aircraft Factory, a larger version of their F.E.3. Design and development The F.E.6 was a larger version of their F.E.3. The aircraft was ...

, 1914, 1 built *

Gallaudet D-4 The Gallaudet D-4 was an unusual biplane designed and built by Gallaudet Aircraft Company for the United States Navy. It was powered by a Liberty L-12 engine buried within the fuselage which turned a large, four-bladed propeller attached to a ring ...

1918 seaplane, 2 built *

Vickers Type 161 The Vickers Type 161 was an unusual 1930s pusher biplane interceptor, designed to attack aircraft from below with a single upward-angle large calibre gun. The aircraft flew well but the concept was abandoned and only one was built. Development ...

1931 fighter prototype (with structural frame), 1 built * Austria Krähe 1960 1 seat motorglider, unk no. built *

Brditschka HB-3 The Brditschka HB-3, HB-21 and HB-23 are a family of motor gliders of unorthodox configuration developed in Austria in the early 1970s. Design and development The unusual design was based on work done by Fritz Raab in Germany in the 1960s. The ...

1971 2 seat motorglider, unk no. built *

Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 Multoplan The Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 Multoplan is a two-seat light pusher configuration aircraft that was produced in small numbers by Rhein Flugzeugbau GmbH between 1958 and 1961. Design The prototype RW 3 Multoplan was designed by Hanno Fischer who fou ...

1955 27 built * Rhein Flugzeugbau Sirius I 1969, 2 seatsRFB Rhein Flugzeugbau
/ref> *

RFB/Grumman American Fanliner The RFB/Grumman American Fanliner was an experimental German light aircraft of the 1970s, propelled by a piston engine driving a ducted fan. A joint venture between the German company Rhein-Flugzeugbau (RFB) and the American general aviation manu ...

1973, 2 seats, 2 built *

RFB Fantrainer The RFB Fantrainer (or Fan Trainer) is a two-seat flight training aircraft which uses a mid-mounted ducted fan propulsion system. Developed and manufactured by German aircraft company Rhein-Flugzeugbau GmbH (RFB), it has been used by the Luftwaf ...

1977, 2 seats, 47 built *Buselec 2, 2010 project, with electric motor

=Nacelle above fuselage

= WW1 or Before *

Curtiss Model F The Curtiss Models F made up a family of early flying boats developed in the United States in the years leading up to World War I. Widely produced, Model Fs saw service with the United States Navy under the designations C-2 through C-5, later r ...

1912 flying boat, 150+ built *

Benoist XIV __NOTOC__ The Benoist XIV, also called ''The Lark of Duluth'', was a small biplane flying boat built in the United States in 1913 in the hope of using it to carry paying passengers. The two examples built were used to provide the first heavier-th ...

1913 transport flying boat, 2 built * FBA Type A, B, C 1913 patrol flying boat, unk no. built *

Lohner E The Lohner E was a reconnaissance flying boat built in Austria-Hungary during World War I.Taylor 1989, p. 611.''World Aircraft Information Files''. London: Bright Star Publishing, pp. File 900 Sheet 20. The "E" stood for Igo Etrich, one of the L ...

1913, about 40 built *

Donnet-Denhaut flying boat __NOTOC__ The Donnet-Denhaut flying boat was a maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare aircraft produced in France during the First World War. Known at the time simply as "Donnet-Denhaut" or "DD" flying boats, the DD-2, DD-8, DD-9, and DD-10 de ...

1915 patrol flying boat, about 1,085 built *

FBA Type H The FBA Type H was a French reconnaissance flying boat produced in large numbers in France and Italy during World War I by Franco-British Aviation. Design and development A development of the FBA Type A, the Type H shared the same basic pushe ...

1915 patrol flying boat, ~2000 built *

Grigorovich M-5 Grigorovich M-5 (alternative designation Shch M-5, sometimes also Shchetinin M-5) was a successful Russian World War I-era two-bay unequal-span biplane flying boat with a single step hull, designed by Grigorovich. It was the first mass productio ...

1915 patrol flying boat, about 300 built * Lohner L, R and S 1915, 100+ built * AD Flying Boat, Supermarine Channel & Sea Eagle 1916 patrol and airline flying boat, 27 built. *

Grigorovich M-9 Grigorovich M-9 (alternative designation ShCh M-9, sometimes also Shchetinin M-9) was a Russian World War I-era biplane flying boat, developed from the M-5 by Grigorovich. The first M-9 was ready in 1915 and its maiden flight was carried out on ...

1916 patrol flying boat, about 500 built *

Grigorovich M-11 __NOTOC__ The Grigorovich M-11 (or Shchetinin M-11) was a Russian single-seat fighter flying boat designed by Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich and built by Shchetinin Design and development Originally conceived as a two-seater the prototype M-11 was ...

1916 fighter flying boat, about 60 built *

Hansa-Brandenburg CC The Hansa-Brandenburg CC was a single-seat German fighter flying boat of World War I. It was used by both the ''Kaiserliche Marine'' (Imperial German Navy) and the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Development and design The Hansa-Brandenburg CC (where th ...

1916 flying boat fighter, 73 built *

Macchi L.2 The Macchi L.2 was an Italian biplane flying boat developed from the earlier Macchi L.1, itself a copy of a captured Austrian Lohner flying boat. Development In an attempt to improve the performance of the L.1 flying-boat Macchi, the design was ...

1916, reconnaissance flying boat, 17 built *

Macchi M.3 The Macchi L.3, or later Macchi M.3, was an Italian biplane flying boat developed from the earlier L.2. Development The Macchi company had learned about flying boat design from copying an Austrian flying boat to produce the Macchi L.1 and imp ...

1916, reconnaissance flying boat, 200 built *

Norman Thompson N.T.4 The Norman Thompson N.T.4 was a twin-engined British flying boat of the First World War. Although less well known than similar Curtiss and Felixstowe flying boats, 50 were ordered for Britain's Royal Naval Air Service. Development and design ...

1916 patrol flying boat, 72 built * Oeffag-Mickl G 1916 trimotor patrol flying boat, 12 built *

Curtiss HS The Curtiss HS was a single-engined patrol flying boat built for the United States Navy during World War I. Large numbers were built from 1917 to 1919, with the type being used to carry out anti-submarine patrols from bases in France from June 1 ...

1917 patrol flying boat, about 1,178 built *

Grigorovich M-15 Grigorovich M-15 (alternative designation ShCh M-15 (russian: Щ М-15), sometimes also Shchetinin M-15) was a successful Russian World War I-era biplane flying boat, developed from the M-9 by Grigorovich. Development The M-15 was a smaller ver ...

1917 patrol flying boat, unk no. built *

Macchi M.5 The Macchi M.5 was an Italian single-seat fighter flying boat designed and built by Nieuport-Macchi at Varese. It was extremely manoeuvrable and agile and matched the land-based aircraft it had to fight.Orbis 1985, page 2393 Development The ...

1917, flying boat fighter, 244 built * Norman Thompson N.T.2B 1917 flying boat trainer, 100+ built * Tellier T.3 and Tc.6 1917 patrol flying boat, about 155 built *

Hansa-Brandenburg W.20 The Hansa-Brandenburg W.20 was a German submarine-launched reconnaissance flying boat of the World War I era, designed and built by Hansa-Brandenburg. Design and development Due to the need to be stored and launched from a submarine aircraft ca ...

1918 U-boat flying boat, 3 built *

Macchi M.7 The Macchi M.7 was an Italian single-seat fighter flying boat designed by Alessandro Tonini and built by Macchi. A modified version of the M.7, the M.7bis won the Schneider Trophy in 1921. Development The M.7 was similar to the earlier M.5 ...

1918 flying boat fighter, 100+ built *

Macchi M.9 The Macchi M.9 was a flying boat bomber designed by Alessandro Tonini and produced by Macchi in Italy close to the end of World War I and shortly afterwards.Taylor 1989, 617 Design and development The M.9 was a conventional design for its day, ...

1918 flying boat bomber, 30 built *

Macchi M.12 __NOTOC__ The Macchi M.12 was a biplane flying boat bomber designed by Alessandro Tonini, and produced in small numbers by Macchi in Italy in 1918.Taylor 1989, 617 It had a conventional design, generally similar to an enlarged version of other Ma ...

1918 flying boat bomber, about 10 built *

Royal Aircraft Factory C.E.1 The Royal Aircraft Factory C.E.1 (Coastal Experimental 1) was a prototype British flying boat of the First World War. It was a single-engined pusher configuration biplane intended to carry out coastal patrols to protect shipping against German U ...

1918 flying boat, 2 built *

SIAI S.9 The SIAI Savoia S.9 was an Italian reconnaissance flying boat, manufactured by ''Societa Idrovolanti Alta Italia'' (S.I.A.I.) from 1918. The wing structure was unusual by being a single-bay biplane wing, with additional struts mounted mid-bay at ...

1918 flying boat, unk no. built * SIAI S.12 1918 flying boat, 1 built * Sperry Land and Sea Triplane 1918 patrol flying boat, 2 built *

Supermarine Baby The Supermarine Baby (also called the Supermarine N.1B Baby) was a First World War fighter aircraft that was the earliest example of a single-seat flying boat fighter to be built in the United Kingdom. It was designed by Supermarine to meet a 1 ...

1918 flying boat fighter, 1 built 1920s *

Aeromarine 40 __NOTOC__ The Aeromarine 40F was an American two-seat flying-boat training aircraft produced for the US Navy and built by the Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company of Keyport, New Jersey. Fifty out of an original order for 200 were delivered befo ...

1919 flying boat trainer, 50 built *

Aeromarine 50 The Aeromarine 50, also called the Limousine Flying Boat, was a luxury seaplane. Design and development After the First World War, Aeromarine had completed over 300 aircraft. Production was centered on seaplanes for sport and commercial use. Pre ...

1919 transport flying boat, unk no. built *

Boeing B-1 The Boeing B-1 (company designation Model 6) was a small biplane flying boat designed by William Boeing shortly after World War I. Design and development The Model 6 was the first commercial design for Boeing (as opposed to military or experiment ...

1919 transport flying boat, 1 built *

SIAI S.13 The SIAI S.13 was an Italian biplane reconnaissance flying-boat from 1919. Design and development Designed by the Società Idrovolanti Alta Italia (SIAI) as a smaller version of the earlier S.12, the S.13 was a single-engine biplane reconnaiss ...

1919 reconnaissance flying boat, unk no. built *

SIAI S.16 The SIAI S.16 was an Italian passenger flying boat, later serving as a military reconnaissance-bomber, claimed to be the most successful flying-boat of the 1920s. Design and development The first flying boat designed by the Societa Idrovolant ...

1919 flying boat, 100+ built *

Supermarine Sea Lion I The Supermarine Sea Lion I (originally called the Supermarine Sea Lion) was a British racing flying boat designed and built by Supermarine for the Schneider Trophy contest at Bournemouth, England, in September 1919. It was based on a vers ...

& II 1919 racing flying boats, 2 built * Vickers Viking, Vulture and Vanellus 1919 amphibious flying boats, 34 built. * Vought VE-10 Batboat 1919 navy flying boat, 1 built *

Macchi M.18 The Macchi M.18 was a flying boat designed by Alessandro Tonini and produced by Macchi in Italy in the early 1920s.Taylor 1989, 617''World Aircraft Information Files'' File 901 Sheet 01 Originally planned as a passenger aircraft, it entered pr ...

1920 flying boat, 90+ built *

Supermarine Commercial Amphibian The Supermarine Commercial Amphibian (originally named the Supermarine Amphibian, later designated N147 by the British Air Ministry) was a passenger-carrying flying boat. The first aircraft to be designed by Supermarine's Reginald Mitchell, i ...

1920, 1 built *

Supermarine Scarab The Supermarine Sea Eagle was a British, passenger–carrying, amphibious flying boat. It was designed and built by the Supermarine Aviation Works for its subsidiary, the British Marine Air Navigation Co Ltd, to be used on their cross-channel ...

1923, 12 built *

Supermarine Seal The Supermarine Seal II was a British flying boat developed by Supermarine after it secured a British Air Ministry order for a prototype three-seater fleet spotter amphibian. The prototype, which had to be capable of landing on Royal Air F ...

1921, 4+ built * Supermarine Seagull 1921, 34 built *

CAMS 30 __NOTOC__ The CAMS 30E was a two-seat flying boat trainer built in France in the early 1920s. It was the first aircraft designed for CAMS by Raffaele Conflenti after he had been recruited by the company from his previous job at Società Idrov ...

1922 flying boat trainer, 31 built *

CAMS 31 __NOTOC__ The CAMS 31 was a 1920s French single-seat fighter biplane flying-boat designed and built by Chantiers Aéro-Maritimes de la Seine (CAMS). Design and development The CAMS 31 was a wooden-built two-bay equal span biplane with stabilisin ...

1922 flying boat fighter, 2 built * Fokker B.I & III 1922 biplane reconnaissance flying boat, 2 built *

SIAI S.51 The SIAI S.51, Savoia Marchetti S.51 or Savoia S.51 was an Italian racing flying boat built by SIAI for the 1922 Schneider Trophy race. Design and development The S.51 was a single-seat sesquiplane flying boat. Its 224- kilowatt (300-horsepow ...

1922 racing flying boat, 1 built * CAMS 38 1923 racing flying boat, 1 built *

FBA 17 The FBA 17 was a training flying boat produced in France in the 1920s. Design and development Similar in general layout to the aircraft that FBA had produced during World War I, the Type 17 was a conventional two-bay biplane with unequal-span ...

1923 flying boat trainer, 300+ built *

Savoia-Marchetti S.57 The Savoia-Marchetti S.57 was an Italian single-engine biplane flying boat intended for aerial reconnaissance, built by Savoia-Marchetti for '' Regia Aeronautica'' after World War I. Design and development Of wooden construction with a single ...

1923 reconnaissance flying boat, 20 built *

Supermarine Sea Eagle The Supermarine Sea Eagle was a British, passenger–carrying, amphibious flying boat. It was designed and built by the Supermarine Aviation Works for its subsidiary, the British Marine Air Navigation Co Ltd, to be used on their cross-channel ...

1923, 3 built *

Canadian Vickers Vedette The Canadian Vickers Vedette was the first aircraft designed and built in Canada to meet a specification for Canadian conditions. It was a single-engine biplane flying boat purchased to meet a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) demand for a smaller ...

1924 forestry patrol flying boat, 60 built *

CANT 7 __NOTOC__ The CANT 7 was a flying boat and training aircraft that was produced in Italy in the 1920s. It was a conventional biplane design with single-bay, unstaggered wings of equal span, with the single engine mounted below the upper wing. The ...

1924 flying boat trainer, 34 built *

Ikarus ŠM The Ikarus ŠM (Serbian Cyrillic:Икарус ШМ), ŠM (for ''Školski Mornarički'' en:School Navy) was the first design of Eng. Josip Mikl for the Yugoslav company Ikarus, it was a side-by-side two-seat biplane flying boat powered by a 1 ...

1924 flying boat trainer, 42 built *

Macchi M.26 The Macchi M.26 was an Italian flying boat fighter prototype of 1924 designed and manufactured by Macchi. Design and development In 1924, the '' Regia Marina'' (Italian Royal Navy) issued a requirement for a replacement for its Macchi M.7''te ...

1924 flying boat fighter, 2 built *

CANT 10 The CANT 10 was a flying boat airliner produced in Italy in the 1920s. It was a conventional biplane design with single-bay, unstaggered wings of equal span, having seating for four passengers within the hull, while the pilot sat in an open ...

1925 flying boat airliner, 18 built *

Rohrbach Ro VII Robbe The Rohrbach Ro VII Robbe ( en, Seal) was an all-metal, twin engine flying boat built in Germany in the 1920s. It could be adapted to commercial or military rôles. Design and development As the full company name (Rohrbach Metall-Flugzeugbau) m ...

1925 flying boat, 3 built *

Savoia-Marchetti S.59 The Savoia-Marchetti S.59 was a 1920s Italian reconnaissance/bomber flying boat designed and built by Savoia-Marchetti for the ''Regia Aeronautica'' (Italian Air Force). Development Developed as an updated version of the Savoia S.16 for the ''R ...

1925 reconnaissance flying boat, 240+ built * CAMS 37 1926 reconnaissance flying boat, 332 built *

CAMS 46 __NOTOC__ The CAMS 46 was a flying boat trainer aircraft built in France in the mid-1920s, essentially an updated version of the CAMS 30 that had flown in 1922. While retaining that aircraft's basic form, CAMS offered the French Navy two new ve ...

1926 flying boat trainer, unk. no built *

CANT 18 The CANT 18 was a flying boat trainer developed in Italy in the 1920s to prepare pilots for flying boat airliners. A development of the CANT 7, it incorporated various aerodynamic and hydrodynamic refinements. While remaining broadly similar in ...

1926 flying boat trainer, 29 built * Savoia-Marchetti S.62 1926 reconnaissance flying boat, 175+ built *

CANT 25 The CANT 25 was an Italian shipboard single-seat sesquiplane flying boat fighter that entered service with the ''Regia Aeronautica'' (Italian Royal Air Force) in 1931. Design and development The CANT 25 was developed from the earlier CANT 18 fl ...

1927 flying boat fighter, unk no. built *

Canadian Vickers Vista The Canadian Vickers Vista was a Canadian-designed single-seat flying boat. Design and development The Vista was the first Canadian-designed monoplane. It had a duralumin Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium, duralum, dural(l)ium, ...

1927 1 seat monoplane flying boat, 1 built * Boeing Model 204 Thunderbird 1929 flying boat, 7 built *

Macchi M.41 The Macchi M.41 was an Italian flying boat fighter prototype of 1927 designed and manufactured by Macchi. Its production model, the M.41''bis'', first flown in 1929, was in front line service from 1930 to 1938. Design and development M.41 In 19 ...

1927 flying boat fighter, 42 built *

Supermarine Sheldrake The Supermarine Sheldrake was a British amphibian biplane flying boat developed by Supermarine from the Supermarine Seagull with a revised hull. It was powered by a Napier Lion The Napier Lion is a 12-cylinder, petrol-fueled 'broad arro ...

1927, 1 built *

Fokker F.11 The Fokker F-11 was a luxury flying boat produced as an ' air yacht' in the United States in the late 1920s. Technically the aircraft was the Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America's Model 9. It was sold in North America as the Fokker F-11 and ...

/B.IV 1928 monoplane transport flying boat, 7 built *

Rohrbach Ro X Romar The Rohrbach Ro X Romar was a German long-range commercial flying-boat and the last aircraft designed and built by Rohrbach Metall Flugzeugbau GmbH. Development The Romar was the final production aircraft from Rohrbach and was a monoplane flyin ...

1928 flying boat, 3 built *

Savoia-Marchetti S.64 The Savoia-Marchetti S.64 was a monoplane developed in Italy in 1928 specifically to contest the world duration and distance records. Design The S.64 was an unusual pod-and-boom design, with the empennage carried on two open truss structures th ...

1928 distance record monoplane, 2 built 1930s *

FBA 310 The FBA Type 310 was a 1930s France, French touring flying boat or amphibian built by the Franco-British Aviation Company. The Type 310 was the last design from FBA and was their only monoplane flying boat. Designed to sell into a growing market ...

1930 amphibious flying boat transport, 9 built *

SIAI S.67 The SIAI S.67 or Savoia Marchetti SM.67 was an Italian flying boat fighter of the early 1930s designed and manufactured by SIAI. Design and development In 1929, the ''Regia Marina'' (Italian Royal Navy) awarded a contract to SIAI to produce th ...

1930 flying boat fighter, 3 built *

FBA 290 __NOTOC__ The Franco-British Aviation Model 290 was a French four-seat amphibian flying boat built by the Franco-British Aviation Company (FBA) as a replacement for the Model 17 in French naval service. Development The FBA Company was requeste ...

1931, amphibious flying boat trainer, 10 built * Fizir AF-2 1931 amphibious flying boat trainer, 1 built * Amiot 110-S 1931 patrol flying boat, 2 built *

Loening XSL The Loening SL was an American submarine-based reconnaissance flying boat designed and built by Loening Aeronautical Engineering for the United States Navy. Design and development First flown in 1931 the Loening SL was lightweight flying-boat des ...

1931 submarine airplane, 1 built *

Beriev MBR-2 The Beriev MBR-2 was a Soviet multi-purpose (including reconnaissance) flying boat which entered service with the Soviet Navy in 1935. Out of 1,365 built, 9 were used by foreign countries including Finland and North Korea. In Soviet Union it som ...

1931 flying boat, 1365 built * Savoia-Marchetti S.66 1931 airliner flying boat, 24 built * Tupolev MDR-2 1931 flying boat, 1 built *

Aichi AB-4 The Aichi AB-4 was a Japanese flying boat of the 1930s. A single engined biplane, the AB-4 was intended to carry out night reconnaissance for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Six were built and accepted into service as the Experimental 6-''Shi'' Night ...

1932 flying boat, 6 built *

Boeing-Canada A-213 Totem The Boeing-Canada A-213 Totem was a Canadian single-engine pusher monoplane flying boat intended for forestry and fisheries patrols as well as a light utility transport for the British Columbia coastline, where there are few flat places for ru ...

1932 flying boat, 1 built *

Dornier Do 12 The Dornier Do 12 ''Libelle'' III ("Dragonfly III") was the third of a line of small German flying boats of the 1930s. It started with the Dornier A Libelle I and the Dornier A Libelle II, though the Do 12 was not a continuation, but an entire ...

1932 amphibian, 4 seats, 1 built * Savoia-Marchetti SM.78 1932 patrol flying boat, 49 built *

General Aviation PJ The General Aviation PJ was a flying boat produced in the United States in the 1930s as a search-and-rescue aircraft for the Coast Guard. Design Originally designated FLB (for "Flying Life Boat"), it was a conventional high-wing cantilever m ...

1933 monoplane flying boat, 5 built *

Loire 50 The Loire 501 was a single-engined French liaison and training flying boat of the 1930s produced by Loire Aviation. It was operated by the French Navy, remaining in service until 1940. Design and development In 1930, Loire Aviation, a subsidia ...

1933 training amphibian, 7 built *

Savoia-Marchetti SM.80 The Savoia-Marchetti SM.80 is a two-seat monoplane amphibious aircraft, amphibian tourer, with a single, tractor configuration, tractor engine mounted above the wing, designed in Italy in the early 1930s. The SM.80bis is a four-seat variant, powe ...

bis 1933 transport amphibian, 1+ built * Supermarine Seagull/Walrus 1933 military flying boat, 740 built *

Aichi E10A The Aichi E10A was a Japanese night reconnaissance flying boat of the 1930s. A single-engined biplane, 15 were built for the Imperial Japanese Navy as the Type 96 Night Reconnaissance Seaplane, serving from 1936 but were retired in 1941 before th ...

1934 reconnaissance flying boat, 15 built *

Loire 130 The Loire 130 was a French flying boat that saw service during World War II. It was designed and built by Loire Aviation of St Nazaire. Development The Loire 130 originated from a mid-1930s requirement from the French Navy for a reconnaissance s ...

1934 reconnaissance flying boat, 125 built *

1935 flying boat, 1365 built * Curtiss-Wright CA-1 1935 amphibious flying boat, 3 built *

Dornier Do 18 The Dornier Do 18 was a development of the Do 16 flying boat. It was developed for the ''Luftwaffe'', but ''Luft Hansa'' received five aircraft and used these for tests between the Azores and the North American continent in 1936 and on their m ...

1935 monoplane flying boat, 170 built *

Aichi E11A The Aichi E11A (九八夜偵, ''Kyū-hachi Yatei'') was an Imperial Japanese Navy flying boat used during the first year of World War II for maritime patrol duties. The Allied reporting name for the type was "Laura"; the Japanese Navy designation ...

1937 reconnaissance flying boat, 17 built *

Kawanishi E11K The Kawanishi E11K was a Japanese flying boat of the 1930s. It was designed as a night reconnaissance aircraft for the Imperial Japanese Navy, but was not accepted, the two aircraft built being used as transports as the Type 96 Transport Flying B ...

1937 monoplane flying boat, 2 built *

SNCAO 30 The SNCAO 30 was a French single-engined monoplane flying boat two-seat trainer. Although it was ordered into production for the French Navy, only two prototypes were built. Development and design In the late 1930s Loire-Nieuport commenced de ...

1938 flying boat trainer, 2 built * Nikol A-2 1939 amphibious flying boat trainer, 1 built Post War II *

SCAN 20 The SCAN 20 was a 1940s French flying-boat training monoplane designed and built by Société de Constructions Aéro-Navales de Port-Neuf (SCAN). The prototype was built in secret in 1941. It was hidden until the liberation of France and first fl ...

1945 flying boat trainer, 24 built * Volmer VJ-21 Jaybird 1947 2 seat light aircraft, unk no. built *

Volmer VJ-22 Sportsman The Volmer VJ-22 Sportsman is an American homebuilt amphibious aircraft. The Sportsman is a two-seat high-winged monoplane of wood and fabric construction, with over 100 built by 1993. Development and design Volmer Jensen, a successful designer ...

1958 2 seat homebuilt amphibian, (not all are pushers), 100+ built *

Lake Buccaneer The Lake Buccaneer is an American four-seat, light amphibious aircraft derived from the Colonial C-2 Skimmer, itself a development of the three-seat Colonial C-1 Skimmer. Development The Colonial Aircraft of Sanford, Maine developed the C-2 ...

1959 amphibian, 4 seats, 1000+ built *

Aerosport Woody Pusher __NOTOC__ The Aerosport Woody Pusher is a two-seat parasol wing monoplane designed for home building by Harris Woods, based closely on the Curtiss Junior. First marketed in the 1960s, at least 27 were flying by 1980. One is on display at the Win ...

1967 tandem 2 seater, parasol wing, 27 ex. *

Taylor Coot __NOTOC__ The Taylor Coot is a two-seat homebuilt amphibious aircraft designed by Moulton Taylor, famous for his flying car designs. When a market for the Aerocar did not emerge, Taylor turned to more conventional designs. The Coot was nonethele ...

1969 2 seat homebuilt amphibian, 70 built *

Aerosport Rail The Aerosport Rail is an American minimalist ultralight aircraft, designed by Harris Woods and built by Aerosport Inc. The aircraft was first flown on 14 November 1970. Design and development The Rail is little more than a 2 by 5 inch squared al ...

1970 single seat ultralight, twin engine, 1 built *

Osprey Osprey 2 The Osprey Osprey 2, also known as the Pereira Osprey 2 after its designer, is an amphibious sport aircraft designed for homebuilding.Taylor 1989, p.714 Plans have been sold since the mid-1970s. George Pereira designed the Osprey 2 to addres ...

1973 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built * 3I Sky Arrow (now marketed by Magnaghi Aeronautica) 1982 maiden flight, ULM/LSA/GA tandem two-seater high wing, some 50 built *

RFB X-114 The RFB X-114 was a ground-effect craft, designed chiefly to operate over water but capable of flight at higher altitudes where required, carrying five or six passengers or freight along coasts and capable of surveillance duties. One was evaluat ...

1977 ground-effect craft prototype 6/7 seat, 1 built *Freedom Master FM-2 flying boat homebuilt prototype 2 seat, 1 built * 3I Sky Arrow (Magnaghi Aeronautica) 1982, ULM/LSA/GA 2 seater tandem, about 50 built * Tisserand Hydroplum and SMAN Pétrel 1983 homebuilt amphibian, about 63 built *

Microleve Corsario The Microleve Corsario ( en, Corsair) is a Brazilian amphibious ultralight flying boat that was designed and produced by Microleve of Rio de Janeiro. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeie ...

1988 ultralight amphibious homebuilt, unk no. built *

2001 amphibious 4 seater prototype, 1 built * Airmax Sea Max 2005 2 seat biplane amphibian, unk no. built *

CZAW Mermaid The CZAW Mermaid is an amphibious flying boat light-sport aircraft produced by Czech Sport Aircraft in the Czech Republic.Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12'', page 38. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 20 ...

2005 2 seat amphibious biplane, unk no. built

=Below tail boom

= *

Nelson Dragonfly The Bowlus/Nelson BB-1 Dragonfly is an American, two seat, strut-braced, high-wing motor glider that was developed from the Bowlus BA-100 Baby Albatross glider by Hawley Bowlus.Said, Bob: ''1983 Sailplane Directory, Soaring Magazine'', page 1 ...

1947 motorglider, 7 built *

AmEagle American Eaglet The AmEagle American Eaglet was a highly unorthodox ultralight sailplane marketed in the U.S. for homebuilding. It was a one-seat, high-wing braced monoplane that carried an inverted V-tail on a long boom extending from a pod-like fuselage. Inte ...

1975 ultralight motorglider, 12 built *

Jean St-Germain Raz-Mut The Jean St-Germain Raz-Mut was an ultralight aircraft developed in Canada in the 1970s and marketed in kit form for homebuilding. Design It was a minimalist, open framework design consisting of a three-wheeled chassis supporting a pilot sea ...

1976 1 seat ultralight, 7 built * Alpaero Sirius 1984 1 seat UL motorglider, 20 built * Taylor Tandem, unk no. built

=Between up and down tail booms

= *

Raab Krähe The Raab Krähe ( en, crow) is a West German high-wing, single-seat, pusher configuration motor glider that was designed by Fritz Raab for amateur construction around 1958.Rogers, Bennett: ''1974 Sailplane Directory, Soaring Magazine'', page ...

1958 motorglider 1 seat, 30 built * Brditschka HB-3, HB-21, HB-23 1971- 1982 motorgliders 2 seaterthe propeller revolves on the upper boom *HB-204 TornadoHB Flugtechnik 2013 prototype 2 seaterthe propeller revolves on the upper boom

=Above tailboom

= * Loening Model 23 Air Yacht 1921 transport flying boat, 16 built * Koolhoven F.K.30 Toerist 1927 2 seat monoplane, 1 built *

Curtiss-Wright Junior The Curtiss-Wright CW-1 Junior, originally named the Curtiss-Robertson CR-1 Skeeter is a light sports aircraft produced in the United States in the 1930s. It had been intended to sell it for the price of a mid-range automobile. The Junior had tw ...

1930 2 seat ultralight, 270 built * Curtiss-Wright CW-3 Duckling 1931 ultralight amphibious flying boat, 3 built *

British Aircraft Company Drone The B.A.C. Drone was a British ultralight single-seat aircraft of the 1930s. Design During the early 1930s, the British Aircraft Company of Maidstone, Kent built a series of gliders culminating in the B.A.C. VII tandem two-seater. In 1932 the fi ...

1932 1 seat ultralight, 33 built *

Siebel Si 201 The Siebel Si 201 was a German air observation post and army cooperation aircraft, designed and built by Siebel. Evaluated against other types, the Si 201 did not enter production and only two prototypes were built. Design and development Designe ...

1938 reconnaissance 2 built *

Republic RC-3 Seabee The Republic RC-3 Seabee is an all-metal amphibious sports aircraft designed by Percival Spencer and manufactured by the Republic Aircraft Corporation. Design and development The RC-3 Seabee was designed by Percival Hopkins "Spence" Spence ...

1945 4 seat amphibian, 1,060 built * Fokker F.25 Promotor 1946 transport, 20 built * Aerauto PL.5C 1949 1949 roadable aircraft, 1 built * Janowski Don Kichot/J-1 1970 1 seat homebuilt, unk no. builtJanowski Aircraft
/ref> *

Spencer Air Car The Spencer Amphibian Air Car is an American light amphibious aircraft. The name was first used in 1940 for a prototype air vehicle that developed into the Republic Seabee. The name was later used by its designer Percival Spencer for a series o ...

1970 4 seat homebuilt amphibian, 51 built * SZD-45 Ogar 1973 2 seat motorglider, 65 built *Neukom AN-20 1978 motorglider experimental 1 seat * Taylor Bird 1980 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built *

Strojnik S-2 The Strojnik S-2 is an American high-wing, single-seat motor glider that was designed and built by Aleš Strojnik.Said, Bob: ''1983 Sailplane Directory, Soaring Magazine'', page 133. Soaring Society of America, November 1983. USPS 499-920 Desi ...

1980 motorglider 1 seater, 8+ built. * Aérostructure Lutin 80 1983 1 seat ultralight motorglider, 2 built *

Birdman Chinook The Birdman Chinook is a family of single and two-place, pusher configuration, high-wing ultralight aircraft that was first flown on 12 December 1982 and produced by Birdman Enterprises of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada starting in 1983.Jone ...

1982 ultralight homebuilt, 1100+ built * Alpha J-5 Marco 1983 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built *

Quad City Challenger The Quad City Challenger is a family of one and two seats-in-tandem, pusher configuration, tricycle landing gear ultralight aircraft that is designed and produced by Quad City Aircraft Corporation of Moline, Illinois. The Challenger was ...

1983 2 seat ultralight, 3,000+ built *

Spectrum Beaver The Spectrum Beaver is a family of single- and two-place, pusher configuration, high-wing ultralight aircraft that were first introduced by Spectrum Aircraft of Surrey, British Columbia, Canada, in 1983.Downey, Julia: ''2008 Kit Aircraf ...

1983 ultralight homebuilt, 2080+ built * Funk Fk6 1985 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built *

Advanced Aeromarine Buccaneer The Buccaneer (also known in some of its many incarnations as the Mallard) is a one- or two-seat ultralight high-wing amphibious flying boat of pusher configuration marketed as a kit aircraft. The aircraft was manufactured by a number of U.S. f ...

1988 2 seat amphibious biplane, unk no. built * D-8 Moby Dick 1988 2 seater, 37 built *

Seabird Seeker The Seabird Seeker is a light observation aircraft built originally by Seeker Aviation Australia and Seabird Aviation Jordan. Since 2016 it has been manufactured in the US by Seeker Aircraft (US)/Erickson. It is powered by a Lycoming O-360 eng ...

1989 observation aircraft 2 seater, 31 built * Technoflug Piccolo 1989 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built *

Rans s-12 Airaile The Rans S-12 Airaile is a family of related American single-engined, pusher configuration, high-wing monoplanes designed by Randy Schlitter and manufactured by Rans Inc. The aircraft are available in kit form for amateur construction.Cliche, ...

1990 2 seater, 1100+ built *

Aeroprakt A-20 Vista The Aeroprakt A-20 Vista is a family of Ukrainian tandem two-seat high-wing, strut-braced, pusher configuration conventional landing gear, ultralight aircraft, produced by Aeroprakt. The A-20 was introduced into the North American market at ...

1991 2 seater * Aviasud Engineering Albatros 1991 UL biplane * Partenair Mystere 1996 2 seater, 3 built *

AAC SeaStar The AAC SeaStar is an amphibious biplane that was produced in kitplane form. The aircraft is built largely of composite materials and features wings that may be easily removed for transport, and a ballistic recovery system in the form of a pa ...

1998 2 seat amphibious biplane, 91 built *

Alpaero Exel The Alpaero Exel is a French single seat, single engine pusher pod-and-boom kit-built ultralight motor glider.Bertrand, Noel; Rene Coulon; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2003-04'', page 54. Pagefast Ltd, Lancaster OK, 2003. ISSN 1 ...

1998 motoplaneur monoplane en kit, 9 ex. * Sea Storm Z2, 1998 hydravion biplane, 12 built *

2002 amphibious 2 seater, 91 built * Ekolot JK 01A Elf 2006 motorglider monoplane *

Bagalini Bagaliante The Bagalini Bagaliante (a portmanteau of "Bagalini" and "Glider") is an Italian high-wing, strut-braced, single-seat, pusher configuration, conventional landing gear motor glider that was designed by Marino Bagalini and made available as pl ...

circa 2010 motorglider 1 seat * ICON Aircraft A5 2013 2 seat amphibious light sport, in production * Vickers Aircraft Wave 2 seat carbon fiber amphibious light sport aircraft, in final development

Propeller behind the tail

* Pénaud Planophore 1871 first aerodynamically stable fixed-wing aeroplane, rubber powered model, 1 built * Convair 111 Air Car 1945 roadable airplane, 1 built * Prescott Pusher 1985 4 seat homebuilt, about 30 built * Air Quest Nova 21 1992 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built *Eviation Alice 2019 transport electric plane prototype in development 10/11 seats

Lateral behind wing

* Curtiss H-1 America 1914 transatlantic biplane, 2 built *

Friedrichshafen G.I __NOTOC__ The Friedrichshafen G.I (factory designation FF.36 or FF.30) was a prototype heavy bomber aircraft that was built in Germany by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen in 1915. It was Karl Gehlen's first design for the company, and although it was ...

1915 bomber, 1 built *

LFG Roland G.I The LFG Roland G.I was a large prototype single-engine biplane bomber built in Germany in 1915, during World War I. It had a single engine buried in the fuselage driving pusher configuration propeller (aircraft), propellers mounted on outriggers ...

1915 bomber, 1 built *

Rumpler G.I The Rumpler G.I was a bomber aircraft produced in Germany during World War I, together with refined versions known as the G.II and G.III.Taylor 1989, p.772 Design and development Based on a prototype with the factory designation 4A15, the G.I an ...

, II and III 1915 bomber c.220 built * Schutte-Lanz G.I 1915 bomber 1 built (behind wing) *

Airco DH.3 The Airco DH.3 was a British bomber aircraft of the First World War. The DH.3 was designed in 1916 as a long-range day bomber by Geoffrey de Havilland, chief designer at the Aircraft Manufacturing Company. It was a large biplane with wide-span ...

1916 bomber, 2 built *

Avro 523 Pike The Avro 523 Pike (the first Avro aircraft to receive a name) was a British multi-role combat aircraft of the First World War that did not progress past the prototype stage. It was intended to provide the Royal Naval Air Service with an anti-Ze ...

1916 bomber, 2 built *

Friedrichshafen G.II The Friedrichshafen G.II (factory designation FF.38) was a heavy bomber aircraft that was designed and manufactured in Germany during World War I by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen. The plane was used by the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' (German Imperial Air ...

1916 bomber, 35 built *

Gotha G.II The Gotha G.II series was a heavy bomber used by the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' (Imperial German Air Service) during World War I. Design and development The Gotha G.II was an entirely new biplane designed by Hans Burkhard, who had previously reworke ...

1916 bomber, 11 built *

Gotha G.III The Gotha G.III was a twin-engine pusher biplane heavy bomber used by the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' (Imperial German Air Service) during World War I. It succeeded the G.II in production and differed primarily in powerplant and in armament details ...

1916 bomber, 25 built *

Gotha G.IV The Gotha G.IV was a heavy bomber used by the (Imperial German Air Service) during World War I. It was the first mass-produced large airplane. Development Experience with the earlier G.III showed that the rear gunner could not efficientl ...

1916 bomber, 230 built *

Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 The Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 was a twin-engine biplane aircraft built by the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1916. Intended as a cannon armed ground-attack aircraft, it was unsuccessful, only two being built. Design and development Shortly after ...

1916 bomber, 2 built *

Friedrichshafen G.III The Friedrichshafen G.III (factory designation FF.45) was a heavy bomber designed and manufactured by ''Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen''. They were used by the German Imperial Air Service during World War I for tactical and limited strategic bombin ...

1917 bomber, 338 built *

Gotha G.V The Gotha G.V was a heavy bomber used by the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' (Imperial German Air Service) during World War I. Designed for long-range service and built by Gothaer Waggonfabrik AG, the Gotha G.V was used principally as a night bomber. D ...

1917 bomber, 205 built *

Boeing GA-1 The Boeing GA-1 (company designation Model 10) was an armored triplane. Designed in 1919, it was powered by a pair of modified Liberty engines driving pusher propellers. The first of the Engineering Division's heavily armored GAX series (groun ...

1920 bomber 10 built *

Udet U 11 Kondor The Udet U 11 Kondor was a German four-engined airliner designed and built by Udet Flugzeugbau, only one was built. Design and development The U 11 Kondor was an open-cockpit, metal-fuselage, wooden high-wing monoplane powered by four Siemens- ...

1926 airliner, 1 built 1930 and later * Praga E-210 and E-211 1936 transport, 2 built *

Bell YFM-1 Airacuda The Bell YFM-1 Airacuda was an American heavy fighter aircraft, developed by the Bell Aircraft Corporation during the mid-1930s. It was the first military aircraft produced by Bell. Originally designated the Bell Model 1, the Airacuda first fle ...

1937 interceptor, 13 built *

Convair B-36 Peacemaker The Convair B-36 "Peacemaker" is a strategic bomber that was built by Convair and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) from 1949 to 1959. The B-36 is the largest mass-produced piston-engined aircraft ever built. It had the longest win ...

1946 bomber, 384 built *

Baumann Brigadier The Baumann Brigadier was a prototype American light transport aircraft of the late 1940s. It was a twin-engined monoplane, which, unusually, was of pusher configuration. Only two were built, plans for production never coming to fruition. Devel ...

1947 transport, 2 built * Nord 2100 Norazur 1947 transport, 1 built * Monsted-Vincent MV-1 Starflight 1948 airliner, 1 built *

Piaggio P.136 The Piaggio P.136 was an Italian twin-engine amphibian flying boat designed and manufactured by aircraft company Piaggio Aero. It is furnished with an all-metal hull, pusher propellers, a gull wing, and retractable landing gear. During late 19 ...

1948 amphibious transport, 63 built * Dinfia IA 45 Querandi 1957 5/6 seater, 2 built *

Piaggio P.166 The Piaggio P.166 is an Italian twin-engine pusher-type utility aircraft developed by Piaggio Aero. The aircraft model name was Portofino, and is also known as Albatross in South African military service. Design and development The basic P.16 ...

1957 transport, 145 built *

AAC Angel AAC may refer to: Aviation * Advanced Aircraft, a company from Carlsbad, California * Alaskan Air Command, a radar network * American Aeronautical Corporation, a company from Port Washington, New York * American Aviation, a company from Cleveland ...

, 1984 transport, 4 built *

Piaggio P.180 Avanti The Piaggio P.180 Avanti is an Italian executive transport aircraft with twin turboprop engines mounted in pusher configuration. It seats up to nine people in a Cabin pressurization, pressurized cabin and may be flown by one or two Pilot (aerona ...

1986 executive transport, 216+ built *Mc Donnel Douglas MD-80 1987 Liner experimental

Propfan A propfan, also called an open rotor engine, or unducted fan (as opposed to a ducted fan), is a type of aircraft engine related in concept to both the turboprop and turbofan, but distinct from both. The design is intended to offer the speed an ...

* EM-11 Orka 2003 4 seat transport, 5 built * Burevestnik-24 2004 ground-effect aircraft 24 seats, 6 built *

OMA SUD Skycar __NOTOC__ The OMA SUD Skycar is an Italian twin-engined five-seat piston-engined pusher configuration monoplane designed and built by OMA SUD SpA based in Capua. Design and development The Skycar is an unusual twin-engined pusher-configuration ...

2007 transport, 1 built *

Aeroprakt A-36 Vulcan The Aeroprakt A-36 Vulcan is a Ukrainian light aircraft, designed and produced by Aeroprakt of Kyiv. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 20 ...

2011 2 seater

Lateral nacelles

Custer Channel Wing The Custer Channel Wing was a series of American-built experimental aircraft designs of the 1940s and 1950s incorporating a ''half-barrel'' shaped section to each wing. The channel wing principle In 1925, Willard Custer noticed how very str ...

1942 experimental aircraft, 4 built *

Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector The Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector (originally EMB 123 for Embraer and IA 70 for FMA) was a 1990 turboprop aircraft designed for regional flights, to carry up to 19 passengers. The program arose from a partnership between the Brazilian company Embr ...

1990 airliner, 2 built *

NAL Saras The NAL Saras (Sanskrit: " Crane") is the first Indian multi-purpose civilian aircraft in the light transport aircraft category as designed by the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL). In January 2016, it was reported that the project had b ...

2004 airliner, 2 built

Remote drive

Propeller ahead of tail

=Within airframe

= * Megone biplane 1913 2 seat, 1 built * Fischer Fibo-2a 1954 1 seat motorglider, 1 built *

1955 RFB Fantrainer prototype, 27 built *Kuffner WK-1 1970 motorglider 1 seat, 1 built * Rhein-Flugzeugbau Sirius II 1972 2 seat motorglider, unk no. built * Neukom AN-20C 1983 1 seat ultralight homebuilt motorglider, 1 built *PJ-II Dreamer 2016 jet fighter style 2 seater, 1 built

=Behind wing

= *

Burgess model I __NOTOC__ The Burgess Model I, also known as the ''Burgess I-Scout'' and the ''Coast Defense Hydroaeroplane'', was a United States reconnaissance seaplane built for the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps in 1913. It was of conventional Wrigh ...

1913 patrol floatplane, 1 built * Mann & Grimmer M.1 1915, 1 built *

Carden-Baynes Bee The Carden-Baynes Bee was a 1930s British two-seat aircraft, with twin engines in pusher configuration buried in the wings. The wings rotated for storage. Financial problems limited the Bee to a single flight. Design and development Carden Aer ...

1937 2 seat tourer, 1 built *

1958 1 seat motorglider, 30 built *

Eipper Quicksilver Quicksilver is a line of single and two-place high wing, single-engine, ultralight aircraft that evolved from weight-shift hang gliders including Bob Lovejoy's High Tailer. The earliest powered version, the Quicksilver C, was created as a se ...

1974 1 seat ultralight *Theseus Aircraft 1996 NASA research aircraft, no pilot, 1 built

Inside tail

Bede XBD-2 The Bede XBD-2 was an experimental short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft, with several novel features such as structural use of glass-fibre and aluminium honeycomb, a suction boundary layer control (BLC) system and fuselage-mounted twin engi ...

/BD-3 1961 ducted fan

boundary layer control Boundary layer control refers to methods of controlling the behaviour of fluid flow boundary layers. It may be desirable to reduce flow separation on fast vehicles to reduce the size of the wake (streamlining), which may reduce drag. Boundary l ...

aircraft, 1 built * Mississippi State University XAZ-1 Marvelette 1962 experimental aircraft to test ideas XV-11 Marvel, 1 built *

Mississippi State University XV-11 Marvel The Mississippi State University XV-11A Marvel was an experimental American STOL research aircraft of the 1960s. The MARVEL (Mississippi Aerophysics Research Vehicle with Extended Latitude) was a single-engined pusher monoplane fitted with a bo ...

1965 boundary layer control test aircraft, 1 built

Behind tail

* Antoinette I, 1906, 2 seats experimental, project * Paulhan-Tatin Aéro-Torpille No.1 1911 monoplane, 1 built * Kasyanenko No. 5 1917 experimental biplane, 1 built *

Göppingen Gö 9 The Göppingen Gö 9 was a German research aircraft built to investigate the practicalities of powering a plane using a pusher propeller located far from the engine and turned by a long driveshaft. Design and development In 1937, Claudius Dor ...

1941 experimental propulsion aircraft, 1 built *

Dornier Do 212 The Dornier Do 212 was a four-seat experimental amphibian flying boat built by the Swiss subsidiary of Dornier, in Altenrhein on Lake Constance. Design was initiated in 1938 by the German and Swiss branches, the latter being responsible for ...

1942 experimental amphibian, 1 built *

Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster The Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster was an experimental bomber aircraft, designed for a high top speed. The unconventional approach was to mount the two engines within the fuselage driving a pair of contra-rotating propellers mounted at the tail in a p ...

1944, bomber, 2 built *

Douglas DC-8 (piston airliner) The Douglas DC-8 was an American piston-engined airliner project by Douglas Aircraft. A concept developed more than a decade before the DC-8 jetliner, the piston-engined DC-8 was to have propellers in the tail, an idea first used at Douglas by ...

1945, transport project, not built *

Lockheed Big Dipper The Lockheed Model 34 Big Dipper was an American two-seat monoplane, designed and built by Lockheed at Burbank for research into the company's potential entry into the civil lightplane and military light utility aircraft market. Only one was bui ...

1945 transport, 1 built *

Douglas Cloudster II The Douglas Cloudster II was an American prototype five-seat light aircraft of the late 1940s. It was of unusual layout, with two buried piston engines driving a single pusher propeller. Only a single example was built, which flew only twice, as ...

1947 transport, 1 built *

Waco Aristocraft The Waco Model W Aristocraft was an American four-seat monoplane, the last aircraft designed and built by the Waco Aircraft Company. It had an unusual configuration with an engine mounted at the front driving a pusher propeller at the rear. Desig ...

1947 transport, 1 built *

Acme Sierra The Acme Aircraft Co S-1 Sierra was an experimental aircraft of unusual configuration built in the US in 1948 to investigate the advantages of a pusher propeller configuration. Apart from this engine installation, the aircraft was unusual in havi ...

1948 1 seat experimental, 1 built * Allenbaugh Grey Ghost, 1948 1 seat experimental, 1 built * Parks Alumni Racer, 1949 1 seat experimental, 1 built *

Planet Satellite The Planet Satellite was a British light aircraft of the late 1940s. Designed to exploit new technology, the aircraft was abandoned after two crashes although the innovative fuselage was later incorporated into a helicopter prototype. Design an ...

1949 4 seat transport, 1 built *

Taylor Aerocar Aerocar International's Aerocar (often called the Taylor Aerocar) was an American roadable aircraft designed and built by Moulton Taylor in Longview, Washington in 1949. Although six examples were made, it never entered large-scale production. I ...

1949 2 seat roadable aircraft, 6 built * Pützer Bussard SR-57 1958 experimental 2 seater, 90 hp, 1 built 1960 and later *

HMPAC Puffin The HMPAC Puffin was a British man-powered aircraft designed by a team headed by John Wimpenny, an aerodynamicist at the de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was built by the Hatfield Man Powered Aircraft Club (HMPAC) on the company's premises i ...

1961 human powered aircraft, 2 built * Lesher Nomad 1961 experimental 2 seater homebuilt, one built *

Aerocar Aero-Plane __NOTOC__ The Aerocar II Aero-Plane was an unusual light aircraft flown in the United States in 1964. It was developed from designer Moulton Taylor's Aerocar roadable aircraft, but could not be driven as a road vehicle. It used the wings and tail ...

1964 four seater 1 built * Lesher Teal 1965 experimental 1 seat homebuilt, one built *

HPA Toucan __NOTOC__ The HPA Toucan is a British two-seat human-powered aircraft built and flown by members of the Hertfordshire Pedal Aeronauts and was the first two-person human-powered aircraft to fly. Development The Hertfordshire Pedal Aeronauts was ...

1972 human powered aircraft, 1 builtFLYING MACHINES - Langley Aerodrome No. 5
/ref> * Ryson STP-1 Swallow 1972 2 seat homebuilt motorglider, 1 built *

Bede BD-5 The Bede BD-5 Micro is a series of small, single-seat homebuilt aircraft created in the late 1960s by US aircraft designer Jim Bede and introduced to the market primarily in kit form by the now-defunct Bede Aircraft Corporation in the early 197 ...

1973 1 seat homebuilt, about 150 built *

Aerocar Mini-IMP The Aerocar Mini-IMP (Independently Made Plane) is a light aircraft designed by Moulton Taylor and marketed for homebuilding by Aerocar International. It is a scaled-down derivative of his original Aerocar IMP design. A two-seat version called ...

1974 1 seat homebuilt, 250+ built *

1975 1 seat self-launching ultralight sailplane, 12 built * Landray GL.02 1978 tandem layout (Pou du Ciel) 1 seat, 1 built * Grinvalds Orion 1981 4 seat homebuilt, about 17 built * LearAvia Lear Fan 1981 transport, 3 built *

Cirrus VK-30 The Cirrus VK-30 is a single-engine pusher-propeller homebuilt aircraft originally sold as a kit by Cirrus Design (now called Cirrus Aircraft), and was the company's first model, introduced in 1987. As a kit aircraft, the VK-30 is a relative ...

1988 5 seat homebuilt, about 13 built * Miller JM-2 and Pushy Galore 1989 racer, 3 built * SolarFlight Sunseeker I 1990 solar aircraft 1 seater, 1 ex. * Grob GF 200 1991 transport, 1 built *Myasishchev Mayal 1992 multi-purpose amphibian, 1 built *NASA Perseus 1994 research aircraft, 1 built * Vmax Probe 1997 homebuilt racer, 1 built * Ameur Aviation Balbuzard/Baljims/Altania 1995 2 seater prototypes, 5 built * Bede BD-12 1998 2 seat homebuilt, 1 built * Aceair AERIKS 200 2002 2 seat kitplane, 1 built *Chudzik CC-02 Rafale 2007 prototype three surface 2 seater tandem, 1ex. * LH Aviation LH-10 Ellipse 2007 2 seat homebuilt, 3 built

Propeller above fuselage or wing

Schleicher ASH 26 The ASH 26 is an 18 metre Class glider, built of modern fibre reinforced composites. It first flew in 1993. It is manufactured by Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co. The 'H' indicates this is a design of Martin Heide. The ASH 26 has plain flaps, ...

1995 1 seat glider with retractable propeller, 234 built * Airfish-3 WIG 1990 Wing In Ground Effect demonstrator one seat, 1 built * Airfish-8 WIG 2007 Wing In Ground Effect transport prototype 8/10 seats, 2 built

Canard and tandem layouts

A canard is an aircraft with a smaller wing ahead of the main wing. A tandem layout has both front and rear wings of similar dimensions.

Direct drive

Santos-Dumont 14-bis The ''14-bis'' (french: Quatorze-bis), (), also known as ("bird of prey" in French), was a pioneer era, canard-style biplane designed and built by Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont. In 1906, near Paris, the ''14-bis'' made a m ...

1906 first public controlled sustained flight, 1 built *

Fabre Hydravion Fabre Hydravion is the name used in English-language sources for an originally unnamed experimental floatplane designed by Henri Fabre. The aircraft is notable as the first to take off from water under its own power. Development Hydravion ( ...

1910, first successful floatplane, 1 built *

Paulhan biplane The Paulhan biplane was a French experimental aircraft designed in 1910 by the successful aviator Louis Paulhan in collaboration with Henri Fabre. The prototype became the second aircraft bought by the British War Office: two further examples, di ...

1910, 3 built *

Voisin Canard The Voisin Canard was an aircraft developed by Voisin brothers during 1910 and first flown early in 1911. It was named the '' Canard'' because of the resemblance of its forward fuselage to that of a duck's long neck while in flight. It was orig ...

1911 biplane, 10+ built * Gee Bee Model Q 1931 experimental, 1 built * Ambrosini SS.2 & 3 1935 experimental aircraft, 2 builtsee Ambrosini SS.4#Development *

Ambrosini SS.4 The SAI-Ambrosini SS.4 was an Italian fighter prototype developed in the late 1930s, featuring a canard-style wing layout and a pusher propeller. Development of the SS.4 was abandoned after the prototype crashed on its second flight. Developme ...

1939 prototype fighter, 1 built *

Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender The Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender (company designation CW-24) is a 1940s United States prototype fighter aircraft built by Curtiss-Wright. Along with the Vultee XP-54 and Northrop XP-56, it resulted from United States Army Air Corps proposal ...

1943 prototype fighter, 3 built * Miles M.35 Libellula 1942, experimental tandem wing carrier-based fighter, 1 built *

Miles M.39B Libellula The M.39B Libellula (from Libellulidae, a Family (biology), taxonomic family of dragonfly, dragonflies) was a Second World War tandem wing experimental aircraft built by Miles Aircraft, designed to give the pilot the best view possible for landi ...

1943, experimental (5/8 scale) tandem wing carrier-based bomber, 1 built * Skoda-Kauba V7 1944 1 seat, project 1945 and later In this section Rutan pushers are more than 1000 built. *

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 ''Utka'' (russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-8 «Утка», "duck") was a Soviet experimental aircraft. Built of wood, the aircraft was designed and built in 1945 to test the novel canard configuration. I ...

''Utka'' 1945

swept wing A swept wing is a wing that angles either backward or occasionally forward from its root rather than in a straight sideways direction. Swept wings have been flown since the pioneer days of aviation. Wing sweep at high speeds was first investigate ...

demonstrator prototype, 1 built * Lockspeiser LDA-01 1971 experimental scale development aircraft, 1 built *

Rutan VariViggen The Rutan VariViggen is a homebuilt aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. The aircraft is a tandem two-seater of primarily wooden construction with a delta wing and a canard foreplane. The VariViggen is powered by a 150 hp Lycoming O-320 ae ...

1972 homebuilt, about 20 built *

Rutan VariEze The Rutan VariEze is a composite, canard aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. It is a high-performance homebuilt aircraft, hundreds of which have been constructed. The design later evolved into the Long-EZ and other, larger cabin canard aircraft ...

1975 2 seat homebuilt, about 400 built *

Rutan Long-EZ The Rutan Model 61 Long-EZ is a tandem 2-seater homebuilt aircraft designed by Burt Rutan's Rutan Aircraft Factory. The Long-EZ has a canard layout, a swept wing with wingtip rudders, and a pusher engine and propeller. The tricycle landing ge ...

1979 2 seat homebuilt, about 800 built *

Diehl Aeronautical XTC Hydrolight The Diehl AeroNautical XTC Hydrolight is an American amphibious flying boat ultralight aircraft that was designed and produced by Diehl AeroNautical in the 1980s.Cliche, Andre: ''Ultralight Aircraft Shopper's Guide'' 8th Edition, page E-46. ...

1981 amphibian UL 1 seat *

OMAC Laser 300 __NOTOC__ The OMAC Laser 300, originally named the OMAC I was a business aircraft built in the United States in 1981 but which never reached production. Design It was a highly unusual design, with a Canard (aeronautics), canard layout, a pushe ...

1981, transport, 3 built *

Cozy III Cozy may refer to: Arts and entertainment *''Cozy'', a 1961 album by Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gormé *''Cozy'', a 1998 album by Tatsuro Yamashita *"Cozy", a song by the Bar-Kays from the album '' Too Hot to Stop'' *"Cozy", a song by Beyoncé fr ...

1982 3 seater amateur built *

Avtek 400 The Avtek 400A was an American prototype turboprop-powered business aircraft developed in the early 1980s. It was of unusual and distinctive configuration: a low-wing monoplane with two pusher engines mounted above the wings, and a large cana ...

1984 transport, 1 built *

Cozy Mk IV The Cozy Mark IV is a 4-seat, single engine, homebuilt light aircraft designed by Nat Puffer, with parts and plans supplied by Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Co. The aircraft is built from plans using basic raw materials. It is not a kit aircraft, t ...

1988 four seater amateur built, ~ 350 built *

Beechcraft Starship The Beechcraft Starship is a twin-turboprop six- to eight-passenger pressurized business aircraft produced by Beech Aircraft Corporation. Development Development of the Starship began in 1979 when Beech decided to explore designs for a succes ...

1989 airliner, 53 built *

Berkut 360 The Berkut 360 is a tandem-seating, two-seat homebuilt canard aircraft with pusher configuration and retractable landing gear, built primarily of carbon fiber and fiberglass. The Berkut 360 is featured in the 2010 movie ''Kill Speed'' (''Fa ...

1988 2 seater tandem, 31 built *

AASI Jetcruzer The AASI Jetcruzer was an American single turboprop light civil transport made by Advanced Aerodynamics and Structures Inc. The Jetcruzer had an unusual configuration, with a single turboprop engine driving a pusher propeller, a prominent canar ...

1989 transport, 3 built *

Velocity SE The Velocity Model 173 SE (Standard Elite) is an entry level canard pusher aircraft from Velocity Aircraft.Steve Wright Stagger-Ez 2003 modified Cozy homebuilt, 1 built *

RMT Bateleur The RMT Bateleur (named for the bird species) is a German ultralight and light-sport aircraft, designed by Andre von Schoenebeck and produced by RMT Aviation of Bad Bocklet. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a ...

115 T 2007 2 seater * E-Go Aeroplanes e-Go 2013 ultralight and light-sport aircraft, 1 built * Cobalt Co50 Walkyrie 2015 prototype 4 seater, 1 built

Remote engine mounting

Langley Aerodrome The Langley Aerodrome was a pioneering but unsuccessful manned, tandem wing-configuration powered flying machine, designed at the close of the 19th century by Smithsonian Institution Secretary Samuel Langley. The U.S. Army paid $50,000 for the ...

Number 5 1896 experimental model *

Wright Flyer The ''Wright Flyer'' (also known as the ''Kitty Hawk'', ''Flyer'' I or the 1903 ''Flyer'') made the first sustained flight by a manned heavier-than-air powered and controlled aircraft—an airplane—on December 17, 1903. Invented and flown b ...

1903 experimental airplane, first recognized powered, sustained flight, 1 built *

Wright Model A The Wright Model A was an early aircraft produced by the Wright Brothers in the United States beginning in 1906. It was a development of their Flyer III airplane of 1905. The Wrights built about seven Model As in their bicycle shop during the ...

1906 biplane, about 60 built * Deperdussin-de Feure model 2, 1910, experimental, 1 built *De Bruyere C1 1917 fighter prototype 1 seater, 1 ex. * Kyūshū J7W, prototype fighter, 1 seat, 2130 hp, 1945, 2 built * AeroVironment Gossamer Condor 1977 human powered aircraft won

Kremer prize The Kremer prizes are a series of monetary awards, established in 1959 by the industrialist Henry Kremer. Royal Aeronautical Society Human Powered Flight Group The Royal Aeronautical Society's "Man Powered Aircraft Group" was formed in 1959 b ...

, 1 built * AeroVironment Gossamer Albatross 1979 human powered aircraft, 2 built * Dickey E-Racer 1986 homebuilt, unk no. built * British Aerospace P.1233-1 Saba 1988 anti-helicopter and close air support attack aircraft, project

Joined wings

A tandem (or three-surface) configuration whose wingtips are joined is a

Closed wing A closed wing is a wing that effectively has two main planes which merge at their ends so that there are no conventional wing tips. Closed wing designs include the annular wing (commonly known as the cylindrical or ring wing), the joined wing, ...

. * Ben Brown SC 1932, experimental joined wing, 1 built * Ligeti Stratos 1985 1 seat homebuilt, 2 built *

Airkraft Sunny The Airkraft Sunny is an ultralight aircraft that was designed by Dieter Schulz. The aircraft was initially produced by his company, Tandem Aircraft KG of Saulgau, Germany, which built about 150 examples between 1989 and 1999. After he sold the ...

1989 2 seater, 250 built

Tailless aircraft, Flying wings

Tailless aircraft

Tailless aircraft In aeronautics, a tailless aircraft is an aircraft with no other horizontal aerodynamic surface besides its main wing. It may still have a fuselage, vertical tail fin (vertical stabilizer), and/or vertical rudder. Theoretical advantages of the ...

lack a

horizontal stabilizer A tailplane, also known as a horizontal stabiliser, is a small lifting surface located on the tail (empennage) behind the main lifting surfaces of a fixed-wing aircraft as well as other non-fixed-wing aircraft such as helicopters and gyroplan ...

. *

Dunne D.4 The Dunne D.1, was an experimental tailless aircraft built in the UK in 1907. It comprised a main unit which could be flown as a glider, to which a chassis unit with power train could be added. The glider achieved a short flight in 1907. The D. ...

1908, 1 built *

Dunne D.5 __NOTOC__ The Dunne D.5 was a British experimental aircraft built in 1910. A tailless swept-wing biplane, it was designed by J. W. Dunne and built by Short Brothers at Leysdown for his company, the Blair Atholl Aeroplane Syndicate Ltd. Like its ...

1910, 1 built * Dunne D.6 & D.7 1911 monoplane, 2 built *

Dunne D.8 The Dunne D.8 of 1912 was a tailless swept wing biplane, designed by J. W. Dunne to have inherent stability. One example was supplied to RAE Farnborough. License-built Burgess-Dunne models were used by the US Signal Corps and United States Nav ...

1912, 5 built *

Westland-Hill Pterodactyl Pterodactyl was the name given to a series of experimental tailless aircraft designs developed by G. T. R. Hill in the 1920s and early 1930s. Named after the genus Pterodactylus, a well-known type of Pterosaur commonly known as the pterodactyl, a ...

series 1928, several built * Lippisch Delta 1 1931, experimental tailless monoplane, 1 built *

Waterman Whatsit The Whatsit was a swept-wing, tail-less airplane designed by Waldo Waterman between 1911 (when he first got the idea) and 1932 (when the prototype was finally in testing phase). Waterman completed the prototype with friend and fellow engineer, Max ...

1932 roadable aircraft, 1 built * Waterman Arrowplane 1935 roadable aircraft, 1 built *

Waterman Arrowbile The Waterman Arrowbile was a tailless, two-seat, single-engine, pusher configuration roadable aircraft built in the US in the late 1930s. One of the first of its kind, it flew safely but generated little customer interest, and only five were pro ...

1937 roadable aircraft, 5 built *

Kayaba Ku-4 The Kayaba Ku-4 was a research aircraft built in Japan in 1940 to investigate the possibilities of tailless aircraft designs. It followed designer Hidemasa Kimura's successful Kayaba Ku-2, Ku-2 and Kayaba Ku-3, Ku-3 designs for the Imperial Japa ...

1941 (not flown) research aircraft, 1 built *

Handley Page Manx The Handley Page HP. 75 Manx was a British experimental aircraft designed by Handley Page that flew test flights in the early 1940s. It was notable for its unconventional design characteristics, being a twin-engine tailless design of pusher con ...

1943 experimental tailless aircraft, 1 built *

Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet The Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet was a unique prototype fighter interceptor built by the Northrop Corporation. It was one of the most radical of the experimental aircraft built during World War II. Ultimately, it was unsuccessful and did not ent ...

1943 tailless fighter, 2 built * Sud-Est SE-2100, prototype tourer, 2 seats, 140 hp, 1945 * M.L. Aviation Utility 1953 inflatable wing, 4 built * DINFIA IA 38 1960 transport, 1 built * Fauvel AV.45 1960 1 seat motor glider, unk no. built * Rohr 2-175 1974 2 seat roadable aircraft, 1 built *

Cascade Kasperwing I-80 The Cascade Kasperwing I-80 is an American ultralight flying wing motorglider that was designed by Witold Kasper and Steve Grossruck. It was produced by Cascade Ultralites and introduced in 1976. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amat ...

1976 UL 1 seater *

Pterodactyl Ascender The Pterodactyl Ascender is a family of United States, U.S. designed and built ultralight aircraft that were sold in kit form between 1979 and 1984 under Pterodactyl Limited and is currently being sold by DFE Ultralights. With a total ...

1979 1 seat ultralight, 1396 built * Mitchell U2 Superwing 1980 1 seat ultralight * Facet Opal, 1988, 1 seat, experimental flying wing, 1 built *

Wingco Atlantica Atlantica is a blended wing body aircraft being developed by Wingco, an aircraft manufacturer. Wingco's website states that the aircraft is based on technology developed before World War II. The aircraft features five seats and a top speed of ...

2002 Blended wing-body demonstrator 5 seats, 1 built *

Aériane Swift The Aériane Swift is a lightweight (48 kg) foot-launched tailless sailplane whose rigid wings have a span of 40 feet. The Swift has been succeeded by the "Swift'Lite". Although designed in California, Swift aircraft are now manufactured by ...

Light PAS 2007 monoplane * Horten Aircraft HX-2 2019 2 seat prototype

Tailless, fabric wing, no fuselage

Ultralight trike An ultralight trike is a type of powered hang glider where flight control is by weight-shift. These aircraft have a fabric flex-wing from which is suspended a tricycle fuselage pod driven by a pusher propeller. The pod accommodates either a so ...

or Flexwing *

Paramotor Paramotor is the generic name for the harness and propulsive portion of a powered paragliding, powered paraglider ("PPG"). There are two basic types of paramotors: foot launch and wheel launch. Foot launch models consist of a frame with harness ...

Powered paraglider Powered paragliding, also known as paramotoring or PPG, is a form of ultralight aviation where the pilot wears a back-pack motor (a paramotor) which provides enough thrust to take off using a paraglider. It can be launched in still air, and on ...

Powered parachute A powered parachute, often abbreviated PPC, and also called a motorized parachute or paraplane, is a type of aircraft that consists of a parafoil with a motor and wheels. The FAA defines a powered parachute as ''a powered aircraft a flexible o ...

Flying wings

Flying wing A flying wing is a tailless fixed-wing aircraft that has no definite fuselage, with its crew, payload, fuel, and equipment housed inside the main wing structure. A flying wing may have various small protuberances such as pods, nacelles, blis ...

s lack a distinct fuselage, with crew, engines, and payload contained within the wing structure. * Horten V 1938 powered testbed, 3 built *

Northrop N-1M The Northrop N-1M (''Northrop Model 1 Mockup''), also known by the nickname "Jeep", is a retired American experimental aircraft used in the development of the flying wing concept by Northrop Aircraft during the 1940s. Design and development J ...

1940 experimental flying wing, 1 built *

Northrop N-9M The Northrop N-9M was an approximately one-third scale, span all-wing aircraft used for the development of the full size, wingspan Northrop XB-35 and YB-35 flying wing long-range, heavy bomber. First flown in 1942, the N-9M (M for Model) was ...

1942 experimental flying wing, 4 built *

Horten H.VII The Horten H.VII was a flying wing fighter-trainer aircraft designed by the Horten brothers in Nazi Germany during World War II. Development The H.VII was originally allocated the ''Reichsluftfahrtministerium'' (RLM) designation 8-226, but was ...

1944 2 seat prototype *

Northrop B-35 The Northrop YB-35, Northrop designation N-9 or NS-9, were experimental heavy bomber aircraft developed by the Northrop Corporation for the United States Army Air Forces during and shortly after World War II. The airplane used the radical and p ...

1946 bomber, 4 built *Davis Flying Wing 1987 *Horten PUL-10 1992 2 seater

Push-pull aircraft

Sides of fuselage

Zeppelin-Staaken R.V The Zeppelin-Staaken R.V was one of a series of large bomber A bomber is a military combat aircraft designed to attack ground and naval targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry (such as bombs), launching torpedoes, or deploying air-lau ...

1917 bomber, 3 built *

Bristol Braemar The Bristol Braemar was a British heavy bomber aircraft developed at the end of the First World War for the Royal Air Force. Only two prototypes were constructed. Development The prototype Braemar was developed in response to the establishment ...

1918 bomber, 2 built *

Handley Page V/1500 The Handley Page V/1500 was a British night-flying heavy bomber built by Handley Page towards the end of the First World War. It was a large four-engined biplane, which resembled a larger version of Handley Page's earlier O/100 and O/400 bombers ...

1918 bomber, 63 built *

Farman F.121 Jabiru The Farman F.120 and its derivatives were a family of multi-engine airliners and bombers of the 1920s built by the Farman Aviation Works in France. Design and development The Jabiru, which was named after a Latin American stork, was a fixed- ...

1923 airliner, 9 built *

Dornier Do K The Dornier Do K was a German commercial passenger and freight monoplane, designed by Claude Dornier and built by Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Only three prototypes of different designs were built and the type was not a commercial success. Design and ...

1929 airliner, 3 built *

Fokker F.32 The Fokker F-32 was a passenger aircraft built by the Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America in 1929 in their Teterboro, New Jersey factory. It was the first four-engined aircraft designed and built in the United States. Ten examples were built, ...

1929 airliner, 7 built *

Farman F.220 The Farman F.220 and its derivatives were thick-sectioned, high-winged, four engined monoplanes from Farman Aviation Works. Based on the push-pull configuration proven by the F.211, design started in August 1925 and the first flight of the prot ...

1932 airliner and bomber, about 80 built

Above fuselage

Felixstowe Porte Baby The Felixstowe Porte Baby (also known as the Porte F.B.2) was a British reconnaissance flying boat of the First World War, first flying in 1915. Design and development The Porte Baby was designed by John Cyril Porte RN at the naval air statio ...

1915 patrol flying boat, 11 built *

Curtiss NC The Curtiss NC (Curtiss Navy Curtiss, nicknamed "Nancy boat" or "Nancy") was a flying boat built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company and used by the United States Navy from 1918 through the early 1920s. Ten of these aircraft were built, the mos ...

1918 patrol flying boat, 10 built *

Johns Multiplane The Johns Multiplane was a very large unsuccessful experimental aircraft having seven wings and six ailerons, powered by three Liberty L-12 V-12 aircraft engines. The machine had the appearance of a biplane spliced onto the front of a triplane wi ...

1919 bomber, 1 built *

Bristol Pullman The Bristol Pullman was a British prototype passenger aircraft developed from the Braemar triplane heavy bomber. Design and development The Pullman was developed as a 14-passenger variant of the Braemar bomber. The third prototype Braemar was ...

1920 airliner, 1 built * Naval Aircraft Factory TF 1920 fighter flying boat, 4 built * SIAI S.22 1921 racing flying boat, 1 built *

Dornier Wal The Dornier Do J ''Wal'' ("whale") is a twin-engine German flying boat of the 1920s designed by ''Dornier Flugzeugwerke''. The Do J was designated the Do 16 by the Reich Air Ministry (''RLM'') under its aircraft designation system of 1933. De ...

1922 flying boat, about 300 built *

CAMS 33 __NOTOC__ The CAMS 33 was a reconnaissance flying boat built in France in the early 1920s. It was designed in response to a French Navy requirement for new flying boats for various roles. Design and development Chantiers Aéro-Maritimes de ...

1923 patrol flying boat, 21 built *

Macchi M.24 The Macchi M.24 was a flying boat designed by Alessandro Tonini and produced by Macchi in Italy during the 1920s. Originally intended as a bomber, it was eventually produced for civilian use as well.Taylor 1989, 617''World Aircraft Information Fi ...

1924 flying boat, unk. no built *

Savoia-Marchetti S.55 The Savoia-Marchetti S.55 was a double-hulled flying boat produced in Italy, beginning in 1924. Shortly after its introduction, it began setting records for speed, payload, altitude and range. Design and development The S.55 featured many in ...

1924 flying boat, 243+ built *

Boeing XPB The Boeing XPB (company Model 50) was an American twin-engined biplane long-range patrol flying boat of the 1920s. A single example was built for the United States Navy. Design and development In September 1924, the Naval Aircraft Factory was ...

1925 patrol flying boat, 1 built *

Caproni Ca.73 The Caproni Ca.73 was an Italian airliner produced during the 1920s which went on to serve as a light bomber in the newly independent ''Regia Aeronautica''. Design and development The Ca.73 was an inverted sesquiplane with a biplane tail and tw ...

1925 bomber unk. no. built *

NVI F.K.33 The NVI F.K.33 was an airliner built in the Netherlands in 1925 for use by KLM for night flying. Design and development The F.K.33 was a largely conventional high-wing, strut-braced monoplane with seating for ten passengers in an enclosed cabi ...

1925 airliner, 1 built * CAMS 51 1926 flying boat, 3 built *

Dornier Do R The Dornier Do R Superwal was a German flying boat airliner of the 1920s. Development The Do R was a larger development of the Do J, with a larger high-mounted strut-braced monoplane wing and longer fuselage. All but the first three built also ...

Superwal 1926 airliner flying boat, 19 built *

Kawasaki Ka 87 __NOTOC__ The Dornier N was a bomber aircraft designed in Germany in the 1920s for production in Japan. Production of 28 aircraft started in Japan in 1927, as the Kawasaki Ka 87 (also known as the Type 87 Night Bomber). Designed and built as a l ...

1926 bomber, 28 built *

Latécoère 21 __NOTOC__ The Latécoère 21 was a French flying boat built in 1925 for use by Lignes Aériennes Latécoère as an airliner on routes between France and North Africa. It was the first of the Latécoère flying boats, and the first aircraft to de ...

1926 airliner flying boat, 7 built * Latécoère 23 1927 transport flying boat, 1 built * Latécoère 24 1927 mailplane flying boat, 1 built *

Farman F.180 __NOTOC__ The Farman F.180 ''Oiseau Bleu'' (en: Bluebird) was a 1920s French biplane airliner. The F.180 was designed to fly non-stop between Paris and New York, but when the crossing attempt was cancelled three aircraft were built as luxury tran ...

1927 airliner, 3 built * Savoia-Marchetti S.63 1927 flying boat, 1 built * CAMS 53 1928 transport flying boat, 30 built *

CAMS 55 __NOTOC__ The CAMS 55 was a reconnaissance flying boat built in France in the late 1920s which equipped the French Navy throughout the 1930s. Design and development The CAMS 55 design was derived from the unsuccessful CAMS 51 and followed t ...

1928 patrol flying boat, 112 built * Latécoère 32 1928 mailplane flying boat, 8 built *

Latham 47 __NOTOC__ The Latham 47, or Latham R3B4 in Naval service was a French twin-engine flying boat designed and built by Société Latham & Cie for the French Navy. The aircraft achieved notoriety in 1928 when aircraft number 47.02 disappeared with t ...

1928 patrol flying boat, 16 built * Dornier X 1929 airliner flying boat, 3 built *

Comte AC-3 __NOTOC__ The Comte AC-3 was a 1920s Swiss bomber/transport aircraft produced by Flugzeugbau A. Comte. Design and development In November 1928, as a response to increasing tensions and clashes between troops in the Gran Chaco border region betw ...

1930 bomber, 1 built *

Dornier Do P The Dornier Do P was a German four-engined heavy bomber, manufactured by Dornier Flugzeugwerke in the 1930s. It was built as part of the secret rearmament of Germany, in opposition to the Treaty of Versailles. Design and development Construction ...

1930 bomber, 1 built *

Dornier Do S The Dornier Do S was a 22-passenger flying boat airliner flown in Germany in 1930. Design and development The all-metal Dornier Do S was intended to replace the Dornier Do R, Dornier Do R 4 Superwal, a four-engined, 19-passenger flying boat flown ...

1930 flying boat, 1 built *

Hinkler Ibis __NOTOC__ The Hinkler Ibis was a British two-seat wooden amphibian monoplane designed and built by the Australian aviator Bert Hinkler while working in the United Kingdom.UK Civil Aviation AuthorityG-AAIS registration Design and development H ...

1930 2 seat monoplane, 1 built * Latécoère 340 1930 airliner flying boat, 1 built * Latécoère 380 1930 flying boat, 5 built *

Blériot 125 __NOTOC__ The Blériot 125 (or Bl-125) was a highly unusual France, French airliner of the early 1930s. Displayed at the 1930 ''Salon de l'Aéronautique'' in Paris, it featured accommodation for twelve passengers in separate twin-fuselage aircraf ...

1931 airliner, 1 built * Bratu 220 1932 airliner, 1 built * Latécoère 500 1932 transport flying boat, 2 built *

Caproni Ca.90 The Caproni Ca.90 was a prototype Italian heavy bomber designed and built by Caproni. When it first flew in 1929 it was the largest land-based aircraft in the world. Design and development A six-engined inverted sesquiplane, the Caproni Ca.90 wa ...

1929 bomber, 1 built *

Sikorsky XP2S The Sikorsky XP2S was an American biplane patrol flying boat developed for the United States Navy during the early 1930s. Design and development After selling a small quantity of PS / RS patrol / transport amphibians to the Navy, Sikorsky (then ...

1932 patrol flying boat, 1 built * CAMS 58 1933 airliner flying boat, 4 built * Lioré et Olivier LeO H-27 1933 mailplane flying boat 1 built * Loire 70 1933 patrol flying boat, 8 built *

Tupolev ANT-16 The Tupolev ANT-16 (also known as the TB-4; russian: Тяжелый Бомбардировщик – ''Heavy Bomber'') was an experimental heavy bomber aircraft designed and tested in the Soviet Union in the early 1930s. Design and development Co ...

1933 bomber 1 built *

Tupolev ANT-20 The Tupolev ANT-20 ''Maxim Gorky'' (russian: Туполев АНТ-20 "Максим Горький", sometimes romanized as ''Maksim Gorki'') was a Soviet eight-engine aircraft, the largest in the world during the 1930s. Its wingspan was similar t ...

1934 transport, 2 built *

Tupolev MTB-1 The Tupolev MTB-1 (known originally as the MDR-4 and internally to Tupolev as the ANT-27) was a patrol flying boat built in the Soviet Union in the mid-1930s. It was a refined version of the unsuccessful Chyetverikov MDR-3. The revised design re ...

1934 patrol flying boat, 25 built *

1935 patrol flying boat, 170 built * Bartini DAR 1936 patrol flying boat, 1 built *

Chyetverikov ARK-3 The Chyetverikov ARK-3 (''ARKtichyeskii'' - arctic) was a multi-role flying boat designed for Arctic operations that was built in the Soviet Union from 1933. It featured a conventional flying boat hull, with high cantilever wings equipped with ...

1936 flying boat, 7 built *

Dornier Do 26 The Dornier Do 26 was an all-metal gull-winged flying boat produced before and during World War II by '' Dornier Flugzeugwerke'' of Germany. It was operated by a crew of four and was intended to carry a payload of 500 kg (1,100 lb) o ...

1939 push-pull flying boat, 6 built *

Dornier Seastar The Dornier Seastar is a turboprop-powered amphibious aircraft built largely of composite materials. Developed by of Germany, it first flew in 1984. The design is owned by Claudius Jr's son, Conrado, who founded Dornier Seawings AG (now Dornier ...

1984 push-pull amphibious 12 seats, 2 built

Extremities

Caproni Ca.60 The Caproni Ca.60 Transaereo, often referred to as the Noviplano (nine-wing) or Capronissimo, was the prototype of a large nine-wing flying boat intended to become a 100-passenger transatlantic airliner. It featured eight engines and three sets ...

1921 airliner flying boat, 1 built *

Dornier Do 335 The Dornier Do 335 ''Pfeil'' ("Arrow") was a heavy fighter built by Dornier for Germany during World War II. The two-seater trainer version was called ''Ameisenbär'' ("anteater"). The ''Pfeil''s performance was predicted to be better than other ...

1943 push-pull fighter, 38 built *

Moynet Jupiter The Moynet M 360 Jupiter was a small executive transport built in France in the 1960s. It had an unusual twin- push-pull, single-fuselage configuration. Two prototypes were produced, the second with more power and seating, but no sales resulted. ...

1963 push-pull transport, 2 built *

Aero Design DG-1 The Aero Design DG-1 (registered ''N10E'') is an American racing aircraft designed by David Garber in an attempt to break the world airspeed record for a piston-engined aircraft. It is a single-seat aircraft with two Mazda RX-3 engines installed, ...

1977 push-pull racer, 1 built *

Rutan Defiant The Rutan Model 40 Defiant is a four-seat, twin-engine homebuilt aircraft with the engines in a push-pull configuration. It was designed by aerospace engineer Burt Rutan for the Rutan Aircraft Factory. ] Development The prototype Defiant, ...

1978 transport, 19+ built *

Rutan Voyager The Rutan Model 76 Voyager was the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling. It was piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager. The flight took off from Edwards Air Force Base's 15,000 foot (4,600 m) runway in the Mojav ...

1984 endurance record aircraft, 1 builtExtension shaft on aft engine. The tractor engine only used during take-off, climb and some part of the course. It was actually used to cope with aft engine trouble* * Star Kraft SK-700 1994 push-pull transport, * Aeronix Airelle 2002 tandem wing 2 seater, 5 built

On nose and between booms

Siemens-Schuckert DDr.I The Siemens-Schuckert DDr.I was a World War I German twin engine, push-pull configuration triplane fighter aircraft. Only one was built, crashing on its first flight. Design and development The unusual DDr.I was one of the first aircraft to ha ...

1917 fighter, 1 built *

Thomas-Morse MB-4 The Thomas-Morse MB-4 was a prototype American mailplane of the 1920s. It was of unusual design, being a biplane with twin fuselages housing the crew of two and a central nacelle which carried the aircraft's twin engines in a push-pull configurat ...

1920 mailplane, 2+ built *

Bellanca TES The Bellanca TES (Tandem Experimental Sesquiplane) or Blue Streak was a push-pull sesquiplane aircraft designed by Giuseppe Mario Bellanca in 1929 for the first non-stop flight from Seattle to Tokyo. In 1930 it was refitted with two 600 hp ...

1929, distance record aircraft, 1 built *

Savoia-Marchetti S.65 The Savoia-Marchetti S.65 was an Italian racing seaplane built for the 1929 Schneider Trophy race. Design and development The S.65 was a single-seat twin-engine floatplane of low-wing monoplane configuration with two floats. Its tailplane was s ...

1929 racing floatplane 1 built *

Tupolev I-12 The Tupolev I-12 (also known as the ANT-23) was a prototype Soviet fighter aircraft that never reached production. The I-12 was of unconventional design with twin booms made of water pipes containing recoilless rifles and two engines in a push-pu ...

1931 Fighter prototype * Fokker D.XXIII 1939 fighter, 1 built * Moskalyev SAM-13 1940 (unflown) push-pull fighter, 0 built * Marton X/V (RMI-8) 1944 (unflown) fighter, 1 destroyed before completion *

Cessna Skymaster The Cessna Skymaster is an American twin-engine civil utility aircraft built in a push-pull configuration. Its engines are mounted in the nose and rear of its pod-style fuselage. Twin booms extend aft of the wings to the vertical stabilizers, ...

1963 push-pull transport, 2993 built *

Canaero Toucan The Canaero Toucan is a Canadian high-wing, two seats in tandem, twin engine push-pull configuration, twin-boom ultralight kit aircraft that was produced from 1983 to the late 1980s by Canaero Dynamics Aircraft of Rexdale, Ontario.Taylor, John ...

1986 ultralight, 16+ built * Schweizer RU-38 Twin Condor 1995 push-pull reconnaissance aircraft, 5 built *

Adam A500 The Adam A500 is an American six-seat civil utility aircraft that was produced by Adam Aircraft Industries. The aircraft is of pod-and-boom, push-pull configuration with its two Continental TSIO-550-E piston engines mounted to provide ...

2002 push-pull transport, 7 built

On wings and between booms

* Caproni Ca.1 1914 bomber, 162 built *

Caproni Ca.2 __NOTOC__ The Caproni Ca.2 was an Italian heavy bomber of the World War I era. Development The Ca.2 was a minor development of the Caproni Ca.1 (1914), Caproni Ca.1 twin-boom bomber of 1914. It had become evident early in the Ca.1's service lif ...

1915 bomber, 9 built *

AD Seaplane Type 1000 The AD Seaplane Type 1000 also known as the Admiralty Type 1000 and the AD.1 (from Air Department) was a British seaplane of the First World War designed to attack German warships. When it first flew, it was the largest British aircraft yet to ...

1916 bomber, 1 built *

Anatra DE The Anatra DE was a three-engined prototype Russian medium bomber of World War I. The biplane bomber was designed to hold four people. It was planned to use three engines to reach its target, then return using only one engine, having been lightene ...

1916 bomber, 1 built *

Caproni Ca.3 The Caproni Ca.3 is an Italian heavy bomber of World War I and the postwar era. It was the most produced version of the series of aircraft that began with the 1914 Caproni Ca.1 and continued until the more powerful 1917 Caproni Ca.5 variant. ...

1916 bomber, about 300 built *

Caproni Ca.4 The Caproni Ca.4 was an Italian heavy bomber of the World War I era. Development After designing the successful Ca.3, Gianni Caproni of the Caproni works designed a much bigger aircraft. It shared the unusual layout of the Caproni Ca.3, being a ...

1917 triplane bomber, 44-53 built *

Caproni Ca.5 The Caproni Ca.5 was an Italian heavy bomber of World War I and the postwar era. It was the final version of the series of aircraft that began with the Caproni Ca.1 (1914), Caproni Ca.1 in 1914. Development By late World War I, developments in ...

1917 bomber, 662 built *

Gotha G.VI The Gotha G.VI was an experimental bomber aircraft designed and built in Germany during World War I. Development The Gotha G.VI was an experimental bomber developed from the Gotha G.V. Using the standard wing cellule from the Gotha G.V the G.VI ...

1918 bomber, 2 built *

Grahame-White Ganymede The Grahame-White Ganymede was a prototype British heavy night bomber intended to serve with the Royal Air Force in the First World War. A large, three-engined, twin-boom biplane, the sole prototype Ganymede did not fly until after the war ha ...

1919 bomber/airliner, 1 built

Rotorcraft

* Bensen autogyros 1953 *

Fairey Jet Gyrodyne The Fairey Jet Gyrodyne is a British experimental compound gyroplane built by the Fairey Aviation Company that incorporated helicopter, gyrodyne and autogyro characteristics. The Jet Gyrodyne was the subject of a Ministry of Supply (MoS) resea ...

1954, experimental gyrodyne *

McDonnell XV-1 The McDonnell XV-1 is an experimental Convertiplane developed by McDonnell Aircraft for a joint research program between the United States Air Force and the United States Army to explore technologies to develop an aircraft that could take off a ...

1954, experimental compound helicopter, 550 hp *

Avian Gyroplane The Avian 2/180 Gyroplane was a two-seat, single-engine autogyro built in Canada in the 1960s. Several prototypes were built but production was not achieved. Development Avian Aircraft was started by Peter Payne and colleagues from the Avro Can ...

1960, 2 seats, about 6 built *

Wallis autogyros Wallis (derived from ''Wallace'') may refer to: People * Wallis (given name) **Wallis, Duchess of Windsor * Wallis (surname) Places * Wallis (Ambleston), a hamlet within the parish of Ambleston in Pembrokeshire, West Wales, United Kingdom * ...

1961 *

CarterCopter The CarterCopter is an experimental compound autogyro developed by Carter Aviation Technologies in the United States to demonstrate slowed rotor technology. On 17 June 2005, the CarterCopter became the first rotorcraft to achieve mu-1 (μ=1), an ...

Carter PAV The Carter PAV (Personal Air Vehicle) is a two-bladed, compound autogyro developed by Carter Aviation Technologies to demonstrate slowed rotor technology. The design has an unpowered rotor mounted on top of the fuselage, wings like a conventio ...

1998 *

Sikorsky X2 The Sikorsky X2 is an experimental high-speed compound helicopter with coaxial rotors, developed by Sikorsky Aircraft, that made its first flight in 2008 and was officially retired in 2011. Design and development Sikorsky developed the X2 heli ...

2008, experimental compound helicopter *

Sikorsky S-97 Raider The Sikorsky S-97 Raider is a high-speed scout and attack compound helicopter based on the Advancing Blade Concept (ABC) with a coaxial rotor system under development by Sikorsky Aircraft. Sikorsky planned to offer it for the United States ...

Conventional and three surface layouts

Direct drive

Propeller ahead of tail

=Between frames (''Farman layout'')

=Between frames or booms (1915 and later)

=Between booms

=Between booms / UAV's

=Between outboard tail An outboard tail is a type of aircraft tail or empennage which is split in two, with each half mounted on a short boom just behind and outboard of each wing tip. It comprises outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) and may or may not include addition ... booms

=Coaxially in rear fuselage

=Nacelle above fuselage

=Below tail boom

=Between up and down tail booms

=Above tailboom

Propeller behind the tail

Lateral behind wing

Lateral nacelles

Remote drive

Propeller ahead of tail

=Within airframe

=Behind wing

Inside tail

Behind tail

Propeller above fuselage or wing

Canard and tandem layouts

Direct drive

Remote engine mounting

Joined wings

Tailless aircraft, Flying wings

Tailless aircraft

Tailless, fabric wing, no fuselage

Flying wings

Push-pull aircraft

Sides of fuselage

Above fuselage

Extremities

On nose and between booms

On wings and between booms

Rotorcraft

See also

Bibliography

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

=Between
outboard tail An outboard tail is a type of aircraft tail or empennage which is split in two, with each half mounted on a short boom just behind and outboard of each wing tip. It comprises outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) and may or may not include addition ...
booms