This article lists

political parties A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or pol ...

in the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

, which has a

multi-party system In political science, a multi-party system is a political system in which multiple political parties across the political spectrum run for national elections, and all have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coal ...

with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone, and parties often work with each other to form

coalition government A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election, an atypical outcome in ...

s. The lower house of the legislature, the

House of Representatives House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...

, is elected by a national party-list system of

proportional representation Proportional representation (PR) refers to a type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to geographical (e.g. states, regions) and political divis ...

. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes. No party has won a majority of seats since the election of 1894,

Dieter Nohlen Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expe ...

& Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1412 and no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in 1918. All Dutch governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, and all parties must adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.

General overview

* The

People's Party for Freedom and Democracy The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ( nl, Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie ; VVD) is a conservative-liberal Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49 political party in ...

(VVD) is a conservative-liberal party. As a

centre-right Centre-right politics lean to the Right-wing politics, right of the Left–right politics, political spectrum, but are closer to the Centrism, centre. From the 1780s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure a ...

movement (''big market small government''), it attaches great importance to

private enterprise A privately held company (or simply a private company) is a company whose shares and related rights or obligations are not offered for public subscription or publicly negotiated in the respective listed markets, but rather the company's stock is ...

economic liberalism Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism ...

and the freedom of the individual in political, social, and economic affairs. The party is generally supportive of European economic integration, but is less supportive of political integration. The party's leader is

Mark Rutte Mark Rutte (; born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who has served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 2010 and Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) since 2006. After a business career working for Unilever ...

. VVD is a member of the

Liberal International Liberal International (LI) is a worldwide organization of liberal political parties - a political international. It was founded in Oxford in 1947 and has become the pre-eminent network for liberal parties, aiming to strengthen liberalism around ...

and the

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

. *

Democrats 66 Democrats 66 (; abbreviated D66, ) is a Social liberalism, social liberal List of political parties in the Netherlands, political party in the Netherlands, which positions itself in the Centrism, centre of the Left–right political spectrum, p ...

(D66) have had widely fluctuating electoral fortunes since the party's founding in 1966. The party was founded as a movement that advocated

direct democracy Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which the Election#Electorate, electorate decides on policy initiatives without legislator, elected representatives as proxies. This differs from the majority of currently establishe ...

and electoral reform. Today, it is a centrist

social liberal Social liberalism (german: Sozialliberalismus, es, socioliberalismo, nl, Sociaalliberalisme), also known as new liberalism in the United Kingdom, modern liberalism, or simply liberalism in the contemporary United States, left-liberalism ...

party, professing a

pro-European Pro-Europeanism, sometimes called European Unionism, is a political position that favours European integration and membership of the European Union (EU).Krisztina Arató, Petr Kaniok (editors). ''Euroscepticism and European Integration''. Polit ...

platform and progressive views on, for example,

euthanasia Euthanasia (from el, εὐθανασία 'good death': εὖ, ''eu'' 'well, good' + θάνατος, ''thanatos'' 'death') is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering. Different countries have different eut ...

organ donation Organ donation is the process when a person allows an organ of their own to be removed and transplanted to another person, legally, either by consent while the donor is alive or dead with the assent of the next of kin. Donation may be for re ...

ecological sustainability Specific definitions of sustainability are difficult to agree on and have varied in the literature and over time. The concept of sustainability can be used to guide decisions at the global, national, and individual levels (e.g. sustainable livin ...

and ethnic and

religious tolerance Religious toleration may signify "no more than forbearance and the permission given by the adherents of a dominant religion for other religions to exist, even though the latter are looked on with disapproval as inferior, mistaken, or harmful". ...

Sigrid Kaag Sigrid Agnes Maria Kaag (; born 2 November 1961) is a Dutch diplomat and politician, serving as List of Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands, Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands, First Deputy Prime Minister in the ...

leads the party. D66 is a member of the

and the

. *The Party for Freedom (PVV) is a

right-wing populist Right-wing populism, also called national populism and right-wing nationalism, is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti- elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establ ...

and national-liberal party. It was founded by

Geert Wilders Geert Wilders (; born 6 September 1963) is a Dutch politician who has led the Party for Freedom (''Partij voor de Vrijheid'' – PVV) since he founded it in 2006. He is also the party's leader in the House of Representatives (''Tweede Kamer'' ...

, who split from the VVD in 2004. The PVV seeks to lower taxation and limit

immigration Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Commuters, tourists, and ...

, especially from Islamic and non-Western countries. Supporting Nexit, it is hard Eurosceptic. The party is part of the

Identity and Democracy Identity and Democracy (french: link=no, Identité et démocratie, ID) is a right-wing to far-right political group of the European Parliament, launched on 13 June 2019 for the Ninth European Parliament term. It is composed of nationalist, ri ...

group. * The

Christian Democratic Appeal The Christian Democratic Appeal ( nl, Christen-Democratisch Appèl, ; CDA) is a Christian-democratic political party in the Netherlands. It was originally formed in 1977 from a confederation of the Catholic People's Party, the Anti-Revolutionary ...

(CDA) is a Christian democratic party on the centre to centre-right. It supports free enterprise and holds to the principle that government activity should supplement but not supplant communal action by citizens. On the political spectrum, the CDA sees its philosophy as standing between the "

individualism Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and to value independence and self-reli ...

" of the VVD and the "

statism In political science, statism is the doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree. This may include economic and social policy, especially in regard to taxation and the means of production. While in use sinc ...

" of the Labour Party. The CDA favours European economic, cultural, and political integration. The CDA is a member of the

Centrist Democrat International The Centrist Democrat International ( es, Internacional Demócrata de Centro) is a Christian-democratic political international. Until 2001, it was known as the Christian Democrat International (CDI); before 1999, it was known as the Christian D ...

and the

European People's Party The European People's Party (EPP) is a European political party with Christian-democratic, conservative, and liberal-conservative member parties. A transnational organisation, it is composed of other political parties. Founded by primarily Ch ...

. * The

Socialist Party Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of th ...

(SP) is a

left-wing populist Left-wing populism, also called social populism, is a political ideology that combines left-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric often consists of anti- elitism, opposition to the Establishment, and speaking for the "com ...

party. The party itself has called its ideological shift a move "from socialism to a social-ism." The party opposes what it sees as the

European Superstate The United States of Europe (USE), the European State, the European Federation and Federal Europe, is the hypothetical scenario of the European integration leading to formation of a sovereign superstate (similar to the United States of Amer ...

. The SP operated as an independent party within the European United Left-Nordic Green Left group until the 2019 European elections, when it lost all seats in the European Parliament.

Lilian Marijnissen Lilian M. C. Marijnissen (born 11 July 1985) is a Dutch politician serving as Leader of the Socialist Party and ''ex officio'' its parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives since 13 December 2017. She was first installed as a member o ...

is the leader of the SP. *The Labour Party (PvdA) is a

social democratic Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocating economic and social interventions to promote soci ...

party, and

centre-left Centre-left politics lean to the left on the left–right political spectrum but are closer to the centre than other left-wing politics. Those on the centre-left believe in working within the established systems to improve social justice. The c ...

in orientation. Its program is based on more social, political, and

economic equality Equity, or economic equality, is the concept or idea of fairness in economics, particularly in regard to taxation or welfare economics. More specifically, it may refer to a movement that strives to provide equal life chances regardless of identit ...

for all citizens. Former PvdA Prime Minister

Joop den Uyl Johannes Marten den Uijl, better known as Joop den Uyl (; 9 August 1919 – 24 December 1987) was a Dutch politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1973 to 1977. He was a member of the Labour Party (PvdA). ...

has called it an "equal distribution of knowledge, income and power." Under Prime Minister

Wim Kok Willem "Wim" Kok (; 29 September 1938 – 20 October 2018) was a Dutch politician and trade union leader who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002.Third Way The Third Way is a centrist political position that attempts to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of centre-right economic policies with centre-left social policies. The Third Way was born from a ...

programme. The PvdA is generally supportive of European integration. Although called the Labour Party, it has no formal links to

trade union A trade union (labor union in American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers intent on "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment", ch. I such as attaining better wages and benefits ( ...

s. In practice, however, strong links exist, with PvdA politicians often beginning their careers in the FNV trade union. The party is led by

Lilianne Ploumen Elisabeth Maria Josepha "Lilianne" Ploumen (; born 12 July 1962) is a Dutch politician and activist who served as Leader of the Labour Party from January 2021 until April 2022. She had been a member of the House of Representatives since 2017, a ...

. The PvdA was a member of the

Socialist International The Socialist International (SI) is a political international or worldwide organisation of political parties which seek to establish democratic socialism. It consists mostly of socialist and labour-oriented political parties and organisations. ...

until it delisted in 2014. Nowadays, the party is a member of the

Progressive Alliance The Progressive Alliance (PA) is a political international of social democratic and progressive political parties and organisations founded on 22 May 2013 in Leipzig, Germany. The alliance was formed as an alternative to the existing Social ...

and the

Party of European Socialists The Party of European Socialists (PES) is a social democratic and progressive European political party. The PES comprises national-level political parties from all member states of the European Union (EU) plus Norway and the United Kingdom ...

. *

GreenLeft GroenLinks (, ) is a Green politics, green List of political parties in the Netherlands, political party in the Netherlands. It was formed on 1 March 1989 from the merger of four Left-wing politics, left-wing parties: the Communist Party of th ...

combines

green politics Green politics, or ecopolitics, is a political ideology that aims to foster an ecologically sustainable society often, but not always, rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice and grassroots democracy. Wall 2010. p. 12-13. It b ...

with

left-wing Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy. Left-wing politics typically involve a concern for those in soci ...

ideals. The party was founded in 1990 as a merger of the

Radical Radical may refer to: Politics and ideology Politics *Radical politics, the political intent of fundamental societal change *Radicalism (historical), the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and ...

Pacifist Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism (including conscription and mandatory military service) or violence. Pacifists generally reject theories of Just War. The word ''pacifism'' was coined by the French peace campaign ...

Communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...

, and

Evangelical Left Typically, members of the evangelical left affirm the primary tenets of evangelical theology, such as the doctrines of the incarnation, atonement, and resurrection, and also see the Bible as the primary authority for the Church. Unlike many evangel ...

parties. The current leader

Jesse Klaver Jesse Feras Klaver (born 1 May 1986) is a Dutch politician serving as a member of the House of Representatives since 2010 and Leader of GroenLinks since 2015. Prior to this, he chaired the youth union of the Christelijk Nationaal Vakverbond from ...

opposes what he calls "economism", where important values seem to be secondary to

economic growth Economic growth can be defined as the increase or improvement in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy in a financial year. Statisticians conventionally measure such growth as the percent rate of ...

. GreenLeft is a member of the

Global Greens The Global Greens (GG) is an international network of political parties and movements which work to implement the Global Greens Charter. It consists of various national Green political parties, partner networks, and other organizations associate ...

and the

European Green Party The European Green Party (EGP), also referred to as European Greens, is the European political party that represents national parties from across Europe who share Green values. The European Greens works closely with the Greens–European Fre ...

. *

Party for the Animals The Party for the Animals ( nl, Partij voor de Dieren; PvdD) is a List of political parties in the Netherlands, political party in the Netherlands. Among its main goals are animal rights and animal welfare. Since 2019, the PvdD's political lead ...

(PvdD) is an

animal rights Animal rights is the philosophy according to which many or all sentient animals have moral worth that is independent of their utility for humans, and that their most basic interests—such as avoiding suffering—should be afforded the sa ...

party. It has been labeled as a one issue-party, though former PvdD leader

Marianne Thieme Marianne Louise Thieme (, born 6 March 1972) is a Dutch politician, author and animal rights activist. A jurist by education, she served as the Party for the Animals' political leader from 2002 to 2019 and a member of the House of Representatives ...

has claimed it is not. The focus of the party is on

animal welfare Animal welfare is the well-being of non-human animals. Formal standards of animal welfare vary between contexts, but are debated mostly by animal welfare groups, legislators, and academics. Animal welfare science uses measures such as longevity ...

and

environmental protection Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment by individuals, organizations and governments. Its objectives are to conserve natural resources and the existing natural environment and, where possible, to repair dam ...

. The party also has distinctive points of view about education, privacy, health care and the economy. Its founder is

. Its current leader is

Esther Ouwehand Esther Ouwehand (born 10 June 1976) is a Dutch politician and former marketing manager serving as leader of the Party for the Animals ( nl, Partij voor de Dieren, PvdD) and its parliamentary group in the House of Representatives since 2019. She ...

. The party is currently part of the

European United Left–Nordic Green Left European, or Europeans, or Europeneans, may refer to: In general * ''European'', an adjective referring to something of, from, or related to Europe ** Ethnic groups in Europe ** Demographics of Europe ** European cuisine, the cuisines of Europe a ...

group. *

Forum for Democracy Forum for Democracy ( nl, Forum voor Democratie, FvD) is a right-wing populist Eurosceptic political party in the Netherlands that was founded as a think tank by Thierry Baudet and Henk Otten in 2016. The party first participated in elections i ...

is a

, and

national conservative National conservatism is a nationalist variant of conservatism that concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity. National conservatives usually combine nationalism with conservative stances promoting traditional cultural values, f ...

party. In favour of lower taxes, military investment and expansion, electoral reform, offering a referendum on European Union membership, reinstating

border control Border control refers to measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders. While border control is typically associated with international borders, it a ...

s and ending what it perceives as mass

. The party was founded and is currently led by

Thierry Baudet Thierry Henri Philippe Baudet (; born 28 January 1983) is a Dutch far-right politician, author and self-declared conspiracy theorist. He is the founder and leader of Forum for Democracy (FvD), and has been a member of the House of Representativ ...

. The party is a member of the

European Conservatives and Reformists Party The European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party), formerly known as Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR) (2009–2016) and Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) (2016–2019), is a conservativ ...

and part of the ERC-group. *The Christian Union (CU) is a

socially conservative Social conservatism is a political philosophy and variety of conservatism which places emphasis on traditional power structures over social pluralism. Social conservatives organize in favor of duty, traditional values and social institution ...

Christian democratic party, which mostly concentrates on ethical issues, such as a resistance against abortion,

, and

gay marriage Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same sex or gender. marriage between same-sex couples is legally performed and recognized in 33 countries, with the most recent being Mexico, constituting ...

. In other areas, such as immigration and the environment, the party often is closer to the progressive parties. It is a moderately Eurosceptic party. The CU operated within the

European Conservatives and Reformists The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) is a soft Eurosceptic, anti- federalist political group of the European Parliament. The ECR is the parliamentary group of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party) European pol ...

group, until after the 2019 European elections, when it joined the

European People's Party group The European People's Party Group (EPP Group) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies (MEPs) from the member parties of the European People's Party (EPP). Sometimes it also includes independent MEP ...

. The party is a founding member of the

European Christian Political Movement The European Christian Political Movement (ECPM) is the only European political party explicitly working on promoting Christian values. The party unites national parties and individuals from across Europe who share policies influenced by Chris ...

. * The Reformed Political Party (SGP) is a party of the

Christian right The Christian right, or the religious right, are Christian political factions characterized by their strong support of socially conservative and traditionalist policies. Christian conservatives seek to influence politics and public policy with t ...

, with stronger ethical points of view than the Christian Union. Although the party is small on a national level, having gained either two or three seats in every general election, it is an important political power in some orthodox reformed municipalities. The party sees governments (local, regional, national and international) as unconditional servants of God. The party bases all of its views directly on the Bible. Opposing European integration, the party is Eurosceptic, and operates within the

group and is a member of the

Kees van der Staaij Cornelis Gerrit "Kees" van der Staaij (; born 12 September 1968) is a Dutch politician serving as a member of the House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives since 1998 and Leader of the Reformed Political Party (''Staatkundi ...

leads the SGP. *

DENK Denk may refer to: People *Jeremy Denk (born 1970), American classical pianist * Michael K. Denk, Canadian professor of chemistry * Paula Denk (1908–1978), German actress *Ralph Denk (born 1973), German cyclist and cycling manager *Ulrike Denk ( ...

is a small political party mainly focusing on and promoting

multiculturalism The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and colloquial use. In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for "Pluralism (political theory), ethnic pluralism", with the tw ...

and

social integration Social integration is the process during which newcomers or minorities are incorporated into the social structure of the host society. Social integration, together with economic integration and identity integration, are three main dimensions of ...

. The party also supports

environmentalism Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seek ...

and international justice.

Tunahan Kuzu Tunahan Kuzu (born 5 June 1981) is a Turkey, Turkish-born Netherlands, Dutch politician. He is a former member of the Labour Party (Netherlands), Labour Party (PvdA). He has been an House of Representatives (Netherlands), MP since 20 September 201 ...

founded the party after splitting from the PvdA in 2014. The current leader is

Farid Azarkan Farid Azarkan (born 16 October 1971) is a Moroccan-born Dutch politician serving as Leader of DENK since 26 September 2020. He has been a member of the House of Representatives since 23 March 2017 and parliamentary leader since 21 March 2020. Aza ...

. *

Volt Netherlands Volt Netherlands (, usually simply called Volt) is a social-liberal political party in the Netherlands. It is the Dutch branch of Volt Europa, a political movement that operates on a European level. History Oprichting Volt - speech Reinier van ...

is the Dutch branch of the European federalist political movement

Volt Europa Volt Europa (frequently abbreviated as Volt) is a pro-European and European federalist political movement that also serves as the pan-European structure for subsidiary parties in several EU member states. Volt candidates stood on a common, pan- ...

. Its leader

Laurens Dassen Laurens Antonius Josephus Maria Dassen (born 19 October 1985) is a Dutch politician and former banker. Dassen grew up in Knegsel, studied business administration at Radboud University Nijmegen and worked for ABN AMRO for six years. He has been ...

wants the EU to be a "strong parliamentary democracy" and proposes jointly tackling "cross-border issues", such as

climate change In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to E ...

. *

JA21 JA21 (, backronym for Juiste Antwoord 2021, or 'Right Answer 2021') is a political party in the Netherlands, currently active in the Senate as the Nanninga Group (). It was founded in December 2020 by Joost Eerdmans and Annabel Nanninga after ...

is a conservative-liberal party founded by former Second Chamber member of the LPF

Joost Eerdmans Bernard Johannes "Joost" Eerdmans (born 9 January 1971) is a Dutch politician, broadcaster and former civil servant who has served as Leader of JA21 since 18 December 2020, a party he co-founded with Annabel Nanninga. Elected to the House of R ...

and senator

Annabel Nanninga Annabel Nanninga (born 6 November 1977 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch politician and journalist who was the co-founder of the JA21 party. She currently leads the party in the Senate and is a representative of the Provincial Council of North Holland. S ...

, following antisemitic text messages within

in late 2020 .

wants to reintroduce the ideas from right-wing politician

Pim Fortuyn Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn (; 19 February 1948 – 6 May 2002), was a Dutch politician, author, civil servant, businessman, sociologist and academic who founded the party Pim Fortuyn List (Lijst Pim Fortuyn or LPF) ...

into parliament, promoting more direct democracy, stricter immigration policies, and reforms on tax and wealth systems. *The

Farmer–Citizen Movement The Farmer–Citizen Movement (, BBB) is an agrarian political party in the Netherlands. It is headquartered in Deventer, Overijssel. The current party leader is Caroline van der Plas, who founded it in 2019. Unlike most of its agrarian counte ...

(BBB) is a centre-right party that advocates for the interests of citizens working in the agrarian sector or living in rural areas. The party has profiled itself als a "more nuanced alternative" to lobby group Farmers Defence Force amidst farmer protests. The party's leader and only member of parliament is

Caroline van der Plas Carolina Ann Maria "Caroline" van der Plas (; born 6 June 1967) is a Dutch journalist and politician who has served as a member of the House of Representatives since 2021. A former member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), which she left ...

. *

BIJ1 BIJ1 (; ), formerly known as Article 1 (), is a political party in the Netherlands. It was founded in Amsterdam in 2016 by Sylvana Simons, a television personality who was formerly connected to another party, Denk. BIJ1 aligns itself as an ant ...

is a political party that holds an

intersectional Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person's social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege. Intersectionality identifies multiple factors of adv ...

perspective on socio-economic issues and claims to be made up of activists that have "joined forces to become political". The party strives to combat all forms of oppression and discrimination, including discrimination on the basis of "race, ethnicity, gender, sexual preference or anything else" and is explicitly anti-capitalist. The party's leader, Sylvana Simons, is the first black party leader in Dutch parliamentary history.

National political parties

Parties represented in the States General and/or European Parliament

Parties without representation in the States General and/or European Parliament

Regional and local political parties

European Netherlands

Regional parties

Local parties

Water board parties

Caribbean Netherlands

Bonaire

Saba

Sint Eustatius

Defunct political parties

Evolution of Dutch political parties since 1888

General Elderly Alliance The General Elderly Alliance (in Dutch: ''Algemeen Ouderen Verbond'', AOV) was a Dutch pensioners' political party. The AOV was very successful in the 1994 elections but disappeared four years later. Party History The AOV was founded on December ...

(AOV) *

General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED O ...

(succeeded by the

Roman Catholic State Party The Roman Catholic State Party ( nl, Roomsch-Katholieke Staatspartij, RKSP) was a Catholic Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The party was founded in 1926 as a continuation of the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses. ...

) * ''Alliantie voor Vernieuwing en Democratie'' (Alliance for Renewal and Democracy) * Article 50 (merged with

For the Netherlands VoorNederland (translated: For Netherlands or Pro-Netherlands) was a Dutch political party. It was previously active in the House of Representatives of the Netherlands as the Group Bontes/Van Klaveren ( nl, Groep Bontes/Van Klaveren), a parliament ...

) *

General Dutch Fascist League The General Dutch Fascist League (in Dutch ''Algemeene Nederlandsche Fascisten Bond'', ANFB) was a Dutch fascist party. It was founded on 29 June 1932 and dissolved in 1934. The leader of ANFB was Jan Baars, a merchant from Amsterdam. History ANF ...

Anti-Revolutionary Party The Anti-Revolutionary Party ( nl, Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, ARP) was a Protestant conservative and Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The party was founded in 1879 by Abraham Kuyper, a neo-Calvinist theologian and m ...

(ARP, 1879–1980; merged into

) *

Arab European League The Arab European League (Dutch: ''Arabisch-Europese Liga'', AEL) is a Pan-Arabist political organisation active in Belgium and the Netherlands.

(AEL; initially founded in Belgium, active in the Netherlands between 2003 and 2005; now MDP) * Workers Party of the Netherlands (APN) * Farmers' Party (BP) *

League of Christian Socialists The League of Christian Socialists ( nl, Bond Christen-Socialisten, or BCS) was a Dutch Christian socialist political party. Party History The BCS was founded in 1907. In the 1918 elections, the first election with a system of proportional repr ...

(BCS) * League of Dutch Marxist–Leninists (BNML; merged into the

Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Workers Organisation (in Dutch: ''Kommunistische Arbeidersorganisatie (marxistisch-leninistisch)'', abbreviated KAO (ml)) was a communist group in the Netherlands. It was founded in March 1978 through the merger of the League of Dutc ...

) *

League of Free Liberals The League of Free Liberals ( nl, Bond van Vrije Liberalen) was a Dutch classical liberal political party and a predecessor of the Liberal State Party which is historically linked to the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, the major Dutch ...

(merged into

Liberal State Party The Liberal State Party, "the Freedom League" ( nl, Liberale Staatspartij "de Vrijheidsbond", LSP), was a conservative liberal political party in the Netherlands from 1921 to 1948. It is historically linked to the People's Party for Freedom and ...

) *

Brabant Party The Brabant Party (''Brabantse Partij'') is a provincial political party in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It has no parliamentary representation, but it is linked to the Independent Senate Group. Its main issues are family farmers' rights ...

(active in

North Brabant North Brabant ( nl, Noord-Brabant ; Brabantian: ; ), also unofficially called Brabant, is a province in the south of the Netherlands. It borders the provinces of South Holland and Gelderland to the north, Limburg to the east, Zeeland to the we ...

) * Centre Democrats (CD; split from the Centre Party) * Centre Party (CP; later

Centre Party '86 The Centre Party '86, (Dutch: ''Centrumpartij '86''; abbr. CP’86) briefly known as the National People's Party/CP'86 (Dutch:''Nationale Volkspartij/CP’86'') was a Dutch far-right political party which existed between 1986 and 1998. The party ...

) *

(CP'86) *

Christian Democratic Party __NOTOC__ Christian democratic parties are political parties that seek to apply Christian principles to public policy. The underlying Christian democracy movement emerged in 19th-century Europe, largely under the influence of Catholic social tea ...

(CDP) * Christian Democratic Union (CDU; merged into Labour Party) *

Christian Historical Union The Christian Historical Union ( nl, Christelijk-Historische Unie, CHU) was a Protestant Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The CHU is one of the predecessors of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), into which it merged i ...

(CHU) (merged into

) * Christian Social Party (CSP) *

Christian Historical Voters' League The Christian Historical Voters' League (in Dutch: ''Christelijk Historische Kiezersbond'', CHK) was a Dutch conservative protestant political party. The CHK is historically linked to the Christian Democratic Appeal which is currently one of the ma ...

(CHK) (merged into the

Christian Historical Party The Christian Historical Party (in Dutch: ''Christelijk Historische Partij'', CHP) was a Dutch conservative Reformed political party, which existed from 1903 to 1908. The CHP is historically linked to the Christian Democratic Appeal which is curre ...

) *

(CHP) (merged into the

) *

Christian Organisation of Self-employed Persons Action for the Small Farmer (in Dutch: ''Actie voor de Kleine Boer'', better known as ''Actie Bouwman'') was a political party in the Netherlands. The party was led by Alphons Bouwman, a RKSP member. The party drew its support from rural Catholic ...

Communist Party of the Netherlands The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( nl, Communistische Partij Nederland, , CPN) was a Dutch communist party. The party was founded in 1909 as the Social-Democratic Party (SDP) and merged with the Pacifist Socialist Party, the Political Part ...

(CPN) (Communist Party Netherlands; merged into

GroenLinks GroenLinks (, ) is a green political party in the Netherlands. It was formed on 1 March 1989 from the merger of four left-wing parties: the Communist Party of the Netherlands, the Pacifist Socialist Party, the Political Party of Radicals and t ...

, some members formed the

New Communist Party of the Netherlands The New Communist Party of the Netherlands ( nl, Nieuwe Communistische Partij Nederland, NCPN) is a communist party in the Netherlands. The NCPN was founded in 1992 by the former members of the Communist Party of the Netherlands to oppose CPN's me ...

) * The Conservatives * ''Continue Directe Democratie Partij'' (CDDP) *

Democratic Party Democratic Party most often refers to: *Democratic Party (United States) Democratic Party and similar terms may also refer to: Active parties Africa *Botswana Democratic Party *Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea *Gabonese Democratic Party *Demo ...

(DP) *

Democratic Socialists '70 The Democratic Socialists '70 ( nl, Democratisch Socialisten '70, DS'70) was a social-democratic political party in the Netherlands. History DS'70 was founded on 4 April 1970 as the result of a split from the Labour Party (PvdA). In June 1970, ...

(DS'70) * Sustainable Netherlands * Economic League (EB) * Entrepreneurs Party (OP) *

Europe Transparent Europe Transparent ( nl, Europa Transparant) was a political party in the Netherlands. The party's founder, Paul van Buitenen, announced its establishment on 8 April 2004. In the 2004 election to the European Parliament the party gained two seat ...

(ET) * Evangelical People's Party (EVP; merged into

) * Fatherland League *

Frisian League The League of caucuses on Christian Historical foundation in the province of Friesland (in Dutch: ''Bond van Kiesvereenigingen op Christelijk-Historischen grondslag in de provincie Friesland'', informally called Frisian League or ''Friesche Bond' ...

(merged into the

) *

Reformed Political League The Reformed Political LeagueTranslation used by Andeweg and Irwin in ''Governance and Politics of the Netherlands'' (2002: 45) ( nl, Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond, GPV) was an orthodox Protestant political party in the Netherlands. The GPV is o ...

(GPV; merged into Christian Union) * ''

Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij The Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij (in English: Reformed Reformed State Party (see below), HGS) was a Dutch orthodox Protestant political party during the interbellum. For its orthodox political ideals and its refusal to cooperate in any cab ...

'' (dissolved in 1946) * Independent Socialist Party (OSP) *

Islam Democrats The Islam Democrats (ID) () is an Islamic democratic political party in the Netherlands which currently has no seats in the Hague council as of 2022 Dutch municipal elections. History Origin After obtaining the council seat in The Hague, the ...

(ID) *

Islamic Party Netherlands Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...

(founded in 1998) *

Catholic National Party The Catholic National Party (in Dutch: ''Katholieke Nationale Partij'', KNP) was a Dutch conservative Catholic political party. The KNP served as a Catholic protest party against Indonesian independence. Party History The KNP was founded on Decem ...

(KNP; merged into the

Catholic People's Party The Catholic People's Party ( nl, Katholieke Volkspartij, KVP) was a Catholic Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The party was founded in 1945 as a continuation of the Roman Catholic State Party, which was a continuation of ...

) *

(KVP; merged into

) *

(KAO(ml); dissolved around 1980) * Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist) (KEN(ml); dissolved in mid-1980s) * Independent Citizens' Party (OBP) *

Livable Netherlands Livable Netherlands ( nl, Leefbaar Nederland, LN) was a Dutch political party. Pim Fortuyn began his political career in the party. History Historically there have always been parties in States Provincial (provincial legislatures) and municipa ...

(LN) *

(LSP; Liberal State Party; merged into '' Freedom Party'' (PvdV)) *

Liberal Party The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. __TOC__ Active liberal parties This is a li ...

(merged into the Fatherland League) * Liberal Union (merged into

) *

Pim Fortuyn List The Pim Fortuyn List ( nl, Lijst Pim Fortuyn, LPF) was a political party in the Netherlands named after its eponymous founder Pim Fortuyn, a former university professor and political columnist. The party was considered populist, right-wing popu ...

(LPF) (disbanded in 2007) *

Ratelband List The Ratelband List (in Dutch, '' Lijst Ratelband '') was a political movement led by the self-help guru Emile Ratelband. Ratelband set up his own list after being rejected as lijsttrekker for Leefbaar Nederland; his daughter Minou had also had a pr ...

* Veldhoen List * Marxist–Leninist Party of the Netherlands (MLPN; a fake party founded in 1970 by the Dutch Intelligence Service BVD and the

CIA The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian intelligence agency, foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gat ...

, to research support for Maoism and to fool the People's Republic of China) * Middle Party for City and Country (MPSL) *

Middle Class Party The Middenstandspartij (in Dutch: ''Middenstandspartij'', MP) was a Dutch political party representing middle class interests. It played only a marginal role in Dutch politics. Party History The MP was founded by Abraham Staalman a businessman f ...

(MP) * Muslim Party (founded in 1993) *

National Socialist Dutch Workers Party The National Socialist Dutch Workers Party (Dutch Nationaal-Socialistische Nederlandsche Arbeiderspartij () or NSNAP ()) was a minor Dutch Nazi party founded in 1931 and led by Ernst Herman van Rappard. Seeking to copy the fascism of others, notabl ...

(NSNAP) (1931–1941) * National Alliance (NA) *

Dutch Block The Dutch Block ( nl, Nederlands Blok, NB) was a Dutch nationalist political party espousing an anti-immigrant program. It was founded by Alfred Vierling, Ton Steemers en Hans Lindenburg, modeled on the Flemish Block and later taken over by Wi ...

(NB) *

New Middle Party The New Middle Party (in Dutch: ''Nieuwe Midden Partij'', NMP) is a Dutch small business-interest political party. The NMP is a marginal party and was only successful during the 1971 elections. History The NMP was founded in 1970. It entered in t ...

(NMP) *

Neutral Party The Neutral Party (in Dutch: ''Neutrale Partij'', NP) was a Dutch political party representing artists' interests. It played only a marginal role in Dutch politics. History The NP was founded by Henri ter Hall a well-known variety artist. The ...

* New National Party (NNP) *

New Right New Right is a term for various right-wing political groups or policies in different countries during different periods. One prominent usage was to describe the emergence of certain Eastern European parties after the collapse of the Soviet Uni ...

(NR) *

NIDA Nida or NIDA may refer to: People * Nida Allam (born 1993), American politician * Nida Fazli (1938–2016), Indian Hindi and Urdu poet and lyricist * Nida Eliz Üstündağ (born 1996), Turkish female swimmer * Eugene Nida (1914–2011), American l ...

* '' Nieuwe Wegen'' (NiWe, New Ways) * '' O O Den Haag'' (O O The Hague; was initially registered for 2003 elections but withdrew) *

Pacifist Socialist Party The Pacifist Socialist Party ( nl, Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij, PSP) was a democratic socialist Dutch socialist political party. The PSP played a small role in Dutch politics. It is one of the predecessors of the GreenLeft. Party histor ...

(PSP; merged into

) *

Party New Limburg The Party New Limburg (''Partij Nieuw Limburg'', abbreviated as ''PNL'') is a provincial political party in the Dutch province of Limburg. It has no parliamentary representation, but it is linked to the Independent Senate Group The Independent P ...

(PNL; has been active in

Limburg Limburg or Limbourg may refer to: Regions * Limburg (Belgium), a province since 1839 in the Flanders region of Belgium * Limburg (Netherlands), a province since 1839 in the south of the Netherlands * Diocese of Limburg, Roman Catholic Diocese in ...

* Party of the Future (PvdT) * Party of Unity (PvdE) * Freedom Party (PvdV) (succeeded by the

) * '' Partij Voor De Mens en alle overige aardbewoners'' *

Party for Justice, Action and Progress The Party for Justice, Action and Progress (''Partij voor Rechtvaardigheid, Daadkracht en Vooruitgang'') was a political party in the Netherlands without parliamentary representation. It was founded May 2005 by the crime journalist Peter R. de Vri ...

(PRDV) *

Peasants' League The Peasants' League (in Dutch: ''Plattelandersbond'', PB) was a Politics of the Netherlands, Dutch agrarianism, agrarian political party. The League played only a minor role in Dutch politics. Party history The party was founded on February 17, ...

Political Party of Radicals The Political Party of Radicals ( nl, Politieke Partij Radikalen, PPR) was a progressive Christian and green political party in the Netherlands. The PPR played a relatively small role in Dutch politics and merged with other left-wing parties to ...

(PPR; merged into

) *

Progressive Integration Party The Progressive Integration Party (''Vooruitstrevende Integratie Partij'') is a political party in the Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivisi ...

Radical League The Radical League ( nl, Radicale Bond) was a progressive liberal political party in the Netherlands from its founding in 1892 until it merged with the left wing of the Liberal Union to form the Free-thinking Democratic League in 1901. History ...

(RB; merged into

Free-thinking Democratic League The Free-thinking Democratic League ( nl, Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond, VDB) was a progressive liberal political party in the Netherlands. Established in 1901, it played a relatively large role in Dutch politics, supplying one Prime Minister, ...

) *

Reformatory Political Federation The Reformatory Political Federation ( nl, Reformatorische Politieke Federatie; RPF) was a minor Protestant Christian political party in the Netherlands. History The RPF was founded in 1975 by three groups of orthodox Christians. The first grou ...

(RPF; merged into Christian Union) *

Roman Catholic Party of the Netherlands The Roman Catholic Party Netherlands (in Dutch: ''Rooms Katholieke Partij Nederland'', RKPN) was a Politics of the Netherlands, Dutch Orthodoxy, orthodox catholic political party. The RKPN played a marginal role in Dutch politics. Party History T ...

(RKPN) *

(RKSP; succeeded by the

) * Seniors 2000 * '' Solide Multiculturele Partij'' (SMP) * Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP; merged into Labour Party) *

Social Democratic League The Social Democratic League ( nl, Sociaal-Democratische Bond, SDB) was a socialist political party in the Netherlands. Founded in 1881, the SDB was the first socialist party to enter the House of Representatives. Party history Before 1881 I ...

(merged into the Social Democratic Workers' Party) * 'Social Liberal Party (SLP) *

(Socialist Party active before World War II, not the current

) * Solidarity '93 (appears not to have contested elections after 1998) * Union 55+ (General Senior Union/Union 55+) *

Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army The Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army (in Dutch: ''Verbond tot Democratisering der Weermacht'', VDW) was a Dutch political party representing military interests. The VDW played only a marginal role in Dutch politics. Party History The ...

League of Communists in the Netherlands The League of Communists in the Netherlands ( nl, Verbond van Communisten in Nederland, VCN) was a communist party in the Netherlands. History The VCN was the result of a split in 1984 in the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN), who disagre ...

(VCN; split from the

(CPN) in 1983 and merged with the remains of the CPN in 1992 to form the

(NCPN)) * Alliance for National Reconstruction * '' VoorNederland (VNL) *

(VDB; merged into Labour Party) * Free Anti Revolutionary Party (merged into

)

References

External links

Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties (DNPP)
at University of Groningen {{DEFAULTSORT:Political parties in the Netherlands

Netherlands politics-related lists

General overview

National political parties

Parties represented in the States General and/or European Parliament

Parties without representation in the States General and/or European Parliament

Regional and local political parties

European Netherlands

Regional parties

Local parties

Water board parties

Caribbean Netherlands

Bonaire

Saba

Sint Eustatius

Defunct political parties

See also

References

External links