Tonga Volcano Eruption 2022-01-15 0320Z to 0610Z Himawari-8 visible

This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the

Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togethe ...

(since about 11,650 years

Before Present Before Present (BP) years, or "years before present", is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Becaus ...

), with a VEI of 5 or higher, or plume height of at least 30 km. To date, there have been no eruptions with a confirmed VEI of 8 in the Holocene, and only a few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during this time, with the most recent being the

1815 eruption of Mount Tambora Mount Tambora is a volcano on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia, then part of the Dutch East Indies, and its 1815 eruption was the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded human history. This volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 7 ...

. This is not a complete list.

List

{, class="wikitable sortable" ! width=35px , VEI !! width=120px , Volcano !! width=150px , Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot !! width=70px , Bulk or

DRE DRE may refer to: * ''Dre'' (album), 2010 by American rapper Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, 2010 * Dre (name) **Dr. Dre, American rapper and producer * DRE voting machine * Digital rectal examination, in medicine * Director of religious education; for exam ...

material volume (km³) !! data-sort-type="number" width=80px , Plume height (km)!! data-sort-type="number" width=30px , Date !! data-sort-type="number" width=190px , Tephra or eruption name !! Notes , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai , Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc , 9.5 , style="text-align: center;", 58 , 2022-01-15 , 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami , Largest atmospheric explosion recorded by modern instrumentation, heard as far away as

Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...

, 10,000 km distant. , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Puyehue (; ) and Cordón Caulle are two coalesced volcanic edifices that form a major mountain massif in Puyehue National Park in the Andes of Ranco Province, in the South of Chile. In volcanology this group is known as the Puyehue-Cordón Cau ...

Andean Volcanic Belt The Andean Volcanic Belt is a major volcanic belt along the Andean cordillera in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It is formed as a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South Americ ...

, 1 , style="text-align: center;", 14 , 2011-06-04 , 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption , Major flight disruptions in the Southern Hemisphere. , - !style="background:#F90;", 4 ,

Chaitén Chaitén (, ) is a Chilean town, commune and former capital of the Palena Province in Los Lagos Region. The town is north of the mouth of Yelcho River, on the east coast of the Gulf of Corcovado. The town is strategically close to the northern end ...

, , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 2008-05-02 , , , - !style="background:#F90;", 4 , Mount Tavurvur ,

Bismarck Volcanic Arc Bismarck most often refers to: * Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), Prussian statesman and first Chancellor of Germany * Bismarck, North Dakota, the capital of North Dakota, U.S. * German battleship ''Bismarck'', a 1939 German World War II battle ...

, , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 1994-09-19 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Hudson Mount Hudson ( es, Volcán Hudson, es, Monte Hudson, label=none) is a stratovolcano in southern Chile, and the site of one of the largest eruptions in the twentieth century. The mountain itself is covered by a glacier. There is a caldera at th ...

, 4.3 , style="text-align: center;", 18 , 1991-08-08 , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains, located on the tripoint boundary of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga, all in Central Luzon on the northern island of Luzon. Its eruptive history w ...

Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...

Volcanic Arc , 13 , style="text-align: center;", 40 , 1991-06-15 , 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo , , - !style="background:#fc0;" , 3 ,

Nevado del Ruiz The Nevado del Ruiz (), also known as La Mesa de Herveo ( en, Mesa of Herveo, the name of the nearby town) is a volcano on the border of the departments of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, about west of the capital city Bogotá. It is a strat ...

, , style="text-align: center;", 31 , 1985-11-13 ,

Armero tragedy The Armero tragedy ( es, Tragedia de Armero, links=no ) occurred following the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz stratovolcano in Tolima, Colombia, on November 13, 1985. The volcano's eruption after 69 years of dormancy caught nearby towns unawar ...

, , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

El Chichón El Chichón, also known as Chichonal, is an active volcano in Francisco León, Chiapas, Francisco León, north-western Chiapas, Mexico. El Chichón is part of a geologic zone known as the Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc. El Chichón is a complex of dome ...

, Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc , 2 , style="text-align: center;", 32 , 1982-04-04 , tephra unit A , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens (known as Lawetlat'la to the indigenous Cowlitz people, and Loowit or Louwala-Clough to the Klickitat) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United St ...

Cascade Volcanic Arc The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of volcanoes in a volcanic arc in western North America, extending from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern Califo ...

, 1.3 , style="text-align: center;", 24 , 1980-05-18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , landslide volume 0.7 mi (2.9 km) , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Agung Mount Agung ( id, Parwata Agung; ban, ᬕᬦ ᬆᬕ) is an active volcano in Bali, Indonesia, southeast of Mount Batur volcano, also in Bali. It is the highest point on Bali, and dominates the surrounding area, influencing the climate, especiall ...

Sunda Arc The Sunda Arc is a volcanic arc that produced the volcanoes that form the topographic spine of the islands of Sumatra, Nusa Tenggara, and Java, the Sunda Strait and the Lesser Sunda Islands. The Sunda Arc begins at Sumatra and ends at Flores, ...

Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...

, 1 , style="text-align: center;", 28 , 1963-03-17 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Bezymianny Bezymianny (russian: Безымянный ''Bezymyannyyi'', meaning ''unnamed'') is an active stratovolcano in Kamchatka, Russia. Bezymianny volcano had been considered extinct until 1955. Activity started in 1955, culminating in a dramatic erupt ...

Kamchatka The Kamchatka Peninsula (russian: полуостров Камчатка, Poluostrov Kamchatka, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and wes ...

, 1.9 , style="text-align: center;", 45 , 1955 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Kharimkotan Kharimkotan (russian: Харимкотан); Japanese 春牟古丹島; Harimukotan-tō, alternatively Harumukotan-tō or 加林古丹島; Karinkotan-tō) is an uninhabited volcanic island located from Onekotan near the northern end of the Kuril ...

Kuril Islands The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands (; rus, Кури́льские острова́, r=Kuril'skiye ostrova, p=kʊˈrʲilʲskʲɪjə ɐstrɐˈva; Japanese: or ) are a volcanic archipelago currently administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast in the ...

, 1 , , 1933 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Quizapú ,

, 9.5 , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 1932 , , , - !style="background:#f60;", 5 , Submarine Volcano NNE of Iriomote Island , Japan , 1 , , 1924-10-31 , , Underwater volcano. , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Novarupta Novarupta (meaning "newly erupted" in Latin) is a volcano that was formed in 1912, located on the Alaska Peninsula on a slope of Trident Volcano in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about southwest of Anchorage. Formed during the largest volca ...

, SW Alaska,

Aleutian Arc The Aleutian Arc is a large volcanic arc in the U.S. state of Alaska. It consists of a number of active and dormant volcanoes that have formed as a result of subduction along the Aleutian Trench. Although taking its name from the Aleutian Islan ...

, 31.2 , style="text-align: center;", 26 , 1912-06-06 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Ksudach Ksudach (russian: Ксудач) (also known as Vonyuchy Khrebet Volcano) is a stratovolcano in southern Kamchatka, Russia. The last eruption of Ksudach was in March 1907, on or around 28 March, which was one of the largest ever recorded in Kamch ...

, 1.75 , style="text-align: center;", 22 , 1907-03-28 , , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Santa María ,

Central America Volcanic Arc The Central American Volcanic Arc (often abbreviated to CAVA) is a chain of volcanoes which extends parallel to the Pacific coastline of the Central American Isthmus, from Mexico to Panama. This volcanic arc, which has a length of 1,100 kilometer ...

Guatemala Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...

, 20 , style="text-align: center;", 34 , 1902-10-24 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Tarawera Mount Tarawera is a volcano on the North Island of New Zealand within the older but volcanically productive Ōkataina Caldera. Located 24 kilometres southeast of Rotorua, it consists of a series of rhyolitic lava domes that were fissured d ...

Taupō Volcanic Zone The Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ) is a volcanic area in the North Island of New Zealand that has been active for the past two million years and is still highly active. Mount Ruapehu marks its south-western end and the zone runs north-eastward thro ...

, 2 , style="text-align: center;", 34 , 1886-06-10 , 1886-06-15 ,

1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera In 1886, a violent eruption occurred at Mount Tarawera, near the city of Rotorua on New Zealand's North Island. At an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index of 5, the eruption is the largest and deadliest in New Zealand during the past 500 years, w ...

, , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Krakatoa Krakatoa (), also transcribed (), is a caldera in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung. The caldera is part of a volcanic island group (Krakatoa archipelago) comprising four islands. Tw ...

, 26 , style="text-align: center;", 80 , 1883-08-26 ,

1883 eruption of Krakatoa The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa ( id, Letusan Krakatau 1883) in the Sunda Strait occurred from 20 May until 21 October 1883, peaking in the late morning hours of 27 August when over 70% of the island of Krakatoa and its surrounding archipelago w ...

, The eruption of Krakatoa caused the loudest sound in recorded history , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Askja Askja () is an active volcano situated in a remote part of the Highlands of Iceland, central highlands of Iceland. The name Askja refers to a complex of nested calderas within the surrounding Dyngjufjöll mountains, which rise to , ''askja'' ...

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...

, 1.83 , style="text-align: center;", 26 , 1875-03-28 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Shiveluch Shiveluch (russian: Шивелуч), also called Sheveluch, which originates from the name "suelich" which means "smoking mountain" in Itelmen is the northernmost active volcano in Kamchatka Krai, Russia. It and Karymsky are Kamchatka's largest, ...

, 2 , , 1854-02-18 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1 , , 1843 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Cosigüina Cosigüina (also spelt Cosegüina) is a stratovolcano located in the western part of Nicaragua. It forms a large peninsula extending into the Gulf of Fonseca. The summit is truncated by a large caldera, 2 x 2.4 km in diameter and 500 m ...

Nicaragua Nicaragua (; ), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (), is the largest country in Central America, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the cou ...

, 4.25 , style="text-align: center;", 28 , 1835-01-20 , , , - !style="background-color: #F60;" , 5 ,

Mount Galunggung Mount Galunggung (Indonesian: ''Gunung Galunggung'', formerly spelled ''Galoen-gong'') is an active stratovolcano in West Java, Indonesia, around southeast of the West Java provincial capital, Bandung (or around to the east of the West Java tow ...

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...

, 2 , , 1822-10-08 , , killed over 4,000 people , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 ,

Mount Tambora Mount Tambora, or Tomboro, is an active stratovolcano in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Located on Sumbawa in the Lesser Sunda Islands, it was formed by the active subduction zones beneath it. Before 1815, its elevation reached more than ...

Sumbawa Sumbawa is an Indonesian island, located in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain, with Lombok to the west, Flores to the east, and Sumba further to the southeast. Along with Lombok, it forms the province of West Nusa Tenggara, but there ...

, 160-213 , style="text-align: center;", 43 , 1815-04-10 ,

, Caused the year without a summer, which caused crops to fail and killed over 100,000-200,000 people , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Source unknown , Source unknown , , , 1808/1809 , Undocumented 1808 eruption , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, Cascade Volcanic Arc , 1.5 , style="text-align: center;", 16 , 1800 , T (Goat Rocks) , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Katla ,

, 1 , , 1755-10-17 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Tarumae is located in the Shikotsu-Toya National Park in Hokkaidō, Japan. It is located near both Tomakomai and Chitose towns and can be seen clearly from both. It is on the shores of Lake Shikotsu, a caldera lake. Tarumae is a 1,041 metre active and ...

Hokkaidō is Japan's second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel. The la ...

, 4 , , 1739-08-18 , Ta-a , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Katla , Iceland , 1 , , 1721-05-11 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Fuji , or Fugaku, located on the island of Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan, with a summit elevation of . It is the second-highest volcano located on an island in Asia (after Mount Kerinci on the island of Sumatra), and seventh-highest p ...

Honshū , historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separa ...

, 1.7 , , 1707-12-16 / 1708-2-24 ,

Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji was a after Genroku and before Shōtoku''.'' This period spanned the years from March 1704 through April 1711. The reigning emperors were and . Change of era * 1704 : In reaction to the Great Genroku earthquake in Genroku 16, the era name w ...

, , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Tangkoko , Sangihe Volcanic Arc , 1 , , 1680 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount Gamkonora , Halmahera Volcanic Arc , 1 , , 1673-05-20 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount Tarumae , Hokkaidō , 2.8 , , 1667-09-24 , Ta-b , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Usu is an active stratovolcano in the Shikotsu-Toya National Park, Hokkaido, Japan. It has erupted four times since 1900: in 1910 (which created Meiji-shinzan 神沼克伊,小山悦郎 ''日本の火山を科学する　日本列島津々浦々、 ...

, 2.78 , , 1663-08-16 , , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Long Island, PNG , Bismarck Volcanic Arc , > 30 , , 1660 CE , Tibito tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 2 , , 1652 CE ±11 , SH1 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount Melibengoy,

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

Mindanao Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...

, 1 , , 1640-12-26 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Komagatake ,

, 2.9 , , 1640-07-31 , Ko-d , landslide volume 1.72 – 2 km , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Vesuvius Mount Vesuvius ( ; it, Vesuvio ; nap, 'O Vesuvio , also or ; la, Vesuvius , also , or ) is a somma-stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is one of s ...

Campanian volcanic arc The Campanian volcanic arc is a volcanic arc that consists of a number of active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes in the Campania region of Italy. The Campanian volcanic arc centers on the bay of Naples and includes: * Mount Vesuvius: an active vo ...

, 1.1 , style="text-align: center;", 28 , 1631-12-16 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Furnas Furnas is a civil parish in the municipality of Povoação on the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese Azores. The population in 2011 was 1,439, in an area of 34.43 km2. The parish is one of the largest in the island and in the Azores. I ...

São Miguel Island São Miguel Island (; Portuguese language, Portuguese for "Saint Michael"), nicknamed "The Green Island" (''Ilha Verde''), is the largest and most populous island in the Portugal, Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The island covers and has a ...

Azores ) , motto =( en, "Rather die free than subjected in peace") , anthem= ( en, "Anthem of the Azores") , image_map=Locator_map_of_Azores_in_EU.svg , map_alt=Location of the Azores within the European Union , map_caption=Location of the Azores wi ...

, 2.1 , style="text-align: center;", 13 , 1630-09-03 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Katla , Iceland , 1 , , 1625-09-02 , , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Huaynaputina Huaynaputina ( ; ) is a volcano in a volcanic high plateau in southern Peru. Lying in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it was formed by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate under the continental South American Plate. Huaynaputina ...

Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...

Central Volcanic Zone The Andean Volcanic Belt is a major volcanic belt along the Andean cordillera in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It is formed as a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South Americ ...

, 30 , style="text-align: center;", 46 , 1600-02-19 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Raung ,

, 1 , , 1593 CE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Kelud The Kelud ( jv, ꦏꦼꦭꦸꦢ꧀, Kelud, sometimes spelled as ''Klut'', ''Cloot'', ''Kloet'', ''Kloete'', ''Keloed'' or ''Kelut'') is an active stratovolcano located in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. Like many Indonesian volcanoes and others on ...

, 1 , , 1586 CE , , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Billy Mitchell William Lendrum Mitchell (December 29, 1879 – February 19, 1936) was a United States Army officer who is regarded as the father of the United States Air Force. Mitchell served in France during World War I and, by the conflict's end, command ...

, Bougainville & Solomon Is. , 13.5 , , 1580 CE , BM2 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Água de Pau Água de Pau is a civil parish in the municipality of Lagoa in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 3,058, in an area of 17.46 km². It contains the localities Água de Pau, Caloura, Cerco, Cinzeiro, Galera an ...

, 1.3 , style="text-align: center;", 19 , 1563-06-28 / 1563-07-26 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, Cascade Volcanic Arc , 1.5 , style="text-align: center;", 21 , 1482 CE , We (Kalama) , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, Cascade Volcanic Arc , 7.7 , style="text-align: center;", 24 , 1480 CE , Wn (Kalama) , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Bárðarbunga Bárðarbunga (), is a stratovolcano located under Vatnajökull in Vatnajökull National Park which is Iceland's most extensive glacier. The second highest mountain in Iceland, above sea level, Bárðarbunga is also part of a volcanic system th ...

, 10 , , 1477 CE , Veidivatnahraun , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Sakurajima Sakurajima ( ja, 桜島, literally "Cherry Blossom Island") is an active stratovolcano, formerly an island and now a peninsula, in Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan. The lava flows of the 1914 eruption connected it with the Ōsumi Peninsula ...

Kyūshū is the third-largest island of Japan's five main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands ( i.e. excluding Okinawa). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surround ...

, 1 , , 1471-1476 CE , , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 , 1452/1453 mystery eruption , Unknown , 108 , , 1452 - 1453 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Volcanic Arc , 1 , , 1450 CE ±50 , Buag eruptive period , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Öræfajökull Öræfajökull (; ' Öræfi glacier' or 'wasteland glacier') is an ice-covered volcano in south-east Iceland. The largest active volcano and the highest peak in Iceland at , it lies within the Vatnajökull National Park and is covered by part of t ...

, 2.3 , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 1362-06-05 , , Then called . Completely destroyed . Volcano renamed after eruption. , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , El Chichón , Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc , 2.8 , style="text-align: center;", 31 , 1360 CE ±100 , tephra unit B , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Quilotoa ,

Northern Volcanic Zone The Andean Volcanic Belt is a major volcanic belt along the Andean cordillera in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It is formed as a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South Ame ...

, 21 , style="text-align: center;", 35 , 1280 CE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Katla , Iceland , 1 , , 1262 CE , , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 , Mount Samalas ,

Lombok Island Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east. It is roug ...

, 130-200 , style="text-align: center;", 43 , 1257 CE ,

1257 Samalas eruption In 1257, a catastrophic eruption occurred at the Samalas volcano on the Indonesian island of Lombok. The event had a probable Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7, making it one of the largest volcanic eruptions during the current Holocene epoch. It ...

; , May have triggered the

Little Ice Age The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of regional cooling, particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region. It was not a true ice age of global extent. The term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939. Ma ...

, - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Asama is an active complex volcano in central Honshū, the main island of Japan. The volcano is the most active on Honshū. The Japan Meteorological Agency classifies Mount Asama as rank A. It stands above sea level on the border of Gunma and Nagano ...

, 1.3 , , 1108-08-29 / 1108-10-11 , Asama-B, Tennin eruption , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Hekla Hekla (), or Hecla, is a stratovolcano in the south of Iceland with a height of . Hekla is one of Iceland's most active volcanoes; over 20 eruptions have occurred in and around the volcano since 874. During the Middle Ages, the Icelandic Norse ...

, 1.2 , , 1104-10-15 , H1 tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Ubinas Ubinas is an active stratovolcano in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru, approximately east of the city of Arequipa. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it rises above sea level. The volcano's summit is cut by a and caldera, wh ...

, 2.8 , , 1082 ±82 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Lake Mashū (Ainu language, Ainu: Kamuy-to) is an endorheic Volcanic crater lake, crater lake formed in the caldera of a potentially active volcano. It is located in Akan Mashu National Park on the island of Hokkaido, Japan. It has been called the clearest ...

, 4.6 , , 1080 ±100 , Ma-b , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 2 , , 1034 CE ±11 , SH2 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, Bougainville & Solomon Is. , 7 , , 1030 CE , BM1 , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 ,

Baekdu Mountain Paektu Mountain (), also known as Baekdu Mountain and in China as Changbai Mountain ( zh, s=长白山, t=長白山; Manchu: Golmin Šanggiyan Alin), is an active stratovolcano on the Chinese–North Korean border. At , it is the highest mo ...

Balhae Balhae ( ko, 발해, zh, c=渤海, p=Bóhǎi, russian: Бохай, translit=Bokhay, ), also rendered as Bohai, was a multi-ethnic kingdom whose land extends to what is today Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East. It wa ...

(China –

North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu River, Y ...

border) , 120 , style="text-align: center;", 36 , ~946 CE , Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra , Millennium eruption, Caldera stage IV , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Katla ,

, 4.5 , style="text-align: center;", 15 , 934-940 CE ,

Eldgjá Eldgjá (, "fire canyon") is a volcano and a canyon in Iceland. Eldgjá is part of the Katla volcano; it is a segment of a long chain of volcanic craters and fissure vents that extends northeast away from Katla volcano almost to the Vatnajökul ...

eruption , over 18 km of basalt erupted from a fissure vents , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Ceboruco ,

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt ( es, Eje Volcánico Transversal), also known as the Transvolcanic Belt and locally as the (''Snowy Mountain Range''), is an active volcanic belt that covers central-southern Mexico. Several of its highest peaks h ...

, 10.95 , style="text-align: center;", 31 , 930 CE ±200 , Jala Pumice , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Towada is a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 60,697, and a population density of 84 persons per km2 in 27,677 households. The total area of the city is . Geography Towada is in the foothills of the Hakkōda M ...

, 6.54 , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 915-08-17 , eruption episode A , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Puyehue , Andean Volcanic Belt , 4.32 , , 860 CE ±75 , MH tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Mount Churchill Mount Churchill is a volcano in the Saint Elias Mountains and the Wrangell Volcanic Field of eastern Alaska. Churchill and its higher neighbor Mount Bona about to the southwest are both large ice-covered stratovolcanoes, with Churchill being ...

, eastern Alaska , 50 , style="text-align: center;", 45 , 847 CE ±1 , WRAe , Formed the Pumice Terrace , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , El Chichón , Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc , > 1 , , 780 CE ±100 , tephra unit D , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Pago , Bismarck Volcanic Arc , 20 , , 710 CE ±75 , Witori-Galilo tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Pago , Bismarck Volcanic Arc , 6 , , 690 CE ±90 , Witori-Kimbe 4 tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Rabaul Rabaul () is a township in the East New Britain province of Papua New Guinea, on the island of New Britain. It lies about 600 kilometres to the east of the island of New Guinea. Rabaul was the provincial capital and most important settlement in ...

, Bismarck Volcanic Arc , 24 , , 683 CE , Rabaul Pyroclastics , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Dakataua The Dakataua Caldera is located at the northern tip of the Willaumez Peninsula, New Britain, Papua New Guinea. The peninsula includes the 350 m high andesitic Mount Makalia stratovolcano. The last major collapse of Dakataua was during the Holoce ...

, Bismarck Volcanic Arc , 10 , , 653 CE ±18 , Dk , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 2 , , 650 CE ±40 , SH3 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Opala ,

, 3.7 , style="text-align: center;", 20 , 610 CE ±50 , Baranii Amphitheatre crater , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 2 , , 600 CE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Haruna is a dormant stratovolcano in Gunma, eastern Honshū, Japan. Outline Mount Haruna started to form more than 300,000 years ago and the last known eruption was 550 AD. The volcano has a summit caldera containing the symmetrical cinder cone ...

, 1.6 , , 550 CE ±10 , Futatsudake-Ikaho eruption , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 6-7 , Unknown source , Unknown , , , 535 CE ,

Volcanic winter of 536 The volcanic winter of 536 was the most severe and protracted episode of climatic cooling in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 2,000 years. The volcanic winter was caused by an eruption, with several possible locations proposed in various contin ...

, David Keys, Ken Wohletz, and others have postulated that a violent volcanic eruption, possibly of Krakatoa, in 535 was responsible for the global climate changes of 535–536. Keys explores what he believes to be the radical and far-ranging global effects of such a putative 6th-century eruption in his book ''Catastrophe: An Investigation into the Origins of the Modern World''. This eruption was believed to have been even more violent than Krakatoa's 1883 eruption, and also the one that created Krakatoa's original caldera, which resulted in the creation of

Verlaten Island Verlaten Island (Dutch: "Abandoned", "Deserted" or "Forsaken"; modern Indonesian: Sertung) is an island that was likely created in the 535 Eruption of Krakatoa. It is located in the Sunda Strait in Indonesia, between Java and Sumatra. It is part o ...

and

Lang Island Lang Island (Dutch: "Long"; modern Indonesian: Krakatau Kecil or Panjang) lies in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra, in Indonesia. It is one of the Krakatoa Archipelago The Krakatoa Archipelago is a small uninhabited archipelago of ...

. However, there are other explanations for the climate change, including an eruption of

Ilopango Ilopango is a town in the San Salvador department of El Salvador. It is a few miles east of the nation's capital, San Salvador. It is located near Lake Ilopango, the country's largest lake at 72 square kilometers. Overview El Salvador's se ...

in El Salvador, in Central America. , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1.2 , style="text-align: center;", 25 , 472-11-05 , Pollena , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 6-7 ,

Lake Ilopango Lake Ilopango is a crater lake which fills an 8 by 11 km (72 km2 or 28 sq mi) volcanic caldera in central El Salvador, on the borders of the San Salvador, La Paz, and Cuscatlán departments. The caldera, which contains the second lar ...

El Salvador El Salvador (; , meaning " The Saviour"), officially the Republic of El Salvador ( es, República de El Salvador), is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south b ...

, 84-104 , style="text-align: center;", 31 , 450 CE ±20 , Tierra Blanca Joven eruption , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Akutan ,

, 1 , , 340 , Akutan tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Pago , Bismarck Volcanic Arc , 6 , , 310 CE ±100 , Witori-Kimbe 3 tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

, 18.5 , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 240 CE ±100 , KS1 , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 ,

Taupō Volcano Lake Taupō, in the centre of New Zealand's North Island, is the caldera of the Taupō Volcano, a large rhyolitic supervolcano. This huge volcano has produced two of the world's most violent eruptions in geologically recent times. ImageSize ...

, 110 , style="text-align: center;", 51 , 233 ±13 CE ,

Hatepe eruption The Hatepe eruption, named for the Hatepe Plinian pumice tephra layer, sometimes referred to as the Taupō eruption or Horomatangi Reef Unit Y eruption, is dated to 232 CE ± 10 and was Taupō Volcano's most recent major eruption. It is thoug ...

, , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Masaya Masaya () is the capital city of Masaya Department in Nicaragua. It is situated approximately 14 km west of Granada and 31 km southeast of Managua. It is located just east of the Masaya Volcano, an active volcano from which the cit ...

, Nicaragua , 6.6 , style="text-align: center;", 26 , 150 , Masaya Tuff , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1.54 , style="text-align: center;", 17 , 80 ±100 , Tephra layer C , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 3.25 , style="text-align: center;", 32 , 79-10-24? ,

Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 Of the many eruptions of Mount Vesuvius, a major stratovolcano in southern Italy, the best-known is its eruption in 79 AD, which was one of the deadliest in European history. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD is one of the best-known in h ...

, , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

, eastern Alaska , 10 , , 60 CE ±200 , WRAn , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Ambrym Ambrym is a volcanic island in Malampa Province in the archipelago of Vanuatu. Volcanic activity on the island includes lava lakes in two craters near the summit. Etymology Ambrym (also known as ''Ambrin'', ''"ham rim"'' in the Ranon language ...

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (french: link=no, République de Vanuatu; bi, Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of no ...

, 70 , , 50 CE ±100 , Ambrym Pyroclastic Series , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Apoyeque ,

, Nicaragua , 18 , style="text-align: center;", 40 , 50 BCE ±100 , Apoyeque, Chiltepe Tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Okmok Caldera ,

Umnak Umnak ( ale, Unmax, Umnax; russian: Умнак) is one of the Fox Islands of the Aleutian Islands. With of land area, it is the third largest island in the Aleutian archipelago and the 19th largest island in the United States. The island is home ...

, Aleutian Arc , 50 , , 100 BCE ±50 , Okmok II , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Etna Mount Etna, or simply Etna ( it, Etna or ; scn, Muncibbeḍḍu or ; la, Aetna; grc, Αἴτνα and ), is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina a ...

, 1 , style="text-align: center;", 26 , 122 BCE , S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera) , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, Nicaragua , 3.4 , style="text-align: center;", 29 , 170 BCE ±100 , Masaya Tuff , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Popocatépetl , Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , 3.2 , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 200 BCE ±300 , I.A1 Yellow Pumice , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Raoul Island Raoul Island (''Sunday Island'') is the largest and northernmost of the main Kermadec Islands, south south-west of 'Ata Island of Tonga and north north-east of New Zealand's North Island. It has been the source of vigorous volcanic activity ...

Kermadec Islands The Kermadec Islands ( mi, Rangitāhua) are a subtropical island arc in the South Pacific Ocean northeast of New Zealand's North Island, and a similar distance southwest of Tonga. The islands are part of New Zealand. They are in total are ...

, 28.8 , , 250 BCE ±75 , Fleetwood , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Meager massif The Mount Meager massif is a group of volcanic peaks in the of the Coast Mountains in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc of western North America, it is located north of Vancouver at the northern end of the ...

Garibaldi Volcanic Belt The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a northwest–southeast trending volcanic chain in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains that extends from Watts Point in the south to the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield in the north. This chain of volcanoes is located in ...

, ⩾ 1 , , 410 BCE ±200 ,

Bridge River eruption The Bridge River Vent is a volcanic crater in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located west of Bralorne on the northeastern flank of the Mount Meager massif. With an elevation of , it lies ...

, , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount St. Helens , Cascade Volcanic Arc , 1.2 , style="text-align: center;", 15 , 530 BCE , Ps/Pu (Pine Creek) , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount Tarumae , Hokkaidō , 3.3 , , 550 BCE , Ta-c , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Tongariro Mount Tongariro (; ) is a compound volcano in the Taupō Volcanic Zone of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located to the southwest of Lake Taupō, and is the northernmost of the three active volcanoes that dominate the landscape of the ...

, 1.2 , , 550 BCE ±200 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , 1 , , 780 BCE , SH5 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Yantarni Volcano Yantarni Volcano is an andesite, andesitic stratovolcano in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is on the Alaska Peninsula, in the Aleutian Range, between Mount Aniakchak and Mount Chiginagak volcanoes. The volcano was not discovered until 1979 due to i ...

, SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc , 1 , , 800 BCE ±500 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1 , , 930 BCE , Upper SE flank, Tephra layer Zu , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Khodutka Khodutka (russian: Ходутка), also known as Khodutkinskiye Gory (russian: Ходуткинские Горы), is a stratovolcano located in the southern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. It was formed from an older stratovolcano, know ...

, 1.25 , , 930 BCE ±100 , KHD tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , > 1 , , 950 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Mount Pinatubo , Luzon Volcanic Arc , 12.5 , , 1050 BCE ±150 , Maraunot eruptive period , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Hekla , Iceland , 7.5 , , 1100 BCE ±50 , H3 tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 8 , style="text-align: center;", 29 , 1310 BCE ±12 , Kaharoa eruption , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1 , , 1350 BCE , Tephra layer Os , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Avachinsky Avachinsky (also known as Avacha or Avacha Volcano or Avachinskaya Sopka) (russian: Авачинская сопка, Авача) is an active stratovolcano in Russia. It is situated on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East. Avachinsky l ...

, 1.75 , , 1350 BCE , Tephra layer IIAV3 , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Pago , Bismarck Volcanic Arc , 30 , , 1370 BCE ±160 , Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

, 17 , style="text-align: center;", 37 , 1460 BCE ±40 , Waimihia eruption , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Avachinsky , Kamchatka , ≥ 3.6 , , 1500 BCE , Tephra layer AV1 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Etna ,

, 1 , , 1500 BCE ±50 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Hayes Volcano Hayes Volcano is a stratovolcano in southwestern Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, 135 km northwest of Anchorage, that was not discovered until 1975. It is responsible for a series of six major tephra layers in the Cook Inlet region of Alas ...

, SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc , 8.1 , , 1550 BCE , Hayes Tephra set H , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 , Youngest Caldera,

Santorini Santorini ( el, Σαντορίνη, ), officially Thira (Greek: Θήρα ) and classical Greek Thera (English pronunciation ), is an island in the southern Aegean Sea, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast from the Greek mainland. It is the ...

South Aegean Volcanic Arc The South Aegean Volcanic Arc is a volcanic arc (chain of volcanoes) in the South Aegean Sea formed by plate tectonics. The prior cause was the subduction of the African plate beneath the Eurasian plate, raising the Aegean arc across what is now ...

, 123 , style="text-align: center;", 36 , 1610 BCE ,

Minoan eruption The Minoan eruption was a catastrophic Types of volcanic eruptions, volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean Islands, Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BCE. It destroyed the Minoan civilization, Minoan settlement at ...

, , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Mount Aniakchak Mount Aniakchak (russian: Аниакчак) is a 3,700-year-old volcanic caldera approximately in diameter, located in the Aleutian Range of Alaska, United States. Although a stratovolcano by composition, the pre-existing mountain collapsed in ...

, SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc , 50 , , 1645 BCE ±10 , Aniakchak II , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Mount Veniaminof Mount Veniaminof (russian: Вулкан Вениаминова) is an active stratovolcano on the Alaska Peninsula. The mountain was named after Ioann (Ivan Popov) Veniaminov (1797–1879), a Russian Orthodox missionary priest (and later a pro ...

, SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc , 50 , , 1750 BCE , V2 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount St. Helens , Cascade Volcanic Arc , 3.5 , , 1770 BCE ±100 , Ye (Smith Creek) , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Villarrica ,

, 3.3 , , 1810 BCE ±200 , Pucón Ignimbrite , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Mount St. Helens , Cascade Volcanic Arc , 15.3 , , 1860 BCE , Yn (Smith Creek) , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Southern Volcanic Zone The Andean Volcanic Belt is a major volcanic belt along the Andean cordillera in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It is formed as a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American ...

, 12 , , 1890 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mount Dana Mount Dana is a mountain in the U.S. state of California. Its summit marks the eastern boundary of Yosemite National Park and the western boundary of the Ansel Adams Wilderness. At an elevation of , it is the second highest mountain in Yosemite ...

, SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc , 1 , , 1890 BCE , 1890 BCE eruption , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Black Peak , SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc , 30 , , 1900 BCE ±150 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , > 1 , , 2000 BCE , SHsp , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 6-7? ,

Deception Island Deception Island is an island in the South Shetland Islands close to the Antarctic Peninsula with a large and usually "safe" natural harbor, which is occasionally troubled by the underlying active volcano. This island is the caldera of an act ...

{{cite journal , last1=Antoniades , first1=Dermot , last2=Giralt , first2=Santiago , last3=Geyer , first3=Adelina , last4=Álvarez-Valero , first4=Antonio M. , last5=Pla-Rabes , first5=Sergi , last6=Granados , first6=Ignacio , last7=Liu , first7=Emma J. , last8=Toro , first8=Manuel , last9=Smellie , first9=John L. , last10=Oliva , first10=Marc , title=The timing and widespread effects of the largest Holocene volcanic eruption in Antarctica , journal=

Scientific Reports ''Scientific Reports'' is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific mega journal published by Nature Portfolio, covering all areas of the natural sciences. The journal was established in 2011. The journal states that their aim is to assess solely th ...

, date=22 November 2018 , volume=8 , issue=1 , page=17279 , doi=10.1038/s41598-018-35460-x , pmid=30467408 , pmc=6250685 , bibcode=2018NatSR...817279A , url=, issn=2045-2322 , ,

South Shetland Islands The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands with a total area of . They lie about north of the Antarctic Peninsula, and between southwest of the nearest point of the South Orkney Islands. By the Antarctic Treaty of 195 ...

, 30-60 (DRE) , , 2030 BCE , Outer Coast Tuff , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , El Chichón , Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc , 2 , , 2030 BCE ±100 , Unit K (SI; Espindola 2000) Unit E (Macias 1997) , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Long Island, PNG , Bismarck Volcanic Arc , > 10 , , 2040 BCE ±100 , biliau beds , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Rungwe Rungwe is a District in Mbeya Region, Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by Mbeya Rural District, to the east by Iringa Region, to the southeast by Kyela District, to the southwest by Ileje District and to the west by Mbeya District. Acco ...

Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is a series of contiguous geographic trenches, approximately in total length, that runs from Lebanon in Asia to Mozambique in Southeast Africa. While the name continues in some usages, it is rarely used in geology as it i ...

Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ...

, 2.2 , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 2050 BCE , Rungwe pumice , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Nishiyama,

Hachijō-jima is a volcanic Japanese island in the Philippine Sea. It is about south of the special wards of Tokyo. It is part of the Izu archipelago and within the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. Its only municipality is Hachijō. On 1 March 2018, its po ...

Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc The Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM) arc system is a plate tectonics, tectonic plate convergent boundary in Micronesia. The IBM arc system extends over 2800 km south from Tokyo, Japan, to beyond Guam, and includes the Izu Islands, the Bonin Island ...

, 1.2 , , 2050 BCE , Mitsune-7 scoria , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , > 1 , , 2100 BCE , SHsp , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Phlegraean Fields The Phlegraean Fields ( it, Campi Flegrei ; nap, Campe Flegree, from Ancient Greek 'to burn') is a large region of supervolcanic calderas situated to the west of Naples, Italy. It was declared a regional park in 2003. The area of the calde ...

, 1.8 , style="text-align: center;", 27 , 2150 BCE ±500 , Agnano Monte Spina , , - !style="background-color: #F60;" , 5 , Mount Galunggung , Sunda Arc, Java , 1 , , 2250 BCE ±150 , , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 , Cerro Blanco (Argentina) ,

, 172 , , 2300 BCE ±160 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Hekla , Iceland , 5.6 , , 2310 BCE ±20 , H4 tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount St. Helens , Cascade Volcanic Arc , 1.2 , , 2340 BCE , Yb (Smith Creek) , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount Vesuvius , Campanian volcanic arc , 2.0 , style="text-align: center;", 31 , 2420 BCE ±40 ,

Avellino eruption The Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius refers to a Vesuvian eruption in 1995 BC. It is estimated to have had a Volcanic Explosivity Index, VEI of 6, making it larger and more catastrophic than Vesuvius's more famous and well-documented Eruptio ...

, , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Apoyeque ,

, Nicaragua , 1 , style="text-align: center;", 16 , 2550 BCE ±1500 , W Chiltepe Peninsula, Mateare Tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , > 1 , , 2620 BCE ±300 , SHdv , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Lake Ikeda is a caldera lake located 40 km south of Kagoshima city; Kyūshū island, Japan. It is perhaps best known to tourists as the location of the purported sightings of a monster named Issie, and as the largest lake on Kyūshū island with a s ...

, Kyūshū , 2.3 , , 2690 BCE ±75 , Ikeda-ko caldera, Tephra layer Ikp , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Piton de la Fournaise Piton de la Fournaise (; en, "Peak of the Furnace") is a shield volcano on the eastern side of Réunion island (a French overseas department and region) in the Indian Ocean. It is currently one of the most active volcanoes in the world, along ...

, Réunion , 1.8 , , 2700 BCE , Bellecombe Ash Member , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Ilyinsky ,

, 1.3 , , 2850 BCE , ZLT-tephra; IL-tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 5.4 , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 2990 BCE , Fogo A , , - !style="background:#F60;", 5 ,

, 4.7 , , 3100 BCE ±220 , Cha2/Mic2 tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 5-6 ,

Fisher Caldera Fisher Caldera, also known as Mount Fisher and Fisher Volcano, is a large volcanic caldera, measuring about by , located on Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Formed by the destructive eruption of an andesitic stratovolcano about 9,1 ...

, Unimak, Aleutian Arc , 5.5 DRE , , 3170 BCE ±75 , Turquoise Cone , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Avachinsky , Kamchatka , 1.5 , , 3200 BCE ±150 , Tephra layer IAv20; AV3 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Lake Numazawa ,

, 4.71 , , 3400 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 2 , , 3500 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Volcanic Arc , 12.5 , , 3550 BCE , Crow Valley eruptive period , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 6 , , 3576 BCE ±145 , Whakatane tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Taal ,

Volcanic Arc , 50 , , 3580 BCE , Taal scoria pyroclastic flow , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 2 , , 3650 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Popocatépetl , Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , ⩾ 5 , style="text-align: center;", 39 , 3700 BCE ±300 , I.A1 Yellow Pumice , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Kaguyak , SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc , 3.9 , , 3850 BCE , Caldera formation , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Pago , Bismarck Volcanic Arc , 10 , , 4000 BCE ±210 , Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Masaya Volcano Masaya ( es, Volcán Masaya) is a caldera located in Masaya, Nicaragua, 20 km south of the capital Managua. It is Nicaragua's first and largest national park, and one of 78 protected areas of Nicaragua. The complex volcano is composed of a ...

, Nicaragua , 14.8 , style="text-align: center;", 28 , 4050 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Hekla , Iceland , 1 , , 4110 BCE ±100 , Hekla Ö tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Towada , Honshū , 9.18 , style="text-align: center;", 29 , 4150 BCE , eruption episode C , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Apoyeque ,

, Nicaragua , 1.9 , style="text-align: center;", 28 , 4160 BCE ±30 , Laguna Xiloá , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Avachinsky , Kamchatka , ≥ 4 , , 4340 BCE ±75 , Tephra layer IAv12; AV4 , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 ,

Kikai Caldera (alternatively Kikaiga-shima, Kikai Caldera Complex) is a massive, mostly submerged caldera up to in diameter in the Ōsumi Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Geology Caldera formation has been dated from about 95,000 years ago and has in ...

Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yonaguni ...

, 180 , style="text-align: center;", 43 , 4350 BCE ,

Akahoya eruption The Akahoya eruption was the strongest known volcanic eruption of the Kikai Caldera in Kyūshū, Japan. It ejected about of volcanic material, giving it a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7. Retrospective dating Archaeologically it has been dat ...

, , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6-7 ,

Macauley Island Macauley Island is a volcanic island in New Zealand's Kermadec Islands, approximately halfway between New Zealand's North Island and Tonga in the southwest Pacific Ocean. It is part of a larger submarine volcano that features a wide underwa ...

, 100 , , 4360 BCE ±200 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 2 , , 4400 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Komagatake , Hokkaidō , 3 , , 4600 BCE ±50 , Ko-g , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima , Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc , 1.2 , , 4650 BCE , Mitsune-5 scoria , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

, 18 , , 4750 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Ksudach , Kamchatka , 7.5 , , 4900 BCE , KS2 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Tavui , Bismarck Volcanic Arc , 5.75 , , 4946 BCE ±40 , Raluan Pyroclastics , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Mayor Island / Tūhua Mayor Island / Tūhua is a dormant shield volcano located off the Bay of Plenty coast of New Zealand's North Island. It lies north of Tauranga and covers . Geography The island is quite steep along its coast and rises to above sea level. A ...

, 1.6 , , 5060 BCE ±200 , Taratimi Bay , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Puyehue , Andean Volcanic Belt , 1.66 , , 5080 BCE ±150 , PU-2 tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Hekla , Iceland , 1.7 , , 5150 BCE , H5 tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Ksudach , Kamchatka , 3 , , 5200 BCE , KS3 , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Ichinsky Ichinsky (russian: Ичинский вулкан or Ичинская сопка, ''Ichinskaya sopka'') is a large stratovolcano located in the central part of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. At , it is the highest peak of the Sredinny Range, the ...

, 2.5 , , 5400 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , 1.2 , , 5500 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

, 18.6 , , 5550 BCE , Ma-f/g/h/i/j , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Tao-Rusyr Caldera Tao-Rusyr Caldera (russian: Тао-Русыр) is a stratovolcano located at the southern end of Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands, Russia. It has 7.5 km wide caldera formed during a catastrophic eruption less than 10,000 years ago (reported a ...

Onekotan Onekotan (russian: Онекотан; Japanese 温禰古丹島; Onekotan-tō, occasionally Onnekotan-tō, ain, オネコタン　or　オネコタㇴ) is an uninhabited volcanic island located near the northern end of the Kuril Islands chain in ...

, 55 , , 5550 BCE ±75 , , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 ,

Crater Lake Crater Lake (Klamath language, Klamath: ''Giiwas'') is a volcanic crater lake in south-central Oregon in the western United States. It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and is famous for its deep blue color and water clarity. The ...

(as

Mount Mazama Mount Mazama (''Giiwas'' in the Native American language Klamath language, Klamath) is a complex volcano in the state of Oregon, United States, in a segment of the Cascade Volcanoes, Cascade Volcanic Arc and Cascade Range. Most of the mountai ...

) ,

, 120 , style="text-align: center;", 55 , 5680 BCE ±150 , Mazama Tephra , Caldera formation , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Khangar Khangar (russian: Хангар) is a stratovolcano located in the central part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. It is the southernmost volcano of the Sredinny Range. Its 2 km-wide caldera is now filled by a lake. See also * List of volcano ...

, 15 , , 5700 BCE ±16 , KHG tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Crater Lake , Cascade Volcanic Arc , 10 , , 5900 BCE ±50 , Lower Pumice, Llao Rock , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Avachinsky , Kamchatka , 9 , , 5980 BCE ±100 , Tephra layer IAv2 , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Menengai Menengai Crater is a massive shield volcano with one of the biggest calderas in the world, in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya. It is the largest volcano caldera in Kenya and the second largest volcano caldera in Africa. Volcanic formed rich loam so ...

East African Rift The East African Rift (EAR) or East African Rift System (EARS) is an active continental rift zone in East Africa. The EAR began developing around the onset of the Miocene, 22–25 million years ago. In the past it was considered to be part of a ...

, 70 , , 6050 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1.2 , , 6060 BCE ±50 , Haroharo (Te Horoa & other domes) , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Makushin Volcano The Makushin Volcano (also known as Mount Makushin) is an ice-covered stratovolcano located on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands of the U.S. state of Alaska. With an elevation of , its summit is the highest point on the island. Makushin is ...

Unalaska Unalaska ( ale, Iluulux̂; russian: Уналашка) is the chief center of population in the Aleutian Islands. The city is in the Aleutians West Census Area, a regional component of the Unorganized Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. Unalaska ...

, Aleutian Arc , 7.5 , , 6100 BCE ±50 , , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

, Aleutian Arc , 30 , , 6300 BCE ±1250 , Aniakchak I , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6? ,

Karkar Island Karkar Island is an oval-shaped volcanic island located in the Bismarck Sea, about 30 kilometres off the north coast of mainland Papua New Guinea in Madang Province, from which it is separated by the Isumrud Strait. The island is about 25&nbs ...

, Bismarck Volcanic Arc , 20 , , 6318 BCE , Wadau deposit , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Kizimen Kizimen (russian: Кизимен) is an active stratovolcano in the southern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. The volcano was in a dormant state since an eruption in 1929, but on 2 September 2009 it was reported by Georgina Cooper for the R ...

, 4.9 , , 6400 BCE ±50 , KZII , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7 ,

Kurile Lake Kurile Lake (russian: Кури́льское о́зеро, Kuríl'skoye Ózero) is a caldera and crater lake in Kamchatka, Russia. It is also known as Kurilskoye Lake or Kuril Lake. It is part of the Eastern Volcanic Zone of Kamchatka which, toge ...

, 155 , , 6440 BCE ±25 , Ilinsky eruption , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Karymsky ,

, 14.5 , , 6600 BCE , Tephra layer KRM , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Pico de Orizaba Pico de Orizaba, also known as Citlaltépetl (from Nahuatl = star, and = mountain), is an inactive stratovolcano, the highest mountain in Mexico and the third highest in North America, after Denali of Alaska in the United States and Mount Loga ...

, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , 1 , , 6710 BCE ±150 , Upper Citlaltépetl ignimbrite , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Calbuco Calbuco is a city and commune in southern Chile administered by the Municipality of Calbuco. Administratively Calbuco belongs to the Llanquihue Province of Los Lagos Region. The origin of the city was the Spanish Fort Calbuco founded in 1603, an ...

, Southern Chile & Argentina , 1 , , 6760 BCE ±825 , Ca8 tephra layer , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , 1 , , 6800 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount Vesuvius , Campanian volcanic arc , 5.1 , style="text-align: center;", 22.5 , 6940 BCE ±100 , Mercato eruption , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Mount Tarumae , Hokkaidō , 1.9 , , 6950 BCE , Ta-d , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 2 , , 7150 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Towada , Honshū , 2.5 , style="text-align: center;", 25 , 7250 BCE , eruption episode E , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6? , Okmok Caldera , Umnak, Aleutian Arc , 75 , , 7276 BCE ±1180 , Okmok I , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 1 , , 7300 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Shiveluch , Kamchatka , ≥ 2 , , 7400 BCE ±150 , , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 6-7 , Fisher Caldera , Unimak, Aleutian Arc , 55 DRE , style="text-align: center;", 22 , 7420 BCE ±200 , Fisher Tuff , Caldera formation , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5? ,

Morne Trois Pitons Morne is an Old-French word for a small mountain. It may refer to: * Morne a Chandelle, a village in the Sud-Est department of Haiti * Morne-à-l'Eau, a commune in Guadeloupe * Morne Bois-Pin, the fourth highest mountain in Haiti * Morne la Vigie ...

, Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc , 2.4 , , 7441 BCE ±94 , PPR3 - Link fall , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Volcanic Arc , ⩾10 , , 7460 BCE ±150 , Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Lvinaya Past Moekeshiwan, also known as Lvinaya Past (russian: Львиная Пасть, literally "''Lion's Maw''", after a rock that emerges from the sea and resembles a sleeping lion), is a volcano in the southern part of Iturup in the Kuril Islands, clai ...

, 75 , , 7480 BCE ±50 , Moikeshi , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, , , 7560 BCE ±18 , Lake Rotoma , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Roundtop Volcano , Unimak, Aleutian Arc , 7 , , 7600 BCE ±500 , , , - !style="background:#F60;", 5 ,

, 3.54 , style="text-align: center;", 30 , 7750 BCE ±200 , Cha1 tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6? ,

, 11.5 , , 8000 BCE , Inner Caldera Formation , , - !style="background:#900; color:white;" , 7? ,

Semisopochnoi Island Semisopochnoi Island or Unyak Island (obsolete russian: Семисопочной, modern russian: Семисопочный Semisopochny "having seven hills"; ale, Unyax̂) is part of the Rat Islands group in the western Aleutian Islands of Alaska ...

, Aleutian Arc , 120 , , 8000 BCE , Caldera formation , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Kizimen , Kamchatka , 4 , , 8050 BCE , KZI , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Aira ''Aira'' is a genus of Old World plants in the grass family, native to western and southern Europe, central and southwest Asia, plus Africa. The common name, shared with the similar related genera '' Deschampsia'' and ''Koeleria'', is hair-g ...

, 12 , , 8050 BCE ±1000 , Wakamiko Caldera , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 4.8 , style="text-align: center;", 37 , 8130 BCE ±200 , Unit E (Opepe Tephra) , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 ,

Grímsvötn Grímsvötn (; ''vötn'' = "waters", singular: ) is a volcano with a (partially subglacial) fissure system located in Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland. The volcano itself is completely subglacial and located under the northwestern side of the Va ...

, 15 , , 8230 BCE ±50 ,

Saksunarvatn tephra In the science of tephrochronology, the Saksunarvatn tephra is volcanic ejecta that formed an ash layer that is useful in dating Northern European sediment layers that were laid down during the Boreal period, the warm climate phase that followed th ...

, , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

Lake Ngozi Lake Ngozi (or Lake Ngosi) is the second largest crater lake in Africa. It can be found near Tukuyu, a small town in the highland Rungwe District, Mbeya Region, of southern Tanzania in East Africa. It is part of the Poroto Mountains and the nort ...

, 7 , , 8250 BCE , Kitulo pumice , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Towada , Honshū , 1.3 , style="text-align: center;", 23 , 8250 BCE , eruption episode F , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, Southern Chile & Argentina , 1 , , 8460 BCE ±155 , Ca1 tephra layer , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6 , Ulreung ,

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...

, 28.5 , , 8750 BCE , Ulleungdo-Oki tephra , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Askja , Iceland , 3.45 , , 8910 BCE ±200 , Dyngjufjöll Tephra , , - !style="background:#f00; color:white;" , 6? , Longonot ,

Great Rift Valley, Kenya The Great Rift Valley is part of an intra-continental ridge system that runs through Kenya from north to south. It is part of the Gregory Rift, the eastern branch of the East African Rift, which starts in Tanzania to the south and continues nor ...

, 50 , , 8910 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1 , style="text-align: center;", 28 , 9240 BCE ±75 , 4 km W of Te Kohaiakahu Point, Unit C (Poronui) , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1 , , 9350 BCE , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1 , , 9450 BCE , Poutu Lapilli (Mangamate) , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1.4 , style="text-align: center;", 27 , 9460 BCE ±200 , , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 , Hijiori ,

, 2.3 , , 9550 BCE ±500 , Obanazawa Pumice , , - !style="background:#f60;" , 5 ,

, 1 , , 9650 BCE , ,

References

Volcanic eruptions Lists of volcanic eruptions

References

Volcanic eruptions Lists of volcanic eruptions