This is a list of important publications in philosophy, organized by field. The publications on this list are regarded as important because they have served or are serving as one or more of the following roles: * ''Foundation'' – A publication whose ideas would go on to be the foundation of a topic or field within philosophy. * ''Breakthrough'' – A publication that changed or added to philosophical knowledge significantly. * ''Influence'' – A publication that has had a significant impact on the academic study of philosophy or the world.

Historical texts

European and Islamic philosophy

Ancient philosophy

* Heraclitus (), ''Fragments'' * Parmenides (), ''On Nature'' * Plato (early period, ), '' Apology'' * Plato (early period), '' Crito'' * Plato (early period), '' Euthyphro'' * Plato (early period), '' Gorgias'' * Plato (early period), '' Protagoras'' * Plato (early transitional period, ), '' Cratylus'' * Plato (early transitional period), '' Meno'' * Plato (middle period, ), '' Phaedo'' * Plato (middle period), '' Symposium'' * Plato (late transitional period, ), '' Parmenides'' * Plato (late transitional period), '' Theaetetus'' * Plato (late transitional period), '' Phaedrus'' * Plato (late period, ), ''

Laws Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vari ...

'' * Plato (late period), ''

Timaeus Timaeus (or Timaios) is a Greek name. It may refer to: * ''Timaeus'' (dialogue), a Socratic dialogue by Plato *Timaeus of Locri, 5th-century BC Pythagorean philosopher, appearing in Plato's dialogue *Timaeus (historian) (c. 345 BC-c. 250 BC), Greek ...

'' * Plato (Bk. 1, early period. Bks. 2–10, late period), '' The Republic'' *

Aristotle Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatetic school of ph ...

(), ''

Organon The ''Organon'' ( grc, Ὄργανον, meaning "instrument, tool, organ") is the standard collection of Aristotle's six works on logical analysis and dialectic. The name ''Organon'' was given by Aristotle's followers, the Peripatetics. The six ...

'' * Aristotle, ''

Physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...

'' * Aristotle, ''

Metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. It includes questions about the nature of conscio ...

'' * Aristotle, ''

On the Soul ''On the Soul'' (Greek: , ''Peri Psychēs''; Latin: ''De Anima'') is a major treatise written by Aristotle c. 350 BC. His discussion centres on the kinds of souls possessed by different kinds of living things, distinguished by their different op ...

'' * Aristotle, '' Nicomachean Ethics'' * Aristotle, ''

Politics Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that stud ...

'' * Aristotle, '' Rhetoric'' * Aristotle, '' Poetics'' * Epicurus, (341 – 270 BC), '' On Nature'' *

Lucretius Titus Lucretius Carus ( , ; – ) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the philosophical poem ''De rerum natura'', a didactic work about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, and which usually is translated into En ...

(), ''

On the Nature of Things ''De rerum natura'' (; ''On the Nature of Things'') is a first-century BC didactic poem by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius ( – c. 55 BC) with the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience. The poem, written in some 7 ...

'' *

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...

, (106 – 43 BC), '' On the Commonwealth'' * Cicero, '' On the Laws'' * '' Lucius Annaeus Seneca'' (4BC – 65AD), '' Letters from a Stoic'' *

Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good ...

(161 – 180 AD), ''

Meditations ''Meditations'' () is a series of personal writings by Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor from AD 161 to 180, recording his private notes to himself and ideas on Stoic philosophy. Marcus Aurelius wrote the 12 books of the ''Meditations'' in Koine ...

'' *

Epictetus Epictetus (; grc-gre, Ἐπίκτητος, ''Epíktētos''; 50 135 AD) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was born into slavery at Hierapolis, Phrygia (present-day Pamukkale, in western Turkey) and lived in Rome until his banishment, when ...

(108 AD), '' Discourses'' * Epictetus (125 AD), ''

Enchiridion Enchiridion is a small manual or handbook. It can refer more specifically to: * '' Enchiridion of Epictetus'', a short manual of Stoic ethical advice * The ''Enchiridion de metris'' of Hephaestion, an ancient treatise on poetic meters * ''Enchiri ...

'' *

Sextus Empiricus Sextus Empiricus ( grc-gre, Σέξτος Ἐμπειρικός, ; ) was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher and Empiric school physician. His philosophical works are the most complete surviving account of ancient Greek and Roman Pyrrhonism, and bec ...

(c. 160 – 210 AD), '' Outlines of Pyrrhonism'' *

Plotinus Plotinus (; grc-gre, Πλωτῖνος, ''Plōtînos''; – 270 CE) was a philosopher in the Hellenistic tradition, born and raised in Roman Egypt. Plotinus is regarded by modern scholarship as the founder of Neoplatonism. His teacher wa ...

(270 AD), ''

Enneads The ''Enneads'' ( grc-gre, Ἐννεάδες), fully ''The Six Enneads'', is the collection of writings of the philosopher Plotinus, edited and compiled by his student Porphyry (270). Plotinus was a student of Ammonius Saccas, and together th ...

'' * Porphyry (c. 234 – 305 AD), ''

Isagoge The ''Isagoge'' ( el, Εἰσαγωγή, ''Eisagōgḗ''; ) or "Introduction" to Aristotle's "Categories", written by Porphyry in Greek and translated into Latin by Boethius, was the standard textbook on logic for at least a millennium after his ...

'' *

Hermes Trismegistus Hermes Trismegistus (from grc, Ἑρμῆς ὁ Τρισμέγιστος, "Hermes the Thrice-Greatest"; Classical Latin: la, label=none, Mercurius ter Maximus) is a legendary Hellenistic figure that originated as a syncretic combination of t ...

, '' Corpus Hermeticum''

Medieval philosophy

* Augustine of Hippo, '' Confessions'', c. AD 397 * Augustine of Hippo, ''

The City of God ''On the City of God Against the Pagans'' ( la, De civitate Dei contra paganos), often called ''The City of God'', is a book of Christian philosophy written in Latin by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century AD. The book was in response ...

'', early 5th century * Proclus, ''The Elements of Theology'' *

Damascius Damascius (; grc-gre, Δαμάσκιος, 458 – after 538), known as "the last of the Athenian Neoplatonists," was the last scholarch of the neoplatonic Athenian school. He was one of the neoplatonic philosophers who left Athens after laws ...

, ''Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles'' *

Boethius Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, commonly known as Boethius (; Latin: ''Boetius''; 480 – 524 AD), was a Roman senator, consul, ''magister officiorum'', historian, and philosopher of the Early Middle Ages. He was a central figure in the tr ...

, ''

Consolation of Philosophy ''On the Consolation of Philosophy'' ('' la, De consolatione philosophiae'')'','' often titled as ''The Consolation of Philosophy'' or simply the ''Consolation,'' is a philosophical work by the Roman statesman Boethius. Written in 523 while he ...

'', c. 500 * Eriugena, ''Periphyseon'' * Avicenna, ''

The Book of Healing ''The Book of Healing'' (; ; also known as ) is a scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by Abu Ali ibn Sīna (aka Avicenna) from medieval Persia, near Bukhara in Maverounnahr. He most likely began to compose the book in 1014, comp ...

'' * Avicenna, ''

Proof of the Truthful The Proof of the Truthful ( ar, برهان الصديقين, burhān al-ṣiddīqīn, also translated Demonstration of the Truthful or Proof of the Veracious, among others) is a formal argument for proving the existence of God introduced by th ...

'' *

Maimonides Musa ibn Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides (); la, Moses Maimonides and also referred to by the acronym Rambam ( he, רמב״ם), was a Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Tora ...

, ''

Guide for the Perplexed ''The Guide for the Perplexed'' ( ar, دلالة الحائرين, Dalālat al-ḥā'irīn, ; he, מורה נבוכים, Moreh Nevukhim) is a work of Jewish theology by Maimonides. It seeks to reconcile Aristotelianism with Rabbinical Jewish th ...

'' * Maimonides, ''

Mishneh Torah The ''Mishneh Torah'' ( he, מִשְׁנֵה תּוֹרָה, , repetition of the Torah), also known as ''Sefer Yad ha-Hazaka'' ( he, ספר יד החזקה, , book of the strong hand, label=none), is a code of Rabbinic Jewish religious law ('' ...

'' *

Yehuda Halevi Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; he, יהודה הלוי and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi ; ar, يهوذا اللاوي ''Yahuḏa al-Lāwī''; 1075 – 1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, ...

, ''

Kuzari The ''Kuzari'', full title ''Book of Refutation and Proof on Behalf of the Despised Religion'' ( ar, كتاب الحجة والدليل في نصرة الدين الذليل: ''Kitâb al-ḥujja wa'l-dalîl fi naṣr al-dîn al-dhalîl''), also k ...

'' *

Saadia Gaon Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( ar, سعيد بن يوسف الفيومي ''Saʻīd bin Yūsuf al-Fayyūmi''; he, סַעֲדְיָה בֶּן יוֹסֵף אַלְפַיּוּמִי גָּאוֹן ''Saʿăḏyāh ben Yōsēf al-Fayyūmī Gāʾōn''; ...

, ''

Emunoth ve-Deoth ''The Book of Beliefs and Opinions'' ( ar, كتاب الأمانات والاعتقادات, translit=Kitāb al-Amānāt wa l-Iʿtiqādāt) is a book written by Saadia Gaon (completed 933) which is the first systematic presentation and philosophi ...

'' *

Al-Ghazali Al-Ghazali ( – 19 December 1111; ), full name (), and known in Persian-speaking countries as Imam Muhammad-i Ghazali (Persian: امام محمد غزالی) or in Medieval Europe by the Latinized as Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian poly ...

, ''

The Incoherence of the Philosophers ''The Incoherence of the Philosophers'' (تهافت الفلاسفة ''Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ'' in Arabic) is the title of a landmark 11th-century work by the Persian theologian Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazali and a student o ...

'' *

Averroes Ibn Rushd ( ar, ; full name in ; 14 April 112611 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes ( ), was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psy ...

, ''

The Incoherence of the Incoherence ''The Incoherence of the Incoherence'' ( ar, تهافت التهافت ''Tahāfut al-Tahāfut'') by Andalusian Muslim polymath and philosopher Averroes (Arabic , ''ibn Rushd'', 1126–1198) is an important Islamic philosophical treatise in w ...

'' * Anselm,

Proslogion The ''Proslogion'' () is a prayer (or meditation), written by the medieval cleric Saint Anselm of Canterbury in 1077–1078, serving to reflect on the attributes of God in order to explain how God can possess seemingly contradictory qualities. Thi ...

Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known wit ...

, ''

Summa contra Gentiles The ''Summa contra Gentiles'' (also known as ', "Book on the truth of the Catholic faith against the errors of the unbelievers") is one of the best-known treatises by St Thomas Aquinas, written as four books between 1259 and 1265. Whereas the '' ...

'', c. 1260 * Thomas Aquinas, '' Summa Theologiae'' *

Duns Scotus John Duns Scotus ( – 8 November 1308), commonly called Duns Scotus ( ; ; "Duns the Scot"), was a Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar, university professor, philosopher, and theologian. He is one of the four most important ...

, ''Ordinatio (aka Opus Oxoniense)'' * Ibn Taymiyyah, ''Refutation of the Rationalists'' *

William of Ockham William of Ockham, OFM (; also Occam, from la, Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 10 April 1347) was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, apologist, and Catholic theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small vil ...

, ''

Summa Logicae The ''Summa Logicae'' ("Sum of Logic") is a textbook on logic by William of Ockham. It was written around 1323. Systematically, it resembles other works of medieval logic, organised under the basic headings of the Aristotelian Predicables, Cat ...

Early modern philosophy

Desiderius Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (; ; English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus;''Erasmus'' was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae. ''Desiderius'' was an adopted additional name, which he used from 1496. The ''Roterodamus'' wa ...

, ''

The Praise of Folly ''In Praise of Folly'', also translated as ''The Praise of Folly'' ( la, Stultitiae Laus or ), is an essay written in Latin in 1509 by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam and first printed in June 1511. Inspired by previous works of the Italian hum ...

'', 1509 (printed 1511) *

Niccolò Machiavelli Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli ( , , ; 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527), occasionally rendered in English as Nicholas Machiavel ( , ; see below), was an Italian diplomat, author, philosopher and historian who lived during the Renaissance. ...

, ''

The Prince ''The Prince'' ( it, Il Principe ; la, De Principatibus) is a 16th-century political treatise written by Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli as an instruction guide for new princes and royals. The general theme of ''The ...

'', 1513 (printed 1532) * Niccolò Machiavelli, '' Discourses on Livy'', 1517 (printed 1533) * Michel de Montaigne, ''

Essays An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a letter, a paper, an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. Essays have been sub-classified as formal a ...

'', 1570–1592 (printed 1580–1595) *

Sir Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Bacon led the advancement of both n ...

, ''

Novum Organum The ''Novum Organum'', fully ''Novum Organum, sive Indicia Vera de Interpretatione Naturae'' ("New organon, or true directions concerning the interpretation of nature") or ''Instaurationis Magnae, Pars II'' ("Part II of The Great Instauration ...

'', 1620 * Hugo Grotius, ''

De jure belli ac pacis ''De iure belli ac pacis'' (English: ''On the Law of War and Peace'') is a 1625 book in Latin, written by Hugo Grotius and published in Paris, on the legal status of war. It is now regarded as a foundational work in international law. The work t ...

'', 1625 *

René Descartes René Descartes ( or ; ; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Ma ...

, ''

Rules for the Direction of the Mind In 1628 René Descartes began work on an unfinished treatise regarding the proper method for scientific and philosophical thinking entitled ''Regulae ad directionem ingenii'', or ''Rules for the Direction of the Mind''. The work was eventually pub ...

'', 1628 * René Descartes, ''

Discourse on the Method ''Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences'' (french: Discours de la Méthode Pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences) is a philosophical and autobiographical ...

'', 1637 * René Descartes, ''

Meditations on First Philosophy ''Meditations on First Philosophy, in which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated'' ( la, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur) is a philosophical treatise ...

'', 1641 * René Descartes, ''

Principles of Philosophy ''Principles of Philosophy'' ( la, Principia Philosophiae) is a book by René Descartes. In essence, it is a synthesis of the '' Discourse on Method'' and '' Meditations on First Philosophy''.Guy Durandin, ''Les Principes de la Philosophie. Int ...

'', 1644 * René Descartes, '' Passions of the Soul'', 1649 *

Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( ; 5/15 April 1588 – 4/14 December 1679) was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book ''Leviathan'', in which he expounds an influ ...

, ''

Leviathan Leviathan (; he, לִוְיָתָן, ) is a sea serpent noted in theology and mythology. It is referenced in several books of the Hebrew Bible, including Psalms, the Book of Job, the Book of Isaiah, the Book of Amos, and, according to some ...

'', 1651 * Blaise Pascal, ''

Pensées The ''Pensées'' ("Thoughts") is a collection of fragments written by the French 17th-century philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal. Pascal's religious conversion led him into a life of asceticism, and the ''Pensées'' was in many ways h ...

'', 1670 * Baruch Spinoza, ''

Ethics Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior".''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concer ...

'', 1677 * Baruch Spinoza, ''

Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Written by the Dutch philosopher Benedictus Spinoza, the ''Tractatus Theologico-Politicus'' (''TTP'') or ''Theologico-Political Treatise'' was one of the most controversial texts of the early modern period. In it, Spinoza expounds his vie ...

'', 1677 *

Gottfried Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz . ( – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat. He is one of the most prominent figures in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathem ...

, ''

Discourse on Metaphysics The ''Discourse on Metaphysics'' (french: Discours de métaphysique, 1686) is a short treatise by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in which he develops a philosophy concerning physical substance, motion and resistance of bodies, and God's role within the ...

'', 1686 * Nicolas Malebranche, ''Dialogues on Metaphysics'', 1688 * John Locke, ''

Two Treatises of Government ''Two Treatises of Government'' (or ''Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, ...

'', 1689 * John Locke, ''

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'' is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 (although dated 1690) with the printed title ''An Essay Concerning Humane Understan ...

'', 1689 * Anne Conway, ''The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy'', 1690 * Gottfried Leibniz, ''

New Essays on Human Understanding ''New Essays on Human Understanding'' (french: Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain) is a chapter-by-chapter rebuttal by Gottfried Leibniz of John Locke's major work '' An Essay Concerning Human Understanding''. It is one of only two full-leng ...

'', 1704 (printed 1765) * George Berkeley, ''

Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ''A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'' (commonly called ''Treatise'') is a 1710 work, in English, by Irish Empiricist philosopher George Berkeley. This book largely seeks to refute the claims made by Berkeley's contemporary J ...

'', 1710 * Gottfried Leibniz, ''

Théodicée (from French: ''Essays of Theodicy on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil''), more simply known as , is a book of philosophy by the German polymath Gottfried Leibniz. The book, published in 1710, introduced the term ...

'', 1710 * Gottfried Leibniz, ''

Monadology The ''Monadology'' (french: La Monadologie, 1714) is one of Gottfried Leibniz's best known works of his later philosophy. It is a short text which presents, in some 90 paragraphs, a metaphysics of simple substances, or '' monads''. Text Dur ...

'', 1714 (printed 1720) *

Giambattista Vico Giambattista Vico (born Giovan Battista Vico ; ; 23 June 1668 – 23 January 1744) was an Italian philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist during the Italian Enlightenment. He criticized the expansion and development of modern rationali ...

, ''

The New Science ''The New Science'' ( it, La Scienza Nuova ) is the major work of Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico. It was first published in 1725 to little success, but has gone on to be highly regarded and influential in the philosophy of history, sociol ...

'', 1725, 1730, 1744 * Francis Hutcheson, ''An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue'', 1725 *

David Hume David Hume (; born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) Cranston, Maurice, and Thomas Edmund Jessop. 2020 999br>David Hume" ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 18 May 2020. was a Scottish Enlightenment phil ...

, '' A Treatise of Human Nature'', 1738–1740 *

Julien Offray de La Mettrie Julien Offray de La Mettrie (; November 23, 1709 – November 11, 1751) was a French physician and philosopher, and one of the earliest of the French materialism, French materialists of the Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment. He is best known fo ...

, ''

Man a Machine ''Man a Machine'' (French: ''L'homme Machine'') is a work of materialist philosophy by the 18th-century French physician and philosopher Julien Offray de La Mettrie, first published in 1747. In this work, de La Mettrie extends Descartes' argum ...

'', 1747 * David Hume, '' An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding'', 1748 *

Montesquieu Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (; ; 18 January 168910 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher. He is the princi ...

, ''

The Spirit of the Laws ''The Spirit of Law'' (French: ''De l'esprit des lois'', originally spelled ''De l'esprit des loix''), also known in English as ''The Spirit of the Laws'', is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law, publis ...

'', 1748 *

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolu ...

, ''

Discourse on the Arts and Sciences Discourse is a generalization of the notion of a conversation to any form of communication. Discourse is a major topic in social theory, with work spanning fields such as sociology, anthropology, continental philosophy, and discourse analysis. F ...

'', 1750 *

Jean le Rond d'Alembert Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (; ; 16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. Until 1759 he was, together with Denis Diderot, a co-editor of the '' Encyclopéd ...

, ''Preliminary Discourse to the

Encyclopédie ''Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers'' (English: ''Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts''), better known as ''Encyclopédie'', was a general encyclopedia publis ...

of Diderot'', 1751 * David Hume, '' An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals'', 1751 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ''

Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men ''Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men'' (french: Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes), also commonly known as the "Second Discourse", is a 1755 work by philosopher Jean-Jacques Roussea ...

'', 1754 * Adam Smith, ''

The Theory of Moral Sentiments ''The Theory of Moral Sentiments'' is a 1759 book by Adam Smith. It provided the ethical, philosophical, economic, and methodological underpinnings to Smith's later works, including ''The Wealth of Nations'' (1776), '' Essays on Philosophical S ...

'', 1759 *

Voltaire François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 169430 May 1778) was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Known by his ''nom de plume'' M. de Voltaire (; also ; ), he was famous for his wit, and his criticism of Christianity—es ...

, '' Candide'', 1759 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau, '' Emile, or On Education'', 1762 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ''

The Social Contract ''The Social Contract'', originally published as ''On the Social Contract; or, Principles of Political Right'' (french: Du contrat social; ou, Principes du droit politique), is a 1762 French-language book by the Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques ...

'', 1762 * Voltaire, ''

Treatise on Tolerance The ''Treatise on Tolerance on the Occasion of the Death of Jean Calas from the Judgment Rendered in Toulouse'' (''Traité sur la tolérance'') is a work by French philosopher Voltaire, published in 1763, in which he calls for religious toleration ...

'', 1763 *

Thomas Reid Thomas Reid (; 7 May ( O.S. 26 April) 1710 – 7 October 1796) was a religiously trained Scottish philosopher. He was the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense and played an integral role in the Scottish Enlightenment. In 1783 he wa ...

, ''

Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense Thomas Reid (; 7 May ( O.S. 26 April) 1710 – 7 October 1796) was a religiously trained Scottish philosopher. He was the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense and played an integral role in the Scottish Enlightenment. In 1783 he wa ...

'', 1764 * Adam Smith, ''

The Wealth of Nations ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'', generally referred to by its shortened title ''The Wealth of Nations'', is the '' magnum opus'' of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in ...

'', 1776 *

Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (, , ; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and ...

, '' Critique of Pure Reason'', 1781 * Immanuel Kant, ''

Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals ''Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals'' (1785; german: Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten; also known as the ''Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals'', ''Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals'', and the ''Grounding for the Metaphysics o ...

'', 1785 * Thomas Reid, ''Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man'', 1785 * Immanuel Kant, ''

Critique of Practical Reason The ''Critique of Practical Reason'' (german: Kritik der praktischen Vernunft) is the second of Immanuel Kant's three critiques, published in 1788. It follows on from Kant's first critique, the '' Critique of Pure Reason'' and deals with his mo ...

'', 1788 *

Jeremy Bentham Jeremy Bentham (; 15 February 1748 Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._4_February_1747.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 4 February 1747">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.htm ...

, ''

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation ''An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' is a book by the English philosopher and legal theorist Jeremy Bentham "originally printed in 1780, and first published in 1789." Bentham's "most important theoretical work," it is w ...

'', 1789 *

Edmund Burke Edmund Burke (; 12 January NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS">New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS/nowiki>_1729_–_9_July_1797)_was_an_NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">N ...

, ''

Reflections on the Revolution in France ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'' is a political pamphlet written by the Irish statesman Edmund Burke and published in November 1790. It is fundamentally a contrast of the French Revolution to that time with the unwritten British Const ...

'', 1790 * Immanuel Kant, ''

Critique of Judgement The ''Critique of Judgment'' (german: Kritik der Urteilskraft), also translated as the ''Critique of the Power of Judgment'', is a 1790 book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Sometimes referred to as the "third critique," the ''Critique o ...

'', 1790 * Marquis de Condorcet, ''

Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind ''Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind'' (french: Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progrès de l'esprit humain) is a work by the French philosopher and mathematician Marquis de Condorcet, written in 1794 while ...

'', 1794 *

Joseph de Maistre Joseph Marie, comte de Maistre (; 1 April 1753 – 26 February 1821) was a Savoyard philosopher, writer, lawyer, and diplomat who advocated social hierarchy and monarchy in the period immediately following the French Revolution. Despite his clo ...

, ''Considerations on France'', 1797 *

Sophie de Condorcet Sophie de Condorcet (1764 in Meulan – 8 September 1822 in Paris), also known as Sophie de Grouchy and best known as Madame de Condorcet, was a prominent French salon hostess from 1789 to the Reign of Terror, and again from 1799 until her death i ...

, ''Letters on Sympathy'', 1798 *

Thomas Paine Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In th ...

, ''

Rights of Man ''Rights of Man'' (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, including 31 articles, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base it defends the ...

'', 1791 *

Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft (, ; 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was a British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft's life, which encompassed several unconventional personal relationsh ...

, '' A Vindication of the Rights of Women'', 1792 * Johann Gottlieb Fichte, '' Foundations of the Science of Knowledge'', 1794

Nineteenth-century philosophy

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (; ; 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher. He is one of the most important figures in German idealism and one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy. His influence extends ...

, ''

Phenomenology of Spirit ''The Phenomenology of Spirit'' (german: Phänomenologie des Geistes) is the most widely-discussed philosophical work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel; its German title can be translated as either ''The Phenomenology of Spirit'' or ''The Phenomen ...

'', 1807 * Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, ''

Science of Logic ''Science of Logic'' (''SL''; german: Wissenschaft der Logik, ''WdL''), first published between 1812 and 1816, is the work in which Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel outlined his vision of logic. Hegel's logic is a system of '' dialectics'', i.e., ...

'', 1812–1817 * Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, '' The Philosophy of Right'', 1820 * Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, '' The Philosophy of History'', printed 1837 * Arthur Schopenhauer, ''

The World as Will and Representation ''The World as Will and Representation'' (''WWR''; german: Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, ''WWV''), sometimes translated as ''The World as Will and Idea'', is the central work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. The first editio ...

'', 1819–1859 * Auguste Comte, '' Course of Positive Philosophy'', 1830–1842 * Søren Kierkegaard, ''

Either/Or ''Either/Or'' ( Danish: ''Enten – Eller'') is the first published work of the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. Appearing in two volumes in 1843 under the pseudonymous editorship of ''Victor Eremita'' (Latin for "victorious hermit"), it ...

'', 1843 * Søren Kierkegaard, ''

Fear and Trembling ''Fear and Trembling'' (original Danish title: ''Frygt og Bæven'') is a philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard, published in 1843 under the pseudonym ''Johannes de silentio'' (Latin for ''John of the Silence''). The title is a reference to ...

'', 1843 * Søren Kierkegaard, ''

The Concept of Anxiety ''The Concept of Anxiety'' ( da, Begrebet Angest): ''A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin'', is a philosophical work written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1844. The original 1944 ...

'', 1844 * Søren Kierkegaard, ''

Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments ''Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Fragments'' ( da, Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift til de philosophiske Smuler) is a major work by Søren Kierkegaard. The work is an attack against Hegelianism, the philosophy of He ...

'', 1846 *

Max Stirner Johann Kaspar Schmidt (25 October 1806 – 26 June 1856), known professionally as Max Stirner, was a German post-Hegelian philosopher, dealing mainly with the Hegelian notion of social alienation and self-consciousness. Stirner is often seen a ...

, ''

The Ego and Its Own ''The Ego and Its Own'' (german: Der Einzige und sein Eigentum), also translated as ''The Unique and its Property'', is an 1844 work by German philosopher Max Stirner. It presents a post-Hegelian critique of Christianity and traditional moralit ...

'', 1844 *

Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

, ''

The Communist Manifesto ''The Communist Manifesto'', originally the ''Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (german: Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei), is a political pamphlet written by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Commissioned by the Commu ...

'', 1848 * Karl Marx, ''

Das Kapital ''Das Kapital'', also known as ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' or sometimes simply ''Capital'' (german: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, link=no, ; 1867–1883), is a foundational theoretical text in materialist phi ...

'', 1867–1894 * John Stuart Mill, ''

On Liberty ''On Liberty'' is a philosophical essay by the English philosopher John Stuart Mill. Published in 1859, it applies Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. Mill suggests standards for the relationship between authority a ...

'', 1859 * John Stuart Mill, ''

Utilitarianism In ethical philosophy, utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals. Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit different chara ...

'', 1861–1863 * John Stuart Mill,

Harriet Taylor Mill Harriet Taylor Mill (née Hardy; 8 October 1807 – 3 November 1858) was a British philosopher and women's rights advocate. Her extant corpus of writing can be found in ''The Complete Works of Harriet Taylor Mill''. Several pieces can also be fo ...

, ''

The Subjection of Women ''The Subjection of Women'' is an essay by English philosopher, political economist and civil servant John Stuart Mill published in 1869, with ideas he developed jointly with his wife Harriet Taylor Mill. Mill submitted the finished manuscript ...

'', 1869 *

Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, psychologist, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his hypothesis of social Darwinism. Spencer originated the expression " survival of the fi ...

, ''System of Synthetic Philosophy'', 1862–1892 *

Henry Sidgwick Henry Sidgwick (; 31 May 1838 – 28 August 1900) was an English utilitarian In ethical philosophy, utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected i ...

, ''

The Methods of Ethics ''The Methods of Ethics'' is a book on ethics first published in 1874 by the English philosopher Henry Sidgwick. The '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' indicates that ''The Methods of Ethics'' "in many ways marked the culmination of the c ...

'', 1874 *

Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; or ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy. He began his ...

, ''

Thus Spoke Zarathustra ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None'' (german: Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen), also translated as ''Thus Spake Zarathustra'', is a work of philosophical fiction written by German philosopher Friedrich Niet ...

'', 1883–1891 * Friedrich Nietzsche, ''

Beyond Good and Evil ''Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future'' (german: Jenseits von Gut und Böse: Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft) is a book by philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche that covers ideas in his previous work ''Thus Spoke Zarathu ...

'', 1886 * Friedrich Nietzsche, ''

On the Genealogy of Morals ''On the Genealogy of Morality: A Polemic'' (german: Zur Genealogie der Moral: Eine Streitschrift) is an 1887 book by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It consists of a preface and three interrelated treatises ('Abhandlungen' in German) that ...

'', 1887 * Henri Bergson, ''

Time and Free Will ''Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness'' (French: ''Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience'') is Henri Bergson's doctoral thesis, first published in 1889. The essay deals with the problem of free will, w ...

'', 1889 * Henri Bergson, ''

Matter and Memory ''Matter and Memory'' (French: ''Matière et mémoire'', 1896) is a book by the French philosopher Henri Bergson. Its subtitle is ''Essay on the relation of body and spirit'' (''Essai sur la relation du corps à l’esprit''), and the work prese ...

'', 1896

Asian philosophy

Indian philosophy

* ''The

Upanishads The Upanishads (; sa, उपनिषद् ) are late Vedic Sanskrit texts that supplied the basis of later Hindu philosophy.Wendy Doniger (1990), ''Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism'', 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press, , ...

'' * ''The Bhagavad Gita'' ("The Song of God") * Samkhya school **

Isvarakrsna Isvara Krishna (Sanskrit: ईश्वर कृष्णः, IAST: Īśvara Kṛṣṇa, ) (fl. 350 CE) was an Indian philosopher and sage. He was the author of ''Samkhyakarika'' (“Verses on Samkhya”), an account of the universe and its compo ...

, '' Sankhya Karika'' * Nyaya school ** Aksapada Gautama, '' Nyaya Sutras'' * Vaisheshika school **

Kanada Kanada may refer to: *Kanada (philosopher), the Hindu sage who founded the philosophy of Vaisheshika *Kanada (family of ragas), a group of ragas in Hindustani music *Kanada (surname) *Kanada Station, train station in Fukuoka, Japan *Kannada, one of ...

, ''

Vaisheshika Sutra Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika ( sa, वैशेषिक) is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemolo ...

'' * Yoga school **

Patañjali Patanjali ( sa, पतञ्जलि, Patañjali), also called Gonardiya or Gonikaputra, was a Hindu author, mystic and philosopher. Very little is known about him, and while no one knows exactly when he lived; from analysis of his works it i ...

, ''

Yoga Sutras The ''Yoga Sutras of Patañjali'' is a collection of Sanskrit sutras ( aphorisms) on the theory and practice of yoga – 195 sutras (according to Vyāsa and Krishnamacharya) and 196 sutras (according to others, including BKS Iyengar). The ...

'' ** Swami Swatamarama, '' Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' * Vedanta school **

Vyasa Krishna Dvaipayana ( sa, कृष्णद्वैपायन, Kṛṣṇadvaipāyana), better known as Vyasa (; sa, व्यासः, Vyāsaḥ, compiler) or Vedavyasa (वेदव्यासः, ''Veda-vyāsaḥ'', "the one who cl ...

, ''

Brahma Sutras The ''Brahma Sūtras'' ( sa, ब्रह्मसूत्राणि) is a Sanskrit text, attributed to the sage bādarāyaṇa or sage Vyāsa, estimated to have been completed in its surviving form in approx. 400–450 CE,, Quote: "...we c ...

'' * Mīmāṃsā school **

Jaimini Sage Jaimini was an ancient Indian scholar who founded the Mīmāṃsā school of Hindu philosophy. He is considered to be a disciple of Rishi/Sage Veda Vyasa, the son of Parāśara Rishi. Traditionally attributed to be the author of the ''Mi ...

, Purva Mīmāṃsā Sutras *

Jainism Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of ''Dharma''), with the first in the current time cycle bein ...

Jain literature Jain literature (Sanskrit: जैन साहित्य) refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the c ...

Jain Scriptures Jain literature (Sanskrit: जैन साहित्य) refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the ca ...

***

Jain Agamas (Digambara) Jain literature (Sanskrit: जैन साहित्य) refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the c ...

***

Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara) Jain literature (Sanskrit: जैन साहित्य) refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the c ...

Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religions, Indian religion or Indian philosophy#Buddhist philosophy, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha. ...

/ Buddhist texts **

Pāli Canon The Pāli Canon is the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, as preserved in the Pāli language. It is the most complete extant early Buddhist canon. It derives mainly from the Tamrashatiya school. During ...

Mahayana sutras The Mahāyāna sūtras are a broad genre of Buddhist scriptures (''sūtra'') that are accepted as canonical and as ''buddhavacana'' ("Buddha word") in Mahāyāna Buddhism. They are largely preserved in the Chinese Buddhist canon, the Tibet ...

Tamil Tamil may refer to: * Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia **Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils **Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia * Tamil language, nativ ...

Thiruvalluvar Thiruvalluvar (Tamil: திருவள்ளுவர்), commonly known as Valluvar, was a celebrated Tamil poet and philosopher. He is best known as the author of the ''Tirukkuṟaḷ'', a collection of couplets on ethics, political and ...

, ''

Thirukkural The ''Tirukkuṟaḷ'' ( ta, திருக்குறள், lit=sacred verses), or shortly the ''Kural'' ( ta, குறள்), is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. The tex ...

Chinese philosophy

= Zhou Dynasty

= *

Kongzi Confucius ( ; zh, s=, p=Kǒng Fūzǐ, "Master Kǒng"; or commonly zh, s=, p=Kǒngzǐ, labels=no; – ) was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Co ...

, '' Analects'' (likely written later by followers) * Kongzi, ''Five Classics'' (compiled) *

Sun tzu Sun Tzu ( ; zh, t=孫子, s=孙子, first= t, p=Sūnzǐ) was a Chinese military general, strategist, philosopher, and writer who lived during the Eastern Zhou period of 771 to 256 BCE. Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as the author of '' The ...

, ''Art of War'' * Laozi, ''Dao De Jing''

= Warring States

= * Mengzi, he ''Mengzi'' * Mo Tzu, '' Mozi'' *

Zhuangzi Zhuangzi may refer to: * ''Zhuangzi'' (book) (莊子), an ancient Chinese collection of anecdotes and fables, one of the foundational texts of Daoism **Zhuang Zhou Zhuang Zhou (), commonly known as Zhuangzi (; ; literally "Master Zhuang"; als ...

, '' Chuang Tzu'' *

Han Fei Han Fei (233), also known as Han Feizi or Han Fei Zi, was a Chinese philosopher or statesman of the "Legalist" (Fajia) school during the Warring States period, and a prince of the state of Han. Han Fei is often considered to be the greatest r ...

, he''

Han Feizi The ''Han Feizi'' or ''Hanfeizi'' (" ritings ofMaster Han Fei") is an ancient Chinese text named for its attribution to the political philosopher Han Fei. It comprises a selection of essays in the Legalist tradition on theories of state power, ...

= Song Dynasty

= * ''The Record of Linji'' *

Zhou Dunyi Zhou Dunyi (; 1017–1073) was a Chinese cosmologist, philosopher, and writer during the Song dynasty. He conceptualized the Neo-Confucian cosmology of the day, explaining the relationship between human conduct and universal forces. In this w ...

, ''The Taiji Tushuo'' *

Zhu Xi Zhu Xi (; ; October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200), formerly romanized Chu Hsi, was a Chinese calligrapher, historian, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. Zhu was influential in the development of Neo-Confucianism. He con ...

, ''

Four Books The Four Books and Five Classics () are the authoritative books of Confucianism, written in China before 300 BCE. The Four Books and the Five Classics are the most important classics of Chinese Confucianism. Four Books The Four Books () are C ...

'' ompiled* Zhu Xi, ''Reflections on Things at Hand'', 1175

Japanese philosophy

= Pre-Meiji Buddhism

= * Kukai, ''Attaining Enlightenment in this Very Existence'', 817 * Honen, '' One-Sheet Document'', 1212 * Shinran, '' Kyogyoshinsho'', 1224 * Dogen Zenji, ''

Shōbōgenzō is the title most commonly used to refer to the collection of works written in Japan by the 13th century Buddhist monk and founder of the Sōtō Zen school, Eihei Dōgen. Several other works exist with the same title (see above), and it is som ...

'', 1231–1253 *

Hakuin Ekaku was one of the most influential figures in Japanese Zen Buddhism. He is regarded as the reviver of the Rinzai school from a moribund period of stagnation, focusing on rigorous training methods integrating meditation and koan practice. Biog ...

, ''Wild Ivy''

= Early modern

= *

Zeami Motokiyo (c. 1363 – c. 1443), also called , was a Japanese Aesthetics, aesthetician, actor, and playwright. His father, Kan'ami, Kan'ami Kiyotsugu, introduced him to Noh theater performance at a young age, and found that he was a skilled actor. Kan ...

, ''Style and Flower'', approx. 1400 AD *

Miyamoto Musashi , also known as Shinmen Takezō, Miyamoto Bennosuke or, by his Buddhist name, Niten Dōraku, was a Japanese swordsman, philosopher, strategist, writer and rōnin, who became renowned through stories of his unique double-bladed swordsmanship a ...

, ''

The Book of Five Rings is a text on ''kenjutsu'' and the martial arts in general, written by the Japanese swordsman Miyamoto Musashi around 1645. Many translations have been made, and it enjoys an audience considerably broader than other martial artists and people ac ...

'', approx. 1600 AD

Logic and philosophy of logic

Charles Sanders Peirce Charles Sanders Peirce ( ; September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism". Educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for t ...

, " How to Make Our Ideas Clear", 1878 *

Gottlob Frege Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (; ; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He was a mathematics professor at the University of Jena, and is understood by many to be the father of analytic ph ...

, ''

Begriffsschrift ''Begriffsschrift'' (German for, roughly, "concept-script") is a book on logic by Gottlob Frege, published in 1879, and the formal system set out in that book. ''Begriffsschrift'' is usually translated as ''concept writing'' or ''concept notatio ...

'', 1879 *

Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, ...

and Alfred North Whitehead, ''

Principia Mathematica The ''Principia Mathematica'' (often abbreviated ''PM'') is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics written by mathematician–philosophers Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell and published in 1910, 1912, and 1913. ...

'', 1910–13/1925–27 * Kurt Gödel, "

On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I" ("On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems I") is a paper in mathematical logic by Kurt Gödel. Submitted November ...

", 1931 *

Frank P. Ramsey Frank Plumpton Ramsey (; 22 February 1903 – 19 January 1930) was a British philosopher, mathematician, and economist who made major contributions to all three fields before his death at the age of 26. He was a close friend of Ludwig Wittgenste ...

, ''Foundations of Mathematics and other Logical Essays'', 1931 *

Alfred Tarski Alfred Tarski (, born Alfred Teitelbaum;School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews ''School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews''. January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a Polish-American logician a ...

, "The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages", 1933/1956 * Alfred Tarski, ''Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of the Deductive Sciences'', 1941/1994 *

Wilfrid Sellars Wilfrid Stalker Sellars (May 20, 1912 – July 2, 1989) was an American philosopher and prominent developer of critical realism, who "revolutionized both the content and the method of philosophy in the United States". Life and career His father ...

, "Inference and Meaning", 1953 * Alfred Tarski, ''Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics: Papers from 1923 to 1938'', 1956/1983 *

William Kneale William Calvert Kneale (22 June 1906 – 24 June 1990) was an English logician best known for his 1962 book ''The Development of Logic'', a history of logic from its beginnings in Ancient Greece written with his wife Martha. Kneale was also ...

and Martha Kneale, ''The Development of Logic'', 1962 *

Saul Kripke Saul Aaron Kripke (; November 13, 1940 – September 15, 2022) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition. He was a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and em ...

, "Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic", 1963 * Donald Davidson, "Truth and Meaning", 1967 *

Willard Van Orman Quine Willard Van Orman Quine (; known to his friends as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century" ...

, ''Philosophy of Logic'', 1970/1986 * David K. Lewis, ''Counterfactuals'', 1973 *

Susan Haack Susan Haack (born 1945) is a distinguished professor in the humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts and Sciences, professor of philosophy, and professor of law at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. Haack has written on logic, ...

, ''Philosophy of Logics'', 1978 * Peter Spirtes,

Clark Glymour Clark N. Glymour (born 1942) is the Alumni University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy at Carnegie Mellon University. He is also a senior research scientist at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition. Work Glymou ...

, and Richard Scheines, ''Causation, Prediction, and Search'', 1993 *

Robert Brandom Robert Boyce Brandom (born March 13, 1950) is an American philosopher who teaches at the University of Pittsburgh. He works primarily in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and philosophical logic, and his academic output manifests both sys ...

, ''Articulating Reasons: An Introduction to Inferentialism'', 2000

Philosophy of language

, "

On Sense and Reference In the philosophy of language, the distinction between sense and reference was an idea of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892 (in his paper "On Sense and Reference"; German: "Über Sinn und Bedeutung"), reflecting the ...

", 1892 *

, " On Denoting", 1905 *

Ludwig Wittgenstein Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein ( ; ; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He is con ...

, ''

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus The ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'' (widely abbreviated and cited as TLP) is a book-length philosophical work by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein which deals with the relationship between language and reality and aims to define th ...

'' (also called ''The Tractatus''), 1921 *

A. J. Ayer Sir Alfred Jules "Freddie" Ayer (; 29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), usually cited as A. J. Ayer, was an English philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books '' Language, Truth, and Logic'' (1936) ...

, '' Language, Truth, and Logic'', 1936 * Ludwig Wittgenstein, ''

Philosophical Investigations ''Philosophical Investigations'' (german: Philosophische Untersuchungen) is a work by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, published posthumously in 1953. ''Philosophical Investigations'' is divided into two parts, consisting of what Wittgens ...

'', 1953 *

J. L. Austin John Langshaw Austin (26 March 1911 – 8 February 1960) was a British philosopher of language and leading proponent of ordinary language philosophy, perhaps best known for developing the theory of speech acts. Austin pointed out that we u ...

, ''

How To Do Things With Words John Langshaw Austin (26 March 1911 – 8 February 1960) was a British philosopher of language and leading proponent of ordinary language philosophy, perhaps best known for developing the theory of speech acts. Austin pointed out that we u ...

'', 1955/1962 * J. L. Austin, "A Plea for Excuses", 1956 *

, ''

Word and Object ''Word and Object'' is a 1960 work by the philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine, in which the author expands upon the line of thought of his earlier writings in ''From a Logical Point of View'' (1953), and reformulates some of his earlier arguments ...

'', 1960 *

H. Paul Grice Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative prin ...

, " Logic and Conversation", 1967/1987 *

Stanley Cavell Stanley Louis Cavell (; September 1, 1926 – June 19, 2018) was an American philosopher. He was the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University. He worked in the fields of ethics, aesthetics, an ...

, ''Must We Mean What We Say? A Book of Essays'', 1969/1976 * John Searle, ''Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language'', 1969 *

, ''

Naming and Necessity ''Naming and Necessity'' is a 1980 book with the transcript of three lectures, given by the philosopher Saul Kripke, at Princeton University in 1970, in which he dealt with the debates of proper names in the philosophy of language. The transcript ...

'', 1972/1980 * David K. Lewis, "General Semantics", 1972 * Donald Davidson, "Radical Interpretation", 1973 * Donald Davidson, "On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme", 1973 *

Michael Dummett Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett (27 June 1925 – 27 December 2011) was an English academic described as "among the most significant British philosophers of the last century and a leading campaigner for racial tolerance and equality." He w ...

, '' Frege: Philosophy of Language'', 1973/1981 * Michael Devitt and

Kim Sterelny Kim Sterelny (born 1950) is an Australian philosopher and professor of philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences at Australian National University and Victoria University of Wellington. He is the winner of several international prizes ...

, ''Language and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language'', 1987/1999 *

Cora Diamond Cora Diamond (born 1937) is an American philosopher who works on Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gottlob Frege, moral philosophy, animal ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of language, and philosophy and literature. Diamond is the Kenan Professor o ...

, ''The Realistic Spirit: Wittgenstein, Philosophy, and the Mind'', 1991 *

, ''Making it Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment'', 1994 *

John McDowell John Henry McDowell, FBA (born 7 March 1942) is a South African philosopher, formerly a fellow of University College, Oxford, and now university professor at the University of Pittsburgh. Although he has written on metaphysics, epistemology, ...

, ''Meaning, Knowledge and Reality'', 1998

Epistemology

, ''

The Problems of Philosophy ''The Problems of Philosophy'' is a 1912 book by the philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author attempts to create a brief and accessible guide to the problems of philosophy. He introduces philosophy as a repeating series of (failed) att ...

'', 1912 *

G. E. Moore George Edward Moore (4 November 1873 – 24 October 1958) was an English philosopher, who with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein and earlier Gottlob Frege was among the founders of analytic philosophy. He and Russell led the turn from ideal ...

, " A Defence of Common Sense", 1925 * Jacques Maritain, ''

The Degrees of Knowledge ''The Degrees of Knowledge'' is a 1932 book by the French philosopher Jacques Maritain, in which the author adopts St. Thomas Aquinas’s view called critical realism and applies it to his own epistemological positions.According to ''critical real ...

'', 1932 * Olaf Helmer and

Nicholas Rescher Nicholas Rescher (; ; born 15 July 1928) is a German-American philosopher, polymath, and author, who has been a professor of philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh since 1961. He is chairman of the Center for Philosophy of Science and was fo ...

, "On the Epistemology of the Inexact Sciences", 1959 *

Edmund Gettier Edmund Lee Gettier III (; October 31, 1927 – March 23, 2021) was an American philosopher at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is best known for his short 1963 article "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", which has generated an exten ...

, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", 1963 *

Roderick Chisholm Roderick Milton Chisholm (; November 27, 1916 – January 19, 1999) was an American philosopher known for his work on epistemology, metaphysics, free will, value theory, and the philosophy of perception. The '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philoso ...

, ''Theory of Knowledge'', 1966/1989 *

W. V. O. Quine W. may refer to: * SoHo (Australian TV channel) (previously W.), an Australian pay television channel * ''W.'' (film), a 2008 American biographical drama film based on the life of George W. Bush * "W.", the fifth track from Codeine's 1992 EP ''Bar ...

, "Epistemology Naturalized", 1971 *

Peter Unger Peter K. Unger (; born April 25, 1942) is a contemporary American philosopher and professor in the Department of Philosophy at New York University. His main interests lie in the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and the philosophy ...

, ''Ignorance: A Case for Scepticism'', 1975 *

Richard Rorty Richard McKay Rorty (October 4, 1931 – June 8, 2007) was an American philosopher. Educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University, he had strong interests and training in both the history of philosophy and in contemporary analytic ...

, ''

Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature ''Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature'' is a 1979 book by the American philosopher Richard Rorty, in which the author attempts to dissolve modern philosophical problems instead of solving them by presenting them as pseudo-problems that only exist ...

'', 1979 *

, ''The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy'', 1979 *

Alvin Goldman Alvin Ira Goldman (born 1938) is an American philosopher who is Emeritus Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Rutgers University in New Jersey and a leading figure in epistemology. Education and career Goldman e ...

, "What is Justified Belief?", 1979 *

Ernest Sosa Ernest Sosa (born June 17, 1940) is an American philosopher primarily interested in epistemology. Since 2007 he has been Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University, but he spent most of his career at Brown University. Educa ...

, "The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge", 1980 * Laurence Bonjour, ''The Structure of Empirical Knowledge'', 1985 * John Hardwig, "Epistemic Dependence", 1985 * Alvin Goldman, ''Epistemology and Cognition'', 1986 *

Stephen Stich Stephen P. Stich (born May 9, 1943) is an American academic who is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Rutgers University, as well as an Honorary Professor in Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. Stich's main phi ...

, ''The Fragmentation of Reason: Preface to a Pragmatic Theory of Cognitive Evaluation'', 1990 *

, ''Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology'', 1993/2009 *

, ''Mind and World'', 1994 * David K. Lewis, "Elusive Knowledge", 1996 * Alvin Goldman, ''Knowledge in a Social World'', 1999 * Jürgen Habermas, "Truth and Justification", 1999 *

Timothy Williamson Timothy Williamson (born 1955) is a British philosopher whose main research interests are in philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and metaphysics. He is the Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford, and fe ...

, '' Knowledge and its Limits'', 2000 * Donald Davidson, ''Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective'', 2001 * Hilary Kornblith, ''Knowledge and its Place in Nature'', 2002 *

Jonathan Kvanvig Jonathan Lee Kvanvig (born December 7, 1954) is Professor of Philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis. Kvanvig has published extensively in areas such as epistemology, philosophy of religion, logic, and philosophy of language. Some of his ...

, ''The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding'', 2003 * Michael A. Bishop and J. D. Trout, ''Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment'', 2005 *

Jason Stanley Jason Stanley (born 1969) is an American philosopher who is the Jacob Urowsky Professor of Philosophy at Yale University. He is best known for his contributions to philosophy of language and epistemology, which often draw upon and influence other ...

, ''Knowledge and Practical Interests'', 2005 *

Miranda Fricker Miranda Fricker, FBA FAAS (born 12 March 1966) is a British philosopher who is Professor of Philosophy at New York University, Co-Director of the New York Institute of Philosophy, and Honorary Professor at the University of Sheffield. Fricker c ...

, ''Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing'', 2007 *

Keith DeRose Keith DeRose (born April 24, 1962) is an American philosopher teaching at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he is currently Allison Foundation Professor of Philosophy. He taught previously at New York University and Rice University. ...

, ''The Case for Contextualism: Knowledge, Skepticism, and Context'', 2009

Metaphysics

* Henri Bergson, " Introduction to Metaphysics", 1903 *

, "The Refutation of Idealism", 1903 * Henri Bergson, '' Creative Evolution'', 1907 *

William James William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher, historian, and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States. James is considered to be a leading thinker of the lat ...

, ''Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking'', 1907 * John Dewey, ''Experience and Nature'', 1925/1929 * Alfred North Whitehead, ''

Process and Reality ''Process and Reality'' is a book by Alfred North Whitehead, in which the author propounds a philosophy of organism, also called process philosophy. The book, published in 1929, is a revision of the Gifford Lectures he gave in 1927–28. Whi ...

'', 1929 * R. G. Collingwood, ''An Essay on Metaphysics'', 1940 *

, "On What There Is", 1948 * Rudolf Carnap, ''Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic'', 1947/1956 * Rudolf Carnap, "Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology", 1950 * W. V. O. Quine, "

Two Dogmas of Empiricism "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" is a paper by analytic philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine published in 1951. According to University of Sydney professor of philosophy Peter Godfrey-Smith, this "paper ssometimes regarded as the most important in all o ...

", 1951 * Errol Harris, ''The Foundations of Metaphysics in Science'', 1965 *

, ''

'', 1972/1980 *

D. M. Armstrong David Malet Armstrong (8 July 1926 – 13 May 2014), often D. M. Armstrong, was an Australian philosopher. He is well known for his work on metaphysics and the philosophy of mind, and for his defence of a factualist ontology, a functiona ...

, ''Universals and Scientific Realism'', 1978 * W. V. O. Quine, ''Theories and Things'', 1981 *

Seyyed Hossein Nasr Seyyed Hossein Nasr (; fa, سید حسین نصر, born April 7, 1933) is an Iranian philosopher and University Professor of Islamic studies at George Washington University. Born in Tehran, Nasr completed his education in Iran and the United St ...

, ''

Knowledge and the Sacred ''Knowledge and the Sacred'' is a 1981 book by the Iranian philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr. It was originally presented as his Gifford Lectures, which he delivered in 1981. The book is an exposition of perennial philosophy and has been described ...

'', 1981 * Derek Parfit, ''

Reasons and Persons ''Reasons and Persons'' is a 1984 book by the philosopher Derek Parfit, in which the author discusses ethics, rationality and personal identity. It is divided into four parts, dedicated to self-defeating theories, rationality and time, personal ...

'', 1984 * David K. Lewis, ''

On the Plurality of Worlds ''On the Plurality of Worlds'' (1986) is a book by the philosopher David Lewis that defends the thesis of modal realism. "The thesis states that the world we are part of is but one of a plurality of worlds," as he writes in the preface, "an ...

'', 1986 * Peter van Inwagen, ''Metaphysics'', 1993/2015 *

, ''Process Metaphysics: An Introduction to Process Philosophy'', 1996 * E. J. Lowe, ''The Possibility of Metaphysics: Substance, Identity, and Time'', 1998 * Stephen Mumford, ''Dispositions'', 1998 *

Amie Thomasson Amie Lynn Thomasson (born July 4, 1968) is an American philosopher, currently Professor of Philosophy at Dartmouth College. Thomasson specializes in metaphysics, philosophy of mind, phenomenology and the philosophy of art. She is the author of ' ...

, ''Fiction and Metaphysics'', 1999 *

Theodore Sider Theodore "Ted" Sider is an American philosopher specializing in metaphysics and philosophy of language. He is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. Family Sider is the son of theologian Ronald Sider. He is the partner of ...

, ''Writing the Book of the World'', 2011 *

David Chalmers David John Chalmers (; born 20 April 1966) is an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist specializing in the areas of philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. He is a professor of philosophy and neural science at New York Univers ...

, ''Constructing the World'', 2012 *

, ''Modal Logic as Metaphysics'', 2013

Philosophy of mind

Gilbert Ryle Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900 – 6 October 1976) was a British philosopher, principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "ghost in the machine." He was a representative of the generation of British ord ...

, ''

The Concept of Mind ''The Concept of Mind'' is a 1949 book by philosopher Gilbert Ryle, in which the author argues that "mind" is "a philosophical illusion hailing chiefly from René Descartes and sustained by logical errors and 'category mistakes' which have becom ...

'', 1949 *

, "Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind", 1956 *

Herbert Feigl Herbert Feigl (; ; December 14, 1902 – June 1, 1988) was an Austrian-American philosopher and an early member of the Vienna Circle. He coined the term " nomological danglers". Biography The son of a trained weaver who became a textile designer, ...

, "The 'Mental' and the 'Physical'", 1958 * David K. Lewis, "An Argument for the Identity Theory", 1966 *

Thomas Nagel Thomas Nagel (; born July 4, 1937) is an American philosopher. He is the University Professor of Philosophy and Law Emeritus at New York University, where he taught from 1980 to 2016. His main areas of philosophical interest are legal philosophy, ...

, " What Is it Like to Be a Bat?", 1974 *

Jerry Fodor Jerry Alan Fodor (; April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and the author of many crucial works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science. His writings in these fields laid the groundwork for the modul ...

, ''The Language of Thought'', 1975 * Hilary Putnam, "The Meaning of 'Meaning'", 1975 *

Tyler Burge Tyler Burge (; born 1946) is an American philosopher who is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at UCLA. Burge has made contributions to many areas of philosophy, including the philosophy of mind, philosophy of logic, epistemology, philoso ...

, "Individualism and the Mental", 1979 *

Paul Churchland Paul Montgomery Churchland (born October 21, 1942) is a Canadian philosopher known for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. After earning a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh under Wilfrid Sellars (1969), Churchland r ...

, "Eliminative Materialism and Propositional Attitudes", 1981 * Jerry Fodor, ''The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology'', 1983 * John Searle, ''Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind'', 1983 *

, ''From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case Against Belief'', 1983 * Ruth Garrett Millikan, ''Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories: New Foundations for Realism'', 1984 *

Patricia Churchland Patricia Smith Churchland (born 16 July 1943) is a Canadian-American analytic philosopher noted for her contributions to neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. She is UC President's Professor of Philosophy Emerita at the University of Cali ...

, ''Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain'', 1986 * Thomas Nagel, ''

The View from Nowhere ''The View from Nowhere'' is a book by philosopher Thomas Nagel. Published by Oxford University Press in 1986, it contrasts passive and active points of view in how humanity interacts with the world, relying either on a subjective perspective tha ...

'', 1986 * Mark Johnson, ''The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason'', 1987 * Roger Penrose, '' The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics'', 1989 * Daniel Dennett, ''

Consciousness Explained ''Consciousness Explained'' is a 1991 book by the American philosopher Daniel Dennett, in which the author offers an account of how consciousness arises from interaction of physical and cognitive processes in the brain. Dennett describes consciou ...

'', 1991 * Francisco J. Varela, Evan Thompson, and

Eleanor Rosch Eleanor Rosch (once known as Eleanor Rosch Heider;"Natural Categories", Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 3, (May 1973), p. 328. born 1938) is an American psychologist. She is a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, s ...

, ''The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience'', 1991 *

, ''

The Conscious Mind ''The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory'' was published in 1996, and is the first book written by David Chalmers, an Australian philosopher specialising in philosophy of mind. Though the book has been greatly influential, Chalmer ...

'', 1996 *

Andy Clark Andy Clark, (born 1957) is a British philosopher who is Professor of Cognitive Philosophy at the University of Sussex. Prior to this, he was at professor of philosophy and Chair in Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh in Sc ...

, ''Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again'', 1997 * Andy Clark & David Chalmers, ''The Extended Mind'', 1998 * Shaun Gallagher, ''How the Body Shapes the Mind'', 2005 * Andy Clark, ''Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension'', 2008 * David Chalmers, ''The Character of Consciousness'', 2010 *

Cordelia Fine Cordelia Fine (born 1975) is a Canadian-born British philosopher of science, psychologist and writer. She is a full professor of history and philosophy of science at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Fine has written three popular scienc ...

, ''

Delusions of Gender ''Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference'' is a 2010 book by Cordelia Fine, written to debunk the idea that men and women are hardwired with different interests. The author criticizes claimed evidence of th ...

: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference'', 2010 * Evan Thompson, ''Mind in Life'', 2010 * Andy Clark, ''Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind'', 2015

Philosophy of religion

, "

The Will to Believe "The Will to Believe" is a lecture by William James, first published in 1896, which defends, in certain cases, the adoption of a belief without prior evidence of its truth. In particular, James is concerned in this lecture about defending the ratio ...

", 1896 *

, ''

The Varieties of Religious Experience ''The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature'' is a book by Harvard University psychologist and philosopher William James. It comprises his edited Gifford Lectures on natural theology, which were delivered at the University o ...

: A Study in Human Nature'', 1902 *

Aldous Huxley Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher. He wrote nearly 50 books, both novels and non-fiction works, as well as wide-ranging essays, narratives, and poems. Born into the prominent Huxle ...

, ''

The Perennial Philosophy ''The Perennial Philosophy'' is a comparative study of mysticism by the British writer and novelist Aldous Huxley. Its title derives from the theological tradition of ''perennial philosophy''. Social and political context ''The Perennial P ...

'', 1945 *

Alvin Plantinga Alvin Carl Plantinga (born November 15, 1932) is an American analytic philosopher who works primarily in the fields of philosophy of religion, epistemology (particularly on issues involving epistemic justification), and logic. From 1963 to 198 ...

, ''

God and Other Minds ''God and Other Minds'' is a 1967 book by the American philosopher of religion Alvin Plantinga which re-kindled philosophical debate on the existence of God in Anglo-American philosophical circles by arguing that belief in God was like belief in ...

: A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God'', 1967 *

Dewi Zephaniah Phillips Dewi Zephaniah Phillips (24 November 1934 – 25 July 2006), known as D. Z. Phillips or simply DZ, was a Welsh philosopher. He was a leading proponent of the Wittgensteinian philosophy of religion. He had an academic career spanning five decad ...

, ''Religion Without Explanation'', 1976 *

Richard Swinburne Richard Granville Swinburne (IPA ) (born December 26, 1934) is an English philosopher. He is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford. Over the last 50 years Swinburne has been a proponent of philosophical arguments for ...

, ''The Existence of God'', 1979 *

William Lane Craig William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American analytic philosopher, Christian apologist, author and Wesleyan theologian who upholds the view of Molinism and neo-Apollinarianism. He is Professor of Philosophy at Houston Baptist ...

, ''The Kalam Cosmological Argument'', 1979 * Alvin Plantinga, "Is Belief in God Properly Basic?", 1981 *

Jean-Luc Marion Jean-Luc Marion (born 3 July 1946) is a French philosopher and Roman Catholic theologian. Marion is a former student of Jacques Derrida whose work is informed by patristic and mystical theology, phenomenology, and modern philosophy.Horner ...

, ''God Without Being'', 1982 * J. L. Mackie, ''The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God'', 1982 *

John Hick John Harwood Hick (20 January 1922 – 9 February 2012) was a philosopher of religion and theologian born in England who taught in the United States for the larger part of his career. In philosophical theology, he made contributions in the area ...

, ''An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent'', 1989/2004 *

William Alston William Payne Alston (November 29, 1921 – September 13, 2009) was an American philosopher. He is widely considered to be one of the most important epistemologists and philosophers of religion of the twentieth century, and is also known for hi ...

, '' Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience'', 1991 *

J. L. Schellenberg John L. Schellenberg (born 1959) is a Canadian philosopher best known for his work in philosophy of religion. He has a DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford, and is Professor of Philosophy at Mount Saint Vincent University and Adjunct P ...

, ''Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason'', 1993 * William L. Rowe, "The Evidential Argument from Evil: A Second Look", 1996 *

, ''Warranted Christian Belief'', 2000 *

Jay L. Garfield Jay Lazar Garfield (born 13 November 1955) is an American professor of philosophy who specializes in Tibetan Buddhism. He also specializes on the philosophy of mind, cognitive science, epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of language, ethics, and ...

, ''Empty Words: Buddhist Philosophy and Cross-Cultural Interpretation'', 2001 * Keith Yandell, ''Philosophy of Religion: A Contemporary Introduction'', 2002

Philosophy of mathematics

, ''

The Foundations of Arithmetic ''The Foundations of Arithmetic'' (german: Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik) is a book by Gottlob Frege, published in 1884, which investigates the philosophical foundations of arithmetic. Frege refutes other theories of number and develops his own t ...

'', 1884 * Alfred North Whitehead and

, ''

'', 1910–13/1925–27 *

, ''Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy'', 1919 *

Eugene Wigner Eugene Paul "E. P." Wigner ( hu, Wigner Jenő Pál, ; November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who also contributed to mathematical physics. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his co ...

, "

The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences" is a 1960 article by the physicist Eugene Wigner. In the paper, Wigner observes that a physical theory's mathematical structure often points the way to further advances in that ...

", 1960 *

Paul Benacerraf Paul Joseph Salomon Benacerraf (; born 26 March 1931) is a French-born American philosopher working in the field of the philosophy of mathematics who taught at Princeton University his entire career, from 1960 until his retirement in 2007. He ...

and Hilary Putnam, ''Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings'', 1964/1983 * Paul Benacerraf, "What Numbers Could not Be", 1965 * Paul Benacerraf, "Mathematical Truth", 1973 * Ian Hacking, ''The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference'', 1975 *

Imre Lakatos Imre Lakatos (, ; hu, Lakatos Imre ; 9 November 1922 – 2 February 1974) was a Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science, known for his thesis of the fallibility of mathematics and its "methodology of proofs and refutations" in its pr ...

, ''

Proofs and Refutations ''Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery'' is a 1976 book by philosopher Imre Lakatos expounding his view of the progress of mathematics. The book is written as a series of Socratic dialogues involving a group of students wh ...

'', 1976 *

Hartry Field Hartry H. Field (born November 30, 1946) is an American philosopher. He is Silver Professor of Philosophy at New York University; he is a notable contributor to philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, epistemology, and philosophy of min ...

, ''Science without Numbers: A Defence of Nominalism'', 1980/2016 * Penelope Maddy, ''Realism in Mathematics'', 1990 *

George Boolos George Stephen Boolos (; 4 September 1940 – 27 May 1996) was an American philosopher and a mathematical logician who taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Life Boolos is of Greek-Jewish descent. He graduated with an A.B. i ...

, ''Logic, Logic and Logic'', 1998 * Mark Colyvan, '' The Indispensability of Mathematics'', 2001 * Penelope Maddy, ''Second Philosophy: A Naturalistic Method'', 2007

Philosophy of science

William Whewell William Whewell ( ; 24 May 17946 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. In his time as a student there, he achieved ...

, ''The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Founded upon their History'', 1840 * John Stuart Mill, ''

A System of Logic ''A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive'' is an 1843 book by English philosopher John Stuart Mill. Overview In this work, he formulated the five principles of inductive reasoning that are known as Mill's Methods. This work is important ...

, Ratiocinative and Inductive'', 1843 *

William Stanley Jevons William Stanley Jevons (; 1 September 183513 August 1882) was an English economist and logician. Irving Fisher described Jevons's book ''A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy'' (1862) as the start of the mathematical method in ec ...

, ''The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method'', 1874 *

, ''Illustrations of the Logic of Science'', 1877–1878 * Karl Pearson, ''

The Grammar of Science ''The Grammar of Science'' is a book by Karl Pearson first published in hardback in 1892. In 1900, the second edition, published by Adam & Charles Black, appeared. The third, revised, edition was also published by Adam & Charles Black in 1911. It w ...

'', 1892 * Henri Poincaré, ''Science and Hypothesis'', 1902, and ''The Value of Science'', 1905 * Hermann Weyl, ''Philosophy of Mathematics and Natural Science'', 1927/1949 *

Otto Neurath Otto Karl Wilhelm Neurath (; 10 December 1882 – 22 December 1945) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. He was also the inventor of the ISOTYPE method of pictorial statistics and an innovator in mu ...

, "Physicalism: The Philosophy of the Viennese Circle", 1931 * Karl Popper, ''

The Logic of Scientific Discovery ''The Logic of Scientific Discovery'' is a 1959 book about the philosophy of science by the philosopher Karl Popper. Popper rewrote his book in English from the 1934 (imprint '1935') German original, titled ''Logik der Forschung. Zur Erkenntnisthe ...

'', 1934/1959 * John Dewey, ''Logic: The Theory of Inquiry'', 1938 * Rudolf Carnap, ''Logical Foundations of Probability'', 1950/1962 * Hans Reichenbach, ''The Rise of Scientific Philosophy'', 1951 * Stephen Toulmin, ''The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction'', 1953 *

Nelson Goodman Henry Nelson Goodman (7 August 1906 – 25 November 1998) was an American philosopher, known for his work on counterfactuals, mereology, the problem of induction, irrealism, and aesthetics. Life and career Goodman was born in Somerville, M ...

, ''

Fact, Fiction, and Forecast ''Fact, Fiction, and Forecast'' (1955) is a book by Nelson Goodman in which he explores some problems regarding scientific law and counterfactual conditionals and presents his New Riddle of Induction. Hilary Putnam described the book as "one of t ...

'', 1955 *

Michael Polanyi Michael Polanyi (; hu, Polányi Mihály; 11 March 1891 – 22 February 1976) was a Hungarian-British polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. He argued that positivism supplies ...

, ''Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-critical Philosophy'', 1958 *

Ernest Nagel Ernest Nagel (November 16, 1901 – September 20, 1985) was an American philosopher of science. Suppes, Patrick (1999)Biographical memoir of Ernest Nagel In '' American National Biograph''y (Vol. 16, pp. 216-218). New York: Oxford University Pr ...

, ''

The Structure of Science ''The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation'' is a 1961 book about the philosophy of science by the philosopher Ernest Nagel, in which the author discusses the nature of scientific inquiry with reference to both na ...

: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation'', 1961 *

Thomas Kuhn Thomas Samuel Kuhn (; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American philosopher of science whose 1962 book '' The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'' was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term ''paradig ...

, ''

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'' (1962; second edition 1970; third edition 1996; fourth edition 2012) is a book about the history of science by philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn. Its publication was a landmark event in the history, philoso ...

'', 1962/1996 *

Carl Gustav Hempel Carl Gustav "Peter" Hempel (January 8, 1905 – November 9, 1997) was a German writer, philosopher, logician, and epistemologist. He was a major figure in logical empiricism, a 20th-century movement in the philosophy of science. He is esp ...

, ''

Aspects of Scientific Explanation ''Aspects of Scientific Explanation and other Essays in the Philosophy of Science'' is a 1965 book by the philosopher Carl Gustav Hempel. It is regarded as one of the most important works in the philosophy of science written after World War II. R ...

and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science'', 1965 *

Mario Bunge Mario Augusto Bunge (; ; September 21, 1919 – February 24, 2020) was an Argentine-Canadian philosopher and physicist. His philosophical writings combined scientific realism, systemism, materialism, emergentism, and other principles. He was ...

, ''Scientific Research: Strategy and Philosophy'' (republished in 1998 as ''Philosophy of Science''), 1967 * Stephen Toulmin, ''Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts'', 1972 * Mario Bunge, ''Treatise on Basic Philosophy'', 8 volumes, 1974–1989 * Michael Friedman, "Explanation and Scientific Understanding", 1974 *

Roy Bhaskar Roy is a masculine given name and a family surname with varied origin. In Anglo-Norman England, the name derived from the Norman ''roy'', meaning "king", while its Old French cognate, ''rey'' or ''roy'' (modern ''roi''), likewise gave rise to ...

, ''A Realist Theory of Science'', 1975 *

Paul Feyerabend Paul Karl Feyerabend (; January 13, 1924 – February 11, 1994) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science best known for his work as a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked for three decades (195 ...

, ''

Against Method ''Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge'' is a 1975 book by Austrian-born philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend. The author argues that science should become an anarchic enterprise, not a nomic (customary) one; in the cont ...

: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge'', 1975/1993 *

Larry Laudan Larry Laudan (; October 16, 1941 – August 23, 2022) was an American philosopher of science and epistemologist. He strongly criticized the traditions of positivism, realism, and relativism, and he defended a view of science as a privileged an ...

, ''Progress and its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth'', 1978 * David K. Lewis, "How to Define Theoretical Terms", 1979 * Marx W. Wartofsky, ''Models: Representation and the Scientific Understanding'', 1979 *

Bas C. van Fraassen Bastiaan Cornelis van Fraassen (; born 1941) is a Dutch-American philosopher noted for his contributions to philosophy of science, epistemology and formal logic. He is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at San Francisco State University and ...

, ''

The Scientific Image Bastiaan Cornelis van Fraassen (; born 1941) is a Dutch-American philosopher noted for his contributions to philosophy of science, epistemology and formal logic. He is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at San Francisco State University an ...

'', 1980 *

Carolyn Merchant Carolyn Merchant (born July 12, 1936 in Rochester, New York) is an American ecofeminist philosopher and historian of science most famous for her theory (and book of the same title) on ''The Death of Nature'', whereby she identifies the Scienti ...

, ''The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution'', 1980 * Wesley C. Salmon, ''Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World'', 1984 *

Steven Shapin Steven Shapin (born 1943) is an American historian and sociologist of science. He is the Franklin L. Ford Research Professor of the History of Science at Harvard University. He is considered one of the earliest scholars on the sociology of scienti ...

and

Simon Schaffer Simon J. Schaffer (born 1 January 1955) is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge and was editor of ''The British Journal for the History of Sc ...

, ''

Leviathan and the Air-Pump ''Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life'' (published 1985) is a book by Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer. It examines the debate between Robert Boyle and Thomas Hobbes over Boyle's air-pump experiments in the 1660 ...

: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life'', 1985 * Ronald Giere, ''Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach'', 1988 * David Hull, ''Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science'', 1988 *

Paul Thagard Paul Richard Thagard (; born 1950) is a Canadian philosopher who specializes in cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of science and medicine. Thagard is a professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Waterloo. He i ...

, ''Computational Philosophy of Science'', 1988 * Helen Longino, ''Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry'', 1990 *

Peter Achinstein Peter Achinstein (born June 30, 1935) is an American philosopher of science at Johns Hopkins University. Biography Achinstein is the son of Betty (née Comras) and economist Asher Achinstein. He received his B.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard with ...

, ''Particles and Waves: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Science'', 1991 *

Lorraine Code Lorraine Code (born October 19, 1937) is Professor Emerita of Philosophy at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Her principal area of research is feminist epistemology and the politics of kn ...

, ''What Can She Know? Feminist Theory and the Construction of Knowledge'', 1991 *

Sandra Harding Sandra G. Harding (born 1935) is an American philosopher of feminist and postcolonial theory, epistemology, research methodology, and philosophy of science. She directed the UCLA Center for the Study of Women from 1996 to 2000, and co-edited ...

, ''Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives'', 1991 * Paul Thagard, ''Conceptual Revolutions'', 1992 *

John Dupré John A. Dupré (born 3 July 1952) is a British philosopher of science. He is the director of Egenis, the Centre for the Study of Life Sciences, and professor of philosophy at the University of Exeter. Dupré's chief work area lies in philosophy ...

, ''The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science'', 1993 * Deborah Mayo, ''Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge'', 1996 *

E. O. Wilson Edward Osborne Wilson (June 10, 1929 – December 26, 2021) was an American biologist, naturalist, entomologist and writer. According to David Attenborough, Wilson was the world's leading expert in his specialty of myrmecology, the study of an ...

, '' Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge'', 1998 *

John Ziman John Michael Ziman (16 May 1925 – 2 January 2005) was a British-born New Zealand physicist and humanist who worked in the area of condensed matter physics. He was a spokesman for science, as well as a teacher and author. Ziman was born in Cam ...

, ''Real Science: What it Is, and What it Means'', 2000 *

Patrick Suppes Patrick Colonel Suppes (; March 17, 1922 – November 17, 2014) was an American philosopher who made significant contributions to philosophy of science, the theory of measurement, the foundations of quantum mechanics, decision theory, psychology ...

, ''Representation and Invariance of Scientific Structures'', 2002 * Hasok Chang, ''Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress'', 2004 *

William C. Wimsatt William C. Wimsatt (born May 27, 1941) is professor emeritus in the Department of Philosophy, the Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science (previously Conceptual Foundations of Science), and the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at ...

, ''Re-Engineering Philosophy for Limited Beings: Piecewise Approximations to Reality'', 2007 * Nancy J. Nersessian, ''Creating Scientific Concepts'', 2008 * Heather Douglas, ''Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal'', 2009 *

Peter Godfrey-Smith Peter Godfrey-Smith (born 1965) is an Australian philosopher of science and writer, who is currently Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Sydney. He works primarily in philosophy of biology and philosophy of mind, ...

, ''Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science'', 2009 *

William Bechtel William Bechtel (born 1951) is a professor of philosophy in the Department of Philosophy and the Science Studies Program at the University of California, San Diego. He was a professor of philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis from 199 ...

and Robert C. Richardson, ''Discovering Complexity: Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research'', 2010

Philosophy of physics

Pierre Duhem Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem (; 9 June 1861 – 14 September 1916) was a French theoretical physicist who worked on thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the theory of elasticity. Duhem was also a historian of science, noted for his work on the Eu ...

, ''The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory'', 1906 *

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory ...

, ''

The Meaning of Relativity ''The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, May 1921'' is a book published by Princeton University Press in 1922 that compiled the 1921 Stafford Little Lectures at Princeton University, given by Albert Einstein. ...

'', 1922 * Hans Reichenbach, ''The Philosophy of Space and Time'', 1928/1957 * Albert Einstein,

Boris Podolsky Boris Yakovlevich Podolsky (russian: link=no, Бори́с Я́ковлевич Подо́льский; June 29, 1896 – November 28, 1966) was a Russian-American physicist of Jewish descent, noted for his work with Albert Einstein and Nathan ...

Nathan Rosen Nathan Rosen (Hebrew: נתן רוזן; March 22, 1909 – December 18, 1995) was an American-Israeli physicist noted for his study on the structure of the hydrogen atom and his work with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky on entangled wave functio ...

, " Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?", 1935 * Arthur Eddington, ''Philosophy of Physical Science'', 1939 *

Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg () (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent serie ...

, ''Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science'', 1958 * Adolf Grünbaum, ''

Philosophical Problems of Space and Time ''Philosophical Problems of Space and Time'' (1963; second edition 1973) is a book about the philosophy of space and time by the philosopher Adolf Grünbaum. It is recognized as a major work in the philosophy of the natural sciences. Summary Gr ...

'', 1963/1973 *

John Stewart Bell John Stewart Bell FRS (28 July 1928 – 1 October 1990) was a physicist from Northern Ireland and the originator of Bell's theorem, an important theorem in quantum physics regarding hidden-variable theories. In 2022, the Nobel Prize in Phy ...

, "On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Paradox", 1964 * Rudolf Carnap, ''Philosophical Foundations of Physics'', 1966 *

Lawrence Sklar Lawrence Sklar (born June 25, 1938) is an American philosopher. He is the Carl G. Hempel and William K. Frankena Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at the University of Michigan. Education and career Sklar was born in Baltimore, Maryl ...

, ''Space, Time, and Spacetime'', 1974 *

Nancy Cartwright Nancy Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American actress. She is the long-time voice of Bart Simpson on the animated television series ''The Simpsons'', for which she has received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Perform ...

, ''How the Laws of Physics Lie'', 1983 * Michael Friedman, ''Foundations of Space-Time Theories: Relativistic Physics and the Philosophy of Science'', 1983 * John Stewart Bell, ''Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics: Collected Papers on Quantum Philosophy'', 1987/2004 * Lawrence Sklar, ''Philosophy of Physics'', 1992 * Lawrence Sklar, ''Physics and Chance: Philosophical Issues in the Foundations of Statistical Mechanics'', 1993 * Roland Omnès, '' Quantum Philosophy: Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary Science'', 1994/1999 *

Jeffrey Bub Jeffrey Bub (born 1942) is a physicist and philosopher of physics, and Distinguished Professor in the Department of Philosophy, the Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, and the Institute for Physical Science and Technology a ...

, ''Interpreting the Quantum World'', 1997 *

Roberto Torretti Roberto Torretti (February 15, 1930 - November 12, 2022) was a Chilean philosopher, author and academic who is internationally renowned for his contributions to the history of philosophy, philosophy of physics and philosophy of mathematics. Bio ...

, ''The Philosophy of Physics'', 1999 * Craig Callender and Nick Huggett, ''Physics Meets Philosophy at the Planck Scale: Contemporary Theories in Quantum Gravity'', 2001 * Harvey Brown, ''Physical Relativity: Space-time Structure from a Dynamical Perspective'', 2005 * Laura Ruetsche, ''Interpreting Quantum Theories: The Art of the Possible'', 2011

Philosophy of biology

Erwin Schrödinger Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (, ; ; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as or , was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist with Irish citizenship who developed a number of fundamental results in quantum theo ...

, ''

What is Life? ''What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell'' is a 1944 science book written for the lay reader by physicist Erwin Schrödinger. The book was based on a course of public lectures delivered by Schrödinger in February 1943, under the ...

The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell'', 1945 * David Hull, ''Philosophy of Biological Science'', 1974 * Stephen Jay Gould and

Richard Lewontin Richard Charles Lewontin (March 29, 1929 – July 4, 2021) was an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator. A leader in developing the mathematical basis of population genetics and evolutionary theory, ...

, "

The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme", also known as the "Spandrels paper", is a paper by evolutionary biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin, originally published in the ''P ...

: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme", 1979 * Stephen Jay Gould, ''

The Mismeasure of Man ''The Mismeasure of Man'' is a 1981 book by paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. The book is both a History of science, history and critique of the statistical methods and cultural motivations underlying biological determinism, the belief that "the s ...

'', 1981/1996 * Richard Dawkins, ''

The Extended Phenotype ''The Extended Phenotype'' is a 1982 book by the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, in which the author introduced a biological concept of the same name. The main idea is that phenotype should not be ''limited'' to biological processes such ...

'', 1982 * Ernst Mayr, '' The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance'', 1982 *

Elliott Sober Elliott R. Sober (born 6 June 1948) is Hans Reichenbach Professor and William F. Vilas Research Professor in the Department of Philosophy at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Sober is noted for his work in philosophy of biology and general phil ...

, ''The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus'', 1984 * Michael Ruse, ''Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy'', 1986 * Kristin Shrader-Frechette and Earl D. McCoy, ''Method in Ecology: Strategies for Conservation'', 1993 * Elliott Sober, ''Philosophy of Biology'', 1993/2000 * Daniel C. Dennett, ''

Darwin's Dangerous Idea ''Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life'' is a 1995 book by the philosopher Daniel Dennett, in which the author looks at some of the repercussions of Darwinian theory. The crux of the argument is that, whether or not Darwin ...

: Evolution and the Meanings of Life'', 1995 * Martin Mahner and

, ''Foundations of Biophilosophy'', 1997 *

and Paul E. Griffiths, ''Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology'', 1999 *

Sandra Mitchell Sandra D. Mitchell (born 1951) is an American philosophy of science, philosopher of science and History of ideas, historian of ideas. She holds the position of distinguished professor in the department of History and Philosophy of Science at the U ...

, ''Biological Complexity and Integrative Pluralism'', 2003 *

Denis Noble Denis Noble (born 16 November 1936) is a British biologist who held the Burdon Sanderson Chair of Cardiovascular Physiology at the University of Oxford from 1984 to 2004 and was appointed Professor Emeritus and co-Director of Computational Ph ...

, ''The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome'', 2006 *

Samir Okasha Samir Okasha , is a Professor of Philosophy of Science at University of Bristol. He is a winner of Lakatos Award for his book '' Evolution and the Levels of Selection''. He was appointed a Fellow of the British Academy The British Academy is ...

, ''Evolution and the Levels of Selection'', 2006 * Elliott Sober, ''Evidence and Evolution: The Logic Behind the Science'', 2008 * Michael Ruse, ''The Philosophy of Human Evolution'', 2010

Philosophy of chemistry

Eric Scerri Eric R. Scerri is a chemist, writer and philosopher of science of Maltese origin. He is a lecturer at the University of California, Los Angeles; and the founder and editor-in-chief of '' Foundations of Chemistry'', an international peer reviewed ...

and Lee C. McIntyre, "The Case for the Philosophy of Chemistry", 1997 * Davis Baird, Eric Scerri, and Lee C. McIntyre (eds.), ''Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline'', 2006

Philosophy of psychology

, ''

The Principles of Psychology ''The Principles of Psychology'' is an 1890 book about psychology by William James, an American philosopher and psychologist who trained to be a physician before going into psychology. There are four methods from James' book: stream of consciousne ...

'', 1890 *

B. F. Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and Social philosophy, social philosopher. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his ret ...

, ''Science and Human Behavior'', 1953 *

Abraham Kaplan Abraham Kaplan (June 11, 1918 – June 19, 1993) was an American philosopher, known best for being the first philosopher to systematically examine the behavioral sciences in his book ''The Conduct of Inquiry'' (1964). His thinking was influenced ...

, ''The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science'', 1964 * Paul E. Meehl, "Theory-Testing in Psychology and Physics: A Methodological Paradox", 1967 *

, ''The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences'', 1979/2015 * John Robert Anderson, ''Cognitive Psychology and its Implications'', 1980/2019 *

Ned Block Ned Joel Block (born 1942) is an American philosopher working in philosophy of mind who has made important contributions to the understanding of consciousness and the philosophy of cognitive science. He has been professor of philosophy and psych ...

(ed.), ''Readings in Philosophy of Psychology'', 1981 *

and Rubén Ardilla, ''Philosophy of Psychology'', 1987 * Paul E. Meehl, "Theoretical Risks and Tabular Asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the Slow Progress of Soft Psychology", 1992 * George Botterill and Peter Carruthers, ''The Philosophy of Psychology'', 1999 *

Steven Pinker Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, psycholinguist, popular science author, and public intellectual. He is an advocate of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. ...

, '' The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature'', 2002 * Jesse Prinz, ''Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion'', 2004

Philosophy of economics

Lionel Robbins Lionel Charles Robbins, Baron Robbins, (22 November 1898 – 15 May 1984) was a British economist, and prominent member of the economics department at the London School of Economics (LSE). He is known for his leadership at LSE, his proposed def ...

, ''

An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science Lionel Robbins' ''Essay'' (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications. Analysis is relative to "accepted solutions of particular problems" based on best modern practi ...

'', 1932 *

Kenneth Arrow Kenneth Joseph Arrow (23 August 1921 – 21 February 2017) was an American economist, mathematician, writer, and political theorist. He was the joint winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with John Hicks in 1972. In economics ...

, ''

Social Choice and Individual Values Kenneth Arrow's monograph ''Social Choice and Individual Values'' (1951, 2nd ed., 1963, 3rd ed., 2012) and a theorem within it created modern social choice theory, a rigorous melding of social ethics and voting theory with an economic flavor. ...

'', 1951/1963 *

Ludwig von Mises Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (; 29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian School economist, historian, logician, and Sociology, sociologist. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on the societal contributions of classical liberali ...

, ''The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science'', 1962 *

Joan Robinson Joan Violet Robinson (''née'' Maurice; 31 October 1903 – 5 August 1983) was a British economist well known for her wide-ranging contributions to economic theory. She was a central figure in what became known as post-Keynesian economics. B ...

, ''Economic Philosophy'', 1962 * Kenneth E. Boulding, "Economics as a Moral Science", 1969 *

Amartya Sen Amartya Kumar Sen (; born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist and philosopher, who since 1972 has taught and worked in the United Kingdom and the United States. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, econom ...

, ''On Economic Inequality'', 1973 * Elizabeth S. Anderson, ''Value in Ethics and Economics'', 1993 *

Paul Ormerod Paul Andrew Ormerod (born 20 March 1950) is a British economist who is a partner at Volterra Partners consultancy. Additionally, he is a visiting professor at UCL Centre for Decision Making Uncertainty. Research Ormerod has researched complexity ...

, '' The Death of Economics'', 1994 * Amartya Sen, ''

Development as Freedom ''Development as Freedom'' is a 1999 book about international development by Indian economist and philosopher Amartya Sen. The American edition of the book was published by Alfred A. Knopf. Summary Amartya Sen was the winner of the 1998 Nobel Pr ...

'', 1999 *

Steve Keen Steve Keen (born 28 March 1953) is an Australian economist and author. He considers himself a post-Keynesian, criticising neoclassical economics as inconsistent, unscientific and empirically unsupported. The major influences on Keen's thinking ...

, '' Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences'', 2001/2011

Ethics

, ''

Principia Ethica ''Principia Ethica'' is a 1903 book by the British philosopher G. E. Moore, in which the author insists on the indefinability of "good" and provides an exposition of the naturalistic fallacy. ''Principia Ethica'' was influential, and Moore's ...

'', 1903 * John Dewey and

James Hayden Tufts James Hayden Tufts (1862–1942), an influential American philosopher, was a professor of the then newly founded Chicago University. Tufts was also a member of the Board of Arbitration, and the chairman of a committee of the social agencies ...

, ''Ethics'', 1908/1932 * W. D. Ross, ''The Right and the Good'', 1930 *

G. E. M. Anscombe Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe (; 18 March 1919 – 5 January 2001), usually cited as G. E. M. Anscombe or Elizabeth Anscombe, was a British analytic philosopher. She wrote on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of action, ...

, "

Modern Moral Philosophy "Modern Moral Philosophy" is an article on moral philosophy by G. E. M. Anscombe, originally published in the journal ''Philosophy'', vol. 33, no. 124 (January 1958). The article has influenced the emergence of contemporary virtue ethics, especial ...

", 1958 *

C. H. Waddington Conrad Hal Waddington (8 November 1905 – 26 September 1975) was a British developmental biologist, paleontologist, geneticist, embryologist and philosopher who laid the foundations for systems biology, epigenetics, and evolutionary devel ...

, ''The Ethical Animal'', 1960 *

Peter Singer Peter Albert David Singer (born 6 July 1946) is an Australian moral philosopher, currently the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University. He specialises in applied ethics and approaches ethical issues from a Secularit ...

, " Famine, Affluence, and Morality", 1972 * J. L. Mackie, '' Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong'', 1977 *

Sissela Bok Sissela Bok (born Myrdal; 2 December 1934) is a Swedish-born American philosopher and ethicist, the daughter of two Nobel Prize winners: Gunnar Myrdal who won the Economics prize with Friedrich Hayek in 1974, and Alva Myrdal who won the Nobel P ...

, '' Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life'', 1978 * Philippa Foot, ''Virtues and Vices: And Other Essays in Moral Philosophy'', 1978 *

Alan Gewirth Alan Gewirth (November 28, 1912 – May 9, 2004) was an American philosopher, a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, and author of '' Reason and Morality'' (1978), ''Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications'' (19 ...

, ''

Reason and Morality ''Reason and Morality'' is a 1978 book about ethics by the philosopher Alan Gewirth. The work for which he is best known, it received positive reviews. The work is defended by the legal scholar Deryck Beyleveld in ''The Dialectical Necessity of M ...

'', 1978 * Peter Singer, ''

Practical Ethics ''Practical Ethics'', a 1979 book by the moral philosopher Peter Singer, is an introduction to applied ethics. The book has been translated into a number of languages. Summary Singer analyzes, in detail, why and how beings' interests should be ...

'', 1979/2011 * Alasdair MacIntyre, '' After Virtue'', 1981/2007 *

Samuel Scheffler Samuel Ira Scheffler (born 1951) is a moral and political philosopher, who is University Professor of Philosophy and Law in the Department of Philosophy and the School of Law at New York University. Education and career Before moving to NYU ...

, ''The Rejection of Consequentialism'', 1982/1994 * Derek Parfit, ''

'', 1984 *

Bernard Williams Sir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams, FBA (21 September 1929 – 10 June 2003) was an English moral philosopher. His publications include ''Problems of the Self'' (1973), ''Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy'' (1985), ''Shame and Necessity'' ...

, ''

Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy Sir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams, Fellow of the British Academy, FBA (21 September 1929 – 10 June 2003) was an English Ethics, moral philosopher. His publications include ''Problems of the Self'' (1973), ''Ethics and the Limits of Philos ...

'', 1985 *

David Gauthier David Gauthier (; born 10 September 1932) is a Canadian-American philosopher best known for his neo-Hobbesian social contract (contractarian) theory of morality, as developed in his 1986 book ''Morals by Agreement''. Life and career Gauthie ...

, ''

Morals by Agreement David Gauthier (; born 10 September 1932) is a Canadian-American philosopher best known for his neo-Hobbesian social contract (contractarian) theory of morality, as developed in his 1986 book ''Morals by Agreement''. Life and career Gauthier ...

'', 1986 *

Peter Railton Peter Albert Railton (born May 23, 1950) is an American philosopher who is Gregory S. Kavka Distinguished University Professor and John Stephenson Perrin Professor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he has taught sinc ...

, "Moral Realism", 1986 * Martha Nussbaum, '' The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy'', 1986 * Paul W. Taylor, ''Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics'', 1986 * Holmes Rolston III, ''Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World'', 1988 * Susan Hurley, ''Natural Reasons: Personality and Polity'', 1989 * Shelly Kagan, ''The Limits of Morality'', 1989 *

Allan Gibbard Allan may refer to: People * Allan (name), a given name and surname, including list of people and characters with this name * Allan (footballer, born 1984) (Allan Barreto da Silva), Brazilian football striker * Allan (footballer, born 1989) (Al ...

, ''Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory Of Normative Judgment'', 1990 *

Joan Tronto Joan Claire Tronto (born June 29, 1952), is professor of political science at the University of Minnesota, and was previously professor of women's studies and political science at Hunter College and the Graduate School, City University of New Yor ...

, ''Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care'', 1993 *

Annette Baier Annette Claire Baier (née Stoop; 11 October 1929 – 2 November 2012) was a New Zealand philosopher and Hume scholar, focused in particular on Hume's moral psychology. She was well known also for her contributions to feminist philosophy and to t ...

, ''Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics'', 1994 * Michael A. Smith, ''The Moral Problem'', 1994 * Christine Korsgaard, ''The Sources of Normativity'', 1996 *

, '' Living High and Letting Die: Our Illusion of Innocence'', 1996 * Thomas M. Scanlon, '' What We Owe to Each Other'', 1998 *

Rosalind Hursthouse Mary Rosalind Hursthouse (born 10 November 1943) is a British-born New Zealand moral philosopher noted for her work on virtue ethics. Hursthouse is Professor Emerita of Philosophy at the University of Auckland. Biography Born in Bristol, Englan ...

, ''On Virtue Ethics'', 1999 * Philippa Foot, ''Natural Goodness'', 2001 * Allan Gibbard, ''Thinking How to Live'', 2003 *

Jonathan Dancy Jonathan Peter Dancy (born 8 May 1946) is a British philosopher, who has written on ethics and epistemology. He is currently Professor of Philosophy at University of Texas at Austin and Research Professor at the University of Reading. He taugh ...

, ''Ethics Without Principles'', 2004 *

Michael Huemer Michael Huemer (; born 27 December 1969) is a professor of philosophy at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He has defended ethical intuitionism, direct realism, libertarianism, veganism, and philosophical anarchism. Education and career H ...

, ''

Ethical Intuitionism Ethical intuitionism (also called moral intuitionism) is a view or family of views in moral epistemology (and, on some definitions, metaphysics). It is foundationalism applied to moral knowledge, the thesis that some moral truths can be known no ...

'', 2005 *

Virginia Held Virginia Potter Held (born October 28, 1929) is an American moral, social/political and feminist philosopher whose work on the ethics of care sparked significant research into the ethical dimensions of providing care for others and critiques of ...

, ''The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global'', 2006 * Derek Parfit, ''

On What Matters ''On What Matters'' is a three-volume book of moral philosophy by Derek Parfit. The first two volumes were published in 2011 and the third in 2017. It is a follow-up to Parfit's 1984 book ''Reasons and Persons''. It has an introduction by Samuel ...

'', 2011/2017

Meta-ethics

P. F. Strawson Peter Frederick Strawson (; 23 November 1919 – 13 February 2006) was an English philosopher. He was the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at the University of Oxford (Magdalen College) from 1968 to 1987. Before that, he ...

, "Freedom and Resentment", 1962 *

, "Virtue and Reason", 1972 * John McDowell, "Non-Cognitivism and Rule-Following", 1981 * Jürgen Habermas, ''Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics'', 1993

Bioethics

* Paul Ramsey, ''Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control'', 1970 * Paul Ramsey, ''The Patient as Person: Explorations in Medical Ethics'', 1970 *

Judith Jarvis Thomson Judith Jarvis Thomson (October 4, 1929November 20, 2020) was an American philosopher who studied and worked on ethics and metaphysics. Her work ranges across a variety of fields, but she is most known for her work regarding the thought experimen ...

, "

A Defense of Abortion "A Defense of Abortion" is a moral philosophy essay by Judith Jarvis Thomson first published in ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'' in 1971. Granting for the sake of argument that the fetus has a right to life, Thomson uses thought experiments to argue ...

", 1971 * Don Marquis, "Why Abortion is Immoral", 1989

Aesthetics

* Benedetto Croce, ''Aesthetic: As Science of Expression and General Linguistic'', 1902 * Jacques Maritain, ''

Art and Scholasticism ''Art and Scholasticism'' (french: Art et scolastique) is a 1920 book by the French philosopher Jacques Maritain. It is considered his major contribution to aesthetics. According to Gary Furnell, the work "was a key text that guided the work of w ...

'', 1920 * John Dewey, ''

Art as Experience ''Art as Experience'' (1934) is John Dewey's major writing on aesthetics, originally delivered as the first William James Lecture at Harvard (1932). Dewey's aesthetics have been found useful in a number of disciplines, including new media. Dewe ...

'', 1934 * R. G. Collingwood, ''The Principles of Art'', 1938 *

Susanne Langer Susanne Katherina Langer (; ''née'' Knauth; December 20, 1895 – July 17, 1985) was an American philosopher, writer, and educator known for her theories on the influences of art on the mind. She was one of the earliest American women to achieve ...

, ''Problems of Art: Ten Philosophical Lectures'', 1957 *

Monroe Beardsley Monroe Curtis Beardsley (; December 10, 1915 – September 18, 1985) was an American philosopher of art. Biography Beardsley was born and raised in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and educated at Yale University (B.A. 1936, Ph.D. 1939), where he re ...

, ''Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism'', 1958 *

George Kubler George Alexander Kubler (26 July 1912 - 3 October 1996) was an American art historian and among the foremost scholars on the art of Pre-Columbian America and Ibero-American Art. Biography Kubler was born in Hollywood, California, but most of h ...

, ''The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things'', 1962 *

Virgil Aldrich Virgil Charles Aldrich (13 September 1903 in Narsinghpur, India – 28 May 1998 in Salt Lake City, Utah), was an American philosopher of art, language, and religion. Early life and education The son of Floyd Clement Aldrich and his wife Ann H ...

, ''Philosophy of Art'', 1963 *

, ''

Languages of Art ''Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols'' is a book by the American philosopher Nelson Goodman. It is a work of 20th century aesthetics in the analytic tradition. Originally published in 1968, it was revised in 1976. Goodman contin ...

: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols'', 1968/1976 *

Richard Wollheim Richard Arthur Wollheim (5 May 1923 − 4 November 2003) was a British philosopher noted for original work on mind and emotions, especially as related to the visual arts, specifically, painting. Wollheim served as the president of the British ...

, ''Art and Its Objects'', 1968 *

Rudolf Arnheim Rudolf Arnheim (July 15, 1904 – June 9, 2007) was a German-born writer, art and film theorist, and perceptual psychologist. He learned Gestalt psychology from studying under Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler at the University of Berlin and ap ...

, ''Visual Thinking'', 1969 *

Theodor Adorno Theodor is a masculine given name. It is a German form of Theodore. It is also a variant of Teodor. List of people with the given name Theodor * Theodor Adorno, (1903–1969), German philosopher * Theodor Aman, Romanian painter * Theodor Blue ...

, '' Aesthetic Theory'', 1970 *

Richard Schechner Richard Schechner is University Professor Emeritus at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University, and editor of ''TDR: The Drama Review''. Biography Richard Schechner received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Cornell University in 1956, a ...

, ''Essays on Performance Theory'', 1976/2004 *

Arthur Danto Arthur Coleman Danto (January 1, 1924 – October 25, 2013) was an American art critic, philosopher, and professor at Columbia University. He was best known for having been a long-time art critic for ''The Nation'' and for his work in philosophi ...

, ''The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A Philosophy of Art'', 1981 *

Noël Carroll Noël Carroll (born 1947) is an American philosopher considered to be one of the leading figures in contemporary philosophy of art. Although Carroll is best known for his work in the philosophy of film (he is a proponent of cognitive film theo ...

, ''The Philosophy of Horror, or Paradoxes of the Heart'', 1990 *

Kendall Walton Kendall Lewis Walton (born 1939) is an American philosopher, the Emeritus Charles Stevenson Collegiate Professor of Philosophy and Professor of Art and Design at the University of Michigan. His work mainly deals with theoretical questions about t ...

, ''Mimesis as Make-Believe: On The Foundations of the Representational Arts'', 1990 * Richard Shusterman, ''Pragmatist Aesthetics: Living Beauty, Rethinking Art'', 1992/2000 * Arthur Danto, ''After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History'', 1997 *

Berys Gaut Berys Gaut is an author and Professor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews. He writes on aesthetics, creativity, philosophy of film, and ethics Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defen ...

, ''Art, Emotion and Ethics'', 2007

Social philosophy

Identity

Edward Said Edward Wadie Said (; , ; 1 November 1935 – 24 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American professor of literature at Columbia University, a public intellectual, and a founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies.Robert Young, ''Whit ...

, '' Orientalism'', 1978 * Judith Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution", 1988 * Judith Butler, ''

Gender Trouble ''Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity'' (1990; second edition 1999) is a book by the philosopher Judith Butler in which the author argues that gender is a kind of improvised performance. Summary Butler criticizes one of t ...

'', 1990 * Kwame Anthony Appiah, ''The Ethics of Identity'', 2005 *

Sara Ahmed Sara Ahmed (30 August 1969) is a British-Australian writer and scholar whose area of study includes the intersection of feminist theory, lesbian feminism, queer theory, affect theory, critical race theory and postcolonialism. Her seminal work ...

, ''On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life'', 2012 *

Sally Haslanger Sally Haslanger () is an American philosopher and professor. She is the Ford Professor of Philosophy in the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She held the 2015 Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at ...

, ''Resisting Reality: Social Construction and Social Critique'', 2012

Philosophy of education

* John Dewey, ''

Democracy and Education ''Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education'' is a 1916 book by John Dewey. Synopsis In ''Democracy and Education'', Dewey argues that the primary ineluctable facts of the birth and death of each one of the constitu ...

'', 1916 * B.F. Skinner, ''

Walden Two ''Walden Two'' is a utopian novel written by behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner, first published in 1948. In its time, it could have been considered science fiction, since science-based methods for altering people's behavior did not yet exis ...

'', 1948 *

Paulo Freire Paulo Reglus Neves Freire (19 September 1921 – 2 May 1997) was a Brazilian educator and philosopher who was a leading advocate of critical pedagogy. His influential work '' Pedagogy of the Oppressed'' is generally considered one of the found ...

, ''

Pedagogy of the Oppressed ''Pedagogy of the Oppressed'' ( pt, Pedagogia do Oprimido) is a book by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, written in Portuguese between 1967–68, but published first in Spanish in 1968. An English translation was published in 1970, with the Por ...

'', 1968

Philosophy of history

* Maurice Mandelbaum, ''The Problem of Historical Knowledge: An Answer to Relativism'', 1938 * R. G. Collingwood, '' The Idea of History'', 1946 *

Karl Löwith Karl Löwith (9 January 1897 – 26 May 1973) was a German philosopher in the phenomenological tradition. A student of Husserl and Heidegger, he was one of the most prolific German philosophers of the twentieth century. He is known for his two ...

, ''Meaning in History: The Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History'', 1949 *

Patrick Gardiner Patrick Lancaster Gardiner, FBA (1922–1997) was a British academic philosopher and a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Biography Gardiner was born in Chelsea, London, on 17 March 1922. His father was Clive Gardiner, a landscape artist and ...

, ''The Nature of Historical Explanation'', 1952 *

Muhsin Mahdi Muḥsin Sayyid Mahdī al-Mashhadani ( ar, محسن مهدي; cited Muhsin S. Mahdi) (June 21, 1926 – July 9, 2007) was an Iraqi-American Islamologist and Arabist. He was a leading authority on Arabian history, philology, and philosophy. His best ...

, ''Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History: A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture'', 1957 *

E. H. Carr Edward Hallett Carr (28 June 1892 – 3 November 1982) was a British historian, diplomat, journalist and international relations theorist, and an opponent of empiricism within historiography. Carr was best known for '' A History of Soviet Rus ...

, ''

What Is History? ''What Is History?'' is a 1961 non-fiction book by historian E. H. Carr on historiography. It discusses history, facts, the bias of historians, science, morality, individuals and society, and moral judgements in history. The book originated in a ...

'', 1961 *

, ''Analytical Philosophy of History'', 1965

Philosophy of law

Roscoe Pound Nathan Roscoe Pound (October 27, 1870 – June 30, 1964) was an American legal scholar and educator. He served as Dean of the University of Nebraska College of Law from 1903 to 1911 and Dean of Harvard Law School from 1916 to 1936. He was a membe ...

, ''An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law'', 1954 *

H. L. A. Hart Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (18 July 190719 December 1992), known simply as H. L. A. Hart, was an English legal philosopher. He was Professor of Jurisprudence (University of Oxford), Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University an ...

, ''

The Concept of Law ''The Concept of Law'' is a 1961 book by the legal philosopher H. L. A. Hart and his most famous work. ''The Concept of Law'' presents Hart's theory of legal positivism—the view that laws are rules made by humans and that there is ...

'', 1961 * Lon L. Fuller, ''The Morality of Law'', 1964/1969 * Ronald Dworkin, '' Taking Rights Seriously'', 1977 *

John Finnis John Mitchell Finnis, , (born 28 July 1940) is an Australian legal philosopher, jurist and scholar specializing in jurisprudence and the philosophy of law. He is the Biolchini Family Professor of Law, emeritus, at Notre Dame Law School and a ...

, '' Natural Law and Natural Rights'', 1980/2011 * David Lyons, ''Ethics and the Rule of Law'', 1984 * Ronald Dworkin, ''

Law's Empire ''Law's Empire'' is a 1986 text in legal philosophy by Ronald Dworkin, in which the author continues his criticism of the philosophy of legal positivism as promoted by H.L.A. Hart during the middle to late 20th century. The book introduces Dwork ...

'', 1986

Political philosophy

* Jacques Maritain, ''Integral Humanism: Temporal and Spiritual Problems of a New Christendom'', 1936 * John Dewey, ''

Freedom and Culture ''Freedom and Culture'' is a book by John Dewey. Published in 1939, the book is an analytical defense of democracy written in a time when democratic regimes had recently been replaced by non-democratic ones, and at a time when Marxism was consider ...

'', 1939 * Jacques Maritain, ''The Rights of Man and Natural Law'', 1942 *

Friedrich Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek ( , ; 8 May 189923 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian–British economist, legal theorist and philosopher who is best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Haye ...

, ''

The Road to Serfdom ''The Road to Serfdom'' ( German: ''Der Weg zur Knechtschaft'') is a book written between 1940 and 1943 by Austrian-British economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek. Since its publication in 1944, ''The Road to Serfdom'' has been popular among ...

'', 1944 * Karl Popper, ''

The Open Society and Its Enemies ''The Open Society and Its Enemies'' is a work on political philosophy by the philosopher Karl Popper, in which the author presents a "defence of the open society against its enemies", and offers a critique of theories of teleological historicism ...

'', 1945 * Hannah Arendt, ''

The Origins of Totalitarianism ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'', published in 1951, was Hannah Arendt's first major work, wherein she describes and analyzes Nazism and Stalinism as the major totalitarian political movements of the first half of the 20th century. History ...

'', 1951 * Isaiah Berlin, "

Two Concepts of Liberty "Two Concepts of Liberty" was the inaugural lecture delivered by the liberal philosopher Isaiah Berlin before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958. It was subsequently published as a 57-page pamphlet by Oxford at the Clarendon Press. It ...

", 1958 *

Bruno Leoni Bruno Leoni (26 April 1913 – 21 November 1967) was an Italian classical-liberal political philosopher and lawyer. Whilst the war kept Leoni away from teaching, in 1945 he became Full professor of Philosophy of Law. Leoni was also appointed Dea ...

, '' Freedom and the Law'', 1961 *

John Rawls John Bordley Rawls (; February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American moral, legal and political philosopher in the liberal tradition. Rawls received both the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in ...

, ''

A Theory of Justice ''A Theory of Justice'' is a 1971 work of political philosophy and ethics by the philosopher John Rawls (1921-2002) in which the author attempts to provide a moral theory alternative to utilitarianism and that addresses the problem of distributi ...

'', 1971 * Robert Nozick, ''

Anarchy, State, and Utopia ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia'' is a 1974 book by the American political philosopher Robert Nozick. It won the 1975 US National Book Award in category Philosophy and Religion, has been translated into 11 languages, and was named one of the "100 m ...

'', 1974 *

Michael J. Sandel Michael Joseph Sandel (; born March 5, 1953) is an American political philosopher and the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government Theory at Harvard University Law School, where his course Justice was the university's first course t ...

, '' Liberalism and the Limits of Justice'', 1982/1998 * Michael Walzer, ''

Spheres of Justice ''Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality'' is a 1983 book by the philosopher Michael Walzer. Summary Walzer argues in favour of an idea he calls "complex equality", and against the view that goods with different meaning and cont ...

: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality'', 1983 *

Joseph Raz Joseph Raz (; he, יוסף רז; born Zaltsman; 21 March 19392 May 2022) was an Israeli legal, moral and political philosopher. He was an advocate of legal positivism and is known for his conception of perfectionist liberalism. Raz spent mos ...

, ''The Morality of Freedom'', 1986 * Paul Ricœur, ''Lectures on Ideology and Utopia'', 1986 * Jürgen Habermas, '' Between Facts and Norms'', 1992 *

Axel Honneth Axel Honneth (; ; born 18 July 1949) is a German philosopher who is the Professor for Social Philosophy at Goethe University Frankfurt and the Jack B. Weinstein Professor of the Humanities in the department of philosophy at Columbia Universi ...

, ''The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts'', 1992 * John Rawls, ''

Political Liberalism Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostility to autocracy, cultural distaste for c ...

'', 1993 *

Will Kymlicka William Kymlicka (; born 1962) is a Canadian political philosopher best known for his work on multiculturalism and animal ethics. He is currently Professor of Philosophy and Canada Research Chair in Political Philosophy at Queen's Universi ...

, ''Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights'', 1995 *

Nancy Fraser Nancy Fraser (; born May 20, 1947) is an American philosopher, critical theorist, feminist, and the Henry A. and Louise Loeb Professor of Political and Social Science and professor of philosophy at The New School in New York City.Jadžić, Milo� ...

, ''Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition'', 1997 *

Roberto Mangabeira Unger Roberto Mangabeira Unger (; born 24 March 1947) is a Brazilian philosopher and politician. His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion ...

, '' Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative'', 1998 *

, ''The Idea of Justice'', 2009 * Alan Thomas, '' Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'', 2017

Continental philosophy

Phenomenology and existentialism

Edmund Husserl , thesis1_title = Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung (Contributions to the Calculus of Variations) , thesis1_url = https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:58535/bdef:Book/view , thesis1_year = 1883 , thesis2_title ...

, '' Logical Investigations'', 1900/1901 * Edmund Husserl, ''Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy'', 1913 *

Max Scheler Max Ferdinand Scheler (; 22 August 1874 – 19 May 1928) was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology. Considered in his lifetime one of the most prominent German philosophers,Davis, Zach ...

, ''Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values'', 1913/1916 *

Martin Buber Martin Buber ( he, מרטין בובר; german: Martin Buber; yi, מארטין בובער; February 8, 1878 – June 13, 1965) was an Austrian Jewish and Israeli philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of existentialism ...

, ''

I and Thou ''Ich und Du'', usually translated as ''I and Thou'', is a book by Martin Buber, published in 1923, and first translated from German to English in 1937. Premise Buber's main proposition is that we may address existence in two ways: # The attit ...

'', 1923 *

Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th ce ...

, ''

Being and Time ''Being and Time'' (german: Sein und Zeit) is the 1927 '' magnum opus'' of German philosopher Martin Heidegger and a key document of existentialism. ''Being and Time'' had a notable impact on subsequent philosophy, literary theory and many oth ...

'', 1927 * Edmund Husserl, ''

Cartesian Meditations ''Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology'' (french: Méditations cartésiennes: Introduction à la phénoménologie) is a book by the philosopher Edmund Husserl, based on four lectures he gave at the Sorbonne, in the Amphithéatre ...

'', 1931 * Alfred Schütz, ''The Phenomenology of the Social World'', 1932 *

Albert Camus Albert Camus ( , ; ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher, author, dramatist, and journalist. He was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in history. His work ...

, '' Myth of Sisyphus'', 1942 *

Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and lit ...

, ''

Being and Nothingness ''Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology'' (french: L'Être et le néant : Essai d'ontologie phénoménologique), sometimes published with the subtitle ''A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology'', is a 1943 book by the philosoph ...

'', 1943 *

Maurice Merleau-Ponty Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty. (; 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. The constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest an ...

, ''

Phenomenology of Perception ''Phenomenology of Perception'' (french: Phénoménologie de la perception) is a 1945 book about perception by the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, in which the author expounds his thesis of "the primacy of perception". The work establish ...

'', 1945 * Jacques Maritain, ''Existence and the Existent'', 1947 * Simone de Beauvoir, ''

The Second Sex ''The Second Sex'' (french: Le Deuxième Sexe, link=no) is a 1949 book by the French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir, in which the author discusses the treatment of women in the present society as well as throughout all of histor ...

'', 1949 *

Emmanuel Levinas Emmanuel Levinas (; ; 12 January 1906 – 25 December 1995) was a French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry who is known for his work within Jewish philosophy, existentialism, and phenomenology, focusing on the relationship of ethics t ...

, '' Totality and Infinity'', 1961 * Emmanuel Levinas, '' Otherwise than Being, or Beyond Essence'', 1974 *

, ''Being Given'', 1997

Hermeneutics and deconstruction

Hans-Georg Gadamer Hans-Georg Gadamer (; ; February 11, 1900 – March 13, 2002) was a German philosopher of the continental tradition, best known for his 1960 ''magnum opus'', '' Truth and Method'' (''Wahrheit und Methode''), on hermeneutics. Life Family ...

, '' Truth and Method'', 1960 * Paul Ricœur, ''

Freud and Philosophy ''Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation'' (french: De l'interprétation. Essai sur Sigmund Freud) is a 1965 book about Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, written by the French philosopher Paul Ricœur. In ''Freud and Philo ...

: An Essay on Interpretation'', 1965 * Jacques Derrida, '' Of Grammatology'', 1967 * Hans-Georg Gadamer, ''Philosophical Hermeneutics'', 1976 * Paul Ricœur, ''Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning'', 1976 * Paul Ricœur, ''Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action, and Interpretation'', 1981 *

, "Gadamer and Davidson on Understanding and Relativism", 2002

Structuralism and post-structuralism

* Georges Bataille, '' The Accursed Share'', 1949 * Michel Foucault, ''

The Order of Things ''The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences'' (Les mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines, 1966) by French philosopher Michel Foucault proposes that every historical period has underlying epistemic assumptions ...

'', 1966 * Gilles Deleuze, ''

Difference and Repetition ''Difference and Repetition'' (french: Différence et répétition, link=no) is a 1968 book by French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Originally published in France, it was translated into English by Paul Patton in 1994. ''Difference and Repetition ...

'', 1968 * Gilles Deleuze, '' The Logic of Sense'', 1969 * Gilles Deleuze and

Félix Guattari Pierre-Félix Guattari ( , ; 30 April 1930 – 29 August 1992) was a French psychoanalyst, political philosopher, semiotician, social activist, and screenwriter. He co-founded schizoanalysis with Gilles Deleuze, and ecosophy with Arne Næs ...

, ''

Capitalism and Schizophrenia ''Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (french: Capitalisme et Schizophrénie) is a two-volume theoretical work by the French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, respectively a philosopher and a psychoanalyst. Its volumes are ''Anti-Oedipus'' ...

'', 1972–1980 *

Jean Baudrillard Jean Baudrillard ( , , ; 27 July 1929 – 6 March 2007) was a French sociologist, philosopher and poet with interest in cultural studies. He is best known for his analyses of media, contemporary culture, and technological communication, as ...

, '' The Mirror of Production'', 1973 * Luce Irigaray, ''Speculum of the Other Woman'', 1974 * Michel Foucault, ''

Discipline and Punish ''Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison'' (french: Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison) is a 1975 book by French philosopher Michel Foucault. It is an analysis of the social and theoretical mechanisms behind the changes tha ...

'', 1975 * Jean Baudrillard, ''

Simulacra and Simulation ''Simulacra and Simulation'' (french: Simulacres et Simulation) is a 1981 philosophical treatise by the philosopher and cultural theorist Jean Baudrillard, in which the author seeks to examine the relationships between reality, symbols, and so ...

'', 1981

Critical theory and Marxism

György Lukács György Lukács (born György Bernát Löwinger; hu, szegedi Lukács György Bernát; german: Georg Bernard Baron Lukács von Szegedin; 13 April 1885 – 4 June 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, literary historian, critic, and aesth ...

, '' History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics'', 1923 * Karl Korsch. '' Marxism and Philosophy'', 1923 * Herbert Marcuse, ''

Reason and Revolution ''Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory'' (1941; second edition 1954) is a book by the philosopher Herbert Marcuse, in which the author discusses the social theories of the philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Kar ...

: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory'', 1941 *

Max Horkheimer Max Horkheimer (; ; 14 February 1895 – 7 July 1973) was a German philosopher and sociologist who was famous for his work in critical theory as a member of the Frankfurt School of social research. Horkheimer addressed authoritarianism, militari ...

and

, ''

Dialectic of Enlightenment ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'' (german: Dialektik der Aufklärung) is a work of philosophy and social criticism written by Frankfurt School philosophers Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno. The text, published in 1947, is a revised version of w ...

'', 1944 * Herbert Marcuse, ''

Eros and Civilization ''Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud'' (1955; second edition, 1966) is a book by the German philosopher and social critic Herbert Marcuse, in which the author proposes a non-repressive society, attempts a synthesis of the t ...

'', 1945 *

Henri Lefebvre Henri Lefebvre ( , ; 16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to the city and the production of s ...

, ''Critique of Everyday Life'', 1947, 1961, 1981 *

, ''

Critique of Dialectical Reason ''Critique of Dialectical Reason'' (french: Critique de la raison dialectique) is a 1960 book by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, in which the author further develops the existentialist Marxism he first expounded in his essay '' Search for a Met ...

'', 1960 * Herbert Marcuse, ''

One-Dimensional Man ''One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society'' is a 1964 book by the philosopher and critical theorist Herbert Marcuse, in which the author offers a wide-ranging critique of both contemporary capitalism and the ...

'', 1964 * Louis Althusser, ''

Reading Capital ''Reading Capital'' (french: Lire le Capital) is a 1965 book about the philosopher Karl Marx's ''Das Kapital'' by the philosophers Louis Althusser, Étienne Balibar, and Jacques Rancière, the sociologist Roger Establet, and the critic Pierre Mac ...

'', 1965 * Theodor Adorno, ''

Negative Dialectics ''Negative Dialectics'' (german: Negative Dialektik) is a 1966 book by the philosopher Theodor W. Adorno. Summary Adorno sought to update the philosophical process known as the dialectic, freeing it from traits previously attributed to it that ...

'', 1966 *

Cornelius Castoriadis Cornelius Castoriadis ( el, Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης; 11 March 1922 – 26 December 1997) was a Greek-FrenchMemos 2014, p. 18: "he was ... granted full French citizenship in 1970." philosopher, social critic, economist, ps ...

, ''The Imaginary Institution of Society'', 1975 * G. A. Cohen, ''

Karl Marx's Theory of History ''Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence'' is a 1978 book by the philosopher G. A. Cohen, the culmination of his attempts to reformulate Karl Marx's doctrines of alienation, exploitation, and historical materialism. Cohen, who interprets ...

: A Defense'', 1978 * Jürgen Habermas, '' The Theory of Communicative Action'', 1981 *

Marshall Berman Marshall Howard Berman (November 23, 1940–September 11, 2013) was an American philosopher and Marxist humanist writer. He was a Distinguished Professor of Political Science at The City College of New York and at the Graduate Center of the C ...

, '' All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity'', 1982 *

Alain Badiou Alain Badiou (; ; born 17 January 1937) is a French philosopher, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École normale supérieure (ENS) and founder of the faculty of Philosophy of the Université de Paris VIII with Gilles Deleuze, Michel Fouca ...

, ''Being and Event'', 1988

Eastern philosophy

* Kitaro Nishida, ''

An Inquiry into the Good ''An Inquiry into the Good'', also known as ''A Study of Good'', ( ja, 善の研究) is the first book by the Japanese philosopher Nishida Kitarō, published in 1911. As he explains in the Preface to the work, Parts II and III were composed first ...

'', 1911 * Kitaro Nishida, ''From the Acting to the Seeing'', 1923–27 * Suzuki Daisetsu Teitaro, '' An Introduction to Zen Buddhism'', 1934 * Feng Youlan, ''A History of Chinese Philosophy'', 1934 * Feng Youlan, ''New Rational Philosophy'', 1939 * "

A Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture "A Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture" (為中國文化敬告世界人士宣言; ''Wei Zhongguo Wenua Jinggao Shijie Renshi Xuanyan''; also translated as “Declaration on Behalf of Chinese Culture Respe ...

",'New Confucianism is perhaps the most influential form of Confucian philosophy in the twentieth century: The following essay, published on New Year's Day 1958, is often referred to as the "New Confucian Manifesto" (even though that particular phrase never occurs in it).' 1958 *

Keiji Nishitani was a Japanese university professor, scholar, and Kyoto School philosopher. He was a disciple of Kitarō Nishida. In 1924 Nishitani received his doctorate from Kyoto Imperial University for his dissertation ''"Das Ideale und das Reale bei Sch ...

, '' Religion and Nothingness'', 1961

Notes

External links

Annotated Bibliography on Analysis
'' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''.
Epistemology Research Guide by Keith Korcz

University of Louisiana at Lafayette The University of Louisiana at Lafayette (UL Lafayette, University of Louisiana, ULL, or UL) is a public research university in Lafayette, Louisiana. It has the largest enrollment within the nine-campus University of Louisiana System and the s ...

.
London Philosophy Study Guide

University College London , mottoeng = Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £143 million (2020) , budget = ...

.
''What Are the Modern Classics? The Baruch Poll of Great Philosophy in the Twentieth Century''
Douglas P. Lackey, ''Philosophical Forum'' 30(4): 329–346 (1999). {{DEFAULTSORT:Philosophy

Publications To publish is to make content available to the general public.Berne Conv ...

Historical texts

European and Islamic philosophy

Ancient philosophy

Medieval philosophy

Early modern philosophy

Nineteenth-century philosophy

Asian philosophy

Indian philosophy

Chinese philosophy

= Zhou Dynasty

= Warring States

= Song Dynasty

Japanese philosophy

= Pre-Meiji Buddhism

= Early modern

Logic and philosophy of logic

Philosophy of language

Epistemology

Metaphysics

Philosophy of mind

Philosophy of religion

Philosophy of mathematics

Philosophy of science

Philosophy of physics

Philosophy of biology

Philosophy of chemistry

Philosophy of psychology

Philosophy of economics

Ethics

Meta-ethics

Bioethics

Aesthetics

Social philosophy

Identity

Philosophy of education

Philosophy of history

Philosophy of law

Political philosophy

Continental philosophy

Phenomenology and existentialism

Hermeneutics and deconstruction

Structuralism and post-structuralism

Critical theory and Marxism

Eastern philosophy

See also

Notes

External links