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Encyclopédie
''Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers'' (English: ''Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts''), better known as ''Encyclopédie'', was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It had many writers, known as the Encyclopédistes. It was edited by Denis Diderot and, until 1759, co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert. The ''Encyclopédie'' is most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the ''Encyclopédies aim was "to change the way people think" and for people (bourgeoisie) to be able to inform themselves and to know things. He and the other contributors advocated for the secularization of learning away from the Jesuits. Diderot wanted to incorporate all of the world's knowledge into the ''Encyclopédie'' and hoped that the text could dissemina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot (; ; 5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the ''Encyclopédie'' along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominent figure during the Age of Enlightenment. Diderot initially studied philosophy at a Jesuit college, then considered working in the church clergy before briefly studying law. When he decided to become a writer in 1734, his father disowned him. He lived a bohemian existence for the next decade. In the 1740s he wrote many of his best-known works in both fiction and non-fiction, including the 1748 novel ''The Indiscreet Jewels''. In 1751, Diderot co-created the ''Encyclopédie'' with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. It was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors and the first to describe the mechanical arts. Its secular tone, which included articles skeptical about Biblical miracles, angered both religious and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Age Of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment or the Enlightenment; german: Aufklärung, "Enlightenment"; it, L'Illuminismo, "Enlightenment"; pl, Oświecenie, "Enlightenment"; pt, Iluminismo, "Enlightenment"; es, La Ilustración, "Enlightenment" was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries with global influences and effects. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses, and ideals such as liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, and constitutional government. The Enlightenment was preceded by the Scientific Revolution and the work of Francis Bacon, John Locke, and others. Some date the beginning of the Enlightenment to the publication of René Descartes' ''Discourse on the Method'' in 1637, featuring his famous dictum, ''Cogito, ergo sum'' ("I think, therefore I am"). Others cite the publication of Isaac Newto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Le Rond D'Alembert
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (; ; 16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. Until 1759 he was, together with Denis Diderot, a co-editor of the ''Encyclopédie''. D'Alembert's formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation is named after him. The wave equation is sometimes referred to as d'Alembert's equation, and the fundamental theorem of algebra is named after d'Alembert in French. Early years Born in Paris, d'Alembert was the natural son of the writer Claudine Guérin de Tencin and the chevalier Louis-Camus Destouches, an artillery officer. Destouches was abroad at the time of d'Alembert's birth. Days after birth his mother left him on the steps of the church. According to custom, he was named after the patron saint of the church. D'Alembert was placed in an orphanage for foundling children, but his father found him and placed him with the wife of a glazier, Madame Rousseau, with who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyclopédistes
The Encyclopédistes () (also known in British English as Encyclopaedists, or in U.S. English as Encyclopedists) were members of the , a French writers' society, who contributed to the development of the ''Encyclopédie'' from June 1751 to December 1765 under the editors Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. History The composition of the 17 volumes of text and 11 volumes of plates of the ''Encyclopédie'' was the work of over 150 authors belonging, in large part, to the intellectual group known as the philosophes. They promoted the advancement of science and secular thought and supported tolerance, rationality, and open-mindedness of the Enlightenment. More than a hundred encyclopédistes have been identified. They were not a unified group, neither in ideology nor social class.Frank A. Kafker, ''The Encyclopedists as a Group: A Collective Biography of the Authors of the Encyclopédie'' (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1996). Below some of the contributors are listed in alpha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Mills (encyclopedist)
John Mills (c. 1717 – c. 1794) was an English writer on agriculture, translator and editor. Mills and Gottfried Sellius are known for being the first to prepare a French edition of Ephraim Chambers's '' Cyclopaedia'' for publication in 1745,John Lough: ''The Encyclopédie''. Slatkine 1971/1989, , p. 9 () which eventually resulted in the ''Encyclopédie'' published in France between 1751 and 1772. As writer on agriculture, Mills is credited for publishing the earliest complete treatise on all branches of agriculture. John Donaldson.John Mills, F.R.S.. in: ''Agricultural Biography'', 1854, p. 51 His chief work, ''A New System of Practical Husbandry,'' in 5 volumes, appeared in 1767. It combines the results of the experience and observations of such writers as Evelyn, Duhamel, John Worlidge, and Jethro Tull, and was highly commended. Mills was a warm advocate of small farms. Biography John Mills was a person of considerable eminence in the 18th century, though little defin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia (American English) or encyclopædia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either general or special to a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are arranged alphabetically by article name or by thematic categories, or else are hyperlinked and searchable. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on '' factual information'' concerning the subject named in the article's title; this is unlike dictionary entries, which focus on linguistic information about words, such as their etymology, meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammatical forms.Béjoint, Henri (2000)''Modern Lexicography'', pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years and have evolved considerably during that time as regards language (written in a major international or a verna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
André Le Breton
André François le Breton (2 September 1708 – 5 October 1779) was a French publisher. He was one of the four publishers of the ''Encyclopédie'' of Denis Diderot, Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, d'Alembert, along with Michel-Antoine David, Laurent Durand, and Antoine-Claude Briasson. Le Breton contributed some articles to the ''Encyclopédie'' (see #External links, External links, below), but acted primarily as publisher and editor, often against Diderot's will. In 1745, le Breton set out to publish a translation of Ephraim Chambers' ''Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, Cyclopaedia'' of 1728. He initially chose Jean Paul de Gua de Malves as his editor, but he tired of the job after two years, and in 1747, the editorship went to Diderot. For a more detailed account, see ''Encyclopédie''. With the assistance of his foreman Louis-Claude Brullé, le Breton would occasionally Censorship, censor articles in order to make them less radical, frequentl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michel-Antoine David
Michel-Antoine David also David l'aîné (1707, ? – 17 March 1769, Paris) was an 18th-century French printer, publisher and Encyclopédiste during the Age of Enlightenment. He was one of the four printers of the ''Encyclopédie''. Biography David came from a family of Parisian printers; he was the son of Michel Etienne David. His grandfather was the printer Michel David and his uncle David Christophe (1682–1741). He trained from September 1727 until January 1732 by the Parisian printer Claude-Louis Thiboust. On 2 May 1732, he became a member of the guild of booksellers and printers of Paris and on 1 September 1733 he received his master's certificate. As a bookseller, he was active in the period from 1732 to 1769 and from 1751 additionally as a publisher. from 1732 to 1769 he lived and worked at various locations in Paris, such as in rue Saint-Jacques (ca. 1751), rue vis-à-vis la grille des Mathurins (ca.1762–1764), rue d'Enfer in the quartier Saint Michel (1765) and f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laurent Durand
Laurent Durand (1712, Paris – 1763) was an 18th-century French publisher active in the Age of Enlightenment. His shop was established rue Saint-Jacques under the sign ''Saint Landry & du griffon''. Durand was the son of a merchant born near Auxerre. From 1730, he worked for the Parisian bookseller and printer Jacques Chardon (1688-1766). On 31 January 1739, he married Elizabeth Carbonnier, a niece of a certain François Jouenne. He was one of the four publishers of the ''Encyclopédie'' of Diderot and d'Alembert, along with Michel-Antoine David, André le Breton, and Antoine-Claude Briasson. He also was Denis Diderot's main publisher as well as that of several clandestine books. Works published * 1739: ''Année ecclésiastique ou Instructions sur le propre du tems'', tome septième, à Paris, rue Saint-Jacques, chez Jacques Lambert et Laurent Durand, à la Sagesse et Saint Landry, 660 p. * 1741: M. l'abbé Lebeuf, ''L'état des sciences en France, depuis la mort du roy Robert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Bénard
Robert Bénard (1734 in Paris – 1777) was a French engraver. Specialized in the technique of engraving, Robert Bénard is mainly famous for having supplied a significant amount of plates (at least 1,800) to the ''Encyclopédie'' by Diderot & d'Alembert from 1751. Later, publisher Charles-Joseph Panckoucke Charles-Joseph Panckoucke (; 26 November 1736 – 19 December 1798) was a French writer and publisher. He was responsible for numerous influential publications of the era, including the literary journal ''Mercure de France'' and the ''Encyclopéd ... reused many of his productions to illustrate the works of his catalog. External links Robert Bénardon data.bnf.fr Robert Bénardat thNational Portrait Gallery * M. Pinault-Sørensen, F. A. Kafker, ''Notices sur les collaborateurs du recueil de planches de l'Encyclopédie'', ', 1995, n° 18-19, p204 {{DEFAULTSORT:Benard, Robert 18th-century French engravers Artists from Paris 1734 births 1777 deaths Contributors to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philipp Blom
Philipp Blom (born 1970) is a German historian, novelist, journalist and translator. Biography Blom was born in Hamburg, Germany, grew up in Detmold, and studied in Vienna and Oxford. He holds a DPhil in Modern History from Oxford University. After living and working in London, Paris and Vienna he now lives in Los Angeles with his wife Veronica Buckley. His historical works include ''To Have and To Hold'', a history of collectors and collecting, and ''Encyclopédie'' (US edition: ''Enlightening the World''), a history of the ''Encyclopaedia'' by Diderot and d'Alembert that sparked the Enlightenment in France. In ''The Vertigo Years'', Blom argues that the break with the past that is often associated with the trauma of World War I actually had its roots in the years before the war from 1900–1914. Blom followed this with ''Fracture: Life and Culture in the West, 1918–1938'', a cultural history of the interwar years. Blom has published two novels: ''The Simmons Papers'' and '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gottfried Sellius
Gottfried Sellius (real name Gottfried Sell)Blom, p. 36. (1704?–1767) was a German academic and translator. He is known for his work on ''Teredo navalis''. and to be one of the three original initiators of an encyclopedia project, which subsequently turned into the ''Encyclopédie''. Life He was born in Danzig. He studied at the University of Marburg and then at the University of Leiden, where he took a law degree. He then moved to Utrecht, and married. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1733. Sellius was appointed to chairs of law, at the University of Göttingen, and at the University of Halle. He taught experimental physics at Halle, but money troubles caused him to move away. A valuable library was auctioned off in 1737. In Paris Sellius took on translation work, in particular of the '' Cyclopaedia'' of Ephraim Chambers. This project came to a brusque end, when the prospective publisher André le Breton rejected the draft translation of Sellius and John Mills, lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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