This is a list of

encyclopedia An encyclopedia (American English) or encyclopædia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either general or special to a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles ...

s, arranged by time period. For other arrangements, see

Lists of encyclopedias For lists of encyclopedias, see: * List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge * List of encyclopedias by date * List of encyclopedias by language * List of online encyclopedias See also * Bibliography of encyclopedias * List of almanacs * List ...

Encyclopedias before 1700

* ''Nine Books of Disciplines'' by

Marcus Terentius Varro Marcus Terentius Varro (; 116–27 BC) was a Roman polymath and a prolific author. He is regarded as ancient Rome's greatest scholar, and was described by Petrarch as "the third great light of Rome" (after Vergil and Cicero). He is sometimes calle ...

(116 BC-27 BC) * ''

Naturalis Historia The ''Natural History'' ( la, Naturalis historia) is a work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. ...

'' by

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic '' ...

(AD 77-79); highly influential through the Middle Ages, the oldest encyclopedia for which there is an extant copy * ''

De verborum significatu ''De verborum significatione libri XX'' ('Twenty Books on the Meaning of Words'), also known as the ''Lexicon of Festus'', is an epitome compiled, edited, and annotated by Sextus Pompeius Festus from the encyclopedic works of Verrius Flaccus. Fe ...

'' by

Sextus Pompeius Festus Sextus Pompeius Festus, usually known simply as Festus, was a Roman grammarian who probably flourished in the later 2nd century AD, perhaps at Narbo (Narbonne) in Gaul. Work He made a 20-volume epitome of Verrius Flaccus's voluminous and encyclo ...

(2nd century AD) * ''Onomasticon'' by

Julius Pollux Julius Pollux ( el, Ἰούλιος Πολυδεύκης, ''Ioulios Polydeukes''; fl. 2nd century) was a Greek scholar and rhetorician from Naucratis, Ancient Egypt.Andrew Dalby, ''Food in the Ancient World: From A to Z'', p.265, Routledge, 2003 E ...

(2nd century AD) * ''The Emperor's Mirror'' (''

Huanglan The ''Huanglan'' or ''Imperial Mirror'' was one of the oldest Chinese encyclopedias or ''leishu'' "classified dictionary". Cao Pi, the first emperor of the Wei, ordered its compilation upon his accession to the throne in 220 and it was completed ...

''), Wei dynasty (220-265), Chinese * ''De compendiosa doctrina'', by

Nonius Marcellus Nonius Marcellus was a Roman grammarian of the 4th or 5th century AD. His only surviving work is the ''De compendiosa doctrina'', a dictionary or encyclopedia in 20 books that shows his interests in antiquarianism and Latin literature from Plautu ...

(probably AD 4th century)

5th century

Martianus Capella Martianus Minneus Felix Capella (fl. c. 410–420) was a jurist, polymath and Latin prose writer of late antiquity, one of the earliest developers of the system of the seven liberal arts that structured early medieval education. He was a nati ...

, ''De nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae'', introduced the division in seven liberal arts

6th century

*''Bṛhatsaṃhitā'' of

Varāhamihira Varāhamihira ( 505 – 587), also called Varāha or Mihira, was an ancient Indian astrologer, astronomer, and polymath who lived in Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh, India). He was born at Kapitba in a Brahmin family, in the Avanti region, roughly co ...

(c. 505 – c. 587) *

Cassiodorus Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c. 485 – c. 585), commonly known as Cassiodorus (), was a Roman statesman, renowned scholar of antiquity, and writer serving in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. ''Senator'' w ...

' ''Institutiones'' (full title: ''Institutiones Divinarum et Saecularium Litterarum''), AD 560; first Christian encyclopedia

7th century

*''

Yiwen Leiju The ''Yiwen Leiju'' is a Chinese ''leishu'' encyclopedia completed by Ouyang Xun in 624 under the Tang dynasty, Tang. Its other contributors included Linghu Defen and Chen Shuda. It is divided into 47 sections and many subsections. It covers a ...

'' (622),

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...

, Chinese *St.

Isidore of Seville Isidore of Seville ( la, Isidorus Hispalensis; c. 560 – 4 April 636) was a Spanish scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville. He is widely regarded, in the words of 19th-century historian Montalembert, as "the last scholar of ...

's ''

Etymologiae ''Etymologiae'' (Latin for "The Etymologies"), also known as the ''Origines'' ("Origins") and usually abbreviated ''Orig.'', is an etymological encyclopedia compiled by Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636) towards the end of his life. Isidore was ...

'', AD 636; Christian encyclopedia, most influential encyclopedia of the early Middle Ages *''

Fa yüan chu lin ''Fayuan Zhulin'' (; "Forest of Gems in the Garden of the Dharma"), in 100 ''juan'' (卷 "volume", "fascicle"), is a Buddhist encyclopedia compiled AD 668 by Daoshi (道世). It comprises Buddhist and other ancient texts otherwise lost, and is ...

'', AD 668, a Buddhist encyclopedia of 100 volumes, compiled by Tao-shih

8th century

* Venerable Beda, '' De natura rerum''

9th century

*''

Adab al-katib Adab may refer to: ; Places * Adab (city), a city of ancient Sumer * `Adab, a village in Yemen ; Literary and cultural use * Adab (gesture), a greeting gesture traditionally used by Muslims of South Asia * Adab (Islam), the category of Islamic la ...

'' ''(The book of knowledge)'' by

Ibn Qutayba Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī better known simply as Ibn Qutaybah ( ar-at, ابن قتيبة, Ibn Qutaybah; c. 828 – 13 November 889 CE / 213 – 15 Rajab 276 AH) was an Islamic scholar of Persian ...

(828–889); the earliest Arabic work that could be called an encyclopedia *'' Bibliotheca'' by Patriarch

Photius Photios I ( el, Φώτιος, ''Phōtios''; c. 810/820 – 6 February 893), also spelled PhotiusFr. Justin Taylor, essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in Jordan Hite, T.O.R., & Daniel J. Ward, O.S.B., "Readings, Cases, Materia ...

(9th century), the earliest Byzantine work that could be called an encyclopedia *

Hrabanus Maurus Rabanus Maurus Magnentius ( 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of t ...

, 842. ''

De rerum naturis Rabanus Maurus Magnentius ( 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of t ...

(On the nature of things)'', derived from Isidore's text *''

De Administrando Imperio ''De Administrando Imperio'' ("On the Governance of the Empire") is the Latin title of a Greek-language work written by the 10th-century Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VII. The Greek title of the work is ("To yown son Romanos"). It is a domes ...

'', a domestic and foreign policy manual by emperor

Constantine VII Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (; 17 May 905 – 9 November 959) was the fourth Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959. He was the son of Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Kar ...

10th century

*''

Suda The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' (; grc-x-medieval, Σοῦδα, Soûda; la, Suidae Lexicon) is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas (Σούδας) or Souidas ...

'' (10th century) *''

Four Great Books of Song The ''Four Great Books of Song'' () was compiled by a team of scholars during the Song dynasty (960–1279). The term was coined after the last book ('' Cefu Yuangui'') was finished during the 11th century. The four encyclopedias were published an ...

'' (Song Sida Shu) (10th to 11th century),

Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...

, Chinese *''

Wamyō Ruijushō The is a 938 CE Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters. The Heian period scholar Minamoto no Shitagō (源順, 911–983 CE) began compilation in 934, at the request of Emperor Daigo's daughter. This ''Wamyō ruijushō'' title is abbreviate ...

11th century

Archive-ugent-be-018970A2-B1E8-11DF-A2E0-A70579F64438 DS-337 (cropped)

* ''De omnifaria doctrina'', by

Michael Psellos Michael Psellos or Psellus ( grc-gre, Μιχαὴλ Ψελλός, Michaḗl Psellós, ) was a Byzantine Greek monk, savant, writer, philosopher, imperial courtier, historian and music theorist. He was born in 1017 or 1018, and is believed to hav ...

* ''Speculum universale'', by

Radulfus Ardens Radulfus Ardens (Raoul Ardens) (died c. 1200) was a French theologian and early scholastic philosopher of the 12th century. He was born in Beaulieu, Poitou. He is known for his ''Summa de vitiis et virtutibus'' or ''Speculum universale'' (universa ...

12th century

* ''De diversis artibus'', compiled 1100-1120 by

Theophilus Presbyter Theophilus Presbyter ( fl. c. 1070–1125) is the pseudonymous author or compiler of a Latin text containing detailed descriptions of various medieval arts, a text commonly known as the ''Schedula diversarum artium'' ("List of various arts") or ''D ...

* ''

Manasollasa The ' also known as ''Abhilashitartha Chintamani'', is an early 12th-century Sanskrit text composed by the Kalyani Chalukya king Someshvara III, who ruled in present-day Karnataka . It is an encyclopedic work covering topics such as polity, gove ...

'' composed by king

Someshvara III Someshvara III (; ) was a Western Chalukya king (also known as the Kalyani Chalukyas), the son and successor of Vikramaditya VI. He ascended the throne of the Western Chalukya Kingdom in 1126 CE, or 1127 CE. Someshvara III, the third king in t ...

of the Western Chalukya Empire of India. *'' Liber Floridus'', compiled in 1120 by Lambert of St. Omer *''

Imago mundi ''Imago Mundi'', or in full ''Imago Mundi: International Journal for the History of Cartography'', is a semiannual peer-reviewed academic journal about mapping, established in 1935 by Leo Bagrow. It covers the history of early maps, cartography, ...

'', treaty of

cosmography The term cosmography has two distinct meanings: traditionally it has been the protoscience of mapping the general features of the cosmos, heaven and Earth; more recently, it has been used to describe the ongoing effort to determine the large-sca ...

and history by

Honorius Augustodunensis Honorius Augustodunensis (c. 1080 – c. 1140), commonly known as Honorius of Autun, was a very popular 12th-century Christian theologian who wrote prolifically on many subjects. He wrote in a non-scholastic manner, with a lively style, and his wor ...

, about 1110 *'' De philosophia mundi'', written about 1125–35 by

William of Conches William of Conches (c. 1090/1091 – c. 1155/1170s) was a French scholastic philosopher who sought to expand the bounds of Christian humanism by studying secular works of the classics and fostering empirical science. He was a prominent membe ...

*'' Didascalicon'', by

Hugues de Saint-Victor Hugh of Saint Victor ( 1096 – 11 February 1141), was a Saxon canon regular and a leading theologian and writer on mystical theology. Life As with many medieval figures, little is known about Hugh's early life. He was probably born in the 1090s ...

(1096-1141), proposal of a new classification of sciences and a new method of lecture of the Bible *''

Hortus deliciarum __NOTOC__ The ''Hortus deliciarum'' (Latin for ''Garden of Delights'') was a medieval manuscript compiled by Herrad of Landsberg at the Hohenburg Abbey in Alsace, better known today as Mont Sainte-Odile. Description The ''Hortus deliciarum'' ...

'', written by Herrade of Landsberg, the first woman to write an encyclopedia, between 1159 and 1175

13th century

* ''

Otia Imperialia ''Otia Imperialia'' ("Recreation for an Emperor") is an early 13th-century encyclopedic work, the best known work of Gervase of Tilbury. It is an example of speculum literature. Also known as the "Book of Marvels", it primarily concerns the three ...

'' by

Gervase of Tilbury Gervase of Tilbury ( la, Gervasius Tilberiensis; 1150–1220) was an English canon lawyer, statesman and cleric. He enjoyed the favour of Henry II of England and later of Henry's grandson, Emperor Otto IV, for whom he wrote his best known work, ...

, 1214 * Guillaume d'Auvergne, ''De universo creaturarum'', 1231. *

Gautier de Metz Gautier de Metz (also ''Gauthier'', ''Gossuin,'' or ''Gossouin'') was a French catholic priest and poet. He is primarily known for writing the encyclopedic poem ''L'Image du Monde''. Evidence from the earliest editions of this work suggests his a ...

''L’Image du monde'', 1246, in Lorrain dialect, based on Honorius Augustodunensis *

Bartholomeus Anglicus Bartholomaeus Anglicus (before 1203–1272), also known as Bartholomew the Englishman and Berthelet, was an early 13th-century Scholastic of Paris, a member of the Franciscan order. He was the author of the compendium ''De proprietatibus rerum' ...

, '' De proprietatibus rerum'', 1240; the most widely read and quoted encyclopedia in the late-medieval period. *

Thomas of Cantimpré Thomas of Cantimpré (Latin: Thomas Cantimpratensis or Thomas Cantipratensis) ( Sint-Pieters-Leeuw, 1201 – Louvain, 15 May 1272) was a Flemish Catholic medieval writer, preacher, theologian and a friar belonging to the Dominican Order. He is be ...

, ''Liber de natura rerum'', 1256. *

Vincent of Beauvais Vincent of Beauvais ( la, Vincentius Bellovacensis or ''Vincentius Burgundus''; c. 1264) was a Dominican friar at the Cistercian monastery of Royaumont Abbey, France. He is known mostly for his ''Speculum Maius'' (''Great mirror''), a major work ...

, '' Speculum Majus'', 1260, the most ambitious encyclopedia in the late-medieval period, with over 3 million words *

Brunetto Latini Brunetto Latini (who signed his name ''Burnectus Latinus'' in Latin and ''Burnecto Latino'' in Italian; –1294) was an Italian philosopher, scholar, notary, politician and statesman. Life Brunetto Latini was born in Florence in 1220 to a Tuscan ...

, '' Li Livres dou Trésor'', in French

14th century

Al-Nuwayri Al-Nuwayrī, full name Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad bin ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Nuwayrī ( ar, شهاب الدين أحمد بن عبد الوهاب النويري, born April 5, 1279 in Akhmim, present-day Egypt – died June 5, 1333 in Cairo) was an Eg ...

, ''The Ultimate Ambition in the Arts of Erudition'' (1314–33) *

Ranulf Higden Ranulf Higden or Higdon ( – 12 March 1364) was an English chronicler and a Benedictine monk who wrote the ''Polychronicon'', a Late Medieval magnum opus. Higden, who resided at the monastery of St. Werburgh in Chester, is believed to h ...

, ''Polychronicon'' (c.1344) * Conrad of Megenberg, ''Buch der Natur'' (c.1349) *James le Palmer, '' Omne Bonum'' *Moses ben Judah (or Moses Nagari), ''Love in Delights'' (''Ahavah ba-Ta'anugim'', 1353–56)

15th century

Ming Dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...

Chinese, ''

Yongle Encyclopedia The ''Yongle Encyclopedia'' () or ''Yongle Dadian'' () is a largely-lost Chinese ''leishu'' encyclopedia commissioned by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1403 and completed by 1408. It comprised 22,937 manuscript rolls or chapters, in 1 ...

'', 1403–08 *

Domenico Bandini of Arezzo Domenico is an Italian language, Italian given name for males and may refer to: People * Domenico Alfani, Italian painter * Domenico Allegri, Italian composer * Domenico Alvaro, Italian mobster * Domenico Ambrogi, Italian painter * Domenico Auri ...

, ''

Fons memorabilium universi ''Fons memorabilium universi'' ("Source of notable information about the universe") is an early encyclopedia, written in Latin by the Italian humanist Domenico Bandini of Arezzo (also given as Domenico di Bandino or Dominicus Bandinus, c. 1335 � ...

'', early 15th century *

Werner Rolevinck Werner Rolevinck (1425–1502) was a Carthusian monk and historian who wrote about 50 titles. He was born near Laer, Westphalia, the son of a wealthy farmer. In 1447 he entered Cologne Charterhouse, where he later died. His most famous work was his ...

, ''Fasciculus temporum'', 1474 * Alfonso de la Torre, ''Visio delectable'', c.1484 * Jacob Meydenbach, '' Hortus Sanitatis'', 1491

16th century

Giorgio Valla Giorgio Valla (Latin: ''Georgius Valla''; Piacenza 1447–Venice 1500) was an Italian academic, mathematician, philologist and translator. Life He was born in Piacenza in 1447. He was the son of Andrea Valla and Cornelia Corvini. At the age of f ...

, ''

De expetendis et fugiendis rebus ''De expetendis et fugiendis rebus'' (On seeking and avoiding things) is an encyclopædia which was compiled by Giorgio Valla in 49 books. Valla died in 1500 and the work was then published by his adopted son, Giovanni Pietro in 1501. It wa ...

'', 1501 *

Domenico Nani Mirabelli Domenico is an Italian given name for males and may refer to: People * Domenico Alfani, Italian painter * Domenico Allegri, Italian composer * Domenico Alvaro, Italian mobster * Domenico Ambrogi, Italian painter * Domenico Auria, Italian archi ...

, ''Polyanthea nova'', 1503 *

Gregor Reisch Gregor Reisch (c. 1467 - 9 May 1525) was a German Carthusian monk and humanist scholar. He is best known for his compilation ''Margarita Philosophica'', one of the earliest printed encyclopedias of general knowledge. Life Reisch was born at Balin ...

, ''Margarita philosophica'', 1503 *

Johannes Aventinus Johann Georg Turmair (or Thurmayr) (4 July 1477 – 9 January 1534), known by the pen name Johannes Aventinus (Latin for "John of Abensberg") or Aventin, was a Bavarian Renaissance humanist historian and philologist. He authored the 152 ...

, ''Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum, hoc est omnium artium, scientiarum, ipsius philosophiae index ac divisio'', 1517 *

Juan Luis Vives Juan Luis Vives March ( la, Joannes Lodovicus Vives, lit=Juan Luis Vives; ca, Joan Lluís Vives i March; nl, Jan Ludovicus Vives; 6 March 6 May 1540) was a Spanish (Valencian) scholar and Renaissance humanist who ...

, ''De disciplinis libri XX'', 1531 * Joachim Sterck van Ringelbergh, ''Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kyklopaideia'' (Basel), 1541 *

Conrad Gessner Conrad Gessner (; la, Conradus Gesnerus 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) was a Swiss physician, naturalist, bibliographer, and philologist. Born into a poor family in Zürich, Switzerland, his father and teachers quickly realised his tale ...

, ''

Historia animalium (Gessner book) ''Historia animalium'' ("History of the Animals"), published at Zurich in 1551–1558 and 1587, is an encyclopedic "inventory of renaissance zoology" by Conrad Gessner (1516–1565). Gessner was a medical doctor and professor at the Carolinum i ...

'', 1551–58, 1587 *

Charles Estienne Charles Estienne (; 1504–1564), known as Carolus Stephanus in Latin and Charles Stephens in English, was an early exponent of the science of anatomy in France. Charles was a younger brother of Robert Estienne I, the famous printer, and son to ...

, ''Dictionarium historicum, geographicum et poeticum'', 1553 *

Theodor Zwinger Theodor Zwinger the Elder (2 August 1533 – 10 March 1588) was a Swiss physician and Renaissance humanist scholar. He made significant contributions to the emerging genres of reference and travel literature. He was the first distinguished repre ...

(1533–1588), '' Theatrum Humanae Vitae'', 1565 * Pal Skalic, philosopher born in

Zagreb Zagreb ( , , , ) is the capital (political), capital and List of cities and towns in Croatia#List of cities and towns, largest city of Croatia. It is in the Northern Croatia, northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slop ...

, first to use the term ''encyclopedia'' in the current sense.'' Encyclopediae seu orbis disciplinarum tam sacrarum quam profanarum epistemon'', 1559 (Basel, Switzerland), 1571 (Köln, Germany) *

Bernardino de Sahagún Bernardino de Sahagún, OFM (; – 5 February 1590) was a Franciscan friar, missionary priest and pioneering ethnographer who participated in the Catholic evangelization of colonial New Spain (now Mexico). Born in Sahagún, Spain, in 1499, he ...

: '' La Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España'', 1545-1590 *

Antonio Possevino Antonio Possevino (Antonius Possevinus) (10 July 1533 – 26 February 1611) was a Jesuit protagonist of Counter Reformation as a papal diplomat and a Jesuit controversialist, encyclopedist and bibliographer. He was the first Jesuit to visit Mu ...

, ''

Bibliotheca selecta ''Bibliotheca selecta'' (full title ''Bibliotheca selecta de ratione studiorum in Historia, In Disciplinis, in salute omnium procuranda'') is a bibliographical encyclopedia by the Jesuit Antonio Possevino, printed in two folio volumes at the Typo ...

'', 1593 *''

Bencao Gangmu The ''Bencao gangmu'', known in English as the ''Compendium of Materia Medica'' or ''Great Pharmacopoeia'', is an encyclopedic gathering of medicine, natural history, and Chinese herbology compiled and edited by Li Shizhen and published in the ...

'' (''Compendium of Materia Medica'') (1596),

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...

, Chinese

17th century

Chinese

*''

Sancai Tuhui ''Sancai Tuhui'' (, ), compiled by Wang Qi () and his son Wang Siyi (), is a Chinese ''leishu'' encyclopedia, completed in 1607 and published in 1609 during the late Ming dynasty, featuring illustrations of subjects in the three worlds of heaven ...

'', compiled by Wang Qi and Wang Siyi (1609) *

Song Yingxing Song Yingxing (Traditional Chinese: 宋應星; Simplified Chinese: 宋应星; Wade Giles: Sung Ying-Hsing; 1587-1666 AD) was a Chinese scientist and encyclopedist who lived during the late Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). He was the author of ''Tian ...

, ''Tiangong Kaiwu'' (''The Exploitation of the Works of Nature''), 1637

Croatian

Ivan Belostenec Ivan Belostenec (c. 1594 – 2 February 1675) was a Croatian linguist, lexicographer and poet. Life In 1616 he joined the Paulists. He studied philosophy in Vienna and theology in Rome. Belostenec was a prior of Pauline monasteries in Lepoglava ...

, ''Gazophylacium, seu Latino-illyiricorum onomatum aerarium'', c. 1674 (completed in manuscript), published in 1740

English

*Sir

Thomas Browne Sir Thomas Browne (; 19 October 160519 October 1682) was an English polymath and author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including science and medicine, religion and the esoteric. His writings display a deep curi ...

: ''

Pseudodoxia Epidemica ''Pseudodoxia Epidemica or Enquiries into very many received tenents and commonly presumed truths'', also known simply as ''Pseudodoxia Epidemica'' or ''Vulgar Errors'', is a work by Thomas Browne challenging and refuting the "vulgar" or common ...

'' 1646-1672 *

John Dunton John Dunton (4 May 1659 – 1733) was an English bookseller and author. In 1691 he founded The Athenian Society to publish '' The Athenian Mercury'', the first major popular periodical and first miscellaneous periodical in England. In 1693, for ...

: ''The ladies dictionary...'', 1694

French

*'' Dictionnaire théologique, historique, poétique, cosmographique et chronologique'' (1643) by Daniel de Juigné-Broissinière an adaptation of

'
Dictionarium historicum, geographicum et poeticum
(1553) *'' Le portrait de la sagesse universelle, avec l'idée générale des sçiances et leur plan représenté en cent tables'' by Léon de Saint-Jean (1655) an extract in French of the authors Latin '' Enciclopaediae praemessum'' (1635) *
L'Encyclopédie des beaux esprits, contenant les moyens de parvenir à la connoissance des belles sciences
' by Saunier (1657) *'' La science universelle'' by

Jean Magnon Jean Magnon (died 1662) was a French playwright. Selected works *''Le Gran Tamerlan et Bejezet'' (1648), on Tamerlane and Bayezid I *''Tite'' (1660), tragi-comedy on the life of Titus and his affair with Berenice *''Zénobie, Reyne de Palmire'' ( ...

(1663) *

Louis Moréri Louis Moréri (25 March 1643 – 10 July 1680) was a French priest and encyclopedist. Life Moréri was born in 1643 in Bargemon, a village in the ancient province of Provence. His great-grandfather, Joseph Chatranet, a native of Dijon, had set ...

Le Grand Dictionnaire historique was an encyclopedia originally compiled by the Catholic priest and theologian Louis Moréri (1643–1680). By later standards, it was highly specialized, for nearly all of its entries were on geographical and historical subjects, but it marked ...

'' (''The Great Historical Dictionary''), 1671 *

Antoine Furetière Antoine Furetière (28 December 161914 May 1688) was a French scholar, writer, and lexicographer, known best for his satirical novel ''Scarron's City Romance''. He was expelled from the Académie Française for seeking to publish his own French ...

, ''Dictionnaire universel contenant généralement tous les mots françois, tant vieux que modernes, et les termes de toutes les sciences et des arts'' 1690. *

Pierre Bayle Pierre Bayle (; 18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher, author, and lexicographer. A Huguenot, Bayle fled to the Dutch Republic in 1681 because of religious persecution in France. He is best known for his '' Historica ...

: '' Dictionnaire Historique et Critique'' (''Historical and Critical Dictionary''), 1695

Latin

* Antonio Zara: ''Anatomia ingeniorum et scientiarum'', 1615 *

Johann Heinrich Alsted Johann Heinrich Alsted (March 1588 – November 9, 1638), "the true parent of all the Encyclopædias", s:Budget of Paradoxes/O. was a German-born Transylvanian Saxon Calvinist minister and academic, known for his varied interests: in Ramism and ...

: '' Encyclopaedia septem tomi distincta'' 1630 *

Laurentius Beyerlinck Lawrence Beyerlinck (April 1578, Antwerp – 22 June 1627, Antwerp) was a Belgian theologian and ecclesiastical writer and encyclopedist. Life The son of a pharmacist, he prepared at Leuven for the same profession but, deciding to enter the pries ...

, ''Magnum Theatrum Vitae Humanae'', 1631 * Peter Lauremberg, ''Pansophia'', 1633 *

Athanasius Kircher Athanasius Kircher (2 May 1602 – 27 November 1680) was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath A polymath ( el, πολυμαθής, , "having learned much"; la, homo universalis, "universal human") is an individual whose knowledge spans ...

, ''Ars magna sciendi'', 1669 * Michael Pexenfelder, ''Apparatus eruditionis tam rerum quam verborum per omnes artes et scientias,'' 1670 *

Johann Jacob Hofmann The ''Lexicon Universale'' of 1698 is an early modern Humanism, humanist encyclopedia in Latin by Johann Jacob Hofmann of Basel (1635-1706). It appeared in four volumes with 1,000 pages each. :''Lexicon Universale, Historiam Sacram Et Profanam ...

, ''Lexicon universale, historico-geographico-chronologico-poetico-phîlologicum‘'', Basel, 1677 *

Johann Christoph Wagenseil Johann Christoph Wagenseil (26 November 1633 - 9 October 1705) was a German historian, Orientalist, jurist and Christian Hebraist. Life and career Wagenseil was born in Nuremberg on 26 November 1633. As a youth he was educated at Stockholm, Gre ...

: ''Pera librorum iuvenilium'', 1695

Hungarian

János Apáczai Csere János Apáczai Csere (10 June 1625 – 31 December 1659) was a Transylvanian Hungarian polyglot, pedagogist, philosopher and theologian, famous for his work ''The Hungarian Encyclopedia'', the first textbook to be written in Hungarian.. The ...

: ''Magyar encyclopaedia'', c. 1655

Encyclopedias published 1700–1800

American encyclopedias

*''

Dobson's Encyclopædia ''Dobson's Encyclopædia'' was the first encyclopedia issued in the newly independent United States, United States of America, published by Thomas Dobson (printer), Thomas Dobson from 1789–1798. ''Encyclopædia'' was the full title of the wor ...

'' (1789–1798; largely a reprint of the ''Britannica's'' 3rd edition)

British encyclopedias

*''

The great historical, geographical, genealogical and poetical dictionary Jeremy Collier (; 23 September 1650 – 26 April 1726) was an English theatre critic, non-juror bishop and theologian. Life Born Jeremiah Collier, in Stow cum Quy, Cambridgeshire, Collier was educated at Caius College, University of Cambridg ...

'' by

Jeremy Collier Jeremy Collier (; 23 September 1650 – 26 April 1726) was an English theatre critic, non-juror bishop and theologian. Life Born Jeremiah Collier, in Stow cum Quy, Cambridgeshire, Collier was educated at Caius College, University of Cambrid ...

(1701) *'' An Universal, Historical, Geographical, Chronological and Poetical Dictionary'' (1703) *''

Lexicon Technicum ''Lexicon Technicum: or, Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves'' was in many respects the first alphabetical encyclopedia written in English. Although the emphasis of t ...

'' (1704) *Chambers's '' Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (1728) *'' An Universal History of Arts and Sciences'' by Dennis de Coetlogon (1745) *''

Encyclopædia Britannica The (Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various time ...

'' (1768, editions 2 and 3 by 1797) *''Chemical Dictionary'' by William Nicholson (1795) *''

Encyclopædia Perthensis The ''Encyclopædia Perthensis'' was a publishing project around the Morison Press in Perth, Scotland undertaken in the 1790s, with the involvement of James Morison. Morison went into partnership with Colin Mitchel and Co. Editions The ''Enc ...

'' (1796–1806, ed 2 by 1816)

Chinese encyclopedias

*''

Gujin Tushu Jicheng The ''Gujin Tushu Jicheng'' (), also known as the ''Imperial Encyclopaedia'', is a vast encyclopedic work written in China during the reigns of the Qing dynasty emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng. It was begun in 1700 and completed in 1725. The wor ...

'' (1725–26),

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...

*'' Siku Quanshu'' (1782), Qing dynasty

French encyclopedias

*'' Dictionnaire de Trévoux'' (1704–1771) *''

Encyclopédie ''Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers'' (English: ''Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts''), better known as ''Encyclopédie'', was a general encyclopedia publis ...

'', by

Diderot Denis Diderot (; ; 5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the ''Encyclopédie'' along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominen ...

and

D'Alembert Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (; ; 16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. Until 1759 he was, together with Denis Diderot, a co-editor of the ''Encyclopédie ...

(1751–1772) *''

Descriptions des Arts et Métiers ''Descriptions des Arts et Métiers, faites ou approuvées par messieurs de l'Académie Royale des Sciences'' (French language, French for "Descriptions of the Arts and Trades, made under the direction of the gentlemen of the Royal Academy of Sc ...

'' (1761–1788) *'' Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire universel raisonné des connaissances humaines'', Yverdon, (1770–1780) *''

Encyclopédie Méthodique The ''Encyclopédie méthodique par ordre des matières'' ("Methodical Encyclopedia by Order of Subject Matter") was published between 1782 and 1832 by the French publisher Charles Joseph Panckoucke, his son-in-law Henri Agasse, and the latter's ...

'' by

Charles-Joseph Panckoucke Charles-Joseph Panckoucke (; 26 November 1736 – 19 December 1798) was a French writer and publisher. He was responsible for numerous influential publications of the era, including the literary journal ''Mercure de France'' and the ''Encyclopéd ...

(1782–1832)

German encyclopedias

*''Reales Staats- und Zeitungs-Lexicon'' by Philipp Balthasar Sinold von Schütz (1704) *''Curieuses Natur- Kunst- Gewerk- und Handlungs-Lexicon'' by Paul Jacob Marperger (1712) *'' Allgemeines Lexikon Der Künste und Wissenschaften'' by

Johann Theodor Jablonski Johann Theodor Jablonski (15 December 1654, Danzig (Gdańsk), Royal Prussia, Poland – 28 April 1731, Berlin) was a German educator and lexicographer of Czech origin, who also wrote under the pen name Pierre Rondeau. Life Johann Theodor Jab ...

(1721) *''Musicalisches Lexicon'' by

Johann Gottfried Walther Johann Gottfried Walther (18 September 1684 – 23 March 1748) was a German music theorist, organist, composer, and lexicographer of the Baroque era. Walther was born at Erfurt. Not only was his life almost exactly contemporaneous to that ...

(1732) *''Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon'' by

Christian Gottlieb Jöcher Christian Gottlieb Jöcher (20 July 1694 – 10 May 1758) was a German academic, librarian and lexicographer. Jöcher was born in Leipzig, and became professor of history at the University of Leipzig Leipzig University (german: Universität ...

(1733–1751) *''

Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon The ''Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenschafften und Künste'' ( en, Great Complete Encyclopedia of All Sciences and Arts, , italic=yes) is a 68-volume German encyclopedia published by Johann Heinrich Zedler between 1731 and 1 ...

'' by

Johann Heinrich Zedler Johann Heinrich Zedler (7 January 1706 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) – 21 March 1751 in Leipzig) was a bookseller and publisher. His most important achievement was the creation of a German encyclopedia, the '' Grosses Universal-Lexicon (Gre ...

(1751–1754) *''

Oekonomische Encyklopädie The ''Oekonomische Encyklopädie'' was a German language encyclopedia started by Johann Georg Krünitz. It appeared in 242 volumes between 1773 and 1858. Each volume has about 600-800 pages, giving a total of about 170,000 pages. It was orig ...

'' by

Johann Georg Krünitz Johann Georg Krünitz (20 March 1728 – 20 December 1796) was a German encyclopedist who started the 242-volume Oekonomische Encyklopädie and during his lifetime managed to complete its first 72 volumes. Life Krünitz was born in Berlin as th ...

(1773–1858) *'' Deutschen Encyclopädie'' (1788) *''Historisch-biographisches Lexikon der Tonküstler'' by

Ernst Ludwig Gerber Ernst Ludwig Gerber (29 September 1746 in Sondershausen, Germany – 30 June 1819 in Sondershausen) was a German composer, organist, cellist, and author of a famous dictionary of musicians. His father, Heinrich Nikolaus Gerber (1702–1775), ...

(1790–1792) *''

Conversations-Lexikon mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf die gegenwärtigen Zeiten The ''Conversations-Lexikon mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf die gegenwärtigen Zeiten'' ( en, Encyclopaedia with Special Regard to the Present Times), was a German language encyclopedia published in Leipzig, Germany between 1796 and 1808. The en ...

'' (1796–1808; see Brockhaus)

Italian encyclopedias

Vincenzo Coronelli Vincenzo Maria Coronelli (August 16, 1650 – December 9, 1718) was an Italian Franciscan friar, cosmographer, cartographer, publisher, and encyclopedist known in particular for his atlases and globes. He spent most of his life in Venice. Biogr ...

'' Biblioteca Universale Sacro-Profana'' (1701–1707) * Gianfrancesco Pivati ''Nuovo dizionario scientifico e curioso, sacroprofano'' (1746–1751) *

Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro Lorenzo may refer to: People * Lorenzo (name) Places Peru * San Lorenzo Island (Peru), sometimes referred to as the island of Lorenzo United States * Lorenzo, Illinois * Lorenzo, Texas * San Lorenzo, California, formerly Lorenzo * Lorenzo State ...

''Idea dell'Universo'' (1778–1792)

Japanese encyclopedias

*''

Wakan Sansai Zue The is an illustrated Japanese ''leishu'' encyclopedia published in 1712 in the Edo period. It consists of 105 volumes in 81 books. Its compiler was Terashima or Terajima (), a doctor from Osaka. It describes and illustrates various activitie ...

'' (1712)

Polish encyclopedias

*''

Nowe Ateny ''Nowe Ateny'' ''(New Athens)'' is the abbreviated title of the first Polish-language encyclopedia, authored by the 18th-century Polish priest Benedykt Joachim Chmielowski. The first edition was published in 1745–1746 in Lwów (Lviv); the ...

'' (1745) *'' Zbiór potrzebniejszych wiadomości'' (1781)

Encyclopedias published 1800–1900

American encyclopedias

*'' Minor Encyclopedia'' (1803), edited by Thaddeus M. Harris, copies much of '' Kendal's Pocket Encyclopedia'' *'' Domestic Encyclopedia'' (1803–1804), first American edition, expanded to 5 volumes (4 in the British); second American edition 1821 *'' Low's Encyclopaedia'' (1805–1811), the first true American encyclopedia *'' Encyclopaedia Americana'' (1829–1833), 13 volumes, editor

Francis Lieber Francis Lieber (March 18, 1798 or 1800 – October 2, 1872), known as Franz Lieber in Germany, was a German-American jurist, gymnast and political philosopher. He edited an ''Encyclopaedia Americana''. He was the author of the Lieber Code during ...

. *''

New American Cyclopaedia New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...

'' (1857–1863), 16 volumes, editors

George Ripley George Ripley may refer to: *George Ripley (alchemist) (died 1490), English author and alchemist *George Ripley (transcendentalist) George Ripley (October 3, 1802 – July 4, 1880) was an American social reformer, Unitarian minister, and journa ...

and Charles A. Dana *''

American Cyclopaedia American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

'' (1873–1876), the retitled ''

'' *''

Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia The 12-volume ''Universal Cyclopaedia'' was edited by Charles Kendall Adams, and was published by D. Appleton & Company in 1900. The name was changed to ''Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas'' in 1902, with editor . History This was the culmination ...

'' (1876–1878), 4 volumes; editors

Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard (May 5, 1809 – April 27, 1889) was an American academic and educator who served as the 10th President of Columbia University. Born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, he graduated from Yale University in 1828 and ser ...

and

Arnold Henry Guyot Arnold Henry Guyot ( ) (September 28, 1807February 8, 1884) was a Swiss-American geologist and geographer. Early life Guyot was born on September 28, 1807, at Boudevilliers, near Neuchâtel, Switzerland. He was educated at Chaux-de-Fonds, th ...

*''

Cyclopedia of Universal History The ''Cyclopedia of Universal History'' was an encyclopedia of then known world history (universal history) authored by John Clark Ridpath John Clark Ridpath (April 26, 1840 – July 31, 1900) was an American educator, historian, and editor. ...

'' (1880–1884), world history *''

The Complete Compendium of Universal Knowledge ''The Complete Compendium of Universal Knowledge, Containing All You Want to Know of Language, History, Government, Business and Social Forms, and a Thousand and One Other Useful Subjects'' is an 1891 encyclopedia by William Ralston Balch. As its ...

'' (1891) *'' Ridpath's Universal History'' (1895), world history *''

Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia The 12-volume ''Universal Cyclopaedia'' was edited by Charles Kendall Adams, and was published by D. Appleton & Company in 1900. The name was changed to ''Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas'' in 1902, with editor . History This was the culmination ...

'' (1893–1897), the retitled ''

'', edited by

Charles Kendall Adams Charles Kendall Adams (January 24, 1835 – July 26, 1902) was an American educator and historian. He served as the second president of Cornell University from 1885 until 1892, and as president of the University of Wisconsin from 1892 until 1901. ...

. *Alden's ''

Library of Universal Knowledge A library is a collection of Document, materials, books or media that are accessible for use and not just for display purposes. A library provides physical (hard copies) or electronic media, digital access (soft copies) materials, and may be a ...

'' (1879), a reprint of ''

Chambers's Encyclopaedia ''Chambers's Encyclopaedia'' was founded in 1859Chambers, W. & R"Concluding Notice"in ''Chambers's Encyclopaedia''. London: W. & R. Chambers, 1868, Vol. 10, pp. v–viii. by William and Robert Chambers of Edinburgh and became one of the most ...

'' with American additions *'' International Cyclopaedia'' (1884), initially largely a reprint of Alden's ''

'', but later editions were improved by editors

Harry Thurston Peck Harry Thurston Peck (November 24, 1856 – March 23, 1914) was an American classical scholar, author, editor, historian and critic. Biography Peck was born in Stamford, Connecticut. He was educated in private schools and at Columbia College, gr ...

Selim Peabody Selim Hobart Peabody (August 20, 1829 – May 26, 1903) was an American educator. Biography Selim Peabody was born in Rockingham, Vermont. He graduated at the University of Vermont in 1852, during the following years held professorships of m ...

, Frank Moore Colby, and

Daniel Coit Gilman Daniel Coit Gilman (; July 6, 1831 – October 13, 1908) was an American educator and academic. Gilman was instrumental in founding the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale College, and subsequently served as the second president of the University ...

*''

People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge People's, branded as ''People's Viennaline'' until May 2018, and legally ''Altenrhein Luftfahrt GmbH'', is an Austrian airline headquartered in Vienna. It operates scheduled and charter passenger flights mainly from its base at St. Gallen-Altenr ...

'' (1881), 3 volumes, 700 pages each, editor W. H. De Puy. Contains much from ''

''. The 1898 title was ''The New People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge''. *''

Barkham Burroughs' Encyclopaedia ''Barkham Burroughs' Encyclopaedia of Astounding Facts and Useful Information'' is an encyclopedia and miscellany first published in 1889 by Barkham Burroughs. Background Barkham Burroughs was reportedly a Rear admiral (United States), rear adm ...

'' (1889),

miscellany A miscellany is a collection of various pieces of writing by different authors. Meaning a mixture, medley, or assortment, a miscellany can include pieces on many subjects and in a variety of different forms. In contrast to anthologies, whose aim ...

Arabic encyclopedias

*''Muhit al-Muhit'' ("The ocean of oceans"),

Butrus al-Bustani Butrus al-Bustani ( ar, بطرس البستاني, ; 1819–1883) was a writer and scholar from present day Lebanon. He was a major figure in the Nahda, which began in Egypt in the late 19th century and spread to the Middle East. He is consi ...

(1867)

British encyclopedias

*'' Encyclopaedia Londinensis'' (1801) *'' English Encyclopaedia'' (1802) *'' Domestic Encyclopedia'' (1802) *'' Kendal's Pocket Encyclopedia'' (1802, second edition 1811) *''

Rees's Cyclopædia Rees's ''Cyclopædia'', in full ''The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature'' was an important 19th-century British encyclopaedia edited by Rev. Abraham Rees (1743–1825), a Presbyterian minister and scholar w ...

'' (1802–1819) *''

'' (Perth, Scotland, 1803;1816) *''

'' (fourth edition, 1810; ninth edition by 1889) *''

Edinburgh Encyclopædia The ''Edinburgh Encyclopædia'' is an encyclopaedia in 18 volumes, printed and published by William Blackwood and edited by David Brewster between 1808 and 1830. In competition with the Edinburgh-published ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', the ''Edin ...

'' (1808–1830) *''

British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences ''The British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', claimed by its publishers to be a work "''Comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge''", was published at London in 1809 in six octa ...

'' (1809) *'' Encyclopædia Edinensis'' (1816) *''

Pantologia ''Pantologia'' is an English encyclopedia, published in 12 volumes, 8vo in 1813, with 370 plates (some coloured). Its full title page was ''A New Cyclopedia, comprehending a complete series of Essays, Treatises and Systems, alphabetically arrange ...

'' (1813) *''

Encyclopædia Metropolitana ''The Encyclopædia Metropolitana'' was an encyclopedic work published in London, from 1817 to 1845, by part publication. In all it came to quarto, 30 vols., having been issued in 59 parts (22,426 pages, 565 plates). Origins Initially the proje ...

'' (1822–1845) *''

Penny Cyclopaedia ''The Penny Cyclopædia'' published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was a multi-volume encyclopedia edited by George Long and published by Charles Knight alongside the ''Penny Magazine''. Twenty-seven volumes and three supp ...

'' (1833–1846) *''

English Cyclopaedia The ''English Cyclopaedia: A new dictionary of universal knowledge'' (London, 1854–1862, 4to, 23 vols., 12,117 pages; supplements, 1869–1873, 4 vols., 2858 pages), was published by Charles Knight, based on the ''Penny Cyclopaedia'', of which ...

'' (1854–1862, supp. 1869–1873) *''

'' (1860; no relation to Chambers's ''Cyclopaedia'' of the 18th century) *''

Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', sometimes referred to simply as ''Brewer's'', is a reference work containing definitions and explanations of many famous phrases, allusions, and figures, whether historical or mythical. The "New Edit ...

'' (1870) *''

Dictionary of Political Economy A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies ...

'' (1894–1899), by

Inglis Palgrave Sir Robert Harry Inglis Palgrave (11 June 1827 – 25 January 1919) was a British economist. Early life Robert Harry Inglis Palgrave was born on 11 June 1827. He was the son of Francis Palgrave (born Cohen) and his wife Elizabeth Turner, ...

*''

Pears Cyclopaedia ''Pears' Cyclopaedia'' was a one-volume encyclopaedia published in the United Kingdom. Pears' Soap launched the original ''Pears' Shilling Cyclopaedia'' in December 1897, the year of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The first edition contain ...

'' (1897), originally named ''Pears' Shilling Cyclopaedia'' *'' The People's Select Cyclopedia'' (1897), by Charles Nisbett *''

Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible ''Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible'' was a five-volume Biblical encyclopaedia published 1898–1904. First edition The full title was ''A Dictionary of the Bible, dealing with the Language, Literature and Contents, including the Biblical Theology ...

'' (1898–1904)

Czech encyclopedias

* ''Riegrův slovník naučný'' (11 volumes, 1860–1874; supplement vol. 1890) * ''

Otto's encyclopedia ''Otto's encyclopedia'' ( cs, Ottova encyklopedie or ), published at the turn of the 20th century, is the largest encyclopedia written in Czech. For its scope and the quality of the writing, it is comparable to the greatest world encyclopedias of i ...

'' (28 volumes, 1888–1909)

Danish encyclopedias

* ''

Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon ''Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon'' is a Danish encyclopedia that has been published in several editions. The first edition, ''Salmonsens Store Illustrerede Konversationsleksikon'' was published in nineteen volumes 1893–1911 by Brødrene Sal ...

'' (19 volumes, 1893–1911) * '' Den Store Danske Leksikon'' - several editions, up to 26 volumes (or more)

Dutch encyclopedias

*'' Winkler Prins Geïllustreerde Encyclopaedie'' (1870–1882; 2nd ed. 1884–1888)

French encyclopedias

Dictionnaires généraux, universels, encyclopédiques, et autres…
- a bibliography of French encyclopedias up to Larousse *''

'' (

Panckoucke The Panckoucke family was a French family engaged in publishing and printing. * Amélie Panckoucke (1750-1830), writer and salonnière, sister of Charles-Joseph ; * André Joseph Panckoucke (1703-1753), founder of the Panckoucke bookstore in Li ...

), (1782–1832) *''Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique'',

François-Joseph Fétis François-Joseph Fétis (; 25 March 1784 – 26 March 1871) was a Belgian musicologist, composer, teacher, and one of the most influential music critics of the 19th century. His enormous compilation of biographical data in the ''Biographie univers ...

(1835–1844) *'' Encyclopédie nouvelle'' (

Pierre Leroux Pierre Henri Leroux (7 April 1797 – 12 April 1871), was a French philosopher and political economist. He was born at Bercy, now a part of Paris, the son of an artisan. Life His education was interrupted by the death of his father, which co ...

and Jean Reynaud) (1839–1840) *''Petite Encyclopédie du jeune âge'', Larousse (1853) *''

Nouvelle Biographie Générale The ''Nouvelle Biographie Générale''Its full title was ''Nouvelle Biographie Générale, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'a nos jours, avec les renseignements bibliographiques et l'indication des sources a consulter'' ("New General Biog ...

'',

Ferdinand Hoefer Jean Chrétien Ferdinand Hoefer (German: ''Ferdinand Höfer'', 21 April 1811, Döschnitz – 4 May 1878) was a German-French physician and lexicographer. He is now known for his many works on the history of science. Selected works *''Élément ...

(1853–1866) *''

Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle The ''Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle'' (''Great Universal Dictionary of the 19th Century''), often called the ''Grand Larousse du dix-neuvième'', is a French encyclopedic dictionary. It was planned, directed, published, and to a s ...

'' by

Pierre Larousse Pierre Athanase Larousse (23 October 18173 January 1875) was a French grammarian, lexicographer and encyclopaedist. He published many of the outstanding educational and reference works of 19th-century France, including the 15-volume ''Grand dict ...

(17 volumes 1866–1877), really an encyclopedia despite its name *''Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée'',

Charles-Adolphe Wurtz Charles Adolphe Wurtz (; 26 November 181710 May 1884) was an Alsatian French chemist. He is best remembered for his decades-long advocacy for the atomic theory and for ideas about the structures of chemical compounds, against the skeptical opinio ...

(1874–1878) *''Dictionnaire de botanique'',

Henri Ernest Baillon Henri Ernest Baillon was a French botanist and physician. He was born in Calais on 30 November 1827 and died in Paris on 19 July 1895. Baillon spent his professional life as a professor of natural history, and he published numerous works on bo ...

(1876–1892) *''

La Grande Encyclopédie ''La Grande Encyclopédie, inventaire raisonné des sciences, des lettres, et des arts'' (''The Great Encyclopedia: a systematic inventory of science, letters, and the arts'') is a 31-volume encyclopedia published in France from 1886 to 1902 by H. ...

'', general secretaries of the editorial board:

Ferdinand-Camille Dreyfus Ferdinand-Camille Dreyfus (Paris, 19 August 1851 – 1905) was a French journalist and politician, unrelated to his contemporary Captain Alfred Dreyfus. After a classical and commercial education he prepared himself for the École Polytechnique, ...

and

André Berthelot André Marcel Berthelot (20 May 1862 – 6 June 1938) was the son of the chemist and politician Marcellin Berthelot and Sophie Berthelot and a député of the Seine. He was secretary-general of the Grande Encyclopédie starting with the fourth ...

(31 volumes 1886–1902)

German encyclopedias

*''

(General System of State, City, Home and Agriculture)'', Editor

(242 Volumes 1773–1858) *'' Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse'', G. F. W. Hegel (1817) *''

Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste The ''Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste'' ("Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts") was a 19th-century German encyclopaedia published by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber, therefore also known as the "Ers ...

'' (

Ersch Johann Samuel Ersch (23 June 1766 – 16 January 1828) was a German bibliographer, generally regarded as the founder of German bibliography. Biography He was born in Großglogau (now Głogów), in Silesia. In 1785 he entered the University of H ...

– Gruber; 1818–1889, uncompleted) *'' Brockhaus'' (eds. 1–14 by 1900) *'' Pierers Universal-Lexikon'' (1824–1836; 7th ed. 1888–1893) *'' Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft'', "

Pauly ''Pauly'', a.k.a. ''The Pauly Shore Show'', is an American sitcom series that aired on Fox from March 3 until April 7, 1997, starring Pauly Shore. It was cancelled after five episodes, leaving two episodes unaired. Plot Pauly Sherman is the s ...

– Wissowa" (1839–1852, 2nd ed. 1890–1980) *''

Meyers Konversations-Lexikon ' or ' was a major encyclopedia in the German language that existed in various editions, and by several titles, from 1839 to 1984, when it merged with the '. Joseph Meyer (1796–1856), who had founded the publishing house in 1826, intended t ...

'' (1839–1855; 5th ed. 1893–1897) *'' Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche'',

Johann Jakob Herzog Johann Jakob Herzog (12 September 1805, Basel – 30 September 1882, Erlangen), was a Swiss-German Protestant theologian. Herzog studied theology at the University of Basel and Berlin, earning his doctorate at the University of Basel in 1830. In 18 ...

(1853–1868) *'' Herders Konversations-Lexikon'' (1854–1857; 2nd ed. 1875–1879) *'' Handbuch der Organischen Chemie'',

Friedrich Konrad Beilstein Friedrich Konrad Beilstein (russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бейльштейн) (17 February 183818 October 1906), was a Russian chemist and founder of the famous ''Handbuch der organischen Chemie'' (''Handbook of Organic Chemistry''). T ...

(1880–1882) *'' Lexikon der gesamten Technik'',

Otto Lueger Otto Lueger (b. 13 October 1843 in Tengen, Germany; d. 2 May 1911 in Stuttgart) was a German civil engineer, university teacher, and author of an encyclopedia of technology. Lueger studied at the Karlsruhe Polytechnic, where he was a membe ...

(1st Edition 1894–1899) *'' Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften'',

Felix Klein Christian Felix Klein (; 25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925) was a German mathematician and mathematics educator, known for his work with group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the associations between geometry and group ...

(1898–1933)

Hungarian encyclopedias

* ''Fejér György: A tudományok encyclopaediája rövid rajzolatban'' (2 vol.), Pest (1818) * ''Lánghy István: A tudományok ismeretére tanító könyv'', Pest (1827) * ''Nyiry István: A tudományok öszvessége'' (3 vol.), Sárospatak (1829–1831) * ''Közhasznú Esmeretek Tára'' (12 vol.), Pest (1831–1834) (→ hu) * ''Ifjúsági ismeretek'' (4 vol.), Bécs (1840) * ''Vállas Antal: Nemzeti encyclopaedia'' (7 vol.), Pest (1845–1848) * ''Ujabb kori ismeretek tára'' (6 vol.), Pest (1850–1855) (→ hu) * ''Ismerettár. Nélkülözhetetlen segédkönyv a történelem, természet s egyéb tudományok köréből'' (10 vol.), Pest (1858–1864) (→ hu) * ''Egyetemes magyar encyclopaedia'' (1859–1876) (→ hu) * ''Magyar lexikon'' (16 vol.), Budapest (1879–1885) (→ hu) * ''

A Pallas Nagy Lexikona ''A Pallas nagy lexikona'' (''Pallas's Great Encyclopedia'') was the first Hungarian encyclopedia which was not a translation from other languages. It was published by the Pallas Literary and Press Corporation between 1893 and 1897. The encyclo ...

'' (1893–1897)

Japanese encyclopedias

*''

Koji Ruien The is a Japanese encyclopaedic work initiated by the Meiji government, and compiled from historical source documents. Over the period from 1896 to 1914, a total of 1,000 volumes were compiled, under various subject categories. External l ...

'' (1896–1914)

Polish encyclopedias

*''Encyklopedia Powszechna'' or ''Encyklopedia Orgelbranda'' (1st Edition, 28 volumes, 1859–1868) *''Encyyklopedia Kościelna'' (33 volumes, 1873–1933)

Romanian encyclopedias

*''

Enciclopedia română ''Enciclopedia Română'' was the first encyclopedia in the Romanian language. It was published in three volumes by the ASTRA. The decision to published the ''Enciclopedia română'' was made at a meeting of the ASTRA on February 7, 1895. The ...

'' (Editor: Constantin Diaconovich, 3 volumes, 1896–1904)

Russian encyclopedias

* '' Plyushar's Encyclopedic Lexicon'' (17 volumes, 1834–1841) * '' Military Encyclopedic Lexicon'' (15 volumes, 1837–1852) * Starchevsky's ''Spravochny entsiklopedichesky slovar'' (12 volumes, 1847–1855) * '' Encyclopedia of Military and Marine Sciences'' (8 volumes, 1883–1897) * ''

Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary The ''Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary'' (Russian: Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона, abbr. ЭСБЕ, tr. ; 35 volumes, small; 86 volumes, large) is a comprehensive multi-volume ...

'' (86 volumes, 1890–1906) * ''

Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary The ''Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary'' (russian: Энциклопедический словарь Гранат) is a Russian encyclopedic dictionary originally published in 58 volumes with one supplement throughout both the Tsarist and Soviet pe ...

'' (9 volumes, 1891–1903)

Spanish encyclopedias

* '' Enciclopedia moderna'' (1851), Francisco de P. Mellado * ''Diccionario geográfico, estadístico, histórico, de la isla de Cuba'' (1863–1866)

Swedish encyclopedias

* ''Conversations-lexicon'' (4 volumes, 1821–1826), a translation of the German Brockhaus 2nd edition * ''Svenskt konversationslexikon'' (4 volumes, 1845–1851), by Per Gustaf Berg * ''

Nordisk familjebok ''Nordisk familjebok'' (, "Nordic Family Book") is a Swedish encyclopedia that was published in print from between 1876 and 1993, and that is now fully available in digital form via Project Runeberg at Linköping University. Despite their consi ...

'' first edition 20 volumes 1876–1899 (of which the two last ones are supplementary volumes)Nordisk familjebok
/ref> * ''

'' second edition 38 volumes 1904–1926 (of which the last four and a part of number 34 are supplementary volumes) * ''

'' third edition 26 volumes 1924–1939 (of which the end of number 25 and the entire 26th volume are supplementary, covering history until summer of 1939. The

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, lin ...

is covered until its end, but nothing on the Second World War) * ''

'' third edition 26 volumes, second printing, including not so few coloured posters (like national maps, city maps a poster of all the flags of the world etc) and a huge number of full page black and white portraits. These The additional pages are not enumerated. 1942–1944. The second printing also got a new binder, but not even errors are corrected inside the work. Still a notable enough difference when compared to the first printing. * ''

'' fourth edition 22 volumes 1951–1955. * ''

Svensk Uppslagsbok ''Svensk uppslagsbok'' is a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1929 and 1955, in two editions. First edition The first edition was started in 1929 by ''Baltiska förlaget AB'', but publishing was taken over by ''Svensk uppslagsbok AB'' in 1 ...

'' first edition 30 volumes 1929–1937 LIBRIS - Svensk uppslagsbok /
/ref> * ''

'' second edition 32 volumes 1947–1955 * '' Bonniers Lexikon'' 15 volumes 1961–1967. Known as "Äpplet", "The Apple". Perhaps the most widely spread encyclopedia ever, written in the Swedish language. Looks nice on the shelf. * ''Reflex'' 4 volumes for children age 10 and older. 1968–1971. A regular inventory in many Swedish class rooms during the 1970's. * ''The new Bonniers Lexikon'' 24 volumes, 1993–1998. * ''

Nationalencyklopedin ''Nationalencyklopedin'' (; "The National Encyclopedia" in English), abbreviated NE, is a comprehensive contemporary Swedish-language encyclopedia, initiated by a favourable loan from the Government of Sweden of 17 million Swedish kronor in 19 ...

'' or NE 20 volumes, 1989–1996. DVD versions in 1996 and 2000. Online today.

Turkish encyclopedias

* ''Kamus-ül-Ulûm ve’l-Maarif'' Editor Ali Suavi, 1870 * ''Lûgaat-i Tarihiye ve Coğrafiye'' Editor Ahmet Rıfat Efendi, 1881 (7 volumes) * ''Sicil-i Osmani'' Editor Mehmet Süreyya Bey, 1890 * ''Kamus-ül-Alam'' Editor » : Şemsettin Sami, 1899 (6 volumes)

Religious encyclopedias

*''

The Coptic Encyclopedia The ''Coptic Encyclopedia'' is an eight-volume work covering the history, theology, language, art, architecture, archeology and hagiography of Coptic Egypt. The encyclopedia was written by over 250 Western and Egyptian contributing experts in th ...

'' (1993) *''

Jewish Encyclopedia ''The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day'' is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on th ...

'' (1901–1906) *''

Encyclopaedia Judaica The ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'' is a 22-volume English-language encyclopedia of the Jewish people, Judaism, and Israel. It covers diverse areas of the Jewish world and civilization, including Jewish history of all eras, culture, holidays, langua ...

'' *''

Catholic Encyclopedia The ''Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church'' (also referred to as the ''Old Catholic Encyclopedia'' and the ''Original Catholic Encyclopedia'') i ...

'' (1913) *''

Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge The ''Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'' is a religious encyclopedia. It is based on an earlier German encyclopedia, the ''Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche.'' Like the ''Realencyklopädie'', it foc ...

'' (1914;

public domain The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work A creative work is a manifestation of creative effort including fine artwork (sculpture, paintings, drawing, sketching, performance art), dance, writing (literature), filmmaking, ...

since 2004) *'' St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'' (1973,82,2010) *''

Encyclopedia of Mormonism The ''Encyclopedia of Mormonism'' is a semi-official English-language encyclopedia for topics relevant to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church, see also "Mormon"). The five-volume texts have been digitized and are availabl ...

'' (1992) *''

Orthodox Encyclopedia The ''Orthodox Encyclopedia'' (russian: Православная энциклопедия, translit=Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya) is a specialized encyclopedia, published by the Church Research Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" under the general edito ...

'' (Serbe) *''

Encyclopaedia of Islam The ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' (''EI'') is an encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies published by Brill. It is considered to be the standard reference work in the field of Islamic studies. The first edition was published in ...

'' *'' Hastings, James:

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics An encyclopedia (American English) or encyclopædia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either general or special to a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into article ( ...

'' (1908–1926) *''Unitarian-Universalist Encyclopedia''''Unitarian-Universalist Encyclopedia''
/ref>

Specialist encyclopedias

*'' The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia'' (1836/1837; 2nd ed. 1849; often cited as Hebert's ''Encyclopaedia'') *'' Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts and Manufactures'' (1852; often cited as Tomlinson's ''Cyclopaedia'') *''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' is an English language encyclopedia first published in 1842. The second, improved and enlarged, edition appeared in 1848, and there were many revised editions up to 1890. The encyclopedia covered law ...

'' (1842) *''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' (1849, originally published 1844 under a slightly different title) is an encyclopedia/biographical dictionary. Edited by William Smith, the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 p ...

'' (1870) *''

Cyclopaedia of Political Science ''The Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States by the Best American and European Writers'' was an encyclopedia edited by John Joseph Lalor, first published in New York City in 1881 by Mayna ...

'' - ''Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States by the Best American and European Writers''] (1881–1899), John J. Lalor *''

The Cyclopedia of New Zealand ''The Cyclopedia of New Zealand: industrial, descriptive, historical, biographical facts, figures, illustrations'' was an encyclopaedia published in New Zealand between 1897 and 1908 by the Cyclopedia Company Ltd. Arthur McKee was one of the orig ...

'' (1897–1908, mainly

self-published Self-publishing is the publication of media by its author at their own cost, without the involvement of a publisher. The term usually refers to written media, such as books and magazines, either as an ebook or as a physical copy using POD (pri ...

)

References

Bibliography

* Collison, Robert, ''Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages'', 2nd ed. (New York, London: Hafner, 1966) {{DEFAULTSORT:Encyclopedias by date Lists of books by type Lists of reference books

date Date or dates may refer to: *Date (fruit), the fruit of the date palm (''Phoenix dactylifera'') Social activity *Dating, a form of courtship involving social activity, with the aim of assessing a potential partner ** Group dating *Play date, a ...

Encyclopedias An encyclopedia (American English) or encyclopædia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either general or special to a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles ...