Around 129 species of
bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...
s have become
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
since 1500, and the rate of extinction seems to be increasing. The situation is exemplified by
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...
, where 30% of all known recently extinct bird
taxa
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...
originally lived. Other areas, such as
Guam
Guam (; ch, Guåhan ) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States (reckoned from the geographic cent ...
, have also been hit hard; Guam has lost over 60% of its native bird taxa in the last 30 years, many of them due to the introduced
brown tree snake
The brown tree snake (''Boiga irregularis''), also known as the brown catsnake, is an arboreal rear-fanged colubrid snake native to eastern and northern coastal Australia, eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi to Papua), Papua New Guinea, and many islands ...
.
Currently there are approximately 10,000 living species of birds, with an estimated 1,200 considered to be under threat of extinction.
Island species in general, and flightless island species in particular, are most at risk. The disproportionate number of
rails
Rail or rails may refer to:
Rail transport
*Rail transport and related matters
*Rail (rail transport) or railway lines, the running surface of a railway
Arts and media Film
* ''Rails'' (film), a 1929 Italian film by Mario Camerini
* ''Rail'' ( ...
in the list reflects the tendency of that family to lose the ability to fly when geographically isolated. Even more rails became extinct before they could be described by scientists; these taxa are listed in
List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds are avian taxa that became extinct during the Late Quaternary – the Holocene or Late Pleistocene – and before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by ornithol ...
.
The extinction dates given below are usually approximations of the actual date of extinction. In some cases, more exact dates are given as it is sometimes possible to pinpoint the date of extinction to a specific year or even day (the
San Benedicto rock wren
The San Benedicto rock wren (''Salpinctes obsoletus exsul'') is a small extinct passerine which was endemic to San Benedicto Island in the Revillagigedo Islands off Mexico. It was a subspecies of the rock wren.
Extinction
San Benedicto is a v ...
is possibly the most extreme example—its extinction could be timed with an accuracy of maybe half an hour). Extinction dates in the literature are usually the dates of the last verified record (credible observation or specimen taken); for many Pacific birds that became extinct shortly after European contact, however, this leaves an uncertainty period of over a century, because the islands on which they lived were only rarely visited by scientists.
Extinct bird species
Aepyornithiformes
*
Elephant bird
Elephant birds are members of the extinct ratite family Aepyornithidae, made up of flightless birds that once lived on the island of Madagascar. They are thought to have become extinct around 1000-1200 CE, probably as a result of human activity. ...
, ''Aepyornis maximus'' and/or ''A. medius'' (Madagascar, 16th century?)
Dinornithiformes
Moa are extinct giant flightless birds native to New Zealand.
The term has also come to be used for chicken in many Polynesian cultures and is found in the names of many chicken recipes, such as
Kale moa and Moa Samoa.
Moa or MOA may also refer ...
*
Upland moa
The upland moa (''Megalapteryx didinus'') was a species of moa endemic to New Zealand. It was a ratite, a grouping of flightless birds with no keel on the sternum. It was the last moa species to become extinct, vanishing in 1445 CE, and was p ...
, ''Megalapteryx didinus'' (South Island, New Zealand, late 15th century?)
Apterygiformes
* West Coast spotted kiwi, ''Apteryx occidentalis'' (South Island, New Zealand, c. 1900)
*:A doubtful form known from a single bird; may be a
little spotted kiwi
The little spotted kiwi or little grey kiwi (''Apteryx owenii'') is a small flightless bird in the kiwi family Apterygidae. It is the smallest species of all five kiwis, at about , about the size of a bantam. It is endemic to New Zealand, and i ...
subspecies or a hybrid between that species and the
rowi
The Okarito kiwi (''Apteryx rowi''), also known as the rowi or Okarito brown kiwi, is a member of the kiwi family Apterygidae, described as new to science in 2003. The species is part of the brown kiwi complex, and is morphologically very si ...
.
Anseriformes
Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which in ...
Duck
Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form t ...
s,
geese
A goose (plural, : geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family (biology), family Anatidae. This group comprises the genera ''Anser (bird), Anser'' (the grey geese and white geese) and ''Branta'' (the black geese). Some o ...
and
swan
Swans are birds of the family (biology), family Anatidae within the genus ''Cygnus''. The swans' closest relatives include the goose, geese and ducks. Swans are grouped with the closely related geese in the subfamily Anserinae where they form t ...
s
*
Crested shelduck
The crested shelduck (''Tadorna cristata''), or Korean crested shelduck, is a species of bird in the family Anatidae. It is critically endangered and may be extinct. The male crested shelduck has a greenish-black crown, breast, primaries, and t ...
, ''Tadorna cristata'' (Northeastern Asia, late 20th century?)
*:A
relict species
In biogeography and paleontology, a relict is a population or taxon of organisms that was more widespread or more diverse in the past. A relictual population is a population currently inhabiting a restricted area whose range was far wider during a ...
from northeastern Asia. Officially
critically endangered due to unconfirmed reports made between 1985 and 1991.
*
Réunion sheldgoose
The Réunion sheldgoose or Kervazo's Egyptian goose (''Alopochen kervazoi'') is an extinct species of sheldgoose from Réunion. It was a close relative of the Egyptian goose and was about the same size. There is only one description remaining, th ...
, ''Alopochen kervazoi'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, c.1690s)
*
Mauritius sheldgoose
The Mauritius sheldgoose (''Alopochen mauritiana''), also known as the Mauritius shelduck, is an extinct species of sheldgoose that was endemic to the island of Mauritius. While geese were mentioned by visitors to Mauritius in the 17th century, ...
, ''Alopochen mauritianus'' (Mauritius, Mascarenes, c.1695)
*
Amsterdam wigeon
The Amsterdam wigeon (''Mareca marecula'', formerly ''Anas marecula''), also known as the Amsterdam Island duck or Amsterdam duck, was a species of anatid waterfowl, endemic to Île Amsterdam (Amsterdam Island), the French Southern Territories. T ...
, ''Mareca marecula'' (Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, c.1800)
* Saint Paul Island duck, ''Anas'' sp. (Saint Paul Island, South Indian Ocean, c.1800)
*: Only known by a painting from 1793. Might be identical with the Amsterdam wigeon or a distinct species or subspecies.
*
Mascarene teal
The Mascarene teal (''Anas theodori''), also known as Sauzier's teal and Mauritian duck, is an extinct dabbling duck that formerly occurred on the islands of Mauritius and Réunion.
Taxonomy
The reports of Bernardin and (1710) Boucher ar ...
, ''Anas theodori'' (Mauritius and Réunion, Mascarenes, late 1690s)
*
Mariana mallard
The Mariana mallard or Oustalet's duck (''Anas oustaleti'') is an extinct species of duck of the genus ''Anas'' that was endemic to the Mariana Islands. Its taxonomic status is debated, and it has variously been treated as a full species, a subsp ...
, ''Anas oustaleti'' (Marianas, West Pacific, 1981)
*
Finsch's duck
Finsch's duck (''Chenonetta finschi'') was a large terrestrial species of duck formerly endemic to New Zealand. The species was possibly once the most common duck in New Zealand, a supposition based on the frequency of its fossils in bone deposit ...
, ''Chenonetta finschi'' (New Zealand, possibly survived to 1870)
* Réunion pochard, ''Aythya'' cf. ''innotata'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, c.1690s)
*:A bone of a pochard found on Réunion seems to resolve the reports of ''canards'' other than the
Mauritian duck having occurred on the island. The taxonomic status of this form cannot be resolved until more material is found, however.
*
Labrador duck
The Labrador duck (''Camptorhynchus labradorius'') was a North American bird; it has the distinction of being the first known endemic North American bird species to become extinct after the Columbian Exchange, with the last known sighting occurri ...
, ''Camptorhynchus labradorius'' (Northeastern North America, ca. 1878)
*
New Zealand merganser
The New Zealand merganser (''Mergus australis''), also known as Auckland merganser or Auckland Islands merganser, was a typical merganser which is now extinct.
Description
This duck was similar in size to the red-breasted merganser (''Mergus s ...
, ''Mergus australis'' (New Zealand, Auckland Islands, Southwest Pacific, c.1902)
Galliformes
Galliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys, chickens, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are often ...
Quail
Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally placed in the order Galliformes. The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey, or bevy.
Old World quail are placed in the family Phasianidae, and New Wor ...
s and relatives
See also Bokaak "bustard" under
Gruiformes
The Gruiformes are an order (biology), order containing a considerable number of living and extinct bird family (biology), families, with a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like".
Traditionally, a number of wading and t ...
below
* The
pile-builder megapode
The pile-builder megapode (''Megapodius molistructor'') is an extinct species of megapode. The subfossil remains were found by Jean-Christophe Balouet and Storrs L. Olson in the Pindai Caves of New Caledonia. Its remains have also been foun ...
, ''Megapodius molistructor'' may have survived on New Caledonia to the late 18th century as evidenced by descriptions of the bird named ''"Tetrao australis"'' and later ''"Megapodius andersoni"''.
* The
Viti Levu scrubfowl
The Viti Levu scrubfowl (''Megapodius amissus''), also known as the Fiji scrubfowl or lost megapode, is an extinct megapode that was endemic to Fiji. The epithet ''amissus'', from Latin "lost", refers to its extinction. Subfossil remains wer ...
, ''Megapodius amissus'' of
Viti Levu
Viti Levu (pronounced ) is the largest island in the Republic of Fiji. It is the site of the nation's capital, Suva, and home to a large majority of Fiji's population.
Geology
Fiji lies in a tectonically complex area between the Australian P ...
and possibly
Kadavu,
Fiji
Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...
, may have survived to the early 19th or even the 20th century as suggested by circumstantial evidence.
* Raoul Island scrubfowl, ''Megapodius'' sp. (Raoul, Kermadec Islands, 1876)
*:A megapode is said to have inhabited Raoul Island until the population was wiped out in a volcanic eruption. It is not clear whether the birds represent a distinct taxon or derive from a prehistoric introduction by Polynesian seafarers.
*
New Zealand quail
The New Zealand quail (''Coturnix novaezelandiae''), or ''koreke'' in Māori, is an extinct quail species endemic to New Zealand. The male and female were similar, except the female was lighter. The first scientist to describe it was Sir Joseph ...
, ''Coturnix novaezelandiae'' (New Zealand, 1875)
*
Himalayan quail
The Himalayan quail (''Ophrysia superciliosa'') or mountain quail, is a medium-sized quail belonging to the pheasant family. It was last reported in 1876 and is feared extinct. This species was known from only 2 locations (and 12 specimens) in ...
, ''Ophrysia superciliosa'' (North India, late 19th century?)
*:Officially
critically endangered. Not recorded with certainty since 1876, but thorough surveys are still required, and there was a recent set of possible (though unlikely) sightings around
Naini Tal
Nainital (Kumaoni language, Kumaoni: ''Naintāl''; ) is a city and headquarters of Nainital district of Kumaon division, Uttarakhand, India. It is the judicial capital of Uttarakhand, the Uttarakhand High Court, High Court of the state being ...
in 2003. A little-known native name from Western
Nepal
Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne,
सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mai ...
probably refers to this bird, but for various reasons, no survey for ''Ophrysia'' has ever been conducted in that country, nor is it generally assumed to occur there (due to the native name being overlooked).
Charadriiformes
Charadriiformes (, from ''Charadrius'', the type genus of family Charadriidae) is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 390 species and has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiform birds live near water an ...
Shorebird
245px, A flock of Dunlins and Red knots">Red_knot.html" ;"title="Dunlins and Red knot">Dunlins and Red knots
Waders or shorebirds are birds of the order Charadriiformes commonly found wikt:wade#Etymology 1, wading along shorelines and mudflat ...
s,
gull
Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari. They are most closely related to the terns and skimmers and only distantly related to auks, and even more distantly to waders. Until the 21st century, m ...
s and
auk
An auk or alcid is a bird of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. The word "auk" is derived from Icelandic ''álka'', from Old Norse ''alka'' (a ...
s
*
Javan lapwing
The Javan lapwing (''Vanellus macropterus'') also known as Javanese lapwing and Javanese wattled lapwing is (or was) a wader in the lapwing family.
This large, long-legged wader inhabited the marshes and river deltas of Java, and possibly Sumat ...
, ''Vanellus macropterus'' (Java, Indonesia, mid-20th century)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered, but as this conspicuous bird has not been recorded since 1940, it is almost certainly extinct.
*
Christmas sandpiper, ''Prosobonia cancellata'' (
Kiritimati
Kiritimati (also known as Christmas Island) is a Pacific Ocean atoll in the northern Line Islands. It is part of the Republic of Kiribati. The name is derived from the English word "Christmas" written in Gilbertese according to its phonolog ...
Island,
Kiribati
Kiribati (), officially the Republic of Kiribati ( gil, ibaberikiKiribati),[Kiribati]
''The Wor ...
, 1850s)
*
Tahiti sandpiper
The Tahiti sandpiper or Tahitian Sandpiper (''Prosobonia leucoptera'') is an extinct member of the large wader family Scolopacidae that was endemic to Tahiti in French Polynesia until its extinction sometime before 1819.
It was discovered in 1 ...
, ''Prosobonia leucoptera'' (Tahiti, Society Islands, 19th century)
*
Moorea sandpiper
The Moorea Sandpiper (''Prosobonia ellisi'') is an extinct member of the large wader family Scolopacidae that was endemic to Mo'orea in French Polynesia, where the locals called it ''te-te'' in the Tahitian language.
Two specimens were collec ...
, ''Prosobonia ellisi'' (Moorea, Society Islands, 19th century)
*:Doubtfully distinct from ''P. leucoptera''.
*
North Island snipe, ''Coenocorypha barrierensis'' (
North Island
The North Island, also officially named Te Ika-a-Māui, is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the larger but much less populous South Island by the Cook Strait. The island's area is , making it the world's 14th-largest ...
, New Zealand, 1870s)
*
South Island snipe
The South Island snipe (''Coenocorypha iredalei''), also known as the Stewart Island snipe or tutukiwi in Māori, is an extinct species of bird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae that was endemic to New Zealand.
Taxonomy and etymology
Determ ...
, ''Coenocorypha iredalei'' (South and Stewart Islands, New Zealand, 1964)
*
Eskimo curlew
The Eskimo curlew (''Numenius borealis''), also known as northern curlew, is a species of curlew in the family Scolopacidae. It was one of the most numerous shorebirds in the tundra of western Arctic Canada and Alaska. Thousands of birds were th ...
, ''Numenius borealis'' (Northern North America, late 20th century?)
*:May still exist; officially classified as
critically endangered, possibly extinct.
*
Slender-billed curlew
The slender-billed curlew (''Numenius tenuirostris'') is a bird in the wader family Scolopacidae. Isotope analysis suggests the majority of the former population bred in the Kazakh Steppe despite a record from the Siberian swamps, and was migr ...
, ''Numenius tenuirostris'' (Western Siberia, early first decade of the 21st century?)
*:May still exist; officially classified as
critically endangered. A few birds were recorded in 2004, following several decades of increasing rarity. There was an unconfirmed sighting in Albania in 2007. A survey to find out whether this bird still exists is currently being undertaken by the RSPB (
BirdLife
BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations that strives to conserve birds and their habitats. BirdLife International's priorities include preventing extinction of bird species, identifying and safeguarding ...
in the
UK).
*
Great auk
The great auk (''Pinguinus impennis'') is a species of flightless alcid that became extinct in the mid-19th century. It was the only modern species in the genus ''Pinguinus''. It is not closely related to the birds now known as penguins, wh ...
, ''Pinguinus impennis'' (Newfoundland, 1852)
*
Canary Islands oystercatcher
The Canary Islands oystercatcher, Canarian oystercatcher, or Canarian black oystercatcher (''Haematopus meadewaldoi''),
Etymology: ''Haematopus'', Latinized Ancient Greek for "bloody-footed", from ''(h)aimato-'' (αίματό-), '"blood-" + ''-p ...
, ''Haematopus meadewaldoi'' (Eastern Canary Islands, E Atlantic, c. 1940?)
*:Later sightings of black oystercatchers off
Senegal
Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...
were not likely to be of this sedentary species, but two records from
Tenerife
Tenerife (; ; formerly spelled ''Teneriffe'') is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands. It is home to 43% of the total population of the archipelago. With a land area of and a population of 978,100 inhabitants as of Janu ...
- the last in 1981 - may be.
Gruiformes
The Gruiformes are an order (biology), order containing a considerable number of living and extinct bird family (biology), families, with a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like".
Traditionally, a number of wading and t ...
Rail
Rail or rails may refer to:
Rail transport
*Rail transport and related matters
*Rail (rail transport) or railway lines, the running surface of a railway
Arts and media Film
* ''Rails'' (film), a 1929 Italian film by Mario Camerini
* ''Rail'' ( ...
s and allies - probably
paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
*
Antillean cave rail, ''Nesotrochis debooyi'', known by pre-Columbian bones from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Stories of an easy-to-catch bird named carrao heard by
Alexander Wetmore
Frank Alexander Wetmore (June 18, 1886 – December 7, 1978) was an American ornithologist and avian paleontologist. He was the sixth Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
Early life and education
The son of a Country Physician, Frank Ale ...
in 1912 on Puerto Rico might refer to this species.
*
Hawkins' rail
Hawkins's rail (''Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi''), also called the giant Chatham Island rail or mehonui, is an extinct species of flightless rail. It was endemic to the Chatham Islands east of New Zealand. It is known to have existed only on the main ...
, ''Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi'' (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific, 19th century)
*
Red rail
The red rail (''Aphanapteryx bonasia'') is an extinct species of flightless rail. It was endemic to the Mascarene island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. It had a close relative on Rodrigues island, the likewise extinct R ...
, ''Aphanapteryx bonasia'' (Mauritius, Mascarenes, c. 1700)
*
Rodrigues rail
The Rodrigues rail (''Erythromachus leguati''), also known as Leguat's gelinote or Leguat's rail, is an extinct species of the Rallidae, rail family that was endemic to the Mascarene island of Rodrigues, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. ...
, ''Erythromachus leguati'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, mid-18th century)
*
Bar-winged rail
The bar-winged rail (''Hypotaenidia poeciloptera'') was a species of bird in the family Rallidae. It was endemic to Fiji and was last collected ca 1890 in Viti Levu. The species was identified from twelve 19th century specimens, some of which are ...
, ''Nesoclopeus poecilopterus'' (Fiji, Polynesia, c. 1990)
*
Dieffenbach's rail
Dieffenbach's rail (Moriori: ''meriki'' or ''mehoriki'', ''Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii'') is an extinct flightless species of bird from the family Rallidae. It was endemic to the Chatham Islands. The only recorded living specimen of Dieffenbach ...
, ''Gallirallus dieffenbachii'' (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific, mid-19th century)
*
Tahiti rail
The Tahiti rail, Tahitian red-billed rail, or Pacific red-billed rail (''Hypotaenidia pacifica'') is an extinct species of rail that lived on Tahiti. It was first recorded during James Cook's second voyage around the world (1772–1775), o ...
, ''Hypotaenidia pacificus'' (Tahiti, Society Islands, late 18th – 19th century)
*
Wake Island rail
The extinct Wake Island rail (''Hypotaenidia wakensis'') was a flightless rail and the only native land bird on the Pacific atoll of Wake. It was found on the islands of Wake and Wilkes, but not on Peale, which is separated from the others by a ...
, ''Hypotaenidia wakensis'' (Wake Island, Micronesia, 1945)
*
Tongatapu rail, ''Gallirallus hypoleucus'' (Tongatapu, Tonga, late 18th - 19th century)
*
New Caledonian rail
The New Caledonian rail (''Cabalus lafresnayanus'') is a large and drab flightless rail that is found on the island of New Caledonia in the Pacific. It is a dull brown above, with grey underparts, and has a yellowish, downward-curving bill. No ...
, ''Gallirallus lafresnanayanus'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia, c. 1900?)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered, the last records were in 1984 and it seems that all available habitat is overrun by feral pigs and dogs, which prey on this bird.
* Vava'u rail, ''Gallirallus'' cf. ''vekamatolu'' (Vava'u, Tonga, early 19th century?)
*:This bird is known only from a drawing by the 1793
Malaspina expedition, apparently depicting a species of ''Gallirallus''. The 'Eua rail, ''Gallirallus vekamatolu'', is known from prehistoric bones found on
'Eua, but this species is almost certainly not ''G. vekamatolu'', as that bird was flightless and hence is unlikely to have settled three distant islands. However, it probably was a close relative.
* Norfolk Island rail, ''Gallirallus'' sp., may be the bird shown on a bad watercolor illustration made around 1800.
*
Chatham rail
The Chatham rail (''Cabalus modestus'') is an extinct flightless species of bird in the family Rallidae. It was endemic to Chatham, Mangere and Pitt Islands, in the Chatham archipelago of New Zealand.
The Chatham rail and the Dieffenbach's ...
, ''Cabalus modestus'' (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific, c. 1900)
*
Réunion rail
The Réunion rail (''Dryolimnas augusti''), also known as Dubois' wood-rail, is an extinct rail species which was endemic to the Mascarene island of Réunion. The scientific name commemorates French poet Auguste de Villèle (1858-1943) whose int ...
or Dubois' wood-rail, ''Dryolimnas augusti'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, late 17th century)
*
Ascension crake
The Ascension crake (''Mundia elpenor'') is an extinct flightless bird that previously lived on Ascension Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Like many other flightless birds on isolated islands, it was a rail. It was declared extinct by Groom ...
, ''Mundia elpenor'' (Ascension, Island, Atlantic, late 17th century)– formerly ''Atlantisia''
*
Saint Helena crake
The Saint Helena crake (''Zapornia astrictocarpus'') is an extinct bird species from the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, one of two flightless rails which survived there until the early 16th century.Storrs L. Olson, Paleorni ...
, ''Porzana astrictocarpus'' (Saint Helena, Atlantic, early 16th century)
*
Laysan rail
The Laysan rail or Laysan crake (''Zapornia palmeri'') was a flightless bird endemic to the Northwest Hawaiian Island of Laysan. This small island was and still is an important seabird colony, and sustained a number of endemic species, includ ...
, ''Porzana palmeri'' (Laysan Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1944)
*
Hawaiian rail
The Hawaiian rail (''Zapornia sandwichensis''), Hawaiian spotted rail, or Hawaiian crake is an extinct species of diminutive rail that lived on Big Island of Hawaii.
A dark form and a lighter, spotted one are known (see below).
Taxonomy
Co ...
, ''Porzana sandwichensis'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, c. 1890)
*
Kosrae crake, ''Porzana monasa'' (Kosrae, Carolines, c. mid-late 19th century)
*
Tahiti crake
The Tahiti crake (''Zapornia nigra''), also known as Miller's rail, was a species of bird in the family Rallidae.
It was endemic to Tahiti. It was discovered and painted by Georg Forster during the second Cook voyage. John Frederick Miller
John F ...
, ''Porzana nigra'' (Tahiti, Society Islands, c. 1800)
*:Known only from paintings and descriptions; taxonomic status uncertain, as the material is often believed to refer to the extant
spotless crake
The spotless crake (''Zapornia tabuensis'') is a species of bird in the rail family, Rallidae. It is widely distributed species occurring from the Philippines, New Guinea and Australia, across the southern Pacific Ocean to the Marquesas Islands a ...
.
*
Saint Helena swamphen
The Saint Helena rail (''Aphanocrex podarces'') was a large flightless rail from Saint Helena. It became extinct in the early 16th century.
When American ornithologist Alexander Wetmore described this species from subfossil remains which were fo ...
, ''Aphanocrex podarces'' (Saint Helena, Atlantic, 16th century)– formerly ''Atlantisia''
*
Lord Howe swamphen
The white swamphen (''Porphyrio albus''), also known as the Lord Howe swamphen, Lord Howe gallinule or white gallinule, is an extinct species of Rallidae, rail which lived on Lord Howe Island, east of Australia. It was first encountered when t ...
, ''Porphyrio albus'' (
Lord Howe Island
Lord Howe Island (; formerly Lord Howe's Island) is an irregularly crescent-shaped volcanic remnant in the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand, part of the Australian state of New South Wales. It lies directly east of mainland P ...
, SW Pacific, early 19th century)
*
Réunion swamphen
The Réunion swamphen (''Porphyrio caerulescens''), also known as the Réunion gallinule or ' (French for "blue bird"), is a hypothetical extinct species of rail that was endemic to the Mascarene island of Réunion. While only known from 17th- ...
or ''Oiseau bleu'', ''Porphyrio coerulescens'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, 18th century)
*:Known only from descriptions. Former existence of a ''Porphyrio'' on Réunion is fairly certain, but not proven to date.
*
Marquesas swamphen
Marquesas swamphen (''Porphyrio paepae'') is a presumably extinct species of swamphen from the Marquesas Islands Hiva Oa and Tahuata. It was originally described from 600-year-old subfossil remains from Tahuata and Hiva Oa. It may have survived ...
, ''Porphyrio paepae'' (Hiva Oa and Tahuata, Marquesas)
*:May have survived to c. 1900. In the lower right corner of
Paul Gauguin
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (, ; ; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of colour and Synthetist style that were distinct fr ...
's 1902 painting ''Le Sorcier d'Hiva Oa ou le Marquisien à la cape rouge'' there is a bird which resembles native descriptions of ''P. paepae''.
*
North Island takahē
The North Island takahē ( mi, moho) (''Porphyrio mantelli'') is an extinct rail that was found in the North Island of New Zealand. This flightless species is known from subfossils from a number of archeological sites and from one possible 189 ...
, ''Porphyrio mantelli'', known from subfossil bones found in New Zealand's North Island; may have survived to 1894 or later.
*
New Caledonian gallinule, ''Porphyrio kukwiedei'' from New Caledonia, Melanesia, may have survived into historic times. The native name ''n'dino'' is thought to refer to this bird.
*
Samoan woodhen, ''Gallinula pacifica'' (Savai'i, Samoa, 1907?)
*:Probably better placed in the genus ''Pareudiastes;'' unconfirmed reports from the late 20th century suggest it still survives in small numbers and therefore it is officially classified as
critically endangered.
*
Makira woodhen
The Makira woodhen (''Gallinula silvestris''), also known as the Makira moorhen, is a species of bird in the family Rallidae. It is endemic to the Solomon Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtr ...
, ''Gallinula silvestris'' (Makira, Solomon Islands, mid-20th century?)
*:Only known from a single specimen, this rail is probably better placed in its own genus, ''Edithornis''. There are some unconfirmed recent records that suggest it still survives, and thus it is officially classified as
critically endangered.
*
Tristan moorhen
The Tristan moorhen (''Gallinula nesiotis'') is an extinct species of flightless rail endemic to the South Atlantic island of Tristan da Cunha. It was very similar to the Gough moorhen of Gough Island, located 395 miles to the southeast.
The on ...
, ''Gallinula nesiotis'' (Tristan da Cunha, Atlantic, late 19th century)
*
Mascarene coot, ''Fulica newtonii'' (Mauritius and Réunion, Mascarenes, c. 1700)
* Fernando de Noronha rail, Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Fernando de Noronha, W. Atlantic, 16th century?)
*:A distinct species of rail inhabited Fernando de Noronha island, but it has not been formally described yet. Probably was extant at first Western contact.
* Tahitian "goose", Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Tahiti, late 18th century?)
*:Early travelers to Tahiti reported a "goose" that was found in the mountains. Altogether, a species of rail in the genus ''Porphyrio'' seems to be the most likely choice.
* Bokaak "bustard", Rallidae? gen. et sp. indet. 'Bokaak'
*:An unidentified terrestrial bird is mentioned in an early report from Bokaak in the Marshall Islands. It is described as a "
bustard
Bustards, including floricans and korhaans, are large, terrestrial birds living mainly in dry grassland areas and on the steppes of the Old World. They range in length from . They make up the family Otididae (, formerly known as Otidae). Bustards ...
" and may have been a rail or a
megapode
The megapodes, also known as incubator birds or mound-builders, are stocky, medium-large, chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet in the family Megapodiidae. Their name literally means "large foot" and is a reference to the heavy legs ...
. In the former case it may have been a vagrant of an extant species; in any case, no bird that could be described as "bustard-like" is found on Bokaak today.
[Spennemann (2006)]
* Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. 'Amsterdam Island'
*:Unknown rail from
Amsterdam Island
Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban area ...
; one specimen found, but not recovered. Extinct by 1800, or it may have been a vagrant of an extant species.
Podicipediformes
Grebe
Grebes () are aquatic diving birds in the order Podicipediformes . Grebes are widely distributed freshwater birds, with some species also found in marine habitats during migration and winter. Some flightless species exist as well, most notably ...
s
*
Colombian grebe
The Colombian grebe (''Podiceps andinus''), was a grebe found in the Bogotá wetlands on the Bogotá savanna in the Eastern Ranges of the Andes of Colombia. The species was still abundant in Lake Tota in 1945. The species has occasionally been ...
, ''Podiceps andinus'' (Bogotá area, Colombia, 1977)
*
Alaotra grebe
The Alaotra grebe (''Tachybaptus rufolavatus''), also known as Delacour's little grebe or rusty grebe, is an extinct grebe that was endemic to Lake Alaotra and its surrounding lakes in Madagascar.
Description
The grebe was about long. Its abili ...
, ''Tachybaptus rufolavatus'' (Lake Alaotra, Madagascar, 1985)
*:Officially declared extinct in 2010, 25 years after the last official sighting. Declined through
habitat destruction
Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby ...
and hybridization with the
little grebe
The little grebe (''Tachybaptus ruficollis''), also known as dabchick, is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''takhus'' "fast" and ''bapto'' "to sink under". The specific ''ruficollis'' is from Latin ...
. Disappeared from only known location in the 1980s.
*
Atitlán grebe
The Atitlán grebe (''Podilymbus gigas''), also known as giant grebe, giant pied-billed grebe, or poc, is an extinct water bird, a relative of the pied-billed grebe. It was endemic at the Lago de Atitlán in Guatemala at an altitude of 1700 m ...
, ''Podilymbus gigas'' (Lake Atitlán, Guatemala, 1989)
Cathartiformes
The order Cathartiformes of raptors or birds of prey includes the New World vultures and the now-extinct Teratornithidae. These raptors are classified by most taxonomic authorities in the order Accipitriformes (which includes the eagles and hawk ...
* "Painted vulture", ''Sarcoramphus sacra'' (Florida, United States, late 18th century?)
** A bird supposedly similar to the king vulture identified by
William Bartram
William Bartram (April 20, 1739 – July 22, 1823) was an American botanist, ornithologist, natural historian and explorer. Bartram was the author of an acclaimed book, now known by the shortened title ''Bartram's Travels'', which chronicled ...
on his travels in the 1770s. Skeptics have stated that it is likely based on a misidentification of the
northern caracara, although evidence has increasingly shifted towards it being a valid taxon that existed, either as a species in its own right or a subspecies of the king vulture, based on an independent illustration of a near-identical bird made several decades earlier by
Eleazar Albin
Eleazar Albin (fl. 1690 – c. 1742)Michael A. Salmon, Peter Marren, Basil Harley. ''The Aurelian Legacy'' (University of California Press, 2000) pp. 109-110. was an English naturalist and watercolourist illustrator who wrote and illustrat ...
. See
King vulture
The king vulture (''Sarcoramphus papa'') is a large bird found in Central and South America. It is a member of the New World vulture family Cathartidae. This vulture lives predominantly in tropical lowland forests stretching from southern Mexic ...
article for discussion.
Pelecaniformes
The Pelecaniformes are an order of medium-sized and large waterbirds found worldwide. As traditionally—but erroneously—defined, they encompass all birds that have feet with all four toes webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such ...
Pelican
Pelicans (genus ''Pelecanus'') are a genus of large water birds that make up the family Pelecanidae. They are characterized by a long beak and a large throat pouch used for catching prey and draining water from the scooped-up contents before s ...
s and related birds
*
Bermuda night heron, ''Nyctanassa carcinocatactes'' (Bermuda, West Atlantic, 17th century)
*:Sometimes assigned to the genus ''Nycticorax''.
*
Réunion night heron, ''Nycticorax duboisi'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, late 17th century)
*
Mauritius night heron
The Mauritius night heron (''Nycticorax mauritianus'') is an extinct night heron species from Mauritius. It is only known by seven subfossil bone remains consisted of cranium, pelvis, coracoid, ulna, radius, and tarsometatarsus found in Mare ...
, ''Nycticorax mauritianus'' (Mauritius, Mascarenes, c. 1700)
*
Rodrigues night heron, ''Nycticorax megacephalus'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, mid-18th century)
*
Ascension night heron
The Ascension night heron (''Nycticorax olsoni'') is an extinct night heron species from the genus ''Nycticorax'' endemic to the South Atlantic island of Ascension Island, Ascension. It is predominantly known from the bone fragments of six specim ...
, ''Nycticorax olsoni'' (Ascension Island, Atlantic, late 16th century?)
*:Known only from subfossil bones, but the description of a flightless Ascension bird by
André Thévet
André — sometimes transliterated as Andre — is the French and Portuguese form of the name Andrew, and is now also used in the English-speaking world. It used in France, Quebec, Canada and other French-speaking countries. It is a variation ...
cannot be identified with anything other than this species.
*
New Zealand little bittern
The New Zealand bittern (''Ixobrychus novaezelandiae'') is an extinct and enigmatic species of heron in the family Ardeidae. It was endemic to New Zealand and was last recorded alive in the 1890s.
Common names for this species include New Zea ...
, ''Ixobrychus novaezelandiae'' (New Zealand, late 19th century)
*:Long considered to be vagrant individuals of the Australian
little bittern
The little bittern or common little bittern (''Ixobrychus minutus'') is a wading bird in the heron family, Ardeidae. ''Ixobrychus'' is from Ancient Greek ''ixias'', a reed-like plant and ''brukhomai'', to bellow, and ''minutus'' is Latin for "sm ...
, bones recovered from Holocene deposits indicate that this was indeed a distinct taxon, but it might not be a separate species.
*
Réunion ibis
The Réunion ibis or Réunion sacred ibis (''Threskiornis solitarius'') is an extinct species of ibis that was endemic to the volcanic island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. The first subfossil remains were found in 1974, and the ibis was firs ...
, ''Threskiornis solitarius'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, early 18th century)
*:This species was the basis of the "Réunion solitaire", a supposed relative of the
dodo
The dodo (''Raphus cucullatus'') is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, which is east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The dodo's closest genetic relative was the also-extinct Rodrigues solitaire. The ...
and the
Rodrigues solitaire
The Rodrigues solitaire (''Pezophaps solitaria'') is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Rodrigues, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Genetically within the family of pigeons and doves, it was most closely relate ...
. Given the fact that ibis (but no dodo-like) bones were found on
Réunion
Réunion (; french: La Réunion, ; previously ''Île Bourbon''; rcf, label= Reunionese Creole, La Rényon) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately east of the island ...
and that old descriptions match a flightless
sacred ibis quite well, the "Réunion solitaire" hypothesis has been refuted.
Suliformes
The order Suliformes (, dubbed "Phalacrocoraciformes" by ''Christidis & Boles 2008'') is an order recognised by the International Ornithological Congress, International Ornithologist's Union. In regard to the recent evidence that the traditional ...
Boobies
A booby is a seabird in the genus ''Sula'', part of the family Sulidae. Boobies are closely related to the gannets (''Morus''), which were formerly included in ''Sula''.
Systematics and evolution
The genus ''Sula'' was introduced by the Fren ...
and related birds
*
Spectacled cormorant, ''Phalacrocorax perspicillatus'' (Komandorski Islands, North Pacific, c. 1850)
*Mascarene booby, ''Papasula'' sp. (Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarenes, mid-19th century)
**An undescribed booby species that was formerly considered a population of
Abbott's booby
Abbott's booby (''Papasula abbotti'') is an endangered seabird of the sulid family, which includes gannets and boobies. It is a large booby and is placed within its own monotypic genus. It was first identified from a specimen collected by Will ...
. Known physically only from subfossil bones, but is likely the bird referred to as a "boeuf" by early settlers. The "boeuf" was last recorded on Rodrigues in 1832 and likely went extinct following the deforestation of the island.
Procellariiformes
Procellariiformes is an order of seabirds that comprises four families: the albatrosses, the petrels and shearwaters, and two families of storm petrels. Formerly called Tubinares and still called tubenoses in English, procellariiforms are of ...
Petrel
Petrels are tube-nosed seabirds in the bird order Procellariiformes.
Description
The common name does not indicate relationship beyond that point, as "petrels" occur in three of the four families within that group (all except the albatross f ...
s,
shearwater
Shearwaters are medium-sized long-winged seabirds in the petrel family Procellariidae
The family Procellariidae is a group of seabirds that comprises the fulmarine petrels, the gadfly petrels, the diving petrels, the prions, and the shearwa ...
s,
albatross
Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacifi ...
es and
storm petrel
Storm-petrel may refer to one of two bird families, both in the order Procellariiformes, once treated as the same family.
The two families are:
* Northern storm petrels (''Hydrobatidae'') are found in the Northern Hemisphere, although some speci ...
s.
*
Olson's petrel
Olson's petrel (''Bulweria bifax''), also known as the small Saint Helena petrel or the Saint Helena Bulwer's petrel, was a species of seabird in the family Procellariidae. It was endemic to Saint Helena
Saint Helena () is a British ove ...
, ''Bulweria bifax'' (Saint Helena, Atlantic, early 16th century)
*
Bermuda shearwater, ''Puffinus parvus'' (
Bermuda
)
, anthem = "God Save the King"
, song_type = National song
, song = " Hail to Bermuda"
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, mapsize2 =
, map_caption2 =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name =
, e ...
, West Atlantic, 16th century)
*
Saint Helena petrel
The Saint Helena petrel (''Pterodroma rupinarum''), also known as the Saint Helena gadfly petrel or large Saint Helena petrel, is an extinct species of seabird in the family Procellariidae. It was endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the S ...
, ''Pseudobulweria rupinarum'' (Saint Helena, Atlantic, early 16th century)
*
Jamaican petrel
The Jamaican petrel (''Pterodroma caribbaea'') is a small possibly extinct seabird in the gadfly petrel genus, '' Pterodroma''. It is related to the black-capped petrel (''P. hasitata'').
Conservation
This species was last collected in 1879, a ...
, ''Pterodroma caribbaea'' (Jamaica, Caribbean, late 19th century?)
*:Possibly a subspecies of the
black-capped petrel
The black-capped petrel (''Pterodroma hasitata''), also known as the diablotín, is a small seabird native to the West Indies in the genus '' Pterodroma''. It is a long-winged petrel with a grey-brown back and wings, with a white nape and rump. ...
; unconfirmed reports suggest it might survive. Officially classified as
critically endangered, possibly extinct.
* ''Pterodroma'' cf. ''leucoptera'' (
Mangareva
Mangareva is the central and largest island of the Gambier Islands in French Polynesia. It is surrounded by smaller islands: Taravai in the southwest, Aukena and Akamaru in the southeast, and islands in the north. Mangareva has a permanent pop ...
,
Gambier Islands
The Gambier Islands ( or ) are an archipelago in French Polynesia, located at the southeast terminus of the Tuamotu archipelago. They cover an area of , and are made up of the Mangareva Islands, a group of high islands remnants of a caldera alo ...
, 20th century?)
*:A wing of a carcass similar to
Gould's petrel
Gould's petrel (''Pterodroma leucoptera'') is a species of seabird in the family Procellariidae. The common name commemorates the English ornithologist and bird artist John Gould (1804–1881).
Description
Gould's petrel is a small gadfly petr ...
was recovered on Mangareva in 1922, where it possibly bred. No such birds are known to exist there today.
*
Guadalupe storm petrel
The Guadalupe storm petrel (''Hydrobates macrodactylus'') is a small seabird of the storm petrel family Hydrobatidae. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered or possibly extinct.
Taxonomy
It was formerly defined in the genus ''Oceanodr ...
, ''Oceanodroma macrodactyla'' (Guadalupe, East Pacific, 1910s)
*:Officially
critically endangered, possibly extinct, but a thorough survey in 2000 concluded the species was certainly extinct.
*
Imber's petrel
Imber's petrel (''Pterodroma imberi'') is an extinct seabird of gadfly petrel from the Chatham Islands
The Chatham Islands ( ) (Moriori: ''Rēkohu'', 'Misty Sun'; mi, Wharekauri) are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean about east of New ...
, ''Pterodroma imberi''
*:Described from subfossil remains from the Chatham Islands, became apparently extinct in the early 19th century.
Sphenisciformes
Penguins ( order Sphenisciformes , family Spheniscidae ) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere: only one species, the Galápagos penguin, is found north of the Equator. Highly adapt ...
Penguins
Penguins (order Sphenisciformes , family Spheniscidae ) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere: only one species, the Galápagos penguin, is found north of the Equator. Highly adapt ...
* The
Chatham penguin
The Chatham penguin (''Eudyptes warhami''), also known as the Chatham crested penguin, Chatham Islands penguin, or Warham's penguin, is an extinct species of crested penguin previously endemic to the Chatham Islands of New Zealand. It is known o ...
, ''Eudyptes'' sp. (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific), is only known from subfossil bones, but a bird kept captive at some time between 1867 and 1872 might refer to this taxon.
Columbiformes
Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...
Pigeon
Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...
s, doves and
dodo
The dodo (''Raphus cucullatus'') is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, which is east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The dodo's closest genetic relative was the also-extinct Rodrigues solitaire. The ...
s
For the "Réunion solitaire", see
Réunion ibis
The Réunion ibis or Réunion sacred ibis (''Threskiornis solitarius'') is an extinct species of ibis that was endemic to the volcanic island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. The first subfossil remains were found in 1974, and the ibis was firs ...
.
*
Saint Helena dove
The Saint Helena dove (''Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos'') was a species of flightless bird in the family Columbidae. It is monotypic within the genus ''Dysmoropelia''. It was endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is ...
, ''Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos'', possibly survived into the Modern Era.
*
Passenger pigeon
The passenger pigeon or wild pigeon (''Ectopistes migratorius'') is an extinct species of pigeon that was endemic to North America. Its common name is derived from the French word ''passager'', meaning "passing by", due to the migratory habits ...
, ''Ectopistes migratorius'' (Eastern North America, 1914)
*:The passenger pigeon was once among the most common birds in the world, a single flock numbering up to 2.2 billion birds. It was hunted close to extinction for food and sport in the late 19th century. The last individual,
Martha
Martha (Hebrew: מָרְתָא) is a biblical figure described in the Gospels of Luke and John. Together with her siblings Lazarus and Mary of Bethany, she is described as living in the village of Bethany near Jerusalem. She was witness to ...
, died in the
Cincinnati Zoo
The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden is the sixth oldest zoo in the United States, founded in 1873 and officially opening in 1875. It is located in the Avondale neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. It originally began with in the middle of the c ...
in 1914.
*
Bonin wood pigeon, '' Columba versicolor'' (Nakodo-jima and Chichi-jima, Ogasawara Islands, c. 1890)
*
Ryukyu wood pigeon
The Ryukyu wood pigeon (''Columba jouyi''), otherwise known as the silver-banded or silver-crescented pigeon is an extinct species of bird in the Columba genus in the family Columbidae. This wood pigeon was endemic to the Laurel forest habitat ...
, ''Columba jouyi'' (Okinawa and Daito Islands, Northwest Pacific, late 1930s)
*
Réunion pink pigeon
The Réunion pink pigeon (''Nesoenas mayeri duboisi'', but see below) is an extinct subspecies of pigeon that formerly lived on the Mascarene island of Réunion. It is known from the description of a rusty-red pigeon given by Sieur Dubois, Duboi ...
, ''Nesoenas duboisi'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, c. 1700)
*:Formerly in ''Streptopelia''. There seems to have been at least another species of pigeon on Réunion (probably an ''Alectroenas''), but bones have not yet been found. It disappeared at the same time.
*
Rodrigues pigeon, ''Nesoenas rodericana'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, before 1690?)
*:Formerly in ''Streptopelia''. A possible subspecies of the
Madagascar turtle dove
The Malagasy turtle dove (''Nesoenas picturatus'') is a bird species in the pigeon and dove family, Columbidae. It is found in Mauritian-Indian Ocean Territory, the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion, and the Seychelles.
Taxono ...
(''N. picturata''), this seems not to be the bird observed by
Leguat. Introduced rats might have killed it off in the late 17th century.
*
Spotted green pigeon, ''"Caloenas" maculata'' (South Pacific or Indian Ocean islands, 1820s)
*:Also known as the Liverpool pigeon, the only known specimen has been in Liverpool's
World Museum
World Museum is a large museum in Liverpool, England which has extensive collections covering archaeology, ethnology and the natural and physical sciences. Special attractions include the Natural History Centre and a planetarium. Entry to the ...
since 1851, and was probably collected on a
Pacific
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...
island for
Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby
Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby (21 April 1775 – 30 June 1851), KG, of Knowsley Hall in Lancashire (styled Lord Stanley from 1776 to 1832, known as Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe from 1832-4), was a politician, peer, landowner, bui ...
. It has been suggested that this bird came from
Tahiti
Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austr ...
based on native lore about a somewhat similar extinct bird called the ''titi'', but this has not been verified.
*
Sulu bleeding-heart
The Sulu bleeding-heart (''Gallicolumba menagei'') is a species of bird in the pigeon and dove family, Columbidae. It is endemic to the island of Tawi-Tawi and its surrounding islets in the Philippines' Sulu Archipelago. This species is known on ...
, ''Gallicolumba menagei'' (Tawitawi, Philippines, late 1990s?)
*:Officially listed as
critically endangered. Only known from two specimens taken in 1891. There have been a number of unconfirmed reports from all over the
Sulu Archipelago in 1995, however, these reports stated that the bird had suddenly undergone a massive decline, and by now, habitat destruction is almost complete. If not extinct, this species is very rare, but the ongoing
civil war
A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...
prevents comprehensive surveys.
*
Norfolk ground dove, ''Gallicolumba norfolciensis'' (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1800)
*
Tanna ground dove
The Tanna ground dove (''Pampusana ferruginea''), also known as Forster's dove of Tanna, is an extinct dove species. Its taxonomic affiliation is uncertain but at its first scientific discussion by Johann Georg Wagler in 1829 it was classified in ...
, ''Gallicolumba ferruginea'' (Tanna, Vanuatu, late 18th-19th century)
*:Only known from descriptions of two now-lost specimens.
*
Thick-billed ground dove, ''Gallicolumba salamonis'' (Makira and Ramos, Solomon Islands, mid-20th century?)
*:Last recorded in 1927, only two specimens exist. Declared extinct in 2005.
*
Choiseul pigeon
The Choiseul pigeon (''Microgoura meeki'') is an extinct species of bird in the pigeon and dove family, Columbidae. It was endemic to the island of Choiseul in the Solomon Islands, although there are unsubstantiated reports that it may once ha ...
, ''Microgoura meeki'' (Choiseul, Solomon Islands, early 20th century)
*
Red-moustached fruit dove
The red-moustached fruit dove or moustached fruit dove (''Ptilinopus mercierii'') is an extinct species of bird in the family Columbidae. It was endemic to French Polynesia. The last record was of the subspecies ''P. m. tristrami'' on Hiva Oa, in ...
, ''Ptilinopus mercierii'' (Nuku Hiva and Hiva Oa, Marquesas, mid-20th century)
*:Two subspecies, the little-known ''P. m. mercierii'' of Nuku Hiva (extinct mid-late 19th century) and ''P. m. tristrami'' of Hiva Oa.
*
Negros fruit dove
The Negros fruit dove (''Ptilinopus arcanus'') is a species of bird in the pigeon and dove family, Columbidae. It is endemic to the island of Negros in the Philippines. This fruit dove is known from a single female specimen collected from the sl ...
, ''Ptilinopus arcanus'' (Negros, Philippines, late 20th century?)
*:Known only from one specimen taken at the only documented sighting in 1953, the validity of this species has been questioned, but no good alternative to distinct species status has been proposed. Officially
critically endangered, it might occur on Panay, but no survey has located it. One possible record in 2002 does not seem to have been repeated.
*
Mauritius blue pigeon, ''Alectroenas nitidissima'' (Mauritius, Mascarenes, c. 1830s)
* Farquhar blue pigeon, ''Alectroenas'' sp. (Farquhar Group, Seychelles, 19th century)
*:Only known from early reports; possibly a subspecies of the
Comoros
The Comoros,, ' officially the Union of the Comoros,; ar, الاتحاد القمري ' is an independent country made up of three islands in southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. It ...
or
Seychelles blue pigeon.
*
Rodrigues grey pigeon, ''"Alectroenas" rodericana'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, mid-18th century)
*:A mysterious bird of unknown affinities, known from a few bones and, as it seems, two historical reports.
*
Dodo
The dodo (''Raphus cucullatus'') is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, which is east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The dodo's closest genetic relative was the also-extinct Rodrigues solitaire. The ...
, ''Raphus cucullatus'' (Mauritius, Mascarenes, late 17th century)
*:Called ''Didus ineptus'' by
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
. A metre-high flightless bird found on
Mauritius
Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label=Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It incl ...
. Its forest habitat was lost when Dutch settlers moved to the island and the dodo's nests were destroyed by the monkeys, pigs and cats that the Dutch brought with them. The last specimen was killed in 1681, only 80 years after the arrival of the new predators.
*
Rodrigues solitaire
The Rodrigues solitaire (''Pezophaps solitaria'') is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Rodrigues, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Genetically within the family of pigeons and doves, it was most closely relate ...
, ''Pezophaps solitaria'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, c. 1730)
Psittaciformes
Parrot
Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are birds of the roughly 398 species in 92 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes (), found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies: the Psittacoid ...
s
*
Sinú parakeet
The Sinú parakeet (''Pyrrhura subandina'') is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is only known with certainty from the Sinú Valley dry forests, Sinú Valley in Colombia, northern Colombia. BirdLife International estimates that if ...
, ''Pyrrhura subandina'' (Colombia, mid-20th century?)
:This bird has a very restricted distribution and was last reliably recorded in 1949. It was not found during searches in 2004 and 2006 and seems to be extinct; efforts to find it again continue, but are hampered by the threat of armed conflict.
*
New Caledonian lorikeet
The New Caledonian lorikeet (''Vini diadema'') is a potentially extinct lorikeet endemic to the Melanesian island of New Caledonia.
Taxonomy
The New Caledonian lorikeet was formerly assigned to the genus ''Charmosyna''. It was moved to the ge ...
, ''Charmosyna diadema'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia, mid-20th century?)
*:Officially
critically endangered, there have been no reliable reports of this bird since the early 20th century. It is, however, small and inconspicuous.
*
Norfolk kaka
Norfolk () is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and south-west, and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the Nort ...
, '' Nestor productus'' (Norfolk and Philip Islands, SW Pacific, 1851?)
*
Society parakeet
The Raiatea parakeet or Society parakeet (''Cyanoramphus ulietanus''), also known as the Society kakariki or brown-headed parakeet, is an extinct parakeet of the genus ''Cyanoramphus''.
Description
The Raiatea parakeet averaged 25 cm (9.7 ...
, ''Cyanoramphus ulietanus'' (Raiatea, Society Islands, late 18th century)
*
Black-fronted parakeet
The extinct black-fronted parakeet or Tahiti parakeet (''Cyanoramphus zealandicus'') was endemic to the Pacific island of Tahiti. Its native name was simply ''’ā’ā'' ("parrot") according to Latham (1790) though White (1887) gives "''aa-mah ...
, ''Cyanoramphus zealandicus'' (Tahiti, Society Islands, c. 1850)
*
Paradise parrot, ''Psephotus pulcherrimus'' (Rockhampton area, Australia, late 1920s)
*
Oceanic eclectus parrot
The oceanic eclectus parrot (''Eclectus infectus'') is an extinct parrot species which occurred on Tonga, Vanuatu and possibly on Fiji. Its only living relative is the eclectus parrot (''Eclectus roratus''), which has proportionally larger wings ...
, ''Eclectus infectus'', known from subfossil bones found on Tonga, Vanuatu, and possibly Fiji, may have survived until the 18th century: a bird which seems to be a male ''Eclectus'' parrot was drawn in a report on the Tongan island of
Vavaʻu
Vavau is an island group, consisting of one large island ( ʻUtu Vavaʻu) and 40 smaller ones, in Tonga. It is part of Vavaʻu District, which includes several other individual islands. According to tradition, the Maui god created both Tongata ...
by the
Malaspina expedition. Also a 19th-century Tongan name ''ʻāʻā'' ("parrot") for "a beautiful bird found only at
ʻEua" is attested (see here under "kaka"). This seems to refer either ''E. infectus'' which in Tonga is only known from Vavaʻu and ʻEua, or the extirpated population of the
collared lory
The collared lory (''Vini solitaria'') is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to the islands of Fiji. It is the only Fijian rainforest bird to adapt to urban area, urban landscapes and can be found in urban Suva. Measur ...
which also occurred there. It is possible but unlikely that the species survived on ʻEua until the 19th century.
*
Seychelles parakeet
The Seychelles parakeet or Seychelles Island parrot (''Psittacula wardi'') is an extinct species of parrot that was endemic to the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean. It was scientifically named ''Palaeornis wardi'' by the British ornithologist Ed ...
, ''Psittacula wardi'' (Seychelles, W Indian Ocean, 1883)
*
Newton's parakeet
Newton's parakeet (''Psittacula exsul''), also known as the Rodrigues parakeet or Rodrigues ring-necked parakeet, is an extinct species of parrot that was endemic to the Mascarene island of Rodrigues in the western Indian Ocean. Several of it ...
, ''Psittacula exsul'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, c. 1875)
*
Mascarene grey parakeet
The Mascarene grey parakeet or Thirioux's grey parrot (''Psittacula bensoni''), is an extinct species of parrot which was endemic to the Mascarene Islands of Mauritius and Réunion in the western Indian Ocean. It has been classified as a member ...
, ''Psittacula bensoni'' (Mauritius, possible Réunion as ''Psittacula cf bensoni''). Formerly described as Mauritius grey parrot, ''Lophopsittacus bensoni''. Known from a 1602 sketch by Captain Willem van Westzanen and by subfossil bones described by
David Thomas Holyoak in 1973. Might have survived to the mid-18th century.
*
Mascarene parrot
The Mascarene parrot or mascarin (''Mascarinus mascarinus'') is an extinct species of parrot that was endemic to the Mascarene island of Réunion in the western Indian Ocean. The taxonomic relationships of this species have been subject to ...
, ''Mascarinus mascarin'' (Réunion and possibly Mauritius, Mascarenes, 1834?)
*:Last known individual was a captive bird which was alive before 1834.
*
Broad-billed parrot
The broad-billed parrot or raven parrot (''Lophopsittacus mauritianus'') is a large extinct parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It was endemic to the Mascarene island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar. It is unclear what othe ...
, ''Lophopsittacus mauritianus'' (Mauritius, Mascarenes, 1680?)
*:May have survived to the late 18th century.
*
Rodrigues parrot
The Rodrigues parrot or Leguat's parrot (''Necropsittacus rodricanus'') is an extinct species of parrot that was endemic to the Mascarene island of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar. It is unclear to which other species it is ...
, ''Necropsittacus rodericanus'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, late 18th century)
*:The species ''N. francicus'' is fictional, ''
N. borbonicus'' most likely so.
*
Glaucous macaw, ''Anodorhynchus glaucus'' (N Argentina, early 20th century)
*:Officially
critically endangered due to persistent rumors of wild birds, but probably extinct.
*
Cuban macaw, ''Ara tricolor'' (Cuba,late 19th century)
*:A number of related species have been described from the West Indies, but are not based on good evidence. Several prehistoric forms are now known to have existed in the region, however.
*
Carolina parakeet
The Carolina parakeet (''Conuropsis carolinensis''), or Carolina conure, is an extinct species of small green neotropical parrot with a bright yellow head, reddish orange face and pale beak that was native to the eastern, Midwest and plains sta ...
, ''Conuropsis carolinensis'' (SE North America, c. 1930?)
*:Although the date of the last captive bird's death in the Cincinnati Zoo, 1918, is generally given as its extinction date, there are convincing reports of some wild populations persisting until later. Two subspecies, ''C. c. carolinensis'' (Carolina parakeet, east and south of the Appalachian range–extinct 1918 or c. 1930) and ''C. c. ludovicianus'' (Louisiana parakeet, west of the Appalachian range–extinct c. 1912).
*
Guadeloupe parakeet, ''Aratinga labati'' (Guadeloupe, West Indies, late 18th century)
*:Only known from descriptions, the former existence of this bird is likely for biogeographic reasons and because details as described cannot be referred to known species.
*
Martinique amazon
The Martinique amazon (''Amazona martinicana'') is a hypothetical extinct species of Caribbean parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is not known from any material remains, but was said to be similar to the red-necked amazon (''A. arausiaca'') f ...
, ''Amazona martinica'' (Martinique, West Indies, mid-18th century)
*
Guadeloupe amazon
The Guadeloupe amazon (''Amazona violacea'') or Guadeloupe parrot, is a hypothetical extinct species of parrot that is thought to have been endemic to the Lesser Antillean island region of Guadeloupe. Mentioned and described by 17th- and 18t ...
, ''Amazona violacea'' (Guadeloupe, West Indies, mid-18th century)
*:These extinct amazon parrots were originally described after travelers' descriptions. Their existence is still controversial.
Cuculiformes
Cuckoos are birds in the Cuculidae family, the sole taxon in the order Cuculiformes . The cuckoo family includes the common or European cuckoo, roadrunners, koels, malkohas, couas, coucals and anis. The coucals and anis are sometimes separa ...
Cuckoo
Cuckoos are birds in the Cuculidae family, the sole taxon in the order Cuculiformes . The cuckoo family includes the common or European cuckoo, roadrunners, koels, malkohas, couas, coucals and anis. The coucals and anis are sometimes separ ...
s
*
Delalande's coua, ''Coua delalandei'' (Madagascar, late 19th century?)
*
Saint Helena cuckoo, ''Nannococcyx psix'' (Saint Helena, Atlantic, 18th century)
Falconiformes
The order Falconiformes () is represented by the extant family Falconidae (falcons and caracaras) and a handful of enigmatic Paleogene species. Traditionally, the other bird of prey families Cathartidae (New World vultures and condors), Sagitt ...
Birds of prey
Birds of prey or predatory birds, also known as raptors, are hypercarnivorous bird species that actively hunt and feed on other vertebrates (mainly mammals, reptiles and other smaller birds). In addition to speed and strength, these predators ...
*
Guadalupe caracara, ''Caracara lutosa'' (Guadalupe, E Pacific, 1900 or 1903)
*
Réunion kestrel
The Réunion kestrel (''Falco duboisi'') is an extinct bird of prey which belongs to the falcon family. It inhabited the Mascarene island of Réunion and was part of the Western Indian Ocean radiation of kestrels.
Known from subfossil bones ...
, ''Falco duboisi'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, c. 1700)
Strigiformes
Typical owl
The true owls or typical owls (family Strigidae) are one of the two generally accepted families of owls, the other being the barn owls (Tytonidae). This large family comprises 230 living or recently extinct species in 24 genera. The typical owl ...
s and
barn owls.
*
Pernambuco pygmy owl
The Pernambuco pygmy owl (''Glaucidium mooreorum'') is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. This species, Bird species new to science described in the 2000s, first described in 2002, is endemic to Pernambuco state in Brazil.
Taxonomy and ...
, ''Glaucidium mooreorum'' (Pernambuco, Brazil, 2001?
)
*:Might still exist, classified as critically endangered. A 2018
BirdLife
BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations that strives to conserve birds and their habitats. BirdLife International's priorities include preventing extinction of bird species, identifying and safeguarding ...
study citing extinction patterns recommended reclassifying this species as possibly extinct.
*
Réunion scops owl
The Réunion scops owl (''Otus grucheti''), also known as the Réunion owl or Réunion lizard owl, was a small owl that occurred on the Mascarene island of Réunion, but became extinct before any living birds were described; it is only known fr ...
, ''Mascarenotus grucheti'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, late 17th century?)
*
Mauritius scops owl, ''Mascarenotus sauzieri'' (Mauritius, Mascarenes, c. 1850)
*
Rodrigues scops owl
The Rodrigues scops owl (''Otus murivorus''), also known as Rodrigues owl, Rodrigues lizard owl, Leguat's owl, or (somewhat misleadingly) Rodrigues little owl, was a small owl. It lived on the Mascarene island of Rodrigues, but it is nowadays e ...
, ''Mascarenotus murivorus'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, mid-18th century)
*:The preceding three species were variously placed in ''Bubo'', ''Athene'', ''"Scops"'' (=''Otus''), ''Strix'' and ''Tyto'' before their true affinity was realized.
* New Caledonian boobook, ''Ninox'' cf. ''novaeseelandiae'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia)
*:Known only from prehistoric bones, but might still survive.
*
Laughing owl
The laughing owl (''Ninox albifacies''), also known as ''whēkau'' or the white-faced owl, was an endemic owl of New Zealand. Plentiful when European settlers arrived in New Zealand, its scientific description was published in 1845, but it was l ...
, ''Sceloglaux albifacies'' (New Zealand, 1914?)
*:Two subspecies, ''S. a. albifacies'' (South Island and Stewart Island, extinct 1914?) and ''S. a. rufifacies'' (North Island, extinct c. 1870s?); circumstantial evidence suggests that small remnants survived until the early/mid-20th century.
* The
Puerto Rican barn owl
The Puerto Rican barn owl (''Tyto cavatica'') is an extinct species of barn owl that inhabited the island of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. It is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the ashy-faced owl (''Tyto glaucops'').
References
...
, ''Tyto cavatica'', known from prehistoric remains found in caves of Puerto Rico, West Indies; may still have existed in 1912, given reports of the presence of cave-roosting owls.
* The Andros Island barn owl, ''
Tyto pollens
''Tyto pollens'' is an extinct giant barn owl which lived in the Bahamas during the last Ice Age. Description
It is only known from the partial remains of three individuals which have been collected on the islands of Little Exuma (the site was m ...
'', known from prehistoric remains found on Andros (Bahamas); may have survived to the 16th century, as indicated by the "
chickcharney
The chickcharney (also known as the chickcharnie or chickcharnee) is a legendary creature in the folklore of Andros Island in the Bahama Islands. It is said to live in the forests, is furry or feathered, and about tall, with an ugly appearance ...
" legend.
*
Siau scops owl
The Siau scops owl (''Otus siaoensis'') is a critically endangered owl species. They live on Siau Island, north of Sulawesi, Indonesia and are (were) forest dwellers. The species is only known from a single holotype from 1866 although there have ...
, ''Otus siaoensis'' (20th century?)
*: Only known from the holotype collected in 1866. Endemic to the small volcanic island of
Siau north of
Sulawesi
Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Ar ...
in
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
; might still survive, as there are ongoing rumors of scops owls at Siau.
Caprimulgiformes
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal or crepuscular birds in the family Caprimulgidae and order Caprimulgiformes, characterised by long wings, short legs, and very short bills. They are sometimes called goatsuckers, due to the ancient folk tal ...
Caprimulgidae - nightjars and nighthawks
Reclusive ground-nesting birds that sally out at night to hunt for large
insects
Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of j ...
and similar prey. They are easily located by the males' song, but this is not given all year. Habitat destruction represents currently the biggest threat, while island populations are threatened by introduced mammalian predators, notably dogs, cats, pigs and mongooses.
*
Jamaican poorwill, ''Siphonorhis americana'' (Jamaica, West Indies, late 19th century?)
*:Reports of unidentifiable nightjars from the 1980s in habitat appropriate for ''S. americana'' suggest that this cryptic species may still exist. Research into this possibility is currently underway; pending further information, it is classified as
critically endangered, possibly extinct.
*
Cuban pauraque
The Cuban pauraque (''Siphonorhis daiquiri''), also known as the Cuban poorwill, is an extinct species of nightjar from the island of Cuba in the Caribbean. History
It was described by Storrs Olson in 1985 from subfossil material he collecte ...
, ''Siphonorhis daiquiri'' (Cuba, West Indies, prehistoric?)
*:Described from
subfossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in ...
bones in 1985. There are persistent rumors that this bird, which was never seen alive by scientists, may still survive. Compare
Puerto Rican nightjar
The Puerto Rican nightjar or Puerto Rican Whip-poor-will (''Antrostomus noctitherus'') is a bird in the nightjar family found in the coastal dry scrub forests in localized areas of southwestern Puerto Rico. It was described in 1916 from bones fo ...
and preceding.
*
Vaurie's nightjar
The European nightjar (''Caprimulgus europaeus''), common goatsucker, Eurasian nightjar or just nightjar, is a crepuscular and nocturnal bird in the nightjar family that breeds across most of Europe and the Palearctic to Mongolia and Northwest ...
(''Caprimulgus centralasicus'') is only known from a single 1929 specimen from
Xinjiang
Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...
, China. It has never been found again, but the validity of this supposed species is seriously disputed. It was never refuted to be an immature female desert
European nightjar
The European nightjar (''Caprimulgus europaeus''), common goatsucker, Eurasian nightjar or just nightjar, is a crepuscular and nocturnal bird in the nightjar family that breeds across most of Europe and the Palearctic to Mongolia and Northwest ...
.
Apodiformes
Traditionally, the bird order Apodiformes contained three living families: the swifts (Apodidae), the treeswifts (Hemiprocnidae), and the hummingbirds (Trochilidae). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, this order is raised to a superorder Apodi ...
Swift
Swift or SWIFT most commonly refers to:
* SWIFT, an international organization facilitating transactions between banks
** SWIFT code
* Swift (programming language)
* Swift (bird), a family of birds
It may also refer to:
Organizations
* SWIFT, ...
s and
hummingbird
Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and comprise the biological family Trochilidae. With about 361 species and 113 genera, they occur from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, but the vast majority of the species are found in the tropics aro ...
s
*
Coppery thorntail, ''Discosura letitiae'' (Bolivia?)
*:Known only from three trade specimens of unknown origin. Might still exist.
*
Brace's emerald
Brace's emerald (''Riccordia bracei'') is an extinct species of hummingbird which was endemic to the main island of the Bahamas, New Providence.
Description
Its size was 9.5 cm, the wing length 11.4 cm and length of the tail 2.7 c ...
, ''Chlorostilbon bracei'' (New Providence, Bahamas, late 19th century)
*
Gould's emerald
Gould's emerald (''Riccordia elegans'') is an extinct species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It was described based on a single specimen taken in 1860; it is of unknown origin, but the northern Bahamas or especially Jamaica are likely s ...
, ''Chlorostilbon elegans'' (Jamaica or northern Bahamas, West Indies, late 19th century)
*
Turquoise-throated puffleg
The turquoise-throated puffleg (''Eriocnemis godini''), also known as Godin's puffleg, is a species of hummingbird from Ecuador. It is mostly green with blue undertail coverts and white powder-puffs of downy feathers on the legs, and the male has ...
, ''Eriocnemis godini'' (Ecuador, 20th century?)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered, possibly extinct. Known only from six pre-1900 specimens, the habitat at the only known site where it occurred has been destroyed. However, the bird's distribution remains unresolved.
Coraciiformes
The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colourful birds including the kingfishers, the bee-eaters, the rollers, the motmots, and the todies. They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their base) ...
Kingfisher
Kingfishers are a family, the Alcedinidae, of small to medium-sized, brightly colored birds in the order Coraciiformes. They have a cosmopolitan distribution, with most species found in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, ...
s and related birds
*
Saint Helena hoopoe
The Saint Helena hoopoe (''Upupa antaios''), also known as the Saint Helena giant hoopoe or giant hoopoe, is an extinct species of the hoopoe (family Upupidae), known exclusively from an incomplete subfossil skeleton. It was last seen around 1550 ...
, ''Upupa antaois'' (Saint Helena, Atlantic, early 16th century)
Piciformes
Nine families of largely arboreal birds make up the order Piciformes , the best-known of them being the Picidae, which includes the woodpeckers and close relatives. The Piciformes contain about 71 living genera with a little over 450 species, of ...
Woodpecker
Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. ...
s and related birds
*
Bermuda flicker
The Bermuda flicker (''Colaptes oceanicus'') is an extinct woodpecker from the genus '' Colaptes''. It was confined to Bermuda and is known only by fossil remains dated to the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. However, an old travel report by ...
(''Colaptes oceanicus'') (Bermuda, 17th century?)
:Known only from fossils found in Bermuda and dated to the
Late Pleistocene
The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial Age (geology), age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as Upper Pleistocene from a Stratigraphy, stratigraphic perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division of ...
and the
Holocene
The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togethe ...
; however, a 17th century report written by explorer Captain
John Smith may refer to this species.
*
Imperial woodpecker
The imperial woodpecker (''Campephilus imperialis'') is a woodpecker species endemic to Mexico. If it is not extinct, it is the world's largest woodpecker species, at long. Researchers have discovered that the imperial woodpecker has slow climb ...
, ''Campephilus imperialis'' (Mexico, late 20th century)
:This 60-centimetre-long woodpecker is officially listed as
critically endangered, possibly extinct. Occasional unconfirmed reports come up, the most recent was in late 2005.
*
Ivory-billed woodpecker
The ivory-billed woodpecker (''Campephilus principalis'') is a possibly extinct woodpecker that is native to the bottomland hardwood forests and temperate coniferous forests of the Southern United States and Cuba. Habitat destruction and hunting ...
, ''Campephilus principalis'' (Southeastern U.S. and Cuba, late 20th century)
*:The
American ivory-billed woodpecker (''Campephilus principalis principalis'') is critically endangered, and considered possibly extinct by some authorities.
*:The
Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker
The Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker ( es, carpintero real, link=no) (''Campephilus principalis bairdii'') is a subspecies of the ivory-billed woodpecker native to Cuba. Originally classified as a separate species, recent research has indicated tha ...
(''Campephilus principalis bairdii'') is generally considered extinct, but a few patches of unsurveyed potential habitat remain
Passeriformes
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by t ...
Perching bird
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by ...
s
Furnariidae- Ovenbirds
*
Cryptic treehunter
The cryptic treehunter (''Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti'') is or was a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. Its status, and even its existence as a species, are disputed. It is or was endemic to Brazi ...
, ''Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti'' (E Brazil, 2007)
*
Alagoas foliage-gleaner
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner (''Philydor novaesi'') is an extinct passerine bird which was endemism, endemic to Brazil.
Taxonomy
This species was first discovered in 1979 at Murici in Alagoas, although there have been few sightings in that area ...
, ''Philydor novaesi'' (E Brazil, 2011)
Acanthisittidae
The New Zealand wrens are a family (Acanthisittidae) of tiny passerines endemic to New Zealand. They were represented by seven Holocene species in four or five genera, although only two species in two genera survive today. They are understood to ...
– New Zealand "wrens"
*
Lyall's wren
Lyall's wren or the Stephens Island wren (''Traversia lyalli'') is a small, extinct, flightless passerine belonging to the family Acanthisittidae, the New Zealand wrens. It was once found throughout New Zealand, but when it came to the attention ...
, ''Traversia lyalli'' (New Zealand, 1895?)
*:The species famously (but erroneously) claimed to have been made extinct by a single cat named "Tibbles".
*
Bushwren
The bushwren (''Xenicus longipes''), also known as the mātuhituhi in Māori, was a very small and almost flightless bird that was endemic to New Zealand. It had three subspecies on each of the major islands of New Zealand, the North Island, S ...
, ''Xenicus longipes'' (New Zealand, 1972)
*:Three subspecies: ''X. l. stokesi'' (North Island, extinct 1955); ''X. l. longipes'' (South Island, extinct 1968); ''X. l. variabilis'' (Stewart Island, extinct 1972).
Mohoidae
Mohoidae, also known as the Hawaiian honeyeaters, is a family of Hawaiian species of recently extinct, nectarivorous songbirds in the genera '' Moho'' (ōō) and '' Chaetoptila'' (kioea). These now extinct birds form their own family, represent ...
– Hawaiian "honeyeaters". Family established in 2008, previously in Meliphagidae.
*
Kioea
The kioea (''Chaetoptila angustipluma'') was a endemic Hawaiian bird that became extinct around the mid-19th century.
Description
The kioea was a large bird, about long, with a long, slightly curved bill. What distinguished the kioea from othe ...
, ''Chaetoptila angustipluma'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1860s)
*
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō
The Hawaii ōō (''Moho nobilis'') is a member of the extinct genus of the ōōs ('' Moho'') within the extinct family Mohoidae. It was previously regarded as member of the Australo-Pacific honeyeaters (''Meliphagidae'').
Description
The H ...
, ''Moho nobilis'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1930s)
*
Oʻahu ʻōʻō, ''Moho apicalis'' (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands, mid-19th century)
*
Molokaʻi ʻōʻō, ''Moho bishopi'' (Molokaʻi and probably Maui, Hawaiian Islands, c. 1910 or 1980s)
*
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō, ''Moho braccatus'' (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, 1987)
Meliphagidae
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family, Meliphagidae, of small to medium-sized birds. The family includes the Australian chats, myzomelas, friarbirds, wattlebirds, miners and melidectes. They are most common in Australia and New Gu ...
– honeyeaters and Australian chats
*
Chatham bellbird, ''Anthornis melanocephala'' (Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific, c. 1910)
*:Sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the
New Zealand bellbird
The New Zealand bellbird (''Anthornis melanura''), also known by its Māori names korimako, makomako, and kōmako, is a passerine bird endemic to New Zealand. It has greenish colouration and is the only living member of the genus ''Anthornis''. T ...
, ''Anthornis melanura''. Unconfirmed records exist from the early-mid-1950s.
* The identity of ''"
Strigiceps leucopogon"'' (an
invalid name), described by Lesson in 1840, is unclear. Apart from the holotype supposedly from "
New Holland", a second specimen from the "
Himalaya
The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 100 ...
" may have existed (or still exist). Lesson tentatively allied it to the Meliphagidae, and Rothschild felt reminded of the
kioea
The kioea (''Chaetoptila angustipluma'') was a endemic Hawaiian bird that became extinct around the mid-19th century.
Description
The kioea was a large bird, about long, with a long, slightly curved bill. What distinguished the kioea from othe ...
.
Acanthizidae
The Acanthizidae—known as Australian warblers—are a family of passerine birds which includes gerygones, the thornbills ''Acanthiza'', and the scrubwrens of ''Sericornis''. The Acanthizidae family consists of small to medium passerine birds, ...
– scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones
*
Lord Howe gerygone
The Lord Howe gerygone or Lord Howe gerygone flyeater (''Gerygone insularis'') was a small bird in the family (biology), family Acanthizidae, brown and greyish in color. Its head was brown apart from a pale grey eye-ring and a grey throat and ch ...
, ''Gerygone insularis'' (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1930)
Pachycephalidae – whistlers, shrike-thrushes, pitohuis and allies
*
Mangarevan whistler, ?''Pachycephala gambierana'' (Mangareva, Gambier Islands, late 19th century?)
*:Tentatively placed here. A mysterious bird of which no specimens exist today. It was initially described as a shrike, then classified as an ''Eopsalteria'' "robin" and may actually be an ''Acrocephalus'' warbler.
Dicruridae – monarch flycatchers and allies
*
Maupiti monarch
The Maupiti monarch (''Pomarea maupitiensis'') was a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. It was endemic to the island of Maupiti in the Society Islands ( French Polynesia). The Maupiti monarch became extinct shortly after the type specime ...
, ''Pomarea pomarea'' (Maupiti, Society Islands, mid-19th century)
*
Eiao monarch
The Eiao monarch (''Pomarea fluxa'') is an extinct species of bird in the family Monarchidae. The species is sometimes considered to have been conspecific with the Iphis monarch. It was endemic to French Polynesia. Its natural habitats were subt ...
, ''Pomarea fluxa'' (Eiao, Marquesas, late 1970s)
*:Previously considered a subspecies of the
Iphis monarch
The Iphis monarch (''Pomarea iphis''), or Ua Huka flycatcher, is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. It is endemic to French Polynesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowl ...
, this is an early offspring of the Marquesan stock.
*
Nuku Hiva monarch
The Nuku Hiva monarch (''Pomarea nukuhivae''), or Nukuhiva flycatcher, was a species of bird in the family Monarchidae.
It was endemic to French Polynesia.
Its natural habitats were subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or ...
, ''Pomarea nukuhivae'' (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas, mid-late 20th century)
*:Previously considered a subspecies of the
Marquesas monarch, this is another early offspring of the Marquesan stock.
*
Ua Pou monarch
The Ua Pou monarch (''Pomarea mira'') is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae, endemic to the French Polynesian island of Ua Pou. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist monta ...
, ''Pomarea mira'' (Ua Pou, Marquesas, c. 1986)
*:Previously considered another subspecies of the
Marquesas monarch, this was a distinct species most closely related to that bird and the
Fatuhiva monarch.
*
Guam flycatcher
The Guam flycatcher (''Myiagra freycineti''), or Guam broadbill, is an extinct species of bird in the family Monarchidae formerly endemic to Guam. Taxonomy and systematics
Some authorities consider the Guam flycatcher to have been a subspecies o ...
, ''Myiagra freycineti'' (Guam, Marianas, 1983)
Oriolidae – Old World orioles and allies
*
North Island piopio, ''Turnagra tanagra'' (North Island, New Zealand, c. 1970?)
*:Not reliably recorded since about 1900.
*
South Island piopio
The South Island piopio (''Turnagra capensis'') also known as the New Zealand thrush, was a passerine bird of the family Oriolidae.
Taxonomy and systematics
The South Island piopio was originally described in the genus ''Tanagra'' (a synony ...
, ''Turnagra capensis'' (South Island, New Zealand, 1960s?)
*:Two subspecies, ''T. c. minor'' from
Stephens Island (extinct c. 1897) and the nominate ''T. c. capensis'' from the South Island mainland (last specimen taken in 1902, last unconfirmed record in 1963)
Callaeidae – New Zealand wattlebirds
*
Huia
The huia ( ; ; ''Heteralocha acutirostris'') is an extinct species of New Zealand wattlebird, endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. The last confirmed sighting of a huia was in 1907, although there was a credible sighting in 1924.
It ...
, ''Heteralocha acutirostris'' (North Island, New Zealand, early 20th century)
Hirundinidae
The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine songbirds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The ...
– swallows and martins
*
White-eyed river martin
The white-eyed river martin (''Pseudochelidon sirintarae'') is a passerine bird, one of only two members of the river martin subfamily of the swallows. Since it has significant differences from its closest relative, the African river martin, it ...
, ''Pseudochelidon sirintarae'' (Thailand, late 1980s?)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered, this enigmatic species is only known from migrating birds and it was last seen in 1986 at its former roost site. Recent unconfirmed reports suggest that it may occur in
Cambodia
Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand t ...
.
*
Red Sea cliff swallow
The Red Sea cliff swallow (''Petrochelidon perdita''), also known as the Red Sea swallow, is a species of bird in the family Hirundinidae.
Distribution and habitat
It is possibly endemic to Sudan. It is known only from a single specimen, found i ...
, ''Petrochelidon perdita'' (Red Sea area, late 20th century?)
*:Known from a single specimen, this enigmatic swallow probably still exists, but the lack of recent records is puzzling. It is alternatively placed in the genus ''Hirundo''.
Acrocephalidae
The Acrocephalidae (the reed warblers, marsh- and tree-warblers, or acrocephalid warblers) are a family of oscine passerine birds, in the superfamily Sylvioidea.
The species in this family are usually rather large "warblers". Most are rather pla ...
– marsh and tree warblers
*
Nightingale reed warbler
The nightingale reed warbler (''Acrocephalus luscinius''), or Guam reed-warbler, was a songbird endemic to Guam. It has not been seen since 1969.
Taxonomy and systematics
The nightingale reed warbler was described by the French zoologists
...
, ''Acrocephalus luscinius'' (Guam, c. 1970's)
*
Aguiguan reed warbler, ''Acrocephalus nijoi'' (Aguiguan, Marianas, c. 1997)
*
Mangareva reed warbler, ''Acrocephalus astrolabii'' (Marianas?, mid-19th century?)
*: Known from just two specimens found from
Mangareva Island
Mangareva is the central and largest island of the Gambier Islands in French Polynesia. It is surrounded by smaller islands: Taravai in the southwest, Aukena and Akamaru in the southeast, and islands in the north. Mangareva has a permanent po ...
in the western Pacific.
*
Pagan reed warbler, ''Acrocephalus yamashinae'' (Pagan, Marianas, 1970s)
*
Garrett's reed warbler
Garrett's reed warbler (''Acrocephalus musae''), sometimes called Society Islands reed warbler or Forster's reed-warbler was a songbird in the genus ''Acrocephalus (bird), Acrocephalus''. Formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage (Syl ...
, ''Acrocephalus musae'' (Society Islands, 19th century?)
*
Moorea reed warbler,'' Acrocephalus longirostris'' (Moorea, Society Islands, 1980s?)
*:Last reliable sighting was in 1981. Survey in 1986/1987 remained unsuccessful. A photograph of a warbler from Moorea in 1998 or 1999 taken by Philippe Bacchet remains uncertain, as do reports from 2003 and 2010.
Muscicapidae
The Old World flycatchers are a large family, the Muscicapidae, of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia), with the exception of several vagrants and two species, Bluethroat (''Luscinia svecica)'' and Norther ...
– Old World flycatchers and chats
*
Rück's blue flycatcher
Rück's blue flycatcher (''Cyornis ruckii'') is a passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is known from only four specimens and is endemic to a small area in northeast Sumatra, Indonesia, inhabiting Old-growth forest, ...
, ''Cyornis ruckii'' (Malaysia or Indochina, 20th century?)
*:An enigmatic bird known from two or four possibly migrant specimens, last recorded in 1918. Might exist in northeast Indochina and might be a subspecies of the
Hainan blue flycatcher
The hainan blue flycatcher (''Cyornis hainanus'') is a bird in the family Muscicapidae. The species was first described by William Robert Ogilvie-Grant in 1900. It is found in Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Its ...
.
Megaluridae
Locustellidae is a newly recognized family (biology), family of small insectivorous songbirds ("warblers"), formerly placed in the Old World warbler "wastebin taxon, wastebin" family (biology), family. It contains the grass warblers, grassbirds, ...
– megalurid warblers or grass warblers
*
Chatham fernbird
The Chatham fernbird (''Poodytes rufescens'') is an extinct bird species that was endemic to the Chatham Islands. It was historically known only from Mangere Island, but fossils have been found on Pitt Island and Chatham Island as well. Its close ...
, ''Bowdleria rufescens'' (Chatham Islands, New Zealand, c. 1900)
*:Often placed in genus ''Megalurus'', but this is based on an incomplete review of the evidence.
Cisticolidae
The family Cisticolidae is a group of about 160 warblers, small passerine birds found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They were formerly included within the Old World warbler family Sylviidae.
This family probably originated ...
– cisticolas and allies
*
Tana River cisticola, ''Cisticola restrictus'' (Kenya, 1970s?)
*:A mysterious bird, found in the Tana River basin in small numbers at various dates, but not since 1972. Probably invalid, based on aberrant or hybrid specimens. An unconfirmed sighting was apparently made in 2007 in the Tana River Delta.
Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are a family, Zosteropidae, of small passerine birds native to tropical, subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia. White-eyes inhabit most tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, the ...
– white-eyes - probably belonging to Timaliidae
*
Marianne white-eye
The Marianne white-eye (''Zosterops semiflavus''), also known as Seychelles chestnut-sided white-eye or Seychelles yellow white-eye, is an extinct species of small bird in the white-eye family.
Taxonomy
Edward Newton described it as a full spec ...
, ''Zosterops semiflavus'' (Marianne Island, Seychelles, late 19th century)
*
Lord Howe white-eye, ''Zosterops strenuus'' (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1918)
*
White-chested white-eye
The white-chested white-eye (''Zosterops albogularis'') also known as white-breasted white-eye or Norfolk white-eye is a passerine from the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to Norfolk Island between New Caledonia and New Zealand and it is regar ...
, ''Zosterops albogularis'' (Norfolk Island, between 2006 and 2010)
Pycnonotidae
The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical ...
– bulbuls
*
Rodrigues bulbul, ''Hypsipetes cowlesi'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, extinction date unknown, 17th century or 18th century might be possible)
*:Known only from subfossil bones.
Sylvioidea
Sylvioidea is a superfamily of passerine birds, one of at least three major clades within the Passerida along with the Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea. It contains about 1300 species including the Old World warblers, Old World babblers, swallows ...
''
incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
''
*
Aldabra brush warbler, ''Nesillas aldabrana'' (Aldabra, Indian Ocean, c. 1984)
*
Rodrigues "babbler" (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, 17th century?)
*:Known from
subfossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in ...
bones. Provisionally assigned to
Timaliidae, but placement highly doubtful.
Sturnidae – starlings
*
Kosrae starling
The Kosrae starling, also known as Kosrae Island starling, and formerly as Kusaie Mountain starling, (''Aplonis corvina'') is an extinct bird from the family of starlings (Sturnidae). It was endemic to the montane forests on the island of Kosrae ...
, ''Aplonis corvina'' (Kosrae, Carolines, mid-19th century)
*
Mysterious starling, ''Aplonis mavornata'' (Mauke, Cook Islands, mid-19th century)
*
Tasman starling
The Tasman starling (''Aplonis fusca'') was described in 1836 by John Gould as a species which occurred on both Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. In 1928 Australian ornithologist Gregory Macalister Mathews, Gregory Mathews recognized that the ...
, ''Aplonis fusca'' (Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1923)
*:Two subspecies, ''A. f. fusca''–
Norfolk starling (extinct c. 1923); ''A. fusca hulliana''–
Lord Howe starling
The Tasman starling (''Aplonis fusca'') was described in 1836 by John Gould as a species which occurred on both Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. In 1928 Australian ornithologist Gregory Mathews recognized that the plumage of the race from Lor ...
(extinct c. 1919).
*
Pohnpei starling
The Pohnpei starling (''Aplonis pelzelni''), also known as Pohnpei mountain starling or Ponape mountain starling, is an extremely rare or possibly extinct bird from the family of starlings ( Sturnidae). It is (or was) endemic to the island of Po ...
, ''Aplonis pelzelni'' (Pohnpei, Micronesia, c. 2000)
*:Only one reliable record since 1956, in 1995, leaves the species' survival seriously in doubt.
*
Bay starling, ''Aplonis? ulietensis'' (Raiatea, Society Islands, between 1774 and 1850)
*:Usually called "bay thrush" (''Turdus ulietensis''); a mysterious bird from
Raiatea
Raiatea or Ra'iatea ( Tahitian: ''Ra‘iātea'') is the second largest of the Society Islands, after Tahiti, in French Polynesia. The island is widely regarded as the "centre" of the eastern islands in ancient Polynesia and it is likely that the ...
, now only known from a painting and some descriptions of a (now lost) specimen. Its
taxonomic
Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification.
A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...
position is thus unresolvable at present, although for
biogeographic
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...
reasons and because of the surviving description, it has been suggested to have been a
honeyeater
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family (biology), family, Meliphagidae, of small to medium-sized birds. The family includes the Epthianura, Australian chats, myzomelas, friarbirds, wattlebirds, Manorina, miners and melidectes. They are ...
. However, with the discovery of fossils of the prehistorically extinct
starling
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Sturnidae. The Sturnidae are named for the genus ''Sturnus'', which in turn comes from the Latin word for starling, ''sturnus''. Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, ...
''
Aplonis diluvialis'' on neighboring
Huahine
Huahine is an island located among the Society Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Leeward Islands group ''(Îles sous le Vent).'' At the 2017 census it had a population of 6,075. ...
, it seems likely that this bird also belonged to this genus.
*
Hoopoe starling
The hoopoe starling (''Fregilupus varius''), also known as the Réunion starling or Bourbon crested starling, is a species of starling that lived on the Mascarene island of Réunion and became extinct in the 1850s. Its closest relatives were th ...
, ''Fregilupus varius'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, 1850s)
*:Tentatively assigned to Sturnidae.
*
Rodrigues starling
The Rodrigues starling (''Necropsar rodericanus'') is an extinct species of starling that was endemic to the Mascarene island of Rodrigues. Its closest relatives were the Mauritius starling and the hoopoe starling from nearby islands; all thre ...
, ''Necropsar rodericanus'' (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, mid-18th century?)
*:Tentatively assigned to Sturnidae. The bird variously described as ''Necropsar leguati'' or ''Orphanopsar leguati'' and considered to be identical with ''N. rodericanus'' (which is only known from
subfossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in ...
bones) was found to be based on a misidentified
albinistic
Albinism is the congenital absence of melanin in an animal or plant resulting in white hair, feathers, scales and skin and pink or blue eyes. Individuals with the condition are referred to as albino.
Varied use and interpretation of the term ...
specimen of the
Martinique trembler
The grey trembler (''Cinclocerthia gutturalis'') is a songbird species in the family (biology), family Mimidae, the mockingbirds and thrashers. It is found only on Martinique and Saint Lucia in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean Sea.
Taxono ...
(''Cinclocerthia gutturalis'')
Turdidae
The thrushes are a passerine bird family, Turdidae, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as Old World flycat ...
– thrushes and relatives
*
Grand Cayman thrush, ''Turdus ravidus'' (Grand Cayman, West Indies, late 1940s)
*
Bonin thrush
The Bonin thrush (''Zoothera terrestris''), also known as Kittlitz's thrush or the Bonin Islands thrush, is an extinct species of Asian thrush. It is sometimes separated as the only species of the genus ''Cichlopasser''. The only place where th ...
, ''Zoothera terrestris'' (Chichi-jima, Ogasawara Islands, c. 1830s)
*
Kāmaʻo
The kāmao or large Kauai thrush (''Myadestes myadestinus'') was a small, dark solitaire endemic to Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands.
Characteristics
The adult bird grew up to in length. The male and female of the species looked similar. It ...
, ''Myadestes myadestinus'' (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, 1990s)
*
Olomaʻo, ''Myadestes lanaiensis'' (Hawaiian Islands, 1980s?)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered because a possible location on Molokaʻi remains unsurveyed. Three subspecies are known from Oahu (''
M. l. woahensis'', extinct 1850s), Lanaʻi (''M. l. lanaiensis'', extinct early 1930s), Molokaʻi (''M. l. rutha'', extinct 1980s?) and a possible fourth subspecies from Maui (extinct before late 19th century).
Mimidae – mockingbirds and thrashers
*
Cozumel thrasher
The Cozumel thrasher (''Toxostoma guttatum'') is a bird from the mockingbird family ( Mimidae), which is endemic to the island of Cozumel off the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. It is believed to be the most critically endangered species of bird in M ...
, ''Toxostoma guttatum'' (Cozumel, Caribbean, early first decade of the 21st century?)
*:It is still unknown whether the tiny population rediscovered in 2004 survived Hurricanes
Emily and
Wilma in 2005. Unconfirmed records in April 2006 and October and December 2007.
Estrildidae
Estrildidae, or estrildid finches, is a family of small seed-eating passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They comprise species commonly known as munias, mannikins, firefinches, parrotfinches and waxbills. Despite the word "fi ...
– estrildid finches (waxbills, munias, etc.
*
Black-lored waxbill
The black-lored waxbill (''Estrilda nigriloris'') is a species of estrildid finch found around the Lualaba River and Lake Upemba in the southern part of The Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of less ...
, ''Estrilda nigriloris'' (D.R. Congo, Africa, late 20th century?)
*:An enigmatic waxbill not seen since 1950; because part of its habitat is in
Upemba National Park
Upemba National Park is a large national park in Haut-Lomami, Lualaba Province & Haut-Katanga Province (formerly in Katanga Province) of the southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly Zaire.
Geography
At the time of the creation of Upem ...
, it may survive.
Icteridae
Icterids () or New World blackbirds make up a family, the Icteridae (), of small to medium-sized, often colorful, New World passerine birds. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red. The ...
– grackles
*
Slender-billed grackle
The slender-billed grackle (''Quiscalus palustris'') was a species of grackle in the Icteridae (New World blackbirds) family of birds. The species was closely related to the western clade of the great-tailed grackle, from which it diverged quite r ...
, ''Quiscalus palustris'' (Mexico, 1910)
Parulidae
The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds that make up the family Parulidae and are restricted to the New World. They are not closely related to Old World warblers or Australian warblers. Most ...
– New World warblers
*
![Bachman's Warbler](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Bachman%27s_Warbler.jpg)
Bachman's warbler
Bachman's warbler (''Vermivora bachmanii'') is a likely extinct passerine migratory bird. This warbler was a migrant, breeding in swampy blackberry and cane thickets of the Southeastern and Midwestern United States and wintering in Cuba. There ...
, ''Vermivora bachmanii'' (southern US, c. 1990?)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered.
*
Semper's warbler, ''Leucopeza semperi'' (Saint Lucia, Caribbean, 1970s?)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered. Suitable habitat remains and there have been unconfirmed records within the last decade.
Ploceidae
Ploceidae is a family of small passerine birds, many of which are called weavers, weaverbirds, weaver finches and bishops. These names come from the nests of intricately woven vegetation created by birds in this family. In most recent classifica ...
– weavers
*
Réunion fody
The Réunion fody (''Foudia delloni'') is an extinct bird species from the family of weavers. It was endemic to the Mascarene island of Réunion.
Taxonomy
This bird was first mentioned in a report by traveller Gabriel DellonCheke & Hume p. 43 ...
, ''Foudia delloni''
*:Formerly ''Foudia bruante'', which might refer to a color morph of the
red fody.
Fringillidae
The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and nuts and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usua ...
– true finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers
*
Bonin grosbeak
The Bonin grosbeak or Bonin Islands grosbeak (''Carpodacus ferreorostris'') is an extinct finch. It is one of the diverse bird taxa that are vernacularly called "grosbeaks", but it is not closely related to the grosbeaks ''sensu stricto''. Many ...
, ''Chaunoproctus ferreorostris'' (Chichi-jima, Ogasawara Islands, 1830s)
*
ʻŌʻū
The ōū (pronounced
''Pronunciation'': Like "oh-oo". In contrast, the ''oo'' ("oh-oh") is an unrelated Hawaiian bird (the ōō).) (''Psittirostra psittacea'') is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the Hawaiian islands. It has a d ...
, ''Psittirostra psittacea'' (Hawaiian Islands, c. 2000?)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered, this was once the most widespread species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It has not been reliably recorded since 1987 or 1989.
*
Lanaʻi hookbill, ''Dysmorodrepanis munroi'' (Lanaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, 1918)
*
Pila's palila, ''Loxioides kikuichi'' (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands), possibly survived to the early 18th century.
*
Lesser koa finch
The lesser koa finch (''Rhodacanthis flaviceps'') is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper.
Description
The only specimens of the lesser koa finch ever caught were a family group with members of different ages and genders, ideal for stu ...
, ''Rhodacanthus flaviceps'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1891)
*
Greater koa finch
The greater koa finch (''Rhodacanthis palmeri'') was a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It was found only in the Hawaiian Islands. It has been extinct since the late 19th century.
Description
The bird was about 7–8 in (18–20 ...
, ''Rhodacanthus palmeri'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1896)
*
Kona grosbeak
The Kona grosbeak (''Chloridops kona'') is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. The Kona grosbeak was endemic to naio ('' Myoporum sandwicense'') forests on ʻaʻā lava flows at elevations of near the Kona District on the island of H ...
, ''Psittirostra kona'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1894)
*
Greater ʻamakihi, ''Hemignathus sagittirostris'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1901)
*
Maui nukupuʻu
The Maui nukupuu (''Hemignathus affinis'') is a species of nukupu‘u Hawaiian honeycreeper that was endemic to the island of Maui in the Hawaiian Islands. The small, five-inch-long bird lived only in eastern Maui, where it was dependent on hig ...
, ''Hemignathus affinis'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 1990s)
*
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu
The Kauai nukupuu (''Hemignathus hanapepe'') was a species of nukupuʻu once found throughout parts of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. It was an insect eater that picked out its tiny prey from tree bark. The males were yellowish with brown wings, ...
, ''Hemignathus hanapepe'' (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, late 1990s)
*
Oʻahu nukupuʻu
The Oahu nukupuu (''Hemignathus lucidus'') was a species of nukupuu which was similar to its cousins from the Islands of Kauai and Maui. It is yellowish greyish with a long hooked beak to find insects. This bird is now extinct due to human act ...
, ''Hemignathus lucidus'' (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands, late 19th century)
*
Hawaiʻi ʻakialoa or lesser ʻakialoa, ''Akialoa obscurus'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1940)
*
Maui Nui ʻakialoa
The Maui Nui 'akialoa or Lana'i 'akialoa (''Akialoa lanaiensis'') was a Hawaiian honeycreeper of the subfamily Carduelinae and the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the island of Lanai, Hawaii in modern times, but seems to have occurred on ...
, ''Akialoa lanaiensis'' (Lanaʻi and, prehistorically, probably Maui and Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, 1892)
*
Oʻahu ʻakialoa
The Oahu akialoa (''Akialoa ellisana'') was a Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae (finches). It was formerly considered a subspecies in the greater akialoa complex before being elevated to a full species ...
, ''Akialoa ellisiana'' (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands, early 20th century)
*
Kauaʻi ʻakialoa
The Kauai ʻakialoa (''Akialoa stejnegeri'') was a Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the island of Kauai, Hawaii. It became extinct in the 20th century due to introduced avian disea ...
, ''Akialoa stejnegeri'' (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, 1969)
*
Kakawahie, ''Paroreomyza flammea'' (Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, 1963)
*
Oʻahu ʻalauahio
The Oʻahu ʻalauahio (''Paroreomyza maculata''), also known as the Oʻahu creeper, is a small finch-like Hawaiian honeycreeper that is endemism in birds, endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu. It is probably Extinction, extinct.
Description
I ...
, ''Paroreomyza maculata'' (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands, early 1990s?)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered. Last reliable record was in 1985, with an unconfirmed sighting in 1990.
*
Maui akepa, ''Loxops ochraceus'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 1988)
*
Oʻahu akepa, ''Loxops wolstenholmei'' (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands, 1900s)
*
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane, ''Ciridops anna'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1892 or 1937)
*
Black mamo
The black mamo (''Drepanis funerea''), also known as the hoa, is an extinction, extinct species of bird once Endemism, endemic to the island of Molokai; there is also subfossil evidence of it having lived on Maui.
Description
It measured fr ...
, ''Drepanis funerea'' (Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, 1907)
*
Hawaiʻi mamo, ''Drepanis pacifica'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1898)
*
Laysan honeycreeper
The Laysan honeycreeper or Laysan apapane (''Himatione fraithii'') is an extinct bird species that was endemic to the island of Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
Taxonomy
The species was described by the British ornithologist Walter ...
, ''Himatione fraithii'' (Laysan, Hawaiian Islands, 1923)
*
Poʻo-uli, ''Melamprosops phaeosoma'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 2004)
Emberizidae
The buntings are a group of Old World passerine birds forming the genus ''Emberiza'', the only genus in the family Emberizidae. The family contains 45 species. They are seed-eating birds with stubby, conical bills.
Taxonomy
The family Emberizid ...
– buntings and American sparrows
*
Hooded seedeater
The yellow-bellied seedeater (''Sporophila nigricollis'') is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae, formerly placed with the American sparrows in the Emberizidae.
Taxonomy and systematics Hooded seedeater
The hooded seedeater was a propose ...
, ''Sporophila melanops'' (Brazil, 20th century?)
*:Officially classified as
critically endangered. It is known only from a single male collected in 1823 and has variously been considered an aberrant
yellow-bellied seedeater
The yellow-bellied seedeater (''Sporophila nigricollis'') is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae, formerly placed with the American sparrows in the Emberizidae.
Taxonomy and systematics Hooded seedeater
The hooded seedeater was a proposed ...
or a hybrid.
*
Bermuda towhee, ''Pipilo naufragus''. Known by subfossil remains and possibly from a travel report by
William Strachey
William Strachey (4 April 1572 – buried 21 June 1621) was an English writer whose works are among the primary sources for the early history of the English colonisation of North America. He is best remembered today as the eye-witness reporter o ...
in 1610.
Possibly extinct bird subspecies or status unknown
Extinction of
subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...
is a subject very dependent on guesswork. National and international conservation projects and research publications such as
redlists usually focus on species as a whole. Reliable information on the status of threatened subspecies usually has to be assembled piecemeal from published observations, such as regional checklists. Therefore, the following listing contains a high proportion of taxa that may still exist, but are listed here due to any combination of absence of recent records, a known threat such as habitat destruction, or an observed decline.
Struthioniformes
Struthioniformes is an order of birds with only a single extant family, Struthionidae, containing the ostriches. Several other extinct families are known, spanning across the Northern Hemisphere, from the Early Eocene to the early Pliocene, includ ...
Ratites
A ratite () is any of a diverse group of flightless, large, long-necked, and long-legged birds of the infraclass Palaeognathae. Kiwi, the exception, are much smaller and shorter-legged and are the only nocturnal extant ratites.
The systematics o ...
and related birds
*
Arabian ostrich
The Arabian ostrich (''Struthio camelus syriacus''), Syrian ostrich, or Middle Eastern ostrich is an extinct subspecies of the ostrich that lived on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Near East until the mid-20th century.
Distribution
Its range s ...
, ''Struthio camelus syriacus'' (Arabia, 1966)
:The last record of this
ostrich
Ostriches are large flightless birds of the genus ''Struthio'' in the order Struthioniformes, part of the infra-class Palaeognathae, a diverse group of flightless birds also known as ratites that includes the emus, rheas, and kiwis. There are ...
subspecies was a bird found dead in Jordan in 1966.
Apterygiformes
*
North Island little spotted kiwi
The little spotted kiwi or little grey kiwi (''Apteryx owenii'') is a small flightless bird in the Kiwi (bird), kiwi family Apterygidae. It is the smallest species of all five kiwis, at about , about the size of a bantam (chicken), bantam. It is ...
, ''Apteryx owenii iredalei'' (North Island, New Zealand, late 19th century)
:A doubtfully distinct
little spotted kiwi
The little spotted kiwi or little grey kiwi (''Apteryx owenii'') is a small flightless bird in the kiwi family Apterygidae. It is the smallest species of all five kiwis, at about , about the size of a bantam. It is endemic to New Zealand, and i ...
subspecies.
Casuariiformes
The Casuariiformes is an order of large flightless birds that has four surviving members: the three species of cassowary, and the only remaining species of emu. They are divided into either a single family, Casuariidae, or more typically two, w ...
*
King Island emu
The King Island emu (''Dromaius novaehollandiae minor'') is an extinct subspecies of emu that was endemic to King Island, in the Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania. Its closest relative may be the extinct Tasmanian emu (''D. n ...
, ''Dromaius novaehollandiae minor'' (King Island, Australia, 1822)
:A dwarf subspecies of the emu; extinct in the wild c. 1805, the last captive specimen died in 1822 in the
Jardin des Plantes.
*
Kangaroo Island emu
Kangaroos are four marsupials from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning "large foot"). In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, the red kangaroo, as well as the antilopine kangaroo, eastern gre ...
, ''Dromaius novaehollandiae baudinianus'' (Kangaroo Island, Australia, 1827)
:A dwarf subspecies of the emu; extinct since c. 1827.
*
Tasmanian emu
The Tasmanian emu (''Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis'') is an extinct subspecies of emu. It was found in Tasmania, where it had become isolated during the Late Pleistocene. As opposed to the other insular emu taxa, the King Island emu and th ...
, ''Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis'' (Tasmania, Australia, mid-19th century)
:A dwarf subspecies of the emu; the last wild bird was collected in 1845. It may have persisted in captivity until 1884. It may be invalid.
Tinamiformes
Tinamous
*
Magdalena tinamou
The Magdalena tinamou, ''Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius'', is a member of one of the most ancient bird families, the tinamous. It is endemic to the Magdalena River Valley in Colombia, and had been considered possibly extinct, because of ...
, ''Crypturellus (erythropus) saltuarius'' (Colombia, late 20th century?)
:Variously considered a
red-legged tinamou
The red-legged tinamou or red-footed tinamou, (''Crypturellus erythropus'') is a ground-dwelling bird found in the tropics and lower subtropics of northern South America.Clements, J (2007)
Description
The red-legged tinamou is superficially sim ...
subspecies or a distinct species, this bird is currently only known with certainty from the 1943
type specimen
In biology, a type is a particular wiktionary:en:specimen, specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to a ...
. An additional specimen exists (or existed), but its present whereabouts is unknown. Recent research suggest that it is still extant and there was a likely – although as yet unconfirmed – record near the
type locality by Colombian
ornithologist
Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the "methodological study and consequent knowledge of birds with all that relates to them." Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and th ...
Oswaldo Cortés in late 2008.
Anseriformes
Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which in ...
Duck
Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form t ...
s,
geese
A goose (plural, : geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family (biology), family Anatidae. This group comprises the genera ''Anser (bird), Anser'' (the grey geese and white geese) and ''Branta'' (the black geese). Some o ...
and
swan
Swans are birds of the family (biology), family Anatidae within the genus ''Cygnus''. The swans' closest relatives include the goose, geese and ducks. Swans are grouped with the closely related geese in the subfamily Anserinae where they form t ...
s
*
Bering cackling goose, ''Branta hutchinsii asiatica'' (Komandorski and Kuril Islands, N Pacific, c. 1914 or 1929)
:A subspecies of the
cackling goose (formerly called the Bering
Canada goose
The Canada goose (''Branta canadensis''), or Canadian goose, is a large wild goose with a black head and neck, white cheeks, white under its chin, and a brown body. It is native to the arctic and temperate regions of North America, and it is o ...
(''Branta canadensis asiatica'')) which is doubtfully distinct from the
Aleutian subspecies.
* Rennell Island teal, ''Anas gibberifrons remissa'' (Rennell, Solomon Islands, c. 1959)
*
Pink-headed duck
The pink-headed duck (''Rhodonessa caryophyllacea'') is a large diving duck that was once found in parts of the Gangetic plains of India, parts of Maharashtra, Bangladesh and in the riverine swamps of Myanmar but feared extinct since the 1950s. ...
, ''Rhodonessa caryophyllacea'' (East India, Bangladesh, North Myanmar, 1945?)– a reclassification into the genus ''Netta'' is recommended, but not generally accepted.
*:Officially
critically endangered; recent surveys have failed to rediscover it, though sightings continue to be reported.
:A doubtfully distinct subspecies of the
Sunda teal
The Sunda teal (''Anas gibberifrons''), also known as the Bebek cokelat or Itik benjut, is a dabbling duck found in open wetlands in Indonesia. The species formerly included the Andaman teal ''Anas albogularis'' and the grey teal, ''Anas gracili ...
, which disappeared due to predation on young birds by introduced
tilapia
Tilapia ( ) is the common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid fish from the coelotilapine, coptodonine, heterotilapine, oreochromine, pelmatolapiine, and tilapiine tribes (formerly all were "Tilapiini"), with the economically most ...
(''
Oreochromis mossambicus
''Oreochromis'' is a large genus of oreochromine cichlids, fishes endemic to Africa and the Middle East. A few species from this genus have been introduced far outside their native range and are important in aquaculture. Many others have ver ...
'').
* Niceforo's pintail, ''Anas georgica niceforoi'' (Colombia, 1950s)
:A
yellow-billed pintail
The yellow-billed pintail (''Anas georgica'') is a South American dabbling duck of the genus ''Anas'' with three described subspecies.
Taxonomy
The yellow-billed pintail was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedric ...
subspecies that has not been recorded since the 1950s.
* Borrero's cinnamon teal, ''Anas cyanoptera borreroi'' (Colombia, mid-20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
cinnamon teal
The cinnamon teal (''Spatula cyanoptera'') is a species of duck found in western North and South America. It is a small dabbling duck, with bright reddish plumage on the male and duller brown plumage on the female. It lives in marshes and ponds, ...
known only from a restricted area in the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia, with a couple of records from Ecuador. It was discovered in 1946 and thought to be extinct by 1956.
* Coues' gadwall, ''Anas strepera couesi'' (Teraina, Kiribati, c.1900)
:This island subspecies of the
gadwall
The gadwall (''Mareca strepera'') is a common and widespread dabbling duck in the family Anatidae.
Taxonomy
The gadwall was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. DNA studies have shown that ...
was discovered in 1874 and has not been recorded since, with none found by a 1924 expedition from Honolulu's Bishop Museum.
Galliformes
Galliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys, chickens, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are often ...
Quail
Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally placed in the order Galliformes. The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey, or bevy.
Old World quail are placed in the family Phasianidae, and New Wor ...
s and relatives
* Italian grey partridge, ''Perdix perdix italica'' (Italy, 1980s)
:A subspecies of the
grey partridge
The grey partridge (''Perdix perdix''), also known as the gray-legged partridge, English partridge, Hungarian partridge, or hun, is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. The scientific name ...
whose validity has been questioned; the last purebred individuals disappeared during the late 1980s due to hybridization with introduced birds.
*
Lake Amik
Lake Amik or the Lake of Antioch ( ar, بحيرة العمق) ( tr, Amik Gölü) was a large freshwater lake in the basin of the Orontes River in Hatay Province, Turkey; it was located north-east of the ancient city of Antioch (modern Antakya). ...
black francolin, ''Francolinus francolinus billypayni'' (S Turkey, possibly Lebanon, 1960s)
:A doubtfully distinct subspecies of the
black francolin.
* Sicilian black francolin, ''Francolinus francolinus'' ssp. (Sicily, Mediterranean, c.1869)
:Another doubtfully distinct
black francolin subspecies.
*
Heath hen
The heath hen (''Tympanuchus cupido cupido'') is an extinct subspecies of the greater prairie chicken (''Tympanuchus cupido''), a large North American bird in the grouse family. It became extinct in 1932.
Heath hens lived in the scrubby heath ...
, ''Tympanuchus cupido cupido'', (New England, North America, 1932)
:A subspecies of the
greater prairie-chicken
The greater prairie chicken or pinnated grouse (''Tympanuchus cupido''), sometimes called a boomer,Friederici, Peter (July 20, 1989)"The Last Prairie Chickens" ''Chicago Reader''. Retrieved August 27, 2014.(Chinese 中文:帕艺明彩大凤 ...
or possibly a distinct species.
* New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse, ''Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi'' (New Mexico, North America, 1950s)
:A
sharp-tailed grouse
The sharp-tailed grouse (''Tympanuchus phasianellus''), also known as the sharptail or fire grouse, is a medium-sized prairie grouse. One of three species in the genus '' Tympanuchus'', the sharp-tailed grouse is found throughout Alaska, much of ...
subspecies, last recorded in Colfax County in 1952.
* Moroccan guineafowl, ''Numida meleagris sabyi'' (Morocco, mid-late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
helmeted guineafowl. Reportedly still kept in captivity in Morocco in the late 1990s. Possibly extinct in the wild by 1950, three records from the 1970s may refer to feral-domestic hybrids.
Charadriiformes
Charadriiformes (, from ''Charadrius'', the type genus of family Charadriidae) is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 390 species and has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiform birds live near water an ...
Shorebird
245px, A flock of Dunlins and Red knots">Red_knot.html" ;"title="Dunlins and Red knot">Dunlins and Red knots
Waders or shorebirds are birds of the order Charadriiformes commonly found wikt:wade#Etymology 1, wading along shorelines and mudflat ...
s,
gull
Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari. They are most closely related to the terns and skimmers and only distantly related to auks, and even more distantly to waders. Until the 21st century, m ...
s and
auk
An auk or alcid is a bird of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. The word "auk" is derived from Icelandic ''álka'', from Old Norse ''alka'' (a ...
s
* Kiritimati sandpiper, ''Prosobonia cancellata cancellata'' (Kiritimati, Kiribati, 19th century?)
:The doubtfully distinct nominate subspecies of the
Tuamotu sandpiper
The Tuamotu sandpiper (''Prosobonia parvirostris'') is an endangered member of the large wader family Scolopacidae, that is endemic to the Tuamotu Islands in French Polynesia. It is sometimes placed in the monotypic genus ''Aechmorhynchus''. A na ...
, sometimes considered a distinct species, but only known from a painting.
* Andalusian hemipode, ''Turnix sylvatica sylvatica'' (Mediterranean region, extant)
:The nominate subspecies of the
small buttonquail
The common buttonquail (''Turnix sylvaticus''), also called Kurrichane buttonquail, small buttonquail, or Andalusian hemipode is a buttonquail, one of a small family of birds which resemble but are unrelated to the true of quails.
Description
Th ...
has been considered likely extinct, having last been recorded in
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
in 1981. However, it was confirmed extant with the discovery of a population in
Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...
in 2007.
* Tawitawi small buttonquail, ''Turnix sylvatica suluensis'' (Tawitawi, Philippines, mid-20th century?)
:A
small buttonquail
The common buttonquail (''Turnix sylvaticus''), also called Kurrichane buttonquail, small buttonquail, or Andalusian hemipode is a buttonquail, one of a small family of birds which resemble but are unrelated to the true of quails.
Description
Th ...
subspecies. It has not been recorded since the 1950s, but there have been few surveys and it is likely to persist.
* New Caledonia painted buttonquail, ''Turnix varius novaecaledoniae'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia, early 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
painted buttonquail
The painted buttonquail (''Turnix varius'') is a species of buttonquail, the family Turnicidae, which resemble, but are unrelated to, the quails of Phasianidae. This species is resident in Australia where numbers are believed to be in decline. ...
that has been variously considered anything from a hybrid between introduced species to a full species. Plentiful subfossil bones indicate that it was indeed a good endemic form. The last specimen was taken in 1912 and surveys since have failed to record it.
Gruiformes
The Gruiformes are an order (biology), order containing a considerable number of living and extinct bird family (biology), families, with a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like".
Traditionally, a number of wading and t ...
Rail
Rail or rails may refer to:
Rail transport
*Rail transport and related matters
*Rail (rail transport) or railway lines, the running surface of a railway
Arts and media Film
* ''Rails'' (film), a 1929 Italian film by Mario Camerini
* ''Rail'' ( ...
s and allies - probably
paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
* Goldman's yellow rail, ''Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani'' (Mexico, late 20th century?)
:A
yellow rail
The yellow rail (''Coturnicops noveboracensis'') is a small secretive marsh bird, of the family Rallidae that is found in North America.
Taxonomy
The yellow rail was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in ...
subspecies that has not been recorded since 1964 and lost much of its wetland habitat.
*
Macquarie rail, ''Gallirallus philippensis macquariensis'' (Macquarie Islands, southwest Pacific, 1880s)
:
Buff-banded rail
The buff-banded rail (''Hypotaenidia philippensis'') is a distinctively coloured, highly dispersive, medium-sized rail of the rail family, Rallidae. This species comprises several subspecies found throughout much of Australasia and the south-we ...
subspecies.
* Raoul Island banded rail, ''Gallirallus philippensis'' ssp. (Raoul, Kermadec Islands, southwest Pacific, late 19th century?)
:Reports of the former occurrence of the species on Raoul seem plausible enough, but they may relate to vagrant individuals of another
buff-banded rail
The buff-banded rail (''Hypotaenidia philippensis'') is a distinctively coloured, highly dispersive, medium-sized rail of the rail family, Rallidae. This species comprises several subspecies found throughout much of Australasia and the south-we ...
subspecies.
* Peruvian rail, ''Rallus semiplumbeus peruvianus'' (Peru, 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
Bogota rail which is known from a single specimen collected in the 1880s. It may still be extant.
*
Western Lewin's rail, ''Lewinia pectoralis clelandi'' (SW Australia, late 1930s?)
:A subspecies of
Lewin's rail
Lewin's rail (''Lewinia pectoralis'') is a species of bird in the family Rallidae. It is also known as the water rail, Lewin's water rail, Lewin's grind rail, slate-breasted rail, slate-breasted water rail, pectoral rail, pectoral water rail, sho ...
not recorded since 1932 despite multiple surveys in the late 20th century.
* Assumption white-throated rail, ''Dryolimnas cuvieri abbotti'' (Assumption, Astove and Cosmoledo, Aldabra Islands, early 20th century)
:A
white-throated rail subspecies.
* Jamaican uniform crake, ''Amaurolimnas concolor concolor'' (Jamaica, West Indies, late 19th century)
:The
uniform crake's nominate subspecies declined rapidly to extinction following the introduction of the
small Asian mongoose Small Asian mongoose is a common name applied to two mammals which were formerly considered to be a single species:
* Javan mongoose
*Small Indian mongoose
The small Indian mongoose (''Urva auropunctata'') is a mongoose species native to Iraq an ...
to Jamaica in 1872.
* Intact rail, ''Gymnocrex plumbeiventris intactus'' (Melanesia, 20th century?)
:A doubtfully distinct subspecies of the
bare-eyed rail known from a single specimen, c. mid-19th century, from the Solomon Islands or New Ireland. The taxon may be extant.
* Bornean Baillon's crake, ''Porzana pusilla mira'' (Borneo, 20th century?)
:A subspecies of
Baillon's crake
Baillon's crake (''Zapornia pusilla''), also known as the marsh crake, is a small waterbird of the family Rallidae.
Distribution
Their breeding habitat is sedge beds in Europe, mainly in the east, and across the Palearctic. They used to breed i ...
known from a single 1912 specimen and not found since; may be extinct, but the species is hard to find.
* Moroccan bustard, ''Ardeotis arabs lynesi'' (Morocco, late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
Arabian bustard
The Arabian bustard (''Ardeotis arabs'') is a species of bustard which is found across the Sahel region of Africa and south western Arabia. It is part of the large-bodied genus, ''Ardeotis'', and, though little known, appears to be a fairly typi ...
. Last observed in 1993 at Lac Merzouga/Lac Tamezguidat.
* Luzon sarus crane, ''Antigone antigone luzonica'' (Luzon, Philippines, late 1960s)
:A subspecies of the
sarus crane which is not always accepted as valid, possibly because the existing specimens have not been thoroughly studied since it was described.
Ciconiiformes
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long, stout bills. They belong to the family called Ciconiidae, and make up the order Ciconiiformes . Ciconiiformes previously included a number of other families, such as herons a ...
Heron
The herons are long-legged, long-necked, freshwater and coastal birds in the family Ardeidae, with 72 recognised species, some of which are referred to as egrets or bitterns rather than herons. Members of the genera ''Botaurus'' and ''Ixobrychus ...
s and related birds - possibly
paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
*
Bonin nankeen night heron, ''Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris'' (Nakoudo-jima and
Chichi-jima
, formerly known as Peel Island, is the largest island in the Ogasawara Islands, Ogasawara archipelago. Chichijima is about north of Iwo Jima. The island is within the political boundaries of Ogasawara, Tokyo, Ogasawara Village, Ogasawara Subpref ...
, Ogasawara Islands, c. 1890)
:A
nankeen night heron subspecies.
* Principe olive ibis, ''Bostrychia olivacea rothschildi'' (Principe, Gulf of Guinea, extant)
:A subspecies of the
olive ibis
The olive ibis (''Bostrychia olivacea'') is a species of ibis native to dense tropical forests in central Africa. Between 65 and 75 cm in length, it is a small ibis with olive plumage displaying a iridescent sheen. Four subspecies are recogn ...
or (as ''B. bocagei rothschildi'') the São Tomé ibis if this is considered a distinct species. It was unrecorded through most of the 20th century and has been considered extinct, but was recorded on multiple occasions in the 1990s and should now be considered extant.
Pterocliformes
Sandgrouse is the common name for Pteroclidae , a family of sixteen species of bird, members of the order Pterocliformes . They are traditionally placed in two genera. The two central Asian species are classified as '' Syrrhaptes'' and the othe ...
Sandgrouse
Sandgrouse is the common name for Pteroclidae , a family (biology), family of sixteen species of bird, members of the order Pterocliformes . They are traditionally placed in two Genus, genera. The two central Asian species are classified as ''Sy ...
*Fayyum sandgrouse, ''Pterocles exustus floweri'' (Fayyum area, Egypt, late 20th century?)
:This subspecies of the
chestnut-bellied sandgrouse
The chestnut-bellied sandgrouse or common sandgrouse (''Pterocles exustus'') is a species of sandgrouse. It is a sedentary and nomadic species that ranges from northern and central Africa and further east towards western and southern Asia. There a ...
was last recorded in 1979 and is likely to have gone extinct since.
Columbiformes
Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...
Pigeon
Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...
s, doves and
dodo
The dodo (''Raphus cucullatus'') is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, which is east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The dodo's closest genetic relative was the also-extinct Rodrigues solitaire. The ...
s
*
Madeiran wood pigeon
The Madeiran wood pigeon (''Columba palumbus maderensis'') was a subspecies of the wood pigeon (''Columba palumbus'') endemic to Madeira (Portugal), and found in the island's laurel forest habitat.
The Madeiran wood pigeon closely resembled the ...
, ''Columba palumbus maderensis'' (Madeira, East Atlantic, early 20th century)
:A subspecies of the
wood pigeon.
* Ogasawara Japanese wood pigeon, ''Columba janthina nitens'' (Ogasawara Islands, Northwest Pacific, extant)
:
Japanese wood pigeon
The Japanese wood pigeon (''Columba janthina'') is a species of columbid bird. It is found in East Asia along shorelines of the Pacific's Korea Strait, Philippine Sea and East China Sea. They are believed to be the largest representative of the ...
subspecies thought to have gone extinct in the 1980s, but there have been recent reports and photographs and the taxon is now considered extant, though very rare.
*
Lord Howe pigeon, ''Columba vitiensis godmanae'' (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, 1853)
:
Metallic pigeon subspecies last recorded in 1853 and almost certainly extinct by 1869.
* Tongan metallic pigeon, ''Columba vitiensis'' ssp. (Vava'u, Tonga, late 18th century?)
:This subspecies of the metallic pigeon is only known from a footnote in
John Latham's ''General History of Birds'' and seems to have died out some time before 1800; possibly, the location is erroneous and the note really refers to the extant population on Fiji.
*Amirante turtle-dove, ''Nesoenas picturata aldabrana'' (Amirante Islands, Seychelles, late 20th century)
:This subspecies of the
Malagasy turtle dove persisted until at least 1974, after which it was hybridised out of existence through breeding with the introduced nominate subspecies.
* Catanduanes bleeding-heart, ''Gallicolumba luzonica rubiventris'' (Catanduanes, Philippines, late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
Luzon bleeding-heart
The Luzon bleeding-heart or punay (''Gallicolumba luzonica'') is one of a number of species of ground dove in the genus ''Gallicolumba'' that are called "bleeding-hearts". The native name in Tagalog is punay. It is also known as ''paloma de puna ...
known from a single specimen collected in 1971. There have been recent reports of the taxon and, as much of its forest habitat remains, it is likely to be extant.
* Basilan bleeding-heart, ''Gallicolumba crinigera bartletti'' (Basilan, Philippines, mid-20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
Mindanao bleeding-heart
The Mindanao bleeding-heart (''Gallicolumba crinigera''), also known as Bartlett's bleeding heart dove, Barlett's bleeding heart pigeon and the hair-breasted bleeding heart, is a species of bird in the pigeon family. It is endemic to the Philippi ...
, it was last reported in 1925 and given the massive habitat destruction is likely extinct.
* Vella Lavella ground dove, ''Gallicolumba jobiensis chalconota'' (Vella Lavella, Makira and Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
white-breasted ground dove
The white-breasted ground dove, white-bibbed ground dove, or purple ground dove (''Pampusana jobiensis'') is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands. Its natural habi ...
or possibly a distinct species. Known from only four specimens, there are no recent records and the local population report it has disappeared.
* White-headed Polynesian ground dove, ''Gallicolumba erythroptera albicollis'' (Central Tuamotu Islands, 20th century?)
:The Central Tuamotu subspecies of the
Polynesian ground dove
The Polynesian ground dove (''Pampusana erythroptera'') or ''Tutururu'' is a critically endangered species of bird in the family Columbidae. Originally endemic to the Society Islands and Tuamotus in French Polynesia, it has now been extirpated ...
, often referred to as ''G. e. pectoralis'', disappeared at an undetermined date, but might still exist on some unsurveyed atolls. The identity of northern Tuamotu populations, possibly still extant, is undetermined.
* Ebon crimson-crowned fruit dove, ''Ptilinopus porphyraceus marshallianus'' (Ebon?, Marshall Islands, late 19th century?)
:
Crimson-crowned fruit dove
The crimson-crowned fruit dove (''Ptilinopus porphyraceus'') is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in American Samoa, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Its natural habitats are subt ...
subspecies of doubtful validity. Known from a single specimen collected in 1859; it is not certain whether this bird actually occurred on Ebon. All that can be said is that this subspecies is no longer found anywhere.
* Mauke fruit dove, ''Ptilinopus rarotongensis "byronensis"'' (Mauke, Cook Islands, mid- or late 19th century)
:A subspecies of the
lilac-crowned fruit dove, known only from the description of a now-lost specimen. The prehistorically extinct population on
Mangaia
Mangaia (traditionally known as A'ua'u Enua, which means ''terraced'') is the most southerly of the Cook Islands and the second largest, after Rarotonga. It is a roughly circular island, with an area of , from Rarotonga. Originally heavily popul ...
is likely to belong to another distinct subspecies too.
* Negros spotted imperial pigeon, ''Ducula carola nigrorum'' (Negros and probably Siquijor, late 20th century?)
:
Spotted imperial pigeon subspecies not recorded since the 1950s.
*
Norfolk pigeon
The Norfolk pigeon or Norfolk Island pigeon (''Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea''), sometimes called a wood quest, was a subspecies of the New Zealand pigeon (kererū) that inhabited Norfolk Island. This population probably colonized Norfolk I ...
, ''Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea'' (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific, early 20th century)
:A subspecies of the
New Zealand pigeon
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created.
New or NEW may refer to:
Music
* New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz
Albums and EPs
* ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013
* ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
not recorded since 1900. Similar birds were reported from Lord Howe Island; these seem to represent another extinct subspecies, but are undescribed to date.
* Raoul Island kereru, ''Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae'' ssp. nov. (Raoul, Kermadec Islands, 19th century)
:Another undescribed subspecies (or possibly species) of the
New Zealand pigeon
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created.
New or NEW may refer to:
Music
* New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz
Albums and EPs
* ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013
* ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
, known from bones and a brief report.
Psittaciformes
Parrot
Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are birds of the roughly 398 species in 92 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes (), found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies: the Psittacoid ...
s
* Sangir red and blue lory, ''Eos histrio histrio'' (Sangir Archipelago, Indonesia, 1990s?)
:The nominate subspecies of the
red-and-blue lory was hybridized out of existence by escaped trade individuals of the subspecies ''talautensis'', the last purebred individuals disappearing in the 1990s or even much earlier.
* Challenger's lory, ''Eos histrio challengeri'' (Nenusa Islands, Talaud Archipelago, early 20th century?)
:A supposed subspecies of the
red and blue lory, but probably invalid.
*
Macquarie parakeet
The Macquarie parakeet (''Cyanoramphus erythrotis''), also known as the Macquarie Island parakeet, is an extinct parrot from subantarctic Macquarie Island, an outlying part of Tasmania, Australia, in the Southern Ocean.
Taxonomy
The Macquarie pa ...
, ''Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae erythrotis'' (Macquarie Islands, SW Pacific, 1890s)
:
Red-crowned parakeet
The red-crowned parakeet (''Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae''), also known as red-fronted parakeet and by its Māori name of kākāriki,Parr, M., Juniper, T., D'Silva, C., Powell, D., Johnston, D., Franklin, K., & Restall, R. (2010). Parrots: A Guid ...
subspecies last recorded in 1890 and not found by surveys in 1894.
*
Lord Howe parakeet
The Lord Howe parakeet (''Cyanoramphus subflavescens''), also known as the Lord Howe red-fronted parakeet, is an extinct parrot endemic to Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea, part of New South Wales, Australia. It was described as full species ...
, ''Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae subflavescens'' (Lord Howe Island, SW Pacific, c. 1870)
:
Red-crowned parakeet
The red-crowned parakeet (''Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae''), also known as red-fronted parakeet and by its Māori name of kākāriki,Parr, M., Juniper, T., D'Silva, C., Powell, D., Johnston, D., Franklin, K., & Restall, R. (2010). Parrots: A Guid ...
subspecies.
*
Réunion parakeet
The echo parakeet (''Psittacula eques'') is a species of parrot endemic to the Mascarene Islands of Mauritius and formerly Réunion. It is the only living native parrot of the Mascarene Islands; all others have become extinct due to human activi ...
, ''Psittacula eques eques'' (Réunion, Mascarenes, mid-18th century)
:Known only from a painting and descriptions; if it is accepted as valid, it would become the nominate subspecies of the
Mauritius parakeet
The echo parakeet (''Psittacula eques'') is a species of parrot endemic to the Mascarene Islands of Mauritius and formerly Réunion. It is the only living native parrot of the Mascarene Islands; all others have become extinct due to human activ ...
, extant on Mauritius, which would then have to be called ''P. eques echo''.
* Siquijor colasisi, ''Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis'' (Siquijor, Philippines, 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
colasisi
The Philippine hanging parrot (''Loriculus philippensis''), also commonly known as the colasisiKennedy, R.S., Gonzales P.C., Dickinson E.C., Miranda, Jr, H.C., Fisher T.H. (2000) ''A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines'', Oxford University Pres ...
or Philippine hanging parrot, either very rare or already extinct.
*
Puerto Rican conure
The Puerto Rican parakeet or Puerto Rican conure (''Psittacara maugei'') is an extinct species of parrot that was found on Mona Island and possibly in Puerto Rico.
Description
The bird was similar to the Hispaniolan parakeet (''Psittacara chl ...
, ''Aratinga chloroptera maugei'' (Mona and possibly Puerto Rico, West Indies, 1890s)
:A weakly differentiated subspecies of the
Hispaniolan parakeet
The Hispaniolan parakeet (''Psittacara chloropterus'') (Spanish: ''perico'' or ''periquito''), colloquially known as xaxabí, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae that is endemic to the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominica ...
.
* Sinú brown-throated parakeet, ''Aratinga pertinax griseipecta'' (Colombia, mid- or late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
brown-throated parakeet known from only two specimens collected in 1949 and of unclear taxonomical and conservation status.
* Culebra amazon, ''Amazona vittata gracilipes'' (Culebra, West Indies, early 20th century)
:A weakly differentiated subspecies of the
Puerto Rican amazon
The Puerto Rican amazon (''Amazona vittata''), also known as the Puerto Rican parrot (Puerto Rican Spanish: ''cotorra puertorriqueña'') or ''iguaca'', is the only extant parrot endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico, and belongs to the Neo ...
, which is itself highly endangered.
Cuculiformes
Cuckoos are birds in the Cuculidae family, the sole taxon in the order Cuculiformes . The cuckoo family includes the common or European cuckoo, roadrunners, koels, malkohas, couas, coucals and anis. The coucals and anis are sometimes separa ...
Cuckoo
Cuckoos are birds in the Cuculidae family, the sole taxon in the order Cuculiformes . The cuckoo family includes the common or European cuckoo, roadrunners, koels, malkohas, couas, coucals and anis. The coucals and anis are sometimes separ ...
s
* Greater crested coua, ''Coua cristata maxima'' (SE Madagascar, late 20th century?)
:
Crested coua
The crested coua (''Coua cristata'') is a common medium sized bird member of the cuckoo family, Cuculidae. It is endemic to Madagascar, mainly found in the coastal regions of the island. The crested coua is a weak flyer, so it will often be obser ...
subspecies, known only from a single specimen taken in 1950. It may be a hybrid, but if not it is probably extinct.
* Assumption Island coucal, ''Centropus toulou assumptionis'' (Assumption Island, Seychelles, early 20th century)
:A
Madagascar coucal subspecies last recorded in 1906. It is often considered synonymous with the Aldabra form ''insularis'', which has since recolonized Assumption Island.
* Cabo San Lucas groove-billed ani, ''Crotophaga sulcirostris pallidula'' (Mexico, c. 1940)
:A weakly differentiated and probably invalid subspecies of the
groove-billed ani.
* Bahia rufous-vented ground cuckoo, ''Neomorphus geoffroyi maximiliani'' (E Brazil, mid-20th century?)
:
Rufous-vented ground cuckoo
The rufous-vented ground cuckoo (''Neomorphus geoffroyi'') is a Vulnerable species of cuckoo in the tribe Neomorphini of subfamily Crotophaginae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru.HBW ...
subspecies.
Falconiformes
The order Falconiformes () is represented by the extant family Falconidae (falcons and caracaras) and a handful of enigmatic Paleogene species. Traditionally, the other bird of prey families Cathartidae (New World vultures and condors), Sagitt ...
Birds of prey
Birds of prey or predatory birds, also known as raptors, are hypercarnivorous bird species that actively hunt and feed on other vertebrates (mainly mammals, reptiles and other smaller birds). In addition to speed and strength, these predators ...
*
Cape Verde kite
The red kite (''Milvus milvus'') is a medium-large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. The species currently breeds in the Western Palearctic region o ...
, ''Milvus ''(''milvus'')'' fasciicauda'' (Cape Verde Islands, E Atlantic, 2000)
:Considered either a subspecies of the
red kite
The red kite (''Milvus milvus'') is a medium-large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. The species currently breeds in the Western Palearctic region o ...
, a distinct species, or a hybrid between
red
Red is the color at the long wavelength end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet. It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625–740 nanometres. It is a primary color in the RGB color model and a secondar ...
and
black kite
The black kite (''Milvus migrans'') is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors. It is thought to be the world's most abundant species of Accipitridae, although some populations have ...
s, the validity of this taxon has recently been questioned on the basis of molecular analysis. However, hybridization and a confusing molecular phylogeny of red kite populations, coupled with the distinct phenotype of the Cape Verde birds, suggest that the taxonomic status of this form is far from resolved.
* Car Nicobar sparrowhawk, ''Accipiter butleri butleri'' (Car Nicobar, Nicobar Islands, 20th century?)
: The nominate subspecies of the
Nicobar sparrowhawk
The Nicobar sparrowhawk (''Accipiter butleri'') is a species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is endemic to the Nicobar Islands of India. There are two subspecies, the nominate race which is found on Car Nicobar in the north of the ...
– which is currently listed as
vulnerable– is possibly extinct. It was last reliably recorded in 1901 and despite searches, has not been sighted after an unconfirmed record in 1977. However, the species is known for being very shy and a population may persist unrecorded.
* Volcano Islands peregrine falcon, ''Falco peregrinus furuitii''. (Ogasawara Islands, 1940s)
:
Peregrine falcon
The peregrine falcon (''Falco peregrinus''), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan bird of prey (Bird of prey, raptor) in the family (biology), family Falco ...
subspecies from the
Ogasawara Islands
The Bonin Islands, also known as the , are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands, some directly south of Tokyo, Japan and northwest of Guam. The name "Bonin Islands" comes from the Japanese word ''bunin'' (an archaic readi ...
. No sightings since 1945. A survey in 1982 failed to find this bird. Only known from
Iwo Jima
Iwo Jima (, also ), known in Japan as , is one of the Japanese Volcano Islands and lies south of the Bonin Islands. Together with other islands, they form the Ogasawara Archipelago. The highest point of Iwo Jima is Mount Suribachi at high.
...
and
Torishima.
Strigiformes
Typical owl
The true owls or typical owls (family Strigidae) are one of the two generally accepted families of owls, the other being the barn owls (Tytonidae). This large family comprises 230 living or recently extinct species in 24 genera. The typical owl ...
s and
barn owls
* Sulu reddish scops owl, ''Otus rufescens burbidgei'' (Sulu, Philippines, mid-20th century)
:A subspecies of the
reddish scops owl. Known from a single questionable specimen and may not be valid.
* Virgin Islands owl or Virgin Islands screech owl, ''Gymnasio nudipes newtoni'' (Virgin Islands, Caribbean, 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
Puerto Rican owl
The Puerto Rican owl (''Gymnasio nudipes'') or ''múcaro común'' (Spanish via Taino), formerly known as the Puerto Rican screech owl, is a mid-sized "true owl" in the subfamily Striginae. It is endemic to the island of Puerto Rico, though it ...
, of somewhat doubtful validity, which occurred on several of the Virgin Islands, West Indies. The last reliable records are in 1860; there were a number of unconfirmed reports during the 20th century, but it was not found in thorough surveys in 1995.
* Socorro elf owl, ''Micrathene whitneyi graysoni'' (Socorro, Revillagigedo Islands, mid-20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
elf owl
The elf owl (''Micrathene whitneyi'') is a small grayish-brown owl about the size of a sparrow found in the Southwestern United States, central Mexico, and the Baja California peninsula. It has pale yellow eyes highlighted by thin white "eyebrow ...
. Officially listed as
critically endangered, the last specimen was taken in 1932, but there was apparently still a large population in 1958; it was not found by subsequent searches and it appears to be extinct.
* Antiguan burrowing owl, ''Athene cunicularia amaura'' (Antigua, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies, c. 1900)
:
Burrowing owl
The burrowing owl (''Athene cunicularia''), also called the shoco, is a small, long-legged owl found throughout open landscapes of North and South America. Burrowing owls can be found in grasslands, rangelands, agricultural areas, deserts, or an ...
subspecies, last collected in 1890 and extinct by 1903.
* Guadeloupe burrowing owl, ''Athene cunicularia guadeloupensis'' (Guadeloupe and Marie-Galante, West Indies, c. 1890)
:
Burrowing owl
The burrowing owl (''Athene cunicularia''), also called the shoco, is a small, long-legged owl found throughout open landscapes of North and South America. Burrowing owls can be found in grasslands, rangelands, agricultural areas, deserts, or an ...
subspecies. Extinct by 1890.
*
Lord Howe boobook
The Lord Howe boobook (''Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria''), also known as the Lord Howe morepork, was a bird in the true owl family endemic to Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea, part of New South Wales, Australia. It is an extinct and little-know ...
, ''Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria'' (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, 1950s)
:
Southern boobook
The Australian boobook (''Ninox boobook''), which is known in some regions as the mopoke, is a species of owl native to mainland Australia, southern New Guinea, the island of Timor, and the Sunda Islands. Described by John Latham in 1801, it w ...
subspecies last recorded in the 1950s.
*
Norfolk boobook
The Norfolk boobook (''Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata''), also known as the Norfolk Island boobook, Norfolk Island owl or Norfolk Island morepork, is a bird in the true owl family endemic to Norfolk Island, an Australian territory in the Tasman S ...
, ''Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata'' (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific, 1990s)
:Individuals of the
nominate subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...
were introduced in a last-ditch effort to save the local owl population. There now exists a hybrid population of a few dozen birds; the last individual of ''N. n. undulata'', a female named ''Miamiti'', died in 1996, though individuals descended from her remain.
* Cave-nesting masked owl, ''Tyto novaehollandiae troughtoni'' (Nullarbor Plain, Australia, 1960s)
:Doubtfully distinct from
nominate subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...
, but differed behaviorally.
* Buru masked owl, ''Tyto sororcula cayelii'' (Buru, Indonesia, mid-20th century?)
:Subspecies of the
lesser masked owl. Last recorded in 1921; the identity of a similar bird found on Seram remains to be determined. Seems to survive, as an owl matching this bird's description was encountered in August 2006.
* Peleng masked owl, ''Tyto rosenbergii pelengensis'' (Peleng, Banggai Islands, mid-20th century)
:Subspecies of the
Sulawesi owl or a separate species. Possibly extant, but the only specimen known was taken in 1938 and there have been no further records.
* Samar bay owl, ''Phodilus badius riverae'' (Samar, Philippines, mid-20th century)
:Subspecies of the
Oriental bay owl
The Oriental bay owl (''Phodilus badius'') is a type of bay owl, usually classified with barn owls. It is completely nocturnal, and can be found throughout Southeast Asia and parts of India. It has several subspecies. It has a heart-shaped face ...
or a possibly distinct species. Taxonomy doubtful, but only specimen lost in 1945 bombing raid, so validity cannot be verified; no population exists on Samar today.
Caprimulgiformes
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal or crepuscular birds in the family Caprimulgidae and order Caprimulgiformes, characterised by long wings, short legs, and very short bills. They are sometimes called goatsuckers, due to the ancient folk tal ...
Nightjar
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal or crepuscular birds in the family Caprimulgidae and order Caprimulgiformes, characterised by long wings, short legs, and very short bills. They are sometimes called goatsuckers, due to the ancient folk ta ...
s and allies
* New Caledonian white-throated nightjar, ''Eurostopodus mystacalis exsul'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia, mid-20th century)
:This distinct subspecies of the
white-throated nightjar is possibly a separate species. It was found only once; due to its cryptic habits, it possibly still exists, but this is now considered unlikely.
Apodiformes
Traditionally, the bird order Apodiformes contained three living families: the swifts (Apodidae), the treeswifts (Hemiprocnidae), and the hummingbirds (Trochilidae). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, this order is raised to a superorder Apodi ...
Swift
Swift or SWIFT most commonly refers to:
* SWIFT, an international organization facilitating transactions between banks
** SWIFT code
* Swift (programming language)
* Swift (bird), a family of birds
It may also refer to:
Organizations
* SWIFT, ...
s and
hummingbird
Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and comprise the biological family Trochilidae. With about 361 species and 113 genera, they occur from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, but the vast majority of the species are found in the tropics aro ...
s
* Miravalles hummingbird, ''Amazilia cyanifrons alfaroana'' (Costa Rica, Central America, 20th century?)
:This subspecies of the
indigo-capped hummingbird
The indigo-capped hummingbird (''Saucerottia cyanifrons'') is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is endemic to Colombia.
Taxonomy and systematics
The indigo-capped hummingbird was formerl ...
is only known from a specimen collected in Costa Rica in 1895. It is likely to have gone extinct since
* Alejandro Selkirk firecrown, ''Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi'' (Alejandro Selkirk Island, Juan Fernández Islands, Southeast Pacific, 1908)
:
Juan Fernández firecrown
The Juan Fernández firecrown (''Sephanoides fernandensis'') is a Critically Endangered hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is endemic to Isla Róbinson Crusoe, one of the three-island Juan Fernández arch ...
subspecies last recorded in 1908.
* Luzon Whitehead's swiftlet, ''Collocalia whiteheadi whiteheadi'' (Luzon, Philippines, 20th century?)
:The nominate subspecies of
Whitehead's swiftlet
Whitehead's swiftlet (''Aerodramus whiteheadi'') is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. It is named after the British explorer John Whitehead (1860–1899) who collected natural history specimens in Borne ...
is only known from four specimens collected at
Mount Data
Mount Data is a mountain located in the Cordillera Central mountain range rising to a height of in the north of Luzon Island, Philippines. It is about north of Baguio on the borders of the provinces of Benguet and Mountain Province along the ...
in 1895. From the lack of further records and the massive habitat destruction, it is usually considered extinct. Given the size of the island, it might still exist though.
Coraciiformes
The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colourful birds including the kingfishers, the bee-eaters, the rollers, the motmots, and the todies. They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their base) ...
Kingfisher
Kingfishers are a family, the Alcedinidae, of small to medium-sized, brightly colored birds in the order Coraciiformes. They have a cosmopolitan distribution, with most species found in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, ...
s and related birds
* Sangihe dwarf kingfisher, ''Ceyx fallax sangirensis'' (
Sangihe, Indonesia, 1998?)
:This subspecies of the
Sulawesi dwarf kingfisher
The Sulawesi dwarf kingfisher (''Ceyx fallax'') is a species of bird in the family Alcedinidae that is endemic to Sulawesi island, Indonesia. The species has numerous common names such as Celebes forest kingfisher, blue-crowned kingfisher, Celeb ...
was last seen in 1997 but not during a thorough survey one year later; it is either close to extinction or already extinct. Sometimes it is said to occur on Talaud Islands also, but this is erroneous.
* Rarotonga kingfisher, ''Todiramphus'' cf. ''tutus'' (Rarotonga, Cook Islands, mid-1980s?)
:There exist reports of locals that kingfishers–probably a subspecies of the
chattering kingfisher which is found on neighboring islands, but possibly vagrants from there–were found until around 1979 and there is a last record from 1984. Presently, no kingfishers are known to exist on Rarotonga.
* Mangareva kingfisher, ''Todiramphus gambieri gambieri'' (Mangareva, Gambier Islands, late 19th century)
:Only known from a single 1844 specimen, the nominate subspecies of the
Tuamotu kingfisher was not found again when it was next searched for in 1922.
*Guam kingfisher, ''Todiramphus cinnamominus cinnamominus'' (Guam, West Pacific, 1986)
:This subspecies of the
Micronesian kingfisher became extinct in the wild in 1986 when 29 birds were taken for a captive breeding programme, which is ongoing. Its decline was caused by the depredations of introduced
brown tree snake
The brown tree snake (''Boiga irregularis''), also known as the brown catsnake, is an arboreal rear-fanged colubrid snake native to eastern and northern coastal Australia, eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi to Papua), Papua New Guinea, and many islands ...
s.
*
Ryūkyū kingfisher, ''Todiramphus cinnamominus miyakoensis'' (Miyako-jima, Ryukyu Islands, late 19th century)
:Previously considered as a full species, but better regarded as a subspecies of the
Micronesian kingfisher (''Todiramphus cinnamominus''). Only seen once by scientists, in 1887; the specimen taken is somewhat damaged, making identification by other than molecular analysis difficult. It is now thought likely that the specimen came from Guam, where the nominate subspecies was distributed, rather than Miyako, which would make this subspecies invalid.
* Javan blue-banded kingfisher, ''Alcedo euryzona euryzona'' (Java, Indonesia, extant)
:The nominate subspecies of the
blue-banded kingfisher
The blue-banded kingfisher (''Alcedo euryzona''), is a species of kingfisher in the subfamily Alcedininae. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and rivers. It's a small, r ...
; the last specimen was taken in 1937 and the taxon has been considered extinct, but it was mist-netted five times in 2000-2001 at Halimun National Park, which has not undergone much change since.
* Guadalcanal little kingfisher, ''Alcedo pusilla aolae'' (Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, ?)
:
Little kingfisher
The little kingfisher (''Ceyx pusillus'') is a species of kingfisher in the subfamily Alcedininae.
Taxonomy
The first formal description of the little kingfisher was by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1836 under the current binom ...
subspecies.
* Sakarha pygmy kingfisher, ''Ispidina madagascariensis dilutus'' (Southwest Madagascar, late 20th century?)
:This subspecies of the
Madagascar pygmy kingfisher
The Madagascar pygmy kingfisher (''Corythornis madagascariensis'') is a species of bird in the family Alcedinidae.
It is endemic to Madagascar and found in western dry deciduous forests.
The first formal description of the Madagascan pygmy ki ...
is only known from one specimen taken in 1974 in an area where most habitat had already been lost. However, there have been records of the species (uncertain subspecies) from near the type locality, suggesting it is likely to be extant.
* Ticao hornbill, ''Penelopides panini ticaensis'' (Ticao, Philippines, 1970s)
:A subspecies of the
Visayan hornbill
The Visayan hornbill (''Penelopides panini'') is a hornbill found in rainforests on the islands of Panay, Negros, Masbate, and Guimaras, and formerly Ticao, in the Philippines. It formerly included all other Philippine tarictic hornbills as s ...
of somewhat uncertain status–possibly a distinct species, possibly a color morph–the last confirmed report was in 1971 and it became extinct shortly thereafter.
Piciformes
Nine families of largely arboreal birds make up the order Piciformes , the best-known of them being the Picidae, which includes the woodpeckers and close relatives. The Piciformes contain about 71 living genera with a little over 450 species, of ...
Woodpecker
Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. ...
s and related birds
* Grand Bahama West Indian woodpecker, ''Melanerpes superciliaris bahamensis'' (Grand Bahama, Bahamas, 1950s)
:A
West Indian woodpecker
The West Indian woodpecker (''Melanerpes superciliaris'') is a species of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found in the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands and Cuba.
Taxonomy and systematics
The West Indian woodpecke ...
subspecies of somewhat uncertain validity.
* Javan buff-rumped woodpecker, ''Meiglyptes tristis tristis'' (Java, Indonesia, c. 1920?)
:The nominate subspecies of the
buff-rumped woodpecker
The buff-rumped woodpecker (''Meiglyptes tristis'') is a species of bird in the family Picidae.
It is found in southern Myanmar, Thailand, Malaya, Java, Sumatra and Borneo.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtrop ...
became rare during the 19th century due to destruction of habitat. The last confirmed record was in 1880, and it is now considered at least very rare.
* Guadalupe red-shafted flicker, ''Colaptes auratus rufipileus'' (Guadalupe, East Pacific, c. 1910)
:A subspecies of the
northern flicker
The northern flicker or common flicker (''Colaptes auratus'') is a medium-sized bird of the woodpecker family. It is native to most of North America, parts of Central America, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands, and is one of the few woodpecker spec ...
(or the red-shafted flicker, as ''C. cafer rufipileus''), it was last recorded in 1906 and not found again in both 1911 and 1922. It may be invalid. Recently, vagrant birds of a mainland red-shafted subspecies have begun recolonizing the island as the habitat improves after the removal of
feral
A feral () animal or plant is one that lives in the wild but is descended from domesticated individuals. As with an introduced species, the introduction of feral animals or plants to non-native regions may disrupt ecosystems and has, in some ...
goats
The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of Caprinae, goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a membe ...
.
* Northern white-mantled barbet, ''Capito hypoleucus hypoleucus'' (Colombia, extant)
:The nominate subspecies of the
white-mantled barbet
The white-mantled barbet (''Capito hypoleucus'') is a species of bird in the family Capitonidae.
It is endemic to Colombia.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests, pastureland, and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss. ...
has been considered extinct, but has been recorded recently.
* Botero white-mantled barbet, ''Capito hypoleucus carrikeri'' (Colombia, extant)
:Another subspecies of the
white-mantled barbet
The white-mantled barbet (''Capito hypoleucus'') is a species of bird in the family Capitonidae.
It is endemic to Colombia.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests, pastureland, and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss. ...
, also considered extinct by some sources, but confirmed extant by researchers in Colombia.
* Todd's jacamar, ''Brachygalba lugubris phaeonota'' (Brazil, late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
brown jacamar
The brown jacamar (''Brachygalba lugubris'') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.Tobias, J., T. Züchner, T.A. de Melo Júnior, a ...
, or possibly a hybrid, color morph or full species. Might survive, as it is only known from a remote and seldom-visited area.
* Cebu white-bellied woodpecker, ''Dryocopus javensis cebuensis'' (Cebu, Philippines, 20th century)
:Only known by three specimens collected before 1900.
Passeriformes
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by t ...
Perching bird
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by ...
s
Pittidae – pittas
* Bougainville black-faced pitta, ''Pitta anerythra pallida'' (Bougainville, Solomon Islands, mid-20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
black-faced pitta
The black-faced pitta (''Pitta anerythra'') is a species of bird in the family Pittidae. It is found on Bougainville Island in Papua New Guinea (subspecies ''pallida''), and Choiseul Island (subspecies ''nigrifrons'') as well as Santa Isabel ...
. Once common on Bougainville; not recorded since 1938, but likely to have been overlooked.
* Choiseul black-faced pitta, ''Pitta anerythra nigrifrons'' (Choiseul, Solomon Islands, late 20th century?)
:Another subspecies of the
black-faced pitta
The black-faced pitta (''Pitta anerythra'') is a species of bird in the family Pittidae. It is found on Bougainville Island in Papua New Guinea (subspecies ''pallida''), and Choiseul Island (subspecies ''nigrifrons'') as well as Santa Isabel ...
. Not found during recent searches; doubtful records from nearby islands. Also may have been overlooked by observers.
Tyrannidae
The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are a family of passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They are considered the largest family of birds known to exist in the world, with more than 400 species. They are the most dive ...
– tyrant flycatchers
* Bogotá bearded tachuri, ''Polystictus pectoralis bogotensis'' (C Colombia, 20th century)
:A
bearded tachuri
The bearded tachuri (''Polystictus pectoralis'') is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae.
It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are ...
subspecies, or possibly a distinct species, that has not been recorded for some time and is now extinct.
* Grenadan Euler's flycatcher, ''Lathrotriccus euleri flaviventris'' (Grenada, West Indies, 1950s?)
:A subspecies of
Euler's flycatcher, formerly known as ''Empidonax euleri johnstonei''. It has not been recorded since the 1950s.
*
San Cristóbal vermilion flycatcher, ''Pyrocephalus rubinus dubius'' (San Cristóbal, Galapagos, late 20th century)
:A subspecies of the
vermilion flycatcher
The vermilion flycatcher (''Pyrocephalus obscurus'') is a small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family found throughout South America and southern North America. It is a striking exception among the generally drab Tyrannidae due to its v ...
, described as extremely rare by David W. Steadman in the 1980s and not found despite a six-month survey in 1998. Sometimes considered a full species.
Furnariidae – ovenbirds
* Peruvian scale-throated earthcreeper, ''Upucerthia dumetaria peruana'' (Peru, 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
scale-throated earthcreeper, it is only known from two specimens taken in the early 1950s at Puno, Peru, and has never been found since. It may well persist, as there is no obvious reason why it should have become extinct.
* Northern stripe-crowned spinetail, ''Cranioleuca pyrrhophia rufipennis'' (N Bolivia, 20th century?)
:A
stripe-crowned spinetail subspecies known from a few specimens and not recorded since the 1950s; may be endangered or possibly extinct.
Formicariidae
Formicariidae is a family of smallish passerine birds of subtropical and tropical Central and South America known as formicariids. They are between in length, and are related to the antbirds, Thamnophilidae, and gnateaters, Conopophagidae. This ...
– antpittas and antthrushes
* Northern giant antpitta, ''Grallaria gigantea lehmanni'' (Colombia, 20th century?)
:A
giant antpitta
The giant antpitta (''Grallaria gigantea'') is a perching bird species in the antpitta family (Grallariidae).
Rare and somewhat enigmatic, is known only from Colombia and Ecuador. It is presumably a close relative of the similar undulated antpit ...
(or possibly
great antpitta) subspecies apparently not recorded since the 1940s. Might still survive in
Puracé National Natural Park
The Puracé National Natural Park ( es, Parque Nacional Natural Puracé) is a national park located in the Andean Region of Colombia, southeast of the city of Popayán in the Cordillera Central range. Its main feature is the active stratovolcan ...
, where there is plentiful habitat remaining.
* Antioquia brown-banded antpitta, ''Grallaria milleri gilesi'' (Antioquia, Colombia, 20th century?)
:A
brown-banded antpitta subspecies recently described from a specimen collected in 1878. It has not been recorded since, despite surveys at a number of likely locations.
Maluridae
The Australasian wrens are a family (biology), family, Maluridae, of small, insectivorous passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. While commonly known as wrens, they are unrelated to the wren, true wrens. The family comprises 32 spec ...
– Australasian "wrens"
* Macdonnell Ranges grasswren, ''Amytornis modestus modestus'' (Northern Territory, Australia, 1936)
:
Thick-billed grasswren
The thick-billed grasswren (''Amytornis modestus'') is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia. Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.
Taxonomy and systematics
The thick-billed grasswren wa ...
subspecies. The last record was a clutch of eggs taken in 1936.
* Namoi grasswren, ''Amytornis modestus inexpectatus'' (New South Wales, Australia, 1886)
:Another
thick-billed grasswren
The thick-billed grasswren (''Amytornis modestus'') is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia. Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.
Taxonomy and systematics
The thick-billed grasswren wa ...
subspecies, last recorded in 1886.
* Large-tailed grasswren, ''Amytornis textilis macrourus'' (Western Australia, 1910)
:
Western grasswren
The western grasswren (''Amytornis textilis''), also referred to as the thick-billed grasswren (western subspecies) and, formerly, as the textile wren, is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia. It was formerly lum ...
subspecies, last collected in 1910 and since extinct.
Pardalotidae – pardalotes, scrubwrens, thornbills and gerygones
*
Western rufous bristlebird
The western rufous bristlebird (''Dasyornis broadbenti litoralis''), also known as the rufous bristlebird (western), the south-western rufous bristlebird or the lesser rufous bristle bird, is an extinct and little-known subspecies of the rufous ...
, ''Dasyornis broadbenti littoralis'' (Australia, mid-20th century)
:
Rufous bristlebird
The rufous bristlebird (''Dasyornis broadbenti'') is one of three extant species of bristlebirds. It is endemic to Australia where three subspecies have been described from coastal southwestern Western Australia, southeastern South Australia ...
subspecies not recorded since 1940, despite a number of surveys since, beginning in the 1970s.
* King Island brown thornbill, ''Acanthiza pusilla archibaldi'' (King Island, Australia, extant)
:A
brown thornbill subspecies which has only been recorded c.10 times since its discovery and considered extinct by some sources. The latest record comes from 2002, suggesting a population is likely to be extant, but very rare.
Petroicidae
The bird family Petroicidae includes 51 species in 19 genera. All are endemic to Australasia: New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand and numerous Pacific Islands as far east as Samoa. For want of an accurate common name, the family is often called th ...
Australasian "robins"
* Tiwi Island hooded robin, ''Melanodryas cucullata melvillensis'' (Tiwi Islands, Australia, 1992)
:Subspecies of the
hooded robin
The hooded robin (''Melanodryas cucullata'') is a small passerine bird native to Australia. Like many brightly coloured robins of the Petroicidae, it is sexually dimorphic; the male bears a distinctive black-and-white plumage, while the female i ...
, last observed in 1992 and not found in exhaustive searches later in the 1990s.
Cinclosomatidae
Cinclosomatidae is a family of passerine birds native to Australia and New Guinea. It has a complicated taxonomic history and different authors vary in which birds they include in the family. It includes the quail-thrushes and jewel-babblers.
Ta ...
– whipbirds and allies
* Mount Lofty spotted quail-thrush, ''Cinclosoma punctatum anachoreta'' (Australia, mid-1980s?)
:A subspecies of the
spotted quail-thrush
The spotted quail-thrush (''Cinclosoma punctatum'') is a species of bird in the family Cinclosomatidae.
It is endemic to Australia.
Its natural habitat is subtropical, tropical and temperate dry forest
Dry or dryness most often refers to:
* ...
, last recorded in 1983 and not found in a survey the following year.
Artamidae
Artamidae is a family of passerine birds found in Australia, the Indo-Pacific region, and Southern Asia. It includes 24 extant species in six genera and three subfamilies: Peltopsinae (with one genus, ''Peltops''), Artaminae (with one genus conta ...
– woodswallows, currawongs and allies
* Western pied currawong, ''Strepera graculina ashbyi'' (Victoria, Australia, 1927)
:This
pied currawong
The pied currawong (''Strepera graculina'') is a black passerine bird native to eastern Australia and Lord Howe Island. One of three currawong species in the genus ''Strepera'', it is closely related to the butcherbirds and Australian magpie of ...
subspecies has been swamped by other subspecies, which probably came into contact following habitat destruction in the 1830s. The last certainly distinct individuals were recorded in 1927.
Monarchidae
The monarchs (family Monarchidae) comprise a family of over 100 passerine birds which includes shrikebills, paradise flycatchers, and magpie-larks.
Monarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails. They inhabit forest or woodland a ...
– monarch flycatchers
* Negros celestial monarch, ''Hypothymis coelestis rabori'' (Negros and possibly Sibuyan, Philippines, late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
celestial monarch
The celestial monarch (''Hypothymis coelestis'') is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae, and one of the most attractive of all the monarch flycatchers, with its spectacular blue crest and large greenish-yellow wattle. It is endemic to ...
, not uncommon on Negros in 1959, but not recorded since. A single Sibuyan specimen from an unspecified locality taken in the 19th century is the only record for this island.
* Hiva Oa monarch, ''Pomarea mendozae mendozae'' (Hiva Oa and Tahuata, Marquesas, late 20th century)
:
Marquesas monarch nominate subspecies, which was very rare by 1974 and not found during multiple surveys in the 1990s.
Rhipiduridae
The family Rhipiduridae are small insectivorous birds of Australasia, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent that includes the fantails and silktails.
Taxonomy and systematics
There are four genera classified within the family:
* Subfamily ...
– fantails
* Lord Howe fantail, ''Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina'' (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1925)
:
New Zealand fantail
The New Zealand fantail (''Rhipidura fuliginosa'') is a small insectivorous bird, the only species of fantail in New Zealand. It has four subspecies: ''R. f. fuliginosa'' in the South Island, ''R. f. placabilis'' in the North Island, ''R. f. pe ...
subspecies that was considered virtually extinct in 1924 and not found by surveys four years later.
* Guam rufous fantail, ''Rhipidura rufifrons uraniae'' (Guam, Marianas, 1984)
:
Rufous fantail
The rufous fantail (''Rhipidura rufifrons'') is a small passerine bird, most commonly known also as the black-breasted rufous-fantail or rufous-fronted fantail, which can be found in Australia, Indonesia, Micronesia, New Guinea and the Solomon I ...
subspecies, a conspicuous bird which has not been recorded since 1984.
Campephagidae – cuckoo-shrikes and trillers
* Cebu bar-bellied cuckoo-shrike, ''Coracina striata cebuensis'' (Cebu, Philippines, early 20th century)
:
Bar-bellied cuckoo-shrike subspecies not recorded since its collection in 1906.
* Maros cicadabird, ''Coracina tenuirostris edithae'' (Sulawesi, mid-20th century)
:A subspecies of the
cicadabird known from a single specimen collected in 1931; quite possibly just a vagrant individual.
* Cebu blackish cuckoo-shrike, ''Coracina coerulescens altera'' (Cebu, Philippines, 20th century?)
:A
blackish cuckoo-shrike subspecies; could be extant as the birds are rather unmistakable and a 1999 record therefore likely to be valid, though surveys since then have failed to find it
* Marinduque blackish cuckoo-shrike, ''Coracina coerulescens deschauenseei'' (Marinduque, Philippines, late 20th century?)
:Another
blackish cuckoo-shrike subspecies, described from specimens collected in 1971, but apparently not seen since. As few ornithologists have visited Marinduque and forest remains on the island, it is thought likely to remain extant.
* Norfolk long-tailed triller, ''Lalage leucopyga leucopyga'' (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific, 1942)
:A subspecies of the
long-tailed triller
The long-tailed triller (''Lalage leucopyga'') is a species of bird in the family Campephagidae. It is found in New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. The Norfolk Island subspecies of the long-tailed triller, the Norfolk triller, has becom ...
, possibly a distinct species.
Oriolidae – orioles and figbird
* Cebu dark-throated oriole, ''Oriolus xanthonotus assimilis'' (Cebu, Philippines, 20th century?)
:
Dark-throated oriole
The dark-throated oriole (''Oriolus xanthonotus'') is a species of bird in the family Oriolidae.
It is found in Southeast Asia through Borneo and the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests where it is ...
subspecies not confirmed since 1906, though there were unconfirmed reports around 2001, suggesting a possibility of survival.
Corvidae
Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs, and nutcrackers. In colloquial English, they are known as the crow family or corvids. Currently, 13 ...
– crows, ravens, magpies and jays
*
Pied raven
The pied raven (''Corvus corax varius'' morpha ''leucophaeus'') is an extinct colour morph of the North Atlantic subspecies of the common raven which was only found on the Faroe Islands and was last seen in 1902. It had large areas of white feath ...
, ''Corvus corax varius'' morpha ''leucophaeus'' (Faroe Islands, 1948)
:A distinct local white-with-black-markings color morph of the Icelandic subspecies of the
common raven
The common raven (''Corvus corax'') is a large all-black passerine bird. It is the most widely distributed of all corvids, found across the Northern Hemisphere. It is a raven known by many names at the subspecies level; there are at least e ...
.
*
Hawaiian crow
The Hawaiian crow or alalā (''Corvus hawaiiensis'') is a species of bird in the crow family, Corvidae, that is currently extinct in the wild, though reintroduction programs are underway. It is about the size of the carrion crow at in length, bu ...
, ''Corvus hawaiiensis'' (Hawai'i, Hawai'ian Islands, 2002)
Callaeidae – New Zealand wattlebirds
*
South Island kōkako
The South Island kōkako (''Callaeas cinereus'') is a possibly extinct forest bird endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Unlike its close relative, the North Island kōkako (''C. wilsoni''), it has largely orange wattles, with only a small ...
, ''Callaeas cinereus cinereus'' (South Island, New Zealand, 1960s?)
:This subspecies of the
kōkako
Kōkako (''Callaeas'') are two species of endangered forest birds which are endemic to New Zealand, the North Island kōkako (''Callaeas wilsoni'') and the presumably extinct South Island kōkako (''Callaeas cinereus''). They are both slate-gre ...
is usually considered extinct, as it has not been reliably recorded since 1967. However, recent reports from Fiordland suggest that a population could exist.
Regulidae
A kinglet is a small bird in the family Regulidae. Species in this family were formerly classified with the Old World warblers. "Regulidae" is derived from the Latin word ''regulus'' for "petty king" or prince, and refers to the coloured crowns ...
– kinglets
* Guadalupe ruby-crowned kinglet, ''Regulus calendula obscurus'' (Guadalupe, East Pacific, 20th century)
:A subspecies of the
ruby-crowned kinglet
The ruby-crowned kinglet (''Corthylio calendula'') is a very small passerine bird found throughout North America. It is a member of the kinglet family. The bird has olive-green plumage with two white wing bars and a white eye-ring. Males have a ...
that has not been recorded since 1953.
Hirundinidae
The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine songbirds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The ...
– swallows and martins
* Jamaican golden swallow, ''Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea'' (Jamaica, West Indies, c. 1990?)
:The nominate subspecies of the
golden swallow, endemic to Jamaica. The last major roost site was destroyed in 1987 and the last confirmed sighting was in 1989. May still exist in the
Cockpit Country
Cockpit Country is an area in Trelawny and Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Ann, Manchester and the northern tip of Clarendon parishes in Jamaica. The land is marked by steep-sided hollows, as much as deep in places, which are separated ...
.
Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are small insectivorous passerine birds belonging to the genus ''Phylloscopus''.
Leaf warblers were formerly included in the Old World warbler family but are now considered to belong to the family Phylloscopidae, introduced in 20 ...
– phylloscopid warblers or leaf-warblers
*
Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff
The eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff or Lanzarote Island chiffchaff (''Phylloscopus canariensis exsul'') is an extinct subspecies of the Canary Islands chiffchaff endemic to the island of Lanzarote – and possibly also Fuerteventura – in ...
, ''Phylloscopus canariensis exsul'' (Lanzarote and possibly Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
Canary Islands chiffchaff, it was probably extinct by 1986.
Cettiidae
Cettiidae is a newly validated family of small insectivorous songbirds ("warblers"), formerly placed in the Old World warbler "wastebin" assemblage. It contains the typical bush warblers (''Cettia'') and their relatives. As a common name, cetti ...
– cettiid warblers or typical bush-warblers
* Babar stubtail, ''Urosphena subulata advena'' (Babar, Indonesia, extant)
:
Timor stubtail
The Timor stubtail (''Urosphena subulata'') is a species of bird in the family Cettiidae.
It is found on Timor
Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, in the north of the Timor Sea. The island is divided between ...
subspecies that has been considered extinct, but was recorded as common on Babar in 2009 and 2011.
* Western Turner's eremomela, ''Eremomela turneri kalindei'' (Congo Basin, late 20th century?)
:The West African subspecies of
Turner's eremomela
Turner's eremomela (''Eremomela turneri'') is a species of bird formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage, but now placed in the family Cisticolidae.
It is found in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Uganda.
Its natural habit ...
has not been recorded since the end of the 1970s, but there is unsurveyed habitat in its range where it is likely to survive. Placement in Cettiidae requires confirmation.
Acrocephalidae
The Acrocephalidae (the reed warblers, marsh- and tree-warblers, or acrocephalid warblers) are a family of oscine passerine birds, in the superfamily Sylvioidea.
The species in this family are usually rather large "warblers". Most are rather pla ...
– acrocephalid warblers or marsh- and tree warblers
* Marshall Islands reed warbler, ''Acrocephalus rehsei'' ssp.? (Marshall Islands, Micronesia, c.1880?)
:Oral tradition and some early reports mention a bird called ''annañ'' which inhabited some of the Marshall Islands. The best match is the
Nauru reed warbler
The Nauru reed warbler ( na, itsirir) (''Acrocephalus rehsei'') is a passerine bird endemism, endemic to the island of Nauru in the Pacific Ocean. It is one of only two native breeding land-birds on Nauru and it is the only passerine found on th ...
; the ''annañ'' might have been an undescribed subspecies of that species, or a distant but related species of reed warbler.
*
Laysan millerbird
The Laysan millerbird (''Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris'') was a subspecies of the millerbird, similar in appearance to the remaining subspecies, the Nihoa millerbird. Its dorsal side was brown, and its belly was grayish. Its name derives fr ...
, ''Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris'' (Laysan Island, Hawaiian Islands, late 1910s)
:The
millerbird's nominate subspecies.
* Huahine Polynesian warbler, ''Acrocephalus caffer garretti'' (Huahine, Society Islands, c.1900)
:A poorly known subspecies of the
Tahiti reed warbler
The Tahiti reed warbler (''Acrocephalus caffer'') is a songbird in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It used to be placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage (Sylviidae), but is now in the newly recognized marsh warbler family Acrocephalidae. It is ...
. Specimens were collected in the late 1800s, but the Whitney Expedition in 1921 found none.
Pycnonotidae
The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical ...
– bulbuls
* Sumatra blue-wattled bulbul, ''Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii inexspectatus'' (Sumatra, Indonesia, late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
blue-wattled bulbul known from a single 1937 specimen. The entire "species" may be a hybrid.
Cisticolidae
The family Cisticolidae is a group of about 160 warblers, small passerine birds found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They were formerly included within the Old World warbler family Sylviidae.
This family probably originated ...
– cisticolas and allies
* Northern white-winged apalis, ''Apalis chariessa chariessa'' (Kenya, late 20th century?)
:The nominate subspecies of the
white-winged apalis
The white-winged apalis (''Apalis chariessa'') is a species of bird in the family Cisticolidae.
It is found in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or trop ...
remains known only from the Tana River, a
center of endemism A Centre of Endemism is an area in which the ranges of restricted-range species overlap, or a localised area which has a high occurrence of endemics. Centres of endemism may overlap with biodiversity hotspots which are biogeographic regions charact ...
. It was last recorded in 1961.
Sylviidae
Sylviidae is a family of passerine birds that includes the typical warblers and a number of babblers formerly placed within the Old World babbler family. They are found in Eurasia and Africa.
Taxonomy and systematics
The scientific name Sylvii ...
– sylviid ("true") warblers and parrotbills
* Vanua Levu long-legged warbler, ''Trichocichla rufa clunei'' (Vanua Levu, Fiji, late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
long-legged warbler
The long-legged thicketbird (''Cincloramphus rufus'') is a small bird endemic (ecology), endemic to Fiji. The species is sometimes known as the long-legged warbler. It was formerly classified as the sole representative of the genus ''Trichocichla ...
; it was only found once, but there was an unconfirmed sighting in 1990, suggesting it is likely to remain extant. Placement in Sylviidae doubtful.
* Fayyum warbler, ''Sylvia melanocephala/momus norissae'' (Egypt, 1939)
:A doubtfully distinct
Sardinian warbler
The Sardinian warbler (''Curruca melanocephala'') is a common and widespread typical warbler from the Mediterranean region. Like most ''Curruca'' species, it has distinct male and female plumages. The adult male has a grey back, whitish underpart ...
subspecies. It has not been recorded since 1939.
Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are a family, Zosteropidae, of small passerine birds native to tropical, subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia. White-eyes inhabit most tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, the ...
– white-eyes. Probably belong into Timaliidae
* Guam bridled white-eye, ''Zosterops conspicillatus conspicillatus'' (Guam, Marianas, 1983)
:
Bridled white-eye
The bridled white-eye (''Zosterops conspicillatus'') (Chamorro name: ''nosa'') was a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It was endemic to the island of Guam in the Mariana Islands. The species' natural habitat was subtropical or tropica ...
nominate subspecies or possibly monotypic species. Last recorded in 1983.
*
Mukojima white-eye, ''Apalopteron familiare familiare'' (Mukojima Group, Ogasawara Islands, 20th century?)
:
Bonin white-eye
The Bonin white-eye (''Apalopteron familiare'') or is a small songbird endemic to the Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Islands) of Japan. It is the only species in the genus ''Apalopteron''. Its taxonomic affinities were a long-standing mystery and it ...
("Bonin honeyeater") subspecies not recorded since its last specimen was collected in 1930.
Timaliidae – Old World babblers
* Vanderbilt's babbler, ''Malacocincla sepiarium vanderbilti'' (Sumatra, Indonesia, late 20th century?)
:An enigmatic subspecies of
Horsfield's babbler, known from a single specimen. Not seen since the 1940s at the latest.
* Burmese Jerdon's babbler, ''Chrysomma altirostre altirostre'' (Myanmar, 20th century?)
:The nominate subspecies of
Jerdon's babbler was last confirmed in 1941, but as there has been little fieldwork in its range and a possible sighting in 1994, it is considered likely to persist.
"
African warblers
African or Africans may refer to:
* Anything from or pertaining to the continent of Africa:
** People who are native to Africa, descendants of natives of Africa, or individuals who trace their ancestry to indigenous inhabitants of Africa
*** Ethn ...
"
* Chapin's crombec, ''Sylvietta leucophrys chapini'' (Congo Basin, late 20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
white-browed crombec
The white-browed crombec (''Sylvietta leucophrys'') is a species of African warbler, formerly placed in the family Sylviidae. The enigmatic Chapin's crombec might be a distinct species, or a subspecies ''Sylvietta leucophrys chapini'' of the p ...
, sometimes listed as a separate species. Restricted to the Lendu Plateau, it is probably rare, though unsurveyed forest remains where it is likely to persist.
Sylvioidea
Sylvioidea is a superfamily of passerine birds, one of at least three major clades within the Passerida along with the Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea. It contains about 1300 species including the Old World warblers, Old World babblers, swallows ...
''
incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
''
*
Lake Amik
Lake Amik or the Lake of Antioch ( ar, بحيرة العمق) ( tr, Amik Gölü) was a large freshwater lake in the basin of the Orontes River in Hatay Province, Turkey; it was located north-east of the ancient city of Antioch (modern Antakya). ...
bearded reedling, ''Panurus biarmicus kosswigi'' (S Turkey, extant)
:
Bearded reedling
The bearded reedling (''Panurus biarmicus'') is a small, sexual dimorphism, sexually dimorphic reed bed, reed-bed passerine bird. It is frequently known as the bearded tit, due to some similarities to the long-tailed tit, or the bearded parrotbil ...
subspecies, which has been considered extinct owing to the drainage of
Lake Amik
Lake Amik or the Lake of Antioch ( ar, بحيرة العمق) ( tr, Amik Gölü) was a large freshwater lake in the basin of the Orontes River in Hatay Province, Turkey; it was located north-east of the ancient city of Antioch (modern Antakya). ...
, but is still extant in the area.
Troglodytidae – wrens
*
San Benedicto rock wren
The San Benedicto rock wren (''Salpinctes obsoletus exsul'') is a small extinct passerine which was endemic to San Benedicto Island in the Revillagigedo Islands off Mexico. It was a subspecies of the rock wren.
Extinction
San Benedicto is a v ...
, ''Salpinctes obsoletus exsul'' (San Benedicto, Revillagigedo Islands, 1952)
:A subspecies of the
rock wren
The rock wren (''Salpinctes obsoletus'') is a small songbird of the wren family native to western North America, Mexico and Central America. It is the only species in the genus ''Salpinctes''.
Description
Measurements:
* Length: 4.9-5.9 i ...
which became extinct around 9:00 AM, August 1, 1952, when its island habitat was devastated by a massive volcanic eruption.
*
Guadalupe Bewick's wren, ''Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda'' (Guadalupe, East Pacific, late 1890s?)
:
Bewick's wren
The Bewick's wren (''Thryomanes bewickii'') is a wren native to North America. It is the only species placed in the genus ''Thryomanes''. At about long, it is grey-brown above, white below, with a long white eyebrow. While similar in appearan ...
subspecies. An extinction date of "1903" seems to be in error;
the last unquestionable record dates from 1897 and a thorough search in 1901 failed to find it.
* San Clemente Bewick's wren, ''Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys'' (San Clemente, East Pacific, 1941)
:Another Bewick's wren subspecies, last recorded in 1941.
*
Daito wren, ''Troglodytes troglodytes orii'' (Daito Islands, Northwest Pacific, c. 1940)
:A disputed
Eurasian wren
The Eurasian wren (''Troglodytes troglodytes'') or northern wren is a very small insectivorous bird, and the only member of the wren family Troglodytidae found in Eurasia and Africa (Maghreb). In Anglophone Europe, it is commonly known simply ...
subspecies; as it is known from a single specimen that may have been a vagrant individual; it is possibly invalid.
* Guadeloupe house wren, ''Troglodytes aedon guadeloupensis'' (Guadeloupe, Caribbean, late 20th century?)
:Found in 1914, 1969 and the 1970s; now very rare or already extinct. Taxonomy unresolved. Part of the
house wren
The house wren (''Troglodytes aedon'') is a very small bird of the wren family, Troglodytidae. It occurs from Canada to southernmost South America, and is thus the most widely distributed native bird in the Americas. It occurs in most suburban ar ...
complex; other scientific names include ''T. musculus guadeloupensis'' and ''T. guadeloupensis''
* Martinique house wren, ''Troglodytes aedon martinicensis'' (Martinique, Caribbean, c. 1890)
:Last found in 1886. Another
house wren
The house wren (''Troglodytes aedon'') is a very small bird of the wren family, Troglodytidae. It occurs from Canada to southernmost South America, and is thus the most widely distributed native bird in the Americas. It occurs in most suburban ar ...
complex taxon; other scientific names include ''T. musculus martinicensis'' and ''T. martinicensis''.
Paridae
The tits, chickadees, and Titmouse, titmice constitute the Paridae, a large family of small passerine birds which occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. Most were formerly classified in the genus ''Parus''.
Members of this family a ...
– tits, chickadees and titmice
*
Daito varied tit, ''Poecile varia orii'' (Daito Islands, Northwest Pacific, 1938)
:A
varied tit
The varied tit (''Sittiparus varius'') is a perching bird from the tit family, Paridae. It occurs in the eastern Palearctic in Japan, Korea, and locally in northeastern China (southern Liaoning) and extreme southeastern Russia (southern Kurile ...
subspecies, variously placed in
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
''Sittiparus'' and ''Parus'' also. Last recorded in 1938 and not found in subsequent surveys in 1984 and 1986.
* Zagros coal tit, ''Periparus ater phaeonotus'' (
Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains ( ar, جبال زاغروس, translit=Jibal Zaghrus; fa, کوههای زاگرس, Kuh hā-ye Zāgros; ku, چیاکانی زاگرۆس, translit=Çiyakani Zagros; Turkish: ''Zagros Dağları''; Luri: ''Kuh hā-ye Zāgro ...
, Southwestern Iran)
:A
coal tit
The coal tit or cole tit, (''Periparus ater''), is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder in forests throughout the temperate to subtropical Palearctic, including North Africa. The b ...
subspecies, only known by the type specimen from 1870.
Cinclidae – dippers
*
Cyprus dipper, ''Cinclus cinclus olympicus'' (Cyprus, Northeast Mediterranean, 1945)
:A subspecies of the
white-throated dipper
The white-throated dipper (''Cinclus cinclus''), also known as the European dipper or just dipper, is an aquatic passerine bird found in Europe, Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. The species is divided into several subspecies ...
of questionable validity. It became extinct in 1945.
Muscicapidae
The Old World flycatchers are a large family, the Muscicapidae, of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia), with the exception of several vagrants and two species, Bluethroat (''Luscinia svecica)'' and Norther ...
– Old World flycatchers and chats
* Tonkean henna-tailed jungle flycatcher, ''Rhinomyias colonus subsolanus'' (Sulawesi, Indonesia, late 20th century?)
:A
henna-tailed jungle flycatcher subspecies that is known from a single specimen; it may not be valid.
* Chinijo chat, ''Saxicola dacotiae murielae'' (Chinijo Archipelago, canary Islands, early 20th century)
:
Canary Islands stonechat subspecies.
Turdidae
The thrushes are a passerine bird family, Turdidae, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as Old World flycat ...
– thrushes and allies
* Norfolk thrush, ''Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus'' (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1975)
:
Island thrush
The island thrush (''Turdus poliocephalus'') is a common forest bird in the thrush family. Almost 50 subspecies have been described, ranging from South East Asia and Melanesia, to Samoa, exhibiting great differences in plumage. Several subspe ...
subspecies last seen in 1975.
* Maré thrush, ''Turdus poliocephalus mareensis'' (Maré, Melanesia, early 20th century)
:Another subspecies of the island thrush, last collected in 1911 or 1912 and not found anymore in 1939.
*
Lord Howe thrush, ''Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus'' (early 20th century)
:Yet another island thrush subspecies, last recorded in 1913 and extinct by 1928.
* Lifou thrush, ''Turdus poliocephalus pritzbueri'' (Lifou, Melanesia, extant)
:Yet another subspecies of the island thrush. birds surviving on Tanna, New Hebrides, are presently considered the same subspecies. However, given the fact that the species readily differentiates into subspecies and that the distance between Tanna and Lifou is considerable, these birds may belong to a different subspecies, in which case the Lifou thrush would be considered extinct.
* Peleng red-and-black thrush, ''Zoothera mendeni mendeni'' (Peleng, Indonesia, mid-20th century?)
:
Red-and-black thrush
The red-and-black thrush (''Geokichla mendeni''), also known as the Peleng thrush, is a species of bird in the family Turdidae. It is endemic to forests on the Indonesian islands of Taliabu and Peleng, where threatened by habitat loss. Traditio ...
nominate subspecies; little known.
* Kibale black-eared ground thrush, ''Zoothera camaronensis kibalensis'' (SW Uganda, late 20th century?)
:A
black-eared ground thrush subspecies known only from two 1966 specimens. Likely to survive in suitable habitat but could be already extinct.
* Choiseul russet-tailed thrush, ''Zoothera heinei choiseuli'' (Choiseul, Solomon Islands, mid-20th century?)
:A subspecies of the
russet-tailed thrush
The russet-tailed thrush (''Zoothera heinei'') is a species of bird in the family Turdidae, closely related to the more widespread Bassian thrush (''Zoothera lunulata''). It is found in eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea.
Its natural habit ...
known from a single specimen found in 1924. It could have been killed off by introduced cats, but the island is poorly known and so it should not be presumed extinct.
* Saint Lucia forest thrush, ''Cichlherminia lherminieri sanctaeluciae'' (St Lucia, West Indies, extant)
:A subspecies of the
forest thrush
The forest thrush (''Turdus lherminieri'') is a species of bird in the family Turdidae. It was historically the sole species within the genus ''Cichlherminia'', however the AOU reclassified the species to the genus ''Turdus'' in 2009.
This ...
. It has been thought extinct, but the taxon was recorded at Des Chassin in 2007.
*Pines solitaire, ''Myadestes elisabeth retrusus'' (Isla de la Juventud, West Indies, 20th century)
:A subspecies of the
Cuban solitaire
The Cuban solitaire (''Myadestes elisabeth''), also known as the Cuban nightingale, is a species of bird in the family Turdidae. It is endemic to Cuba.
Its natural habitat is Cuban moist forests#Montane forests, montane moist forests. It is thre ...
. The last confirmed records were in the 1930s, with unconfirmed reports in the early 1970s.
Mimidae – mockingbirds and thrashers
* Barbados scaly-breasted thrasher, ''Allenia fusca atlantica'' (Barbados, West Indies, 1987?)
:
Scaly-breasted thrasher subspecies last recorded in 1987. Most of its range has been searched since then, with no records.
Estrildidae
Estrildidae, or estrildid finches, is a family of small seed-eating passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They comprise species commonly known as munias, mannikins, firefinches, parrotfinches and waxbills. Despite the word "fi ...
– estrildid finches (waxbills, munias, etc.)
* Southern star finch, ''Neochmia ruficauda ruficauda'' (Australia, 1995)
:A subspecies of the
star finch
The star finch (''Bathilda ruficauda'') is a seed-eating bird species found in northern Australia. It has a distinctive red face and bill, and broad white spots down its flanks. One of its three subspecies may be extinct.
Description
The st ...
; last recorded in 1995 and not found during searches later in the 1990s. Not known to survive in captivity.
Fringillidae
The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and nuts and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usua ...
– true finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers
* San Benito house finch, ''Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori'' (San Benito, East Pacific, c. 1940s)
:
House finch
The house finch (''Haemorhous mexicanus'') is a bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It is native to western North America and has been introduced to the eastern half of the continent and Hawaii. This species and the other two American rosef ...
subspecies.
* Lanaʻi ʻalauahio, ''Paroreomyza montana montana'' (Lanaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, 1937)
:A subspecies of the
Maui ʻalauahio (or, more properly, the Maui Nui ʻalauahio). Last recorded in 1937 and certainly extinct by 1960.
Icteridae
Icterids () or New World blackbirds make up a family, the Icteridae (), of small to medium-sized, often colorful, New World passerine birds. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red. The ...
– grackles
* Grand Cayman oriole, ''Icterus leucopteryx bairdi'' (Grand Cayman, West Indies, late 20th century)
:A subspecies of the
Jamaican oriole
The Jamaican oriole (''Icterus leucopteryx'') is a species of bird in the family Icteridae.
Distribution
It is found in Jamaica and on the Colombian island of Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, San Andrés. The subspecie ...
, last recorded in 1967.
Parulidae
The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds that make up the family Parulidae and are restricted to the New World. They are not closely related to Old World warblers or Australian warblers. Most ...
– New World warblers
* New Providence yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis rostrata rostrata'' (New Providence, Bahamas, 1990?)
:The nominate subspecies of the
Bahama yellowthroat
The Bahama yellowthroat (''Geothlypis rostrata'') is a New World warbler. It is a resident breeder endemic to the Bahamas.
Taxonomy
It is closely related to common yellowthroat, Altamira yellowthroat and Belding's yellowthroat, and is also con ...
is either almost or completely extinct.
Thraupidae
The tanagers (singular ) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropica ...
– tanagers
* Gonâve western chat-tanager, ''Calyptophilus tertius abbotti'' (Gonâve, West Indies, c. 1980?)
:A
western chat-tanager
The western chat-tanager (''Calyptophilus tertius'') is a Vulnerable species of passerine bird belonging to the family Calyptophilidae. It is endemic to the island of Hispaniola which is shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
Taxonomy ...
subspecies last recorded in 1977 and probably extinct.
* Samaná eastern chat-tanager, ''Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus'' (E Hispaniola, West Indies, late 20th century)
:An
eastern chat-tanager
The eastern chat-tanager (''Calyptophilus frugivorus'') is a Near Threatened species of passerine bird belonging to the family Calyptophilidae. It is endemic to the island of Hispaniola, in the Dominican Republic; it is possibly extirpated fr ...
subspecies; the last (unconfirmed?) record was in 1982 and concerted efforts to find it since have failed.
* Darwin's large ground finch, ''Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris'' (Floreana?, Galapagos Islands, 1957?)
:A doubtful subspecies of the
large ground finch
The large ground finch (''Geospiza magnirostris'') is a species of bird. One of Darwin's finches, it is now placed in the family Thraupidae and was formerly in the Emberizidae. It is endemic to the Galapagos Islands, and is found in the arid zone ...
collected by
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended fr ...
in 1835; he gave no precise locality. A similar bird was found in 1957, but no others have ever been seen.
* Saint Kitts bullfinch, ''Loxigilla portoricensis grandis'' (Saint Kitts and prehistorically Barbuda, West Indies, 1930)
:
Puerto Rican bullfinch
The Puerto Rican bullfinch (''Melopyrrha portoricensis'') is a small bullfinch tanager endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico. The species can be commonly found in heavy forests throughout Puerto Rico, except on the easternmost tip of the isl ...
subspecies.
Emberizoidea – buntings and American sparrows
* Todos Santos rufous-crowned sparrow, ''Aimophila ruficeps sanctorum'' (Islas Todos Santos, E Pacific, 1970s?)
:
Rufous-crowned sparrow
The rufous-crowned sparrow (''Aimophila ruficeps'') is a small American sparrow. This passerine is primarily found across the Southwestern United States and much of the interior of Mexico, south to the transverse mountain range, and to the Pa ...
subspecies, once common but not recorded during surveys in the 1970s or since.
* Santa Barbara song sparrow, ''Melospiza melodia graminea'' (Santa Barbara Island, late 1960s). Last seen in 1967, became extinct due to a severe wildfire in 1959 and subsequent feral cat predation. Officially declared extinct by the USFWS in 1983.
*
Dusky seaside sparrow, ''Ammospiza maritima nigrescens'' (Florida, 1980s)
:
Seaside sparrow
The seaside sparrow (''Ammospiza maritima'') is an American sparrow. Description
Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark streaks; they have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white ...
subspecies, last recorded in the wild in 1987.
* Guadalupe spotted towhee, ''Pipilo maculatus consobrinus'' (Guadalupe Island, East Pacific, c. 1900)
:
Spotted towhee
The spotted towhee (''Pipilo maculatus'') is a large New World sparrow. The taxonomy of the towhees has been debated in recent decades, and until 1995 this bird and the eastern towhee were considered a single species, the rufous-sided towhee. A ...
subspecies.
See also
*
Bird extinction
Out of the approximately 11,154 known bird species, 159 (1.4%) have become extinct, 226 (2%) are critically endangered, 461 (4.1%) are endangered, 800 (7.2%) are vulnerable and 1,018 (9.1%) are near threatened. There is a general consensus among ...
*
Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is t ...
s
*
Flightless birds
Flightless birds are birds that through evolution lost the ability to fly. There are over 60 extant species, including the well known ratites ( ostriches, emu, cassowaries, rheas, and kiwi) and penguins. The smallest flightless bird is th ...
*
Fossil birds
Birds evolved from certain feathered theropod dinosaurs, and there is no real dividing line between birds and non-avian dinosaurs except that some of the former survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event while the latter did not. For ...
*
Holocene extinction
The Holocene extinction, or Anthropocene extinction, is the ongoing extinction event during the Holocene epoch. The extinctions span numerous families of bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, f ...
*
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds are avian taxa that became extinct during the Late Quaternary – the Holocene or Late Pleistocene – and before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by ornithol ...
*
Lazarus species
In paleontology, a Lazarus taxon (plural ''taxa'') is a taxon that disappears for one or more periods from the fossil record, only to appear again later. Likewise in conservation biology and ecology, it can refer to species or populations tha ...
*
List of bird extinctions by year
The accuracy of these dates for bird extinctions varies wildly between one entry and another.
15th century
c. 1400
* Haast's eagle 16th century
c. 1500
* Moa (''Emeus huttoni'')
* Moa (''Pachyornis septentrionalis'')
17th century
1650
...
*
List of extinct animals
This page features lists of extinct species, organisms that have become extinct, either in the wild or completely disappeared from Earth.
In actual theoretical practice, a species not definitely located in the wild in the last fifty years of cur ...
*
Origin of birds
The scientific question of within which larger group of animals evolution of birds, birds evolved has traditionally been called the "origin of birds". The present scientific consensus is that birds are a group of maniraptoran Theropoda, theropod ...
Footnotes
References
*
BirdLife International
BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations that strives to conserve birds and their habitats. BirdLife International's priorities include preventing extinction of bird species, identifying and safeguarding ...
(BLI) (2008): Globally Threatened Forums &ndash
Sharpe's Rail (''Gallirallus sharpei''): no longer recognised taxonomically Version of 2008-NOV-24. Retrieved 2008-DEC-16.
* Fuller, Errol (2000): ''Extinct Birds'' (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
* Gutiérrez Expósito, Carlos; Copete, José Luis; Crochet, Pierre-André; Qninba, Abdeljebbar and Garrido, Héctor (2011): History, status and distribution of Andalusian Buttonquail in the WP. ''Dutch Birding'' 33 (#2): 75–93.
* Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2006): Extinctions and extirpations in Marshall Islands avifauna since European contact – a review of historic evidence. ''Micronesica'' 38(#2): 253–266
PDF fulltext* Szabo, Judit K.; Khwaja, Nyil; Garnett, Stephen T. and Butchart, Stuart H.M. (2012): Global patterns and drivers of avian extinctions at the species and subspecies level. ''PLoS One'' 7 (#10): e47080
fulltext
External links
The IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesThe BirdLife Extinct Birds species list
The BirdLife Data Zone containing factsheets for all Birds species
Extinct Birds Stock Photography
New Zealand Extinct Birds ListThe Extinction WebsiteNaturalisExtinct Birds: 3D images of extinct bird species in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History (Leiden, Netherlands).
August 2014
{{Birds, state=collapsed
01
.
Extinct, Recent
Bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...
Birds, Recently extinct
Recently extinct birds
Extinct, Recent
*Invertebrates