''Lichenomphalia'' is both a

basidiolichen Basidiolichens are lichenized members of the Basidiomycota, a much smaller group of lichens than the far more common ascolichens in the Ascomycota. In arctic, alpine, and temperate forests, the most common basidiolichens are in the agaric genus ...

and an

agaric An agaric () is a type of fungus fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. In the UK, agarics are called "mushroom ...

genus. Most of the species have inconspicuous lichenized

thalli Thallus (plural: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. Many of these organisms were ...

that consist of scattered, small, loose, nearly microscopic green balls or foliose small flakes containing single-celled

green alga The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as ...

e in the genus '' Coccomyxa'', all interconnected by a loose network of hyphae. The agaric fruit bodies themselves are nonlichenized and resemble other types of omphalinoid mushrooms. These agarics lack

clamp connection A clamp connection is a hook-like structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi. It is a characteristic feature of Basidiomycetes fungi. It is created to ensure that each cell, or segment of hypha separated by septa (cross walls), rec ...

s and do not form hymenial

cystidia A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that ar ...

. The

basidiospore A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are ...

s are hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, and

nonamyloid In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black stai ...

. Most of the species were originally classified in the genera ''

Omphalina ''Omphalina'' is a genus of small agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent gills. Typically the cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a ...

'' or '' Gerronema''. Historically the species were classified with those other genera in the family, the

Tricholomataceae The Tricholomataceae are a large family of mushrooms within the Agaricales. Originally a classic " wastebasket taxon", the family included any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored genera in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to e.g. th ...

together with the nonlichenized species. ''Lichenomphalia'' species can be grouped into brightly colored taxa, with vivid yellow and orange colors, versus the grey brown group, depending upon the microscopic pigmentation deposits. Molecular research comparing

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

s now place ''Lichenomphalia'' close to the redefined genus '' Arrhenia'', which together with several other genera not traditionally considered to be related, fall within the newly redefined

Hygrophoraceae The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics (gilled mushrooms), including '' Hygrophorus'' and ''Hygrocybe'' species (the waxcaps or waxy caps), DNA evi ...

Etymology

''Lichenomphalia'' is derived from the word

lichen A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Omphalia'' from whence the more familiar, longer, diminutive generic name ''

'' was derived. Basically it means the lichen omphalias.

Thallus names and nomenclature

Long before the connection was made between the nonlichenized agaric fruitbodies and the lichenized thalli, botanists and lichenologists named the asexual lichen thalli of ''Lichenomphalia'' species several times in a number of genera.

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

in 1753 described the lichen thallus of ''L. umbellifera'' as an '

alga Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mi ...

' named ''Byssus botryoides'' while simultaneously including the fruitbodies of ''L. umbellifera'' within his concept of ''Agaricus umbelliferus'', the

basionym In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a new name is based; the author citation of the new name should include the authors of the basionym in parentheses. The term "basionym" is used in both botan ...

for the name ''L. umbellifera''. ''Byssus botryoides'' is the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

of the now officially rejected generic names ''Phytoconis'' and ''Botrydina''. Acharius in 1810 described the thalli of ''L. hudsoniana'' as a lichen, ''Endocarpon viride'', which is the type of another officially rejected name, ''Coriscium''. The names 'Botrydina' and 'Coriscium' are often used to describe the thalli of different ''Lichenomphalia'' even though they are rejected names listed in the

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature The ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "trad ...

(Appendix V). Prior to officially rejecting these names, the names ''Botrydina'' and ''Phytoconis'' were both applied to describe ''Lichenomphalia'' species. Hence literature on these lichenized agarics appears under a myriad of names, such as ''Omphalina'', ''Gerronema'', ''Phytoconis'', ''Botrydina'' and ''Coriscium''.

Species

2011-06-20 Lichenomphalia chromacea (Cleland) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys 152659

Species Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of Mi ...

accepts 15 species of ''Lichenomphalia''. *'' Lichenomphalia alpina'' *'' Lichenomphalia altoandina'' – Chile *'' Lichenomphalia aurantiaca'' – Colombia *'' Lichenomphalia chromacea'' – Australia *'' Lichenomphalia cinereispinula'' – Europe *'' Lichenomphalia hudsoniana'' – widespread in Northern Hemisphere *'' Lichenomphalia lobata'' – Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela *'' Lichenomphalia luteovitellina'' *'' Lichenomphalia meridionalis'' *'' Lichenomphalia oreades'' *'' Lichenomphalia pararustica'' *'' Lichenomphalia tasmanica'' –

Tasmania ) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdi ...

, Australia *'' Lichenomphalia umbellifera'' – widespread in Northern Hemisphere *'' Lichenomphalia velutina'' – southern South America *'' Lichenomphalia wallacei''

References

External links

''Lichenomphalia umbellifera''

''Lichenomphalia umbellifera''

''Lichenomphalia alpina''

''Lichenomphalia hudsoniana'' thalli originally called ''Coriscium viride''

''Lichenomphalia chromacea'' from Australia. {{Taxonbar, from=Q2975764 Agaricales genera Lichen genera Hygrophoraceae Basidiolichens Taxa described in 2002

Etymology

Thallus names and nomenclature

Species

See also

References

External links