The Kurukh or Oraon, also spelt Uraon, or Dhangar ( Kurukh: ''Karḵẖ'' and ''Oṛāōⁿ'') are a Dravidian speaking

ethnolinguistic group An ethnolinguistic group (or ethno-linguistic group) is a group that is unified by both a common ethnicity and language. Most ethnic groups share a first language. However, "ethnolinguistic" is often used to emphasise that language is a major bas ...

inhabiting Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjoining areas - mainly the Indian states of

Jharkhand Jharkhand (; ; ) is a state in eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north and Odisha to the south. It has an area of . ...

West Bengal West Bengal (, Bengali: ''Poshchim Bongo'', , abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of . West Bengal is the four ...

Odisha Odisha (English: , ), formerly Orissa ( the official name until 2011), is an Indian state located in Eastern India. It is the 8th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population. The state has the third largest population of Sc ...

and Chhattisgarh. They predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language, which belongs to the

Dravidian language family The Dravidian languages (or sometimes Dravidic) are a family of languages spoken by 250 million people, mainly in southern India, north-east Sri Lanka, and south-west Pakistan. Since the colonial era, there have been small but significant im ...

. In Maharashtra, Oraon people are also known as Dhangad or Dhangar. Traditionally, Oraons depended on the forest and farms for their ritual practices and livelihoods, but in recent times, they have become mainly settled agriculturalists. Many Oraon migrated to tea gardens of

Assam Assam (; ) is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur ...

and Bangladesh as well as to countries like Fiji, Guyana,

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago, small ...

and

Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label=Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It incl ...

during

British rule The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; * * it is also called Crown rule in India, * * * * or Direct rule in India, * Quote: "Mill, who was himsel ...

, where they were known as ''Hill Coolies''. They are listed as a

Scheduled Tribe The Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India. The terms are recognized in the Constitution of India and the groups are designa ...

for the purpose of India's reservation system.

Etymology

According to Edward Tuite Dalton, "Oraon" is an

exonym An endonym (from Greek: , 'inner' + , 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, ''native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside that particular place, group, o ...

assigned by neighboring

Munda people The Munda people are an Austroasiatic speaking ethnic group of India. They predominantly speak the Mundari language as their native language, which belongs to the Munda subgroup of Austroasiatic languages. The Munda are found mainly concen ...

, meaning "to roam". They call themselves Kurukh. According to Sten Konow, Uraon will mean ''man'' as in the Dravidian Kaikadi language, the word Urapai, Urapo and Urang means ''Man''. The word Kurukh may be derived from the word ''Kur'' or ''Kurcana'' means Shout and stammer. So Kurukh will mean a speaker.

History

According to the Indian Anthropological Society,

Konkan The Konkan ( kok, कोंकण) or Kokan () is a stretch of land by the western coast of India, running from Damaon in the north to Karwar in the south; with the Arabian Sea to the west and the Deccan plateau in the east. The hinterla ...

is said to be the original home of the Kurukh tribes from where they migrated to the

Chota Nagpur Plateau The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar. The Indo-Gangetic plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the b ...

. The group is said to have settled in the

by 100 CE. There are three opinion of scholar about origin of Kurukh people. According to

Sarat Chandra Roy Sarat Chandra Roy (4 November 1871– 30 April 1942) was an Indian scholar of anthropology. He is widely regarded as the 'father of Indian ethnography', the 'first Indian ethnographer', and as the 'first Indian anthropologist'. Early life Bor ...

, Kurukh people might have migrated from

Coorg Kodagu (also known by its former name Coorg) is an administrative district in the Karnataka state of India. Before 1956, it was an administratively separate Coorg State, at which point it was merged into an enlarged Mysore State. It occupies ...

in South India. In 1987, Elefenbein proposed Bloch's hypothesis, in which he proposed Brahui tribe migrated from Baluchistan to Sindh where still brahui spoken, Rohtasgarh and Rajmahal hills. Those who migrated to Rohtasgarh were Kurukh and Rajmahal hills were Malto. According to another opinion, Kurukh people were living in

Indus valley civilization The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form 2600 BCE to 1900 ...

, then they migrated to south and Central India after decline of Indus valley civilization due to draught and flood in 2500 BCE. During British Period, Kurukh people were rebelled against British

East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Sout ...

authority and local Zamindars against tax imposition. The Budhu Bhagat led Lakra rebellion which is also known as

Kol uprising The Kol uprising, Kol rebellion, also known in British records as the Kol mutiny was a revolt of the tribal Kol people of Chhota Nagpur that took place between 1831 and 1832. It was due to economic exploitation brought on by the systems of land ...

in 1832. According to the writings of Colonel Edward Tuite Dalton, Oraon claimed that they were settled in Gujurat, then they were expelled from there. Then they settled in Kalinjar, where they fought with ''Lowrik Sowrik'' of Palipiri and got defeated. Then they came to Rohtasgarh and were driven out by Muslims during the reign of Akbar. Then they settled in Chotanagpur. According to Dalton, Oraon were settled in Chotanagpur before the reign of Akbar and possibly some Oraon were in Rohtas hills when Rohtasgarh fort was constructed by Muslims. According to him Oraon language is similar to Tamil, but some words spoken by Oraon are of Sanskrit origin due to their living with Sanskrit and Prakrit speaking people in the past. The physical features of Oraon are the darkest but those who live in mixed settlements have varities of features. Oraons

Jatra Bhagat Jatra Bhagat (1888–1916) was an Indian tribal freedom fighter and social reformist. He was the founder of Tana Bhagat Movement among the Oraon tribe. Tana Bhagat alias Jatra Oraon was born in September 1888 at Chingari Navatoli village in G ...

led civil disobedience movement

Tana Bhagat Movement Tana Bhagat Movement (1914-1920) was a movement in Chhotanagpur area of British India against the policies of the local British authorities and exploitative business practices of local '' zamindars'', mostly by Oraon people. The Tana Bhagats op ...

from 1914 to 1920. After independence of India, They listed as a

for the purpose of India's reservation system.

Society

The Kurukh tribe is patrilocal and patrilineal. Kurukhs are divided into many exogamous clans. Clans names among the Kurukh are taken from plants, animals and objects. Some important clans are: * Addo (ox) * Aind (a fish) * Alla (dog) * Bakula (Heron) * Bando (wild cat) * Bara (Banyan) * Barwa (wild dog) * Beck (Salt) * Chidra (Squirrel) * Edgo (Mouse) * Ekka or kachhap (Turtle) * Gari (monkey) * Gede (Duck) * Gidhi (vulture) * Halman (langur) * Keond (a fruit) * Khoya (wild dog) * Kinduar (a fish) * Kosuar (a fish) * Kiro (a fruit) * Kiss (pig) * Kerketta (Hedge- sparrow) * Kokro (cock) * Kujur ( A medicinal plant) * Lakra (Tiger) * Minz (a fish) * Khetta or Nag (Cobra) * Panna (Iron) * Tido (a fish) * Tirkuar (tithio bird) * Tirkey (an eagle) * Toppo (Woodpecker) * Tigga (Monkey) * Xalxo (pigeon) * Xaxa (Crow) * Xess or Dhan (Paddy)

Culture

Language

Kurukh are traditional speakers of Kurukh, which belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian family. Just under half still speak this language as their mother tongue. Many have adopted the local ''lingua franca''s, Sadri and Odia, as their first languages. This shift to regional languages, especially Sadri, has been most pronounced in West Bengal, Bangladesh, Assam and Tripura, where the Kurukh are mainly tea garden workers and Sadri is the main link language.

Festivals

The Kurukh celebrate all traditional festivals of the Chota Nagpur plateau: Sarhul,

Karma Karma (; sa, कर्म}, ; pi, kamma, italic=yes) in Sanskrit means an action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences. In Indian religions, the term more specifically refers to a principle of cause and effect, often descriptively ...

, Dhanbuni, Harihari, Nawakhani, Khariyani etc.

Music and dance

Since time immemorial The Oraon people have a rich range of folk songs, dances and tales, as well as traditional musical instruments. Both men and women participate in dances, which are performed at social events and festivals. The Mandar, Nagara and Kartal are the main musical instruments. In Kurukh, song is known as "Dandi". Some Kurukh folk dances are war dances (between two Parhas),

Karma dance Karma dance or Karma Naach is a traditional dance of central and Eastern India annually performed during the karma festival. Karma is a famous autumnal festival, it starts from the 11th day of the bright fortnight of the month of Bhadrab. It i ...

(Karam dandi), Khaddi or Sarhul dance, Phagu, Jadur, jagra, Matha, Benja Nalna (wedding dance) and Chali (courtyard dance).

Marriage tradition

Marriage among Kurukhs is usually arranged by the parents. The parents negotiate a bride price, after which the wedding can take place. On the wedding day, the groom arrives with his friends to the bride's house, and they hold a dance. A ''pandal'' is constructed in front of the bride's father's house, and the bride and groom stand on a stone, under which is grain above a plough yoke. A cloth is then thrown over the couple, who are doubly screened by the groom's friends. Then the ''sindoordaan'' is done: the groom applies ''sindoor'' to the bride's forehead, which is sometimes returned. Afterwards, water is poured over the couple and they return to a separate area of the house to change. When they are emerged, they are considered married. During this entire time, the rest of the party continue to dance.

Dress

At the turn of the 20th century, Kurukh men wore a loincloth tied around the hips, while women less influenced by other communities would wear a cloth reaching to just above the knee, covering the chest. Today, women traditionally a wear thick cotton sari with detailed stitched borders of purple or red thread. Traditional tattoos include elaborate symmetrical patterns around their forearms, ankles, and chest. Men wear a thick cloth with similar detailed borders as a dhoti or

lungi The lungi is a type of sarong that originated in the Indian Subcontinent. The Lungi, which usually multicoloured, is a men's skirt usually tied around the lower waist below the navel. it can be worn as casual wear and night wear, in places a ...

Livelihood

Originally, the Oraons relied on the forest and its goods for an economic livelihood. Unlike many other communities of Jharkhand which practice ''jhum'', the Kurukh community uses plough agriculture. At the turn of the 20th century however, due to the policies of the British colonial government, most of the tribe worked as agricultural labourers for the ''

Zamindar A zamindar (Hindustani: Devanagari: , ; Persian: , ) in the Indian subcontinent was an autonomous or semiautonomous ruler of a province. The term itself came into use during the reign of Mughals and later the British had begun using it as ...

s'' on their own lands. However, recently many have become settled agriculturists, while others became migrant workers.

Administration

In a Kurukh village, the village level political organization is called ''Parha'' which consists of post such as ''Pahan'' (village priest), ''Panibharwa'' (water-bearer of Pahan), ''Pujar'' (assistant of Pahan), ''Bhandari'' and ''Chowkidar'' (watchman). Each has a particular role in religious ceremonies, festivals and solving disputes in the village. The traditional informal educational institution youth dormitory is called ''Dhumkuria''. The public and common meeting place is Akhra where people meet for the purpose of discussion and solving disputes. Twelve to thirty villages form a Parha council. Each village has a village council, member of village council act as the members of Parha council in the headship of Parha chief. One of the villages in Parha is called Raja (King) village, another (prime minister) village, another (clerk of the village), a fourth (orderly) village and remaining village are called (subject) village. Raja village has highest social status because headman of this village presides at the meeting of a Parha Panchayat. The Kurukh are patrilocal and patrilineal. Clan name descends from father to son. The major lineage is known as ''Bhuinhari Khunt''. Bhuinhari means owner of the land. Khunt has two sub groups: the ''Pahan Khunt'' and ''Mahato Khunt''. Pahan and Mahato are two main office of Bhuinhari lineage.

Religion

The Oraon follow their traditional religion ( Sarnaism), which is based on nature worship. Some of the groups started following Sarnaism in a Hindu style, as the sects of the Bishnu Bhagats, Bacchinda Bhagats, Karmu Bhagats and Tana Bhagats. The Oraons have established several Sarna sects. Oraons worship Sun as biri (a name given for Dharmesh). Kurukhar also believe in Animism. Most of population is Sarna, which is a religion that is indigenous to

Adivasi The Adivasi refers to inhabitants of Indian subcontinent, generally tribal people. The term is a Sanskrit word coined in the 1930s by political activists to give the tribal people an indigenous identity by claiming an indigenous origin. The te ...

s in the

. Sarna perform religious rituals under the shade of a sacred grove. They worship the sun as Biri and the moon as Chando, and call the earth Dharti Aayo (Earth as mother). Chando Biri are the words which are used in Sarna pujas. Dharmesh is their supreme almighty god. Kamru Bhagats (Oraon or Munda devotees) originated when Oraons acquired special powers after making a pilgrimage to Kamakhya in

to pay respect to

Durga Durga ( sa, दुर्गा, ) is a major Hindu goddess, worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess Mahadevi. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction, and wars. Durga's legend centres around comb ...

. The Tana Bhagat was formed by Oraon saints Jatra Bhagat and Turia Bhagat. Tana Bhagats opposed the taxes imposed on them by the British and staged a

Satyagraha Satyagraha ( sa, सत्याग्रह; ''satya'': "truth", ''āgraha'': "insistence" or "holding firmly to"), or "holding firmly to truth",' or "truth force", is a particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. Someone ...

movement even before

Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, Anti-colonial nationalism, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure ...

. All Tana Bhagats were followers of Gandhi during the Independence movement. Tana Bhagats still wear a khadi kurta, dhoti and Gandhi topi (cap) with tricoloured flag in their topi. All Tana Bhagats perform puja to the Mahadeo and the tricolour with a chakra symbol on it, which is fixed at their courtyard. Among Christian Oraons, there are

Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a letter ...

s and

Protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...

s, the latter of which having several denominations.

In popular culture

In 1957, film-maker

Ritwik Ghatak Ritwik Kumar Ghatak (; 4 November 19256 February 1976) was a noted Indian film director, screenwriter, and playwright. Along with prominent contemporary Bengali filmmakers Satyajit Ray, Tapan Sinha and Mrinal Sen, his cinema is primarily remembe ...

shot a preparatory test film named ''Oraon'' on the life of the

s of the

Ranchi Ranchi (, ) is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement, which called for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern Odisha, western West Bengal and the eastern area ...

region in

and on the Oraons of Rani Khatanga Village in Jharkhand.Cinema & I pg.116

Notable people

* Lazrus Barla, field hockey player * Budhu Bhagat, freedom fighter *

, freedom fighter and social reformist *

Sudarshan Bhagat Sudarshan Bhagat (born 20 October 1969) is an Indian politician Bharatiya Janata Party. He is a member of the Indian Parliament, and currently represents Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency). He was the Minister of State for Tribal Affairs in the ...

, Member of Parliament * Albert Ekka, recipient of India's highest wartime gallantry award

Param Vir Chakra The Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest military decoration, awarded for displaying distinguished acts of valour during wartime. Param Vir Chakra translates as the "Wheel of the Ultimate Brave", and the award is granted for "most conspicu ...

* Deep Grace Ekka, Indian hockey player *

Michael Kindo Michael Kindo (28 June 1946 – 31 December 2020) was an Indian field hockey player from the tribal belt of Jharkhand. He played at full back defender position and represented India and competed in the 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup, 1972 Summer Oly ...

, hockey player *

Renee Kujur Renee Kujur is an Indian fashion model. She is known as a doppelganger to international R&B singer Rihanna. She is also called ''Rihanna 2.0'' or ''India's very own Rihanna Personal life Renee Kujur was born in a Kurukh ''Adivasi'' (Schedul ...

, model *

Santiuse Kujur Santiuse Kujur (born 26 October 1973 Village Khokhabasti, Udalguri district, Assam) is an Indian social worker, politician and a Member of Parliament ( Rajya Sabha) elected from Assam, India being an INC Inc. or inc may refer to: * Incorp ...

, MP of

* Birendra Lakra, Indian hockey player *

Provat Lakra Provat Lakra (born 12 August 1997) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Indian Super League club East Bengal. He mainly plays as a left-back, but can also play as a right-back. Career NorthEast United On 10 May 201 ...

, Football player of

* Sunita Lakra, Indian hockey player * Madhu Mansuri, singer and activist *

Nirmal Minz Nirmal is a town and the district headquarters of Nirmal district in the Indian state of Telangana. It is famed for its toys made out of wood. The district headquarters is located in the town of Nirmal. It borders the Telangana districts of ...

, scholar *

Lilima Minz Lilima Minz (born 10 April 1994) is an Indian female field hockey player. Lilima hails from Bihabandh-Tanatoli village, Lanjiberna Block, Sundargarh District of Odisha. She is a product of Sports Hostel, Panposh, Rourkela, Odisha. Career Lili ...

, Indian hockey player *

Sonajharia Minz Sonajharia Minz is an academician, trained in Mathematics and Computer Science, and engages with adivasi issues. She is the second tribeswoman hailing from Chotanagpur and appointed as a Vice-Chancellor in Sido Kanhu Murmu University, Dumka. Early ...

, vice-chancellor to the Sido Kanhu Murmu University * Jual Oram, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, India *

Dinesh Oraon Dinesh Oraon is an Indian politician and leader of Bharatiya Janata Party from Jharkhand. He worked as a Speaker of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly from 2014 to 2019 and was elected twice from Sisai (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in 2000 and 2014 t ...

, Indian politician currently serving as speaker of Jharkhand legislative assembly and a leader of

Bharatiya Janata Party The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; ; ) is a political party in India, and one of the two major List of political parties in India, Indian political parties alongside the Indian National Congress. Since 2014, it has been the List of ruling p ...

from Jharkhand * Kartik Oraon, Member of Parliament,

Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-pas ...

* Rameshwar Oraon, former IPS officer and politician *

Simon Oraon Simon Oraon Minj, popularly known as the Waterman of Jharkhand in the media and Simon Baba among his villagers, is an Indian environmentalist and social worker, who is known to have worked to combat drought in the state of Jharkhand. His efforts ...

, environmentalist &

Padma Shri Padma Shri (IAST: ''padma śrī''), also spelled Padma Shree, is the fourth-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is confe ...

awardee *

Manisha Panna Manisha Panna (born 20 April 1991) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for East Coast Railway and the India women's national football team. She was part of the team at the 2015–16 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tour ...

, football player *

Simon Tigga Simon Tigga was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from Khunti, Bihar as a member of the Indian National Congress The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congres ...

, politician * Dilip Tirkey, MP of

Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha, wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 80, constitutionally the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. , it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legisl ...

for

Ignace Tirkey Ignacious "Ignace" Tirkey is an Indian field Hockey player. He plays as a Fullback and has captained the Indian team. He also serves the Madras Engineering Group (Madras Sappers corps of engineers) Indian army as a commissioned officer. He h ...

, hockey player *

Manohar Tirkey Manohar Tirkey (born 20 November 1953) is an Indian politician and a member of the 15th Lok Sabha. He was elected on a Revolutionary Socialist Party ticket from Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency). The son of the late Leba Tirkey and late ...

, politician *

Rupa Rani Tirkey Rupa Rani Tirkey (born 27 September 1987) is a female international lawn bowler from India. Bowls career World Championships In 2020, she was selected for the 2020 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Australia, which resulted in cancellation f ...

, lawn ball player * Biju Toppo, documentary filmmaker *

Binita Toppo Binita Toppo (born 21 November 1980) is an Indian former field hockey player who played for the India women's field hockey team. She played with the team when it won the Gold at the 2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup. Toppo is currently emp ...

, hockey player *

Namita Toppo Namita Toppo (born 4 June 1995) is an Indian former field hockey player. She hails from Sundargarh District of Odisha. On 27 December 2020, she was conferred with the 28th Eklavya award. Toppo was honoured for her performance from April 1, 20 ...

, Indian hockey player *

Telesphore Toppo Telesphore Placidus Toppo (born 15 October 1939) is an Indian Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinal and was the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi from 1984 until his resignation was accepted on 24 June 2018. A Polyglot (pe ...

, Cardinal *

Pyari Xaxa Pyari Xaxa (born 18 May 1997) is an Indian women's international footballer who plays as a forward for Odisha FC and the India national team. Club career Xaxa began her football career with the club Kunwarmunda based in her home State of Odis ...

, football player

References

External links

kurukhworld.com
''This article includes material from the 1995

public domain The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable. Because those rights have expired, ...

Library of Congress Country Study The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the United States Library of Congress, freely available for use by researchers. No copyright is claimed on them. Therefore, they have been dedicated to the public doma ...

on India.'' {{Authority control Ethnic groups in Bangladesh Adivasi Dravidian peoples Social groups of Delhi Scheduled Tribes of Odisha Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand Scheduled Tribes of Bihar Scheduled Tribes of West Bengal Scheduled Tribes of Chhattisgarh

Etymology

History

Society

Culture

Language

Festivals

Music and dance

Marriage tradition

Dress

Livelihood

Administration

Religion

In popular culture

Notable people

See also

References

External links