Kramer is an

occupational surname In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of a person's full name, ...

of Dutch or

Low German : : : : : (70,000) (30,000) (8,000) , familycolor = Indo-European , fam2 = Germanic , fam3 = West Germanic , fam4 = North Sea Germanic , ancestor = Old Saxon , ancestor2 = Middle L ...

origin () or is derived from the High German surname Krämer ( or ). In

Middle Low German Middle Low German or Middle Saxon (autonym: ''Sassisch'', i.e. " Saxon", Standard High German: ', Modern Dutch: ') is a developmental stage of Low German. It developed from the Old Saxon language in the Middle Ages and has been documented i ...

during the

Late Middle Ages The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the Periodization, period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500. The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period (and in much of Eur ...

, Kramer meant " travelling merchant". The meaning later changed to "merchants trading with different rather small things".

People with this name

A

Aaron Kramer Aaron Kramer (13 December 1921 – 7 April 1997 ) was an American poet, translator, and social activist. A lifelong poet of political commitment, he wrote 26 volumes of poetry, three of prose, and ten of translations between 1938 and (published p ...

(1921–1997), American poet, essayist, and translator * Adolf Kramer (1871–1934), Silesian German chess master *

Alex Kramer Alex J. Kramer (May 30, 1903 – February 10, 1998) was a Canadian songwriter. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Adolph and Freda Kramer. At age 17 he was hired as a pianist in a silent movie theater in Montreal. He tra ...

(1903–1998), Canadian songwriter *

Amanda Kramer Amanda Kramer (born December 26, 1961) is an England-based American composer and touring musician. Kramer first gained prominence as a member of the techno-pop band Information Society and later performed with other alternative rock and new wave ...

(born 1960s), American musician *

Andreas Kramer Andreas Kramer (born 13 April 1997) is a Swedish middle-distance running, middle-distance runner specialising in the 800 metres. He won the silver medal at the 2018 European Athletics Championships, 2018 European Championships. With the performa ...

(born 1997), Swedish middle-distance runner *

Ann-Kathrin Kramer Ann-Kathrin Kramer (born 4 April 1966) is a German actress and writer. Biography Kramer was born and educated in Wuppertal but left school at the age of sixteen.''Setzen, Sechs! - Schulgeschichten aus Deutschland (3/3). Experiment Schule''. Docu ...

(born 1966), German writer and actress *

Annemarie Kramer Anna Maria 'Annemarie' Kramer (born 15 February 1975 in Haarlem) is a former Dutch sprinter. She started with athletics at the age of twelve and soon found out that she had a special talent for the sprinting events. She was a five-time Dutch spr ...

(born 1975), Dutch sprinter *

Alisha Kramer Thomas Jonathan Ossoff ( ; born February 16, 1987) is an American politician serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States Senate, United States senator from Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia since 2021. A member of the ...

(born 1990), American physician and health activist *

Arlene Kramer Richards Arlene Kramer Richards (born June 1935) is a practicing psychoanalyst and author based in New York, New York. She has written seven children books and papers on female sexuality, perversion and gambling. Career Kramer Richards is a training an ...

(born c. 1935), American psychoanalyst * Arnold Kramer (1882–1976) was an American folk artist *

Arthur Kramer Arthur Kramer (January 10, 1927 − January 26, 2008) was the founding partner of law firm Kramer Levin. Family Kramer's relationship with his brother, playwright Larry Kramer, moved into the public sphere with Larry's 1984 play, ''The Normal ...

(1927–2008), American lawyer * Arthur F. Kramer, American neuroscientist *

Arvid Kramer Arvid Kramer (born October 3, 1956) is a retired American professional basketball player, mostly known for being the first overall pick by the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the 1988 expansion draft at the age of 31, ...

(born 1956), American basketball player

B

Barry Kramer Barry D. Kramer (born November 10, 1942) is an American retired professional basketball player, a retired jurist, and an attorney. Kramer is known for being a Parade All-American basketball player for Linton High School in Schenectady, New York ...

(born 1942), American basketball player and jurist * Barry Kramer, former editor and occasional host of

Game Grumps ''Game Grumps'' is an American Let's Play web series hosted by Arin Hanson and Dan Avidan. Created in 2012 by co-hosts Hanson and JonTron, Jon Jafari, the series centers around its hosts playing video games. After Jafari left the show in 2013 to f ...

Ben Kramer Ben "Red" Kramer (May 14, 1913 – February 3, 1999) was an American standout basketball player for Long Island University (LIU) during the 1930s, a time in which LIU was a national power. Kramer played for Hall of Fame coach Clair Bee from ...

(1913–99), American basketball player * Benjamin F. Kramer (born 1957), U.S. (Maryland) politician *

Bert Kramer Bert Kramer (October 10, 1934 – June 20, 2001) was an American actor, who was born in San Diego. He appeared in many different television shows including ''Kojak'', ''The Bionic Woman'', ''The Rockford Files'', ''Dallas'', ''Dynasty'', ''Fu ...

(1934–2001), American actor *

Bill Kramer Bill Kramer (born January 21, 1965) is an American attorney, businessman, and former politician. A Republican, he was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly for 8 years and was majority leader from September 2013 to March 2014, when he was for ...

(born 1965), U.S. (Wisconsin) politician *

Billy J. Kramer William Howard Ashton (born 19 August 1943), known professionally as Billy J. Kramer, is an English pop singer. With The Dakotas, Kramer was managed by Brian Epstein during the 1960s and scored hits with several Lennon–McCartney compositions ...

(born 1943), British merseybeat singer *

Boaz Kramer Boaz Kramer ( he, בועז קרמר; born 12 January 1978) is an Israeli former professional wheelchair tennis player. Biography Boaz Kramer was born partially paralyzed in his left arm and both legs. At the age of five he began practicing dis ...

(born 1978), Israeli wheelchair tennis player *

Bob Kramer Bob Kramer (born 1958) is an American bladesmith, "widely considered the greatest American knifesmith working today". Some consider his kitchen knives to be "the best in the world". His first knife shop in Seattle, Bladesmiths, opened in 1993. he ...

(born c. 1957), American knifesmith * Bryan Jared Kramer (born 1974), Member of Parliament for Madang Open, Papua New Guinea *

Bryan Jeffrey Kramer Bryan Jeffrey Kramer is an American business man and author that is best known for being the co-founder and CEO of PureMatter, which is a social media agency. He is also the author of the bestselling book ''Human to Human: #H2H''. Career Kra ...

, American social media businessman *

Burton Kramer Burton Kramer (born 1932) is a Canadian graphic designer and artist who lives and works in Toronto. Early life and education Kramer was born in 1932 in New York City. He graduated with a BSc From IIT Institute of Design, The Institute of Desig ...

(born 1932), Canadian graphic designer and artist

C

* Cecilie Breil Kramer (born 1987), Danish football goalkeeper *

Charles Kramer (politician) Charles Kramer (April 18, 1879 – January 20, 1943) was an attorney and politician from Los Angeles, California. A member of the Democratic Party, he was most notable for his service as a member of the United States House of Representatives, a ...

, (1879–1943), Californian politician *

Charles Kramer (economist) Charles Kramer, originally Charles Krevisky (December 14, 1907 – September 27, 1992) was a 20th-Century American economist who worked for U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of his brain trust. Among other contributions, he wrote the orig ...

(1907–1992), American economist, spy for the Soviet Union in the 1940s *

Charles Kramer (attorney) Charles Kramer (1916 – March 23, 1988) was an American lawyer from New York City. He was an expert in medical malpractice law.

(1916–1988), lawyer from New York * Charles Kramer (producer) (born 1970s), American television producer * Chiel Kramer (born 1992), Dutch football goalkeeper * Chris Kramer (actor) (born 1975), Canadian television actor *

Chris Kramer Christopher Scott Kramer (כריס קרמר; born April 4, 1988) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball with the Purdue University Boilermakers. Kramer participated with the 2010 Milwaukee Bucks train ...

(born 1988), American basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League *

Christian Kramer Christian Kramer (died 1834) was a composer, arranger, musician and Master of the King's Musick between 1829 and 1834. He served under two British kings; George IV and William IV. Kramer was born in Hannover and was a pupil of Romantic composer Pe ...

(?–1834), German composer and musician at the British court *

Christina Kramer Christina Elizabeth Kramer is Professor of Slavic and Balkan languages and linguistics at the University of Toronto and Chair of the university's Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures which is part of the Faculty of Arts and Science. ...

(born c. 1963), Canadian Slavic linguist *

Christoph Kramer Christoph Kramer (born 19 February 1991) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Bundesliga club Borussia Mönchengladbach. He represented the Germany national team. After a season in their reserve team, Kr ...

(born 1991), German footballer *

Clare Kramer Clare Elizabeth Kramer is an American actress best known for her recurring role as Glory in the fifth season of the television series ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' and for her role as Courtney in the film ''Bring It On''. She has hosted the po ...

(born 1974), American actress

D

Daniel Kramer Daniel Kramer (born January 15, 1977) is an American-born theatre, opera and dance director. He was appointed Artistic Director of the English National Opera in April 2016. Early life and education Kramer was born on a sheep farm in Wadsworth, Ohio ...

(born 1977), American stage and opera director *

David Kramer (singer) David Kramer (born 27 June 1951) is a South African singer, songwriter, playwright and director, notable for his musicals about the Cape Coloured communities, and for his early opposition to apartheid. Early life Kramer was born in Worcester, ...

(born 1951), South African singer, songwriter, playwright and director *

David Kramer (soccer) David Kramer (born August 1, 1972 in Cupertino, California) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who played professionally in the USISL and Major League Soccer. He is currently Director of Soccer and Business Development for Real Colorado E ...

(born 1972), American soccer goalkeeper *

David J. Kramer David J. Kramer (born 1964) was United States Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor from 2008 to 2009. He was President of Freedom House from October 2010 to November 2014, and later worked at the McCain Institute. F ...

, United States Assistant Secretary of State for democracy, human rights, and labor, 2008–2009 * Dawn Kramer (born 1945), American choreographer and dancer * Dean Kramer (born 1952), American pianist * Denise Kramer-Scholer (born 1910), Swiss fencer *

Dick Kramer Dick Kramer (born 1 November 1972) is a Dutch former cricketer. Kramer was born at The Hague in November 1972. A club cricketer for Quick Haag, Kramer made his debut in List A one-day cricket for the Netherlands against Durham in the 1999 Na ...

(born 1972), Dutch cricketer * Dieter Kramer (born 1959), German footballer *

Don Kramer Don Kramer is an American comics artist. He has worked for both Marvel and DC, as well as on independent projects. Titles at DC include a Doctor Fate miniseries with Chris Golden, '' JSA'' with Geoff Johns and a run on '' Detective Comics'' wit ...

(born 1969), American comics artist *

Don Kramer (politician) Don Kramer (born December 12, 1940) was an American businessman and politician. From Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, Kramer received a bachelor's degree from Saint John's University and a master's degree from University of North Dakota. He was a smal ...

(born 1940), American politician *

Doug Kramer Douglas Rimorin Kramer (born July 10, 1983) is a Filipino former basketball player. He played for eight teams in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). College career Kramer set a career-high 19 rebounds along with 3 blocks and 16 points ...

(born 1983), Filipino basketball player *

Doug Kramer (American football) Doug Kramer Jr. (born June 4, 1998) is an American football center for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Illinois and was drafted by the Bears in the sixth round of the 2022 NFL Draft. College ...

(born 1998), American football player

E

* Eddie Kramer (born 1941), South African audio engineer and producer *

Edith Kramer Edith Kramer (1916–2014) was an Austrian social realist painter, a follower of psychoanalytic theory and an art therapy pioneer. Life and work Kramer was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, in 1916. At age 13 Kramer began art lessons with Fr ...

(born 1916), Austrian artist * Edmond Kramer (1906–1945), Swiss footballer *

Edna Kramer Edna Ernestine Kramer Lassar (May 11, 1902 – July 9, 1984), born Edna Ernestine Kramer, was an American mathematician and author of mathematics books. Kramer was born in Manhattan to Jewish immigrants. She earned her B.A. ''summa cum laude ...

(1902–1984), American mathematician *

Edward E. Kramer Edward Eliot Kramer (born March 20, 1961) is an American editor and convicted child molester. Kramer lives in Duluth, Georgia, and was a co-founder and part-owner of the Dragon*Con media convention. Kramer has also edited several works in the gen ...

(born 1961), American editor and author of science fiction, fantasy, and horror works *

Eiling Kramer Eiling Kramer (July 14, 1914 – May 5, 1999) MLA, was an auctioneer, rancher and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. Eiling Kramer was born in 1914, the son of Minne Dowe Kramer and Jacobina Kopinga, in Highworth, Saskatchewan in ...

(1914–1999), Canadian Politician * Eitan Kramer (born 1978), American Vert Skater * Eliyahu Kramer “Vilna Gaon” (born 1720) Lithuanian Rabbi, the genius of Vilna *

Eric Allan Kramer Eric Allan Kramer (born March 26, 1962) is an American actor and fight choreographer. Kramer has appeared in numerous feature films and television programs including ''True Romance'' and '' Robin Hood: Men in Tights'' and is also known for his ...

(born 1962), American actor *

Erik Kramer William Erik Kramer (born November 6, 1964) is an American former football quarterback. He attended John Burroughs High School in Burbank, California. After attending Pierce College and playing as their quarterback, Kramer transferred to North Car ...

(born 1964), American football quarterback *

Erwin Kramer Erwin Kramer (22 August 1902 – 10 November 1979) was an East German politician who served as both Minister of Transportation and General Director of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. Kramer was born in Schneidemühl ( Province of Posen) (today Pi� ...

(1902–1979), German politician

F

Felix Kramer Felix Kramer (born April 29, 1949) is an entrepreneur, strategist and writer. After a succession of jobs and projects in the nonprofit sector and an early internet startup, he gained attention after 2002 as the founder of the California Cars Initi ...

(born 1949), American founder of CalCars *

Ferdinand Kramer Ferdinand Kramer (22 January 1898, Frankfurt, Germany – 4 November 1985, Frankfurt) was a German architect and functionalist designer. Biography Kramer's father was owner of the most well-known of Frankfurt hat shops. In 1916, immediately ...

(1898–1985), German architect and functionalist designer *

Francisco Villagrán Kramer Francisco Villagrán Kramer (5 April 1927 – 12 July 2011) was a Guatemalan lawyer and social democrat who served as vice president in the government of General Romeo Lucas García, beginning in 1978. He resigned from office on 1 September 198 ...

(1927–2011), Guatemalan legal scholar and politician *

Frank Kramer (artist) Frank Kramer (November 23, 1905 – July 10, 1993) was an American artist known chiefly for his illustrations for Jack Snow's two Oz books, ''The Magical Mimics in Oz'' and ''The Shaggy Man of Oz'', founded on and continuing the famous Oz stories ...

(1905–1993), American artist and illustrator * Frank Kramer (director) (born 1925), a pseudonym of the Italian film director Gianfranco Parolini *

Frank Kramer (footballer, born 1972) Frank Kramer (born 3 May 1972) is a former German football player and coach who last managed Schalke 04. Player career From 1990 to 2005 he played as semi-professional for FC Memmingen, Bayern Munich II, TSV Vestenbergsgreuth, SC Weismain, 1. ...

(born 1972), German football player and coach *

Frank Louis Kramer Frank Louis Kramer (1880-1958) was an American gold medal cyclist. He won 16 consecutive national championships from 1901 to 1916. He was inducted into the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame in 1988. Biography He was born on September 15, 1880 ...

(1880–1952), American cyclist and United States Bicycling Hall of Fame inductee *

Franz Kramer Franz Kramer (January 20, 1865 – April 18, 1924) was a seaman serving in the United States Navy during the Spanish–American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery. Biography Kramer was born January 20, 1865, in Germany and after en ...

(1865–1924), United States Navy sailor

G

Garret Kramer Garret Kramer is an American author, speaker, coach, and teacher. He is the founder and managing partner of Inner Sports, a Morristown, New Jersey, firm specializing in non-duality and its relevance to performance, happiness, and sports psychology ...

(born c. 1962), American mental performance coach * George Kramer (philatelist), American philatelist *

George W. Kramer George Washington Kramer (1847 – 1938) was an American architect. He worked both independently and in the partnership of Weary & Kramer with Frank O. Weary. Biography George W. Kramer was born in Ashland, Ohio on July 9, 1847. He retired in ...

(1848–1938), American architect * Georges Kramer (1898-?), Swiss football player and coach * Gordon Kramer (1921–1989), Australian rules footballer *

Gorni Kramer Gorni Kramer (22 July 1913 – 26 October 1995) was an Italian songwriter, musician and band leader. Biography He was born Francesco Kramer Gorni at Rivarolo Mantovano (Lombardy). Despite the exotic sound of Gorni Kramer in the Italian lang ...

(1913–1995), Italian songwriter, musician, and band leader *

Greg Kramer Greg Kramer (11 March 1961 – 8 April 2013)Richard Burnett"Remembering Greg Kramer". ''Xtra!'', 10 April 2013. was a British-Canadian author, actor, director, and magician. Born and raised in Hertfordshire, England, he emigrated to Canada in 198 ...

(1961–2013), British-born Canadian author, actor, director, and magician * Gustav Kramer (1910–1959), German zoologist and ornithologist

H

* Haije Kramer (1917–2004), Dutch chess master and theoretician * Harry Kramer (announcer) (1911–1996), American radio and television announcer *

Harry Kramer (German artist) Harry Kramer (25 January 1925, Lingen – 20 February 1997, Kassel) was a German sculptor, choreographer, dancer, and professor of art at the Kunsthochschule Kassel. He is best known for his kinetic sculptures from the early 1960s. Origin and e ...

(1925–1997), German artist * Harry Kramer (American artist) (born 1939), American artist *

Heinrich Kramer Heinrich Kramer ( 1430 – 1505, aged 74-75), also known under the Latinized name Henricus Institor, was a German churchman and inquisitor. With his widely distributed book ''Malleus Maleficarum'' (1487), which describes witchcraft and endorses ...

a.k.a. Heinrich Institor (c. 1430 – 1505), Alsatian churchman and inquisitor * Heinz Kramer (1925–1965), German sports shooter *

Hilaria Kramer Hilaria Kramer (1 June 1967 in Frauenfeld) is a Swiss musician (trumpet, song, Musical composition, composition) in the modern jazz style. Biography Kramer began to play trumpet, when she was ten years old. From 1983, she attended the vocationa ...

(born 1967), Swiss jazz trumpeter and composer *

Hilton Kramer Hilton Kramer (March 25, 1928 – March 27, 2012) was an American art critic and essayist. Biography Early life Kramer was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts, and was educated at Syracuse University, receiving a bachelor's degree in English; Col ...

(1928–2012), American art critic

I

Ida Kramer Ida Kramer ( - October 14, 1930} was an American actress. When she died, she held the world record for consecutive performances in one play. Early years Born in Russia, Kramer came to the United States when she was 13. In her mid-teens, she joi ...

, (1877/1878 – 1930), American actress *

Iris Kramer Iris Kramer (born 22 June 1981) is a German International motorcycle trials rider. Kramer is notable for winning six German Women's Trials Championships, three Women's FIM Trial European Championships and the 2007 Women's FIM Trial World Champio ...

(born 1981), German motorcycle trials rider

J

* Jack Kramer (baseball) (1918–1995), American baseball pitcher * Jack Kramer (American football) (1919–1978), American football player *

Jack Kramer John Albert Kramer (August 1, 1921 – September 12, 2009) was an American tennis player of the 1940s and 1950s. He won three Grand Slam tournaments (the U.S. Championships in 1946 and 1947, Wimbledon in 1947). He led the U.S. Davis Cup tennis ...

(1921–2009), American tennis player *

Jacob Kramer Jacob Kramer (26 December 1892 – 4 February 1962)''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' was a Russian Empire-born painter who spent all of his working life in England. Early life Jacob Kramer was born in the small town of Klintsy, then ...

(1892–1962), Ukrainian-born painter in England *

Jana Kramer Jana Rae Kramer (born December 2, 1983) Gives birthplace as Detroit, Michigan, of which Rochester Hills is a suburb. is an American country music singer and actress. She is known for her role as Alex Dupre on the television series ''One Tree Hil ...

(born 1983), American actress *

Jane Kramer Jane Kramer (born August 7, 1938) is an American journalist who is the European correspondent for ''The New Yorker''; she has written a regular "Letter from Europe" for twenty years. Kramer has also written nine books, the latest of which, ''Lone ...

(born 1938), American journalist *

Jason Kramer Jason Kramer is a music supervisor and American radio personality. He is best known for his weekly radio show on Santa Monica, California-based, freeform public radio station KCRW (89.9 MHz FM). Early life and radio Born and raised in Los An ...

(born c. 1970), American radio personality *

Jeffrey Kramer Jeffrey Kramer (born July 15, 1945) is an American film and television actor and producer. Life and career Kramer was born in New York City and grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey, graduating from Teaneck High School with the Class of 1963, before ...

(born 1945), American film and television actor and producer *

Jens Kramer Mikkelsen Jens Kramer Mikkelsen (born 16 December 1951) was the Lord Mayor of Copenhagen for the Social Democratic Party from 1989 to 2004 and he is the longest-serving mayor in the City of Copenhagen. In 2004, Kramer became the CEO of the ''Ørestad Devel ...

(born 1951), Danish mayor of Copenhagen * Jeroen Kramer (born 1967), Dutch photographer *

Jerry Kramer Gerald Louis Kramer (born January 23, 1936) is a former professional American football player, author and sports commentator, best remembered for his 11-year National Football League (NFL) career with the Green Bay Packers as an offensive linema ...

(born 1936), American professional football player *

Jessy Kramer Jessy Anna Kramer (born 16 February 1990) is a Dutch handball player for Toulon Handball and the Dutch national team. She participated at the 2011 World Women's Handball Championship in Brazil and was a part of the Dutch squad that won silver ...

(born 1990), Dutch team handball player *

Jim Kramer Jim Kramer (born 1958) won the 2006 United States Scrabble Open in Phoenix, Arizona. Kramer has competed in 15 U.S. championship Scrabble tournaments and has represented the U.S. at the World Scrabble Championships six times. Before winning the ...

(born 1958), American Scrabble player *

Joan Whitney Kramer Joan Whitney Kramer (June 26, 1914 – July 12, 1990) was an American singer and songwriter. Early years Kramer was born Zoe Parenteau in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Her early music training came while singing in the choir in her church. She ...

(1914–1990), American singer and songwriter *

Joel Kramer Joel Bruce Kramer (born October 30, 1955) is a retired American professional basketball player. Listed at and , he played the power forward (basketball), power forward and center (basketball), center positions. After playing college basketball ...

(born 1955), American basketball player *

Joey Kramer Joseph Michael Kramer (born June 21, 1950) is an American musician best known as the drummer of the hard rock band Aerosmith, which was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001. Life and career Kramer was born in the Bronx, New ...

(born 1950), American drummer with the musical group Aerosmith *

John Kramer (darts player) Johnny Arthur "John" Kramer (born December 15, 1956 in Camp LeJeune, North Carolina) is an American former professional darts player who competes members in British Darts Organisation in the 1980s. Before darts Kramer started playing darts in 1 ...

(born 1956), American darts player *

John R. Kramer John R. Kramer (August 17, 1937 – March 7, 2006) served as the 19th dean of the Tulane University Law School from 1986 to 1996, and previous to that was an associate dean at Georgetown University. At Tulane he started a law clinic to serve ...

(1937–2006), American law educator *

Jolly Kramer-Johansen Jolly Kramer-Johansen (7 May 1902 – 17 September 1968) was a Norwegian composer. He composed music for several films, including ''De vergeløse'' from 1939, ''Bastard'' from 1940, ''Tørres Snørtevold'' from 1940, '' Den farlige leken'' fr ...

(1902–1968), Norwegian composer *

Jonathan Kramer Jonathan Donald Kramer (December 7, 1942, Hartford, Connecticut – June 3, 2004, New York City) was an American composer and music theorist. Biography Kramer received his B.A. magna cum laude from Harvard University (1965) and his MA and ...

(1942–2004), American composer and music theorist * Joris Kramer (born 1996), Dutch footballer *

Josef Kramer Josef Kramer (10 November 1906 – 13 December 1945) was Hauptsturmführer and the Commandant of Auschwitz-Birkenau (from 8 May 1944 to 25 November 1944) and of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp (from December 1944 to its liberation on 15 Apr ...

(1906–1945), German commandant of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp executed for war crimes

K

* Kane Kramer (born 1956), British inventor and businessman *

Ken Kramer Kenneth Bentley Kramer (born February 19, 1942) is an American lawyer, politician, and jurist from Colorado. He is a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives. Born in 1942, in Chicago, Kramer grew up in the city's ...

(born 1942), American politician * Kenny Kramer (born 1943), American stand-up comedian, on whom the Seinfeld character Cosmo Kramer was based *

Kent Kramer Kent Devlin Kramer (July 21, 1944 – February 21, 2024) was an American professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New Orleans Saints, Minnesota Vikings, and the Philadelp ...

(born 1944), American professional football player * Kent A. Kramer (born 1961), Iowan politician * Kieran Kramer, American romance novelist

L

Lance Kramer Lance Kramer is an animation director on ''The Simpsons'' and ''Futurama''. He was as an additional sequence director for ''The Simpsons Movie''. He also worked as an assistant animator on '' Tom and Jerry: The Movie'' and served as a storyboard a ...

, an animation director on The Simpsons *

Larry Kramer Laurence David Kramer (June 25, 1935May 27, 2020) was an American playwright, author, film producer, public health advocate, and gay rights activist. He began his career rewriting scripts while working for Columbia Pictures, which led him to Lo ...

(born 1935), American dramatist, author and gay rights activist *

Larry Kramer (American football) Larry Ronald Kramer (April 6, 1942 – January 25, 2014) was an American football player and coach of football and baseball. He played college football at University of Nebraska–Lincoln, where he was consensus selection at tackle to the 1964 C ...

(born 1942), American football player and coach *

Larry Kramer (legal scholar) Larry Kramer (born June 23, 1958) is an American legal scholar and nonprofit executive. He is the current president of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the former dean of Stanford Law School (2004–2012). He is a scholar of both ...

(born 1958), American legal scholar, dean of Stanford Law School *

Laura Shapiro Kramer Laura may refer to: People * Laura (given name) * Laura, the British code name for the World War I Belgian spy Marthe Cnockaert Places Australia * Laura, Queensland, a town on the Cape York Peninsula * Laura, South Australia * Laura Bay, a bay on ...

(born 1948), American author, producer and film maker. *

Lawrence Kramer (musicologist) Lawrence Kramer (born 1946) is an American musicologist and composer. His academic work is closely associated with the humanistic, culturally oriented New Musicology, now more often referred to as cultural or critical musicology. Writing in 2001, ...

(born 1946), American musicologist *

Lawrence Francis Kramer Lawrence Francis "Pat" Kramer, Jr. (born February 24, 1933) was the Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey from 1967 to 1972 and 1975 until 1982. Kramer ran for Governor of New Jersey in the Republican primary in 1981. He came in second to future Governor ...

(born 1933), American politician, two-time Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey *

Leah Kramer Leah Kramer is an American author, store owner and website founder. She is the author of ''The Craftster Guide to Nifty, Thrifty, and Kitschy Crafts: Fifty Fabulous Projects from the Fifties and Sixties'' and the founder of Craftster, an online co ...

, American craftster, author, website programmer * Leonie Kramer (born 1924), Australian academic and commentator * Leopold Kramer (1869–1942), Austrian stage and film actor *

Lloyd Kramer Lloyd Kramer is an American filmmaker known for directing made-for-TV films such as ''The Five People You Meet in Heaven''. Television filmography As director *''Nine'' (1992, documentary) *''ABC Afterschool Specials'' (1993, 1 episode, "Girlfrien ...

(born 1947), American filmmaker *

Louis Kramer Louis C. Kramer (July 25, 1848 - August 18, 1922) was a professional baseball executive who served as the president of the American Association in 1891. Career Kramer, a lawyer, was one of the initial financial backers of the Cincinnati Red Stocki ...

(1848–1922), American baseball executive *

Louise Kramer Louise Kramer (December 5, 1923 – April 7, 2020) was an American artist who was known for working in a wide range of media, from printmaking to drawing, sculpture, and site-specific installation. She was one of the founding members of the N ...

(born 1923), American sculptor *

Lud Kramer Albert Ludlow "Lud" Kramer III (June 10, 1932 – April 9, 2004) was an American politician who served as a member of the Seattle City Council and as the 11th Secretary of State of Washington. Early life Kramer was born in New York City on June ...

(1932–2004), U.S. politician in Washington State

M

* Mandel Kramer (1916–1989), American TV actor and voice actor *

Marcia Kramer Marcia Kramer (born December 30, 1948) is the chief political correspondent for WCBS-TV (CBS 2) in New York City. Kramer has collected many awards for her electronic journalism at the station, and at the New York Daily News newspaper. The award ...

(born 1948), American journalist *

Mariska Kramer Mariska Kramer-Postma (born April 26, 1974 in Twijzelerheide) is a Dutch triathlete, duathlete and long-distance runner. She was the 2006 Ironman France champion and won the Louisville leg of the 2008 Ironman World Championship series. She was the ...

(born 1974), Dutch triathlete *

Mark Kramer (jazz pianist) Mark Kramer (born November 3, 1945) is a Philadelphia-born jazz pianist, composer, arranger, and producer/engineer. His numerous recordings/ productions are often listed under "The Mark Kramer Trio." However, many works with acclaimed jazz bass ...

(born 1945), American jazz musician * Mark Kramer (born 1958), American alternative rock musician and producer *

Mark Kramer (journalist) Mark William Kramer is an American journalist, author, professor, and editor. Career Mark Kramer is the author of four books of narrative journalism, and has written for ''National Geographic'', ''The New York Times Magazine'', and ''The Atl ...

, Mark William Kramer, an American journalist, author, professor, and editor. * Martin Kramer (born 1954), American author on Islam and Arab politics *

Mary Kramer Mary E. Kramer (born June 14, 1935) is an American former politician. A member of the Republican Party, she served as an Iowa State Senator from 1990 to 2003. She was elected President of the Senate in 1997, becoming the first independently el ...

(born 1935), American (Iowa) politician *

Matt Kramer (musician) Matt Kramer (born August 10, 1968) is the current lead vocalist of the American glam metal band Saigon Kick. Biography Kramer sang on their first two albums. The second album, ''The Lizard'', propelled Kramer's lead vocals and the band to a to ...

(born 1968), American singer formerly with rock band Saigon Kick *

Matt Kramer (wine writer) Matt Kramer is an American wine critic since 1976. He is a columnist for ''The Oregonian'', was a columnist for ''The New York Sun'' before its demise in 2008, and previously for ''Los Angeles Times'', and since 1985 is a regular contributor to '' ...

, American wine writer *

Matthew Kramer Matthew Henry Kramer (born 9 June 1959) is an American philosopher, currently Professor of Legal and Political Philosophy at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. He writes mainly in the areas of metaethics, ...

(born 1959), American philosopher at the University of Cambridge * Max Kramer (1903–1986), German scientist, developed Ruhrstahl X-4 missile (1943–1945) *

Michael Kramer (astronomer) Michael Kramer (born 1967 in Cologne) is a German radio astronomer and astrophysicist. He currently serves as a Director at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn. He is also a professor at the University of Manchester and an Honora ...

(born 1967), German astronomer and astrophysicist *

Michael Kramer (narrator) Michael Kramer is an American audiobook narrator. Kramer has recorded over a hundred audiobooks for trade publishers and has participated in the Library of Congress's Talking Books program. Reception and awards Kramer has received praise for hi ...

, American audiobook narrator *

Michael Eric Kramer Michael Eric Kramer is an American actor. He is best known as playing the main character "Carl" from the cult film '' Over the Edge'' which centers on teenage rebellion. He appeared in other films with very small parts, like '' Project X''— ...

, American film actor *

Michiel Kramer Michiel Kramer (born 3 December 1988) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a forward for RKC Waalwijk. He formerly played for NAC Breda, FC Volendam, ADO Den Haag, Feyenoord, Sparta Rotterdam, Maccabi Haifa and FC Utrecht. His main po ...

(born 1988), Dutch footballer *

Mike Kramer Michael David Kramer (born July 25, 1955) is a former American football coach and former player, most recently the head football coach at Idaho State University of the Big Sky Conference. Kramer was previously the head coach at two other schools ...

(born 1955), American football coach

N

Nathaniel Kramer Nathaniel Kramer (born 1961) is a film director, director of photography and cinematographer, as well as a fashion photographer, film producer, and documentary film director. Biography Work Kramer's photography has appeared in catalogs and ...

(born 1961), American filmmaker * Nicole Kramer (born 1962), American swimmer

O

* Orin Kramer (born c. 1945), American hedge fund manager * Oscar Kramer (1935–2010), Argentine film producer

P

Pascale Kramer Pascale Kramer (born 15 December 1961) is a French writer and novelist. Education and early life Kramer was born on 15 December 1961 in Geneva, Switzerland. Kramer's family moved to Lausanne in 1964. After obtaining her baccalaureat, she studie ...

(born 1961), Swiss author *

Paul J. Kramer Paul Jackson Kramer (May 8, 1904 – May 24, 1995) was an American biologist and plant physiologist. Life and career Kramer was born in Brookville, Indiana. He received a doctorate in plant physiology from the Ohio State University in 1931, and th ...

(1904–1995), American biologist and plant physiologist. *

Paul Kramer Paul Kramer (September 6, 1933 – June 16, 2020) was an American Republican Party politician. He served four terms in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 14th Legislative District from 1992 to 2000. He was best known fo ...

(born 1933), U.S. (New Jersey) politician * Perry Kramer (born 1959), U.S. motocross racer *

Peter Kramer (physicist) Peter Kramer (born 1933 in Quedlinburg) is a German physicist. Personal life Kramer studied physics at the University of Münster, the University of Tübingen, the University of Bristol and the University of Marburg. He received his PhD in 19 ...

(born 1933), German physicist * Peter Kramer (priest), German priest convicted of child abuse *

Peter D. Kramer Peter D. Kramer (born October 22, 1948) is an American psychiatrist and faculty member of Brown Medical School specializing in the area of clinical depression. Early life Peter D. Kramer was born on October 22, 1948, in New York City to Jewish Hol ...

(born 1948), American psychiatrist *

Philip Taylor Kramer Philip Taylor Kramer (July 12, 1952 – ) was an American bass guitar player for the rock group Iron Butterfly Iron Butterfly is an American rock band formed in San Diego, California, in 1966. They are best known for the 1968 hit "In-A-G ...

(1952–1995), American physicist and bassist with the musical group Iron Butterfly * Piet Kramer (1881–1961), Dutch architect

R

Rachel Kramer Rachel Kramer (born in Rotterdam on 9 August 1980) is a Dutch singer and the runner-up of the second season of the X Factor in the Netherlands. Her first single was a cover of Rascal Flatts's "What Hurts the Most "What Hurts the Most" is a ...

(born 1980), Dutch singer *

Rachel Kramer Bussel Rachel Kramer Bussel (born 1975) is an author, columnist, and editor, specializing in erotica. She previously studied at the New York University School of Law and earned her bachelor's degree in political science and women's studies from the U ...

(born 1975), American erotica writer *

Randy Kramer Randall John Kramer (born September 20, 1960) is an American former baseball pitcher. He pitched in all or parts of four seasons in the majors, between and , for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs and Seattle Mariners The Seattle Mariners ...

(born 1960), American baseball pitcher * Rene Kramer (born 1987), German ice hockey player *

Rhonda Kramer Rhonda Kramer is a Los Angeles, United States, Freeway traffic reporter. Rhonda began her radio career in 1978 at KFOX-FM in Redondo Beach as the afternoon drive air personality. After working at KFOX-FM for about a year, KHJ was looking for a ...

, American air traffic reporter * Richard Kramer (judge) (born 1947), American superior court judge *

Richard Kramer (writer) Richard Kramer (born April 21, 1952) is an American film and television writer and producer, playwright and novelist.

(born 1952), American screenwriter, novelist and television producer *

Richard J. Kramer Richard J. Kramer (born October 30, 1963) is an American businessman and Certified Public Accountant. He is the chairman, president and chief executive officer of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio. Early life and education Kram ...

(born 1963), American CEO of Goodyear Tire Co. * Robert Kramer (1939–1999), American film director, screenwriter and actor *

Roger Kramer Roger Kramer (August 3, 1939 – August 6, 2023) was an American athlete and professional Canadian Football League (CFL) player who played nine seasons in the CFL for three teams. Early life Roger Kramer was born on August 3, 1939 in Kalamazo ...

(b.~1939), Canadian football player * Ron Kramer (1935–2010), American football player *

Rona E. Kramer Rona E. Kramer is an American politician from Maryland, a member of the Democratic Party, and a former member of the Maryland State Senate. She finished serving her 2nd term in the Maryland State Senate, representing Maryland's District 14 in M ...

(born 1954), Maryland politician *

Ronald Kramer (business) Ronald J. "Ron" Kramer (born 1958) is an American business executive. He is the Chairman and CEO of Griffon Corporation, a conglomerate holding company headquartered in New York, New York. Biography Kramer received a B.S. from the Wharton Schoo ...

(born c. 1959), American businessman *

Roy Kramer Roy is a masculine given name and a family surname with varied origin. In Anglo-Norman England, the name derived from the Norman ''roy'', meaning "king", while its Old French cognate, ''rey'' or ''roy'' (modern ''roi''), likewise gave rise to ...

, American college football coach and athletics administrator * Rudolf Kramer (1886–?), Austrian road racing cyclist *

Ruth Kramer Ruth Kramer Hartman Kramer ''Hartman(April 26, 1926 – November 9, 2015) was an American pitcher and backup infielder who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 1", 150 lb., she batted and threw ...

(1926 –2015), All-American girls professional baseball league player

S

Samuel Noah Kramer Samuel Noah Kramer (September 28, 1897 – November 26, 1990) was one of the world's leading Assyriologists, an expert in Sumerian history and Sumerian language. After high school, he attended Temple University, before Dropsie and Penn, both in ...

(1897–1990), Ukraine-born American historian and assyriologist *

Sarah Kramer Sarah Kramer is a Canadian vegan cookbook author. She is the author of ''How It All Vegan'', ''The Garden of Vegan'', ''La Dolce Vegan!'' and ''Vegan A Go-Go!''. In 2012, she released an app, ''Go Vegan! w/Sarah Kramer.'' Kramer had a small vegan ...

(born 1968), Canadian cookbook author * Shalom Kramer (1912–1978), Israeli essayist, editor, and literary critic *

Sherry Kramer Sherry Kramer is an American playwright, born in Springfield, Missouri.Sherry Kramer Colle ...

, American playwright *

Shlomo Kramer Shlomo Kramer ( he, שלמה קרמר), is an Israeli information technology entrepreneur and investor. He is the co-founder of cyber-security companies Check Point and Imperva, as well as Cato Networks, a cloud-based network security provider. ...

, Israeli information technology entrepreneur * Sidney B. Kramer (1915–2014), American publishing executive and literary agent *

Sidney Kramer Sidney Kramer (July 8, 1925 – May 16, 2022) was an American politician in the state of Maryland. He served in the Maryland Senate and as county executive for Montgomery County. Early life and education Kramer was born in Washington, D.C., on ...

(born 1925), American (Maryland) politician *

Stanley Kramer Stanley Earl Kramer (September 29, 1913February 19, 2001) was an American film director and producer, responsible for making many of Hollywood's most famous "message picture, message films" (he would call his movies ''heavy dramas'') and a libera ...

(1913–2001), American movie director and producer *

Stefan Kramer (impressionist) Stefan Kramer Solé (born 19 February 1982) is a Chilean impressionist, actor, comedian and announcer. He is known in Chile for his ability to mimic accents, gestures and expressions of dozens of famous people in Chile, such as TV hosts, singers ...

(born 1982), Chilean impressionist, actor, comedian and announcer * Stella Kramer (born 1989), German handball player *

Stepfanie Kramer Stepfanie Kramer (born Stephanie Lyla Kramer; August 6, 1956) is an American actress best known for having played Detective Sgt. Dee Dee McCall on the 1980s NBC police series '' Hunter''. She was nominated for an Emmy in Special Class Programmi ...

(born 1956), American actress and singer * Steve Kramer (basketball) (born 1945), American basketball player * Steve Kramer (actor) (born 1948), American voice actor *

Susan Kramer Susan Veronica Kramer, Baroness Kramer PC (''née'' Richards; born 21 July 1950) is a British politician and life peer who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Richmond Park from 2005 to 2010. A member of the Liberal Democrats, she was thei ...

(born 1950), English politician, Liberal Democrat member of parliament *

Sven Kramer Sven Kramer (; born 23 April 1986) is a retired Dutch long track speed skater who has won an all time record nine World Allround Championships as well as a record ten European Allround Championships. He is the Olympic champion of the 5000 meter ...

(born 1986), Dutch speed skater

T

Theodor Kramer Theodor Kramer (1 January 1897 – 3 April 1958) was an Austrian poet of Jewish origin. He was persecuted during the Second World War and fled to the United Kingdom. After his death his significant poetic output fell into obscurity, but has been ...

(1897–1958), Austrian poet * Theodore L. Kramer (1847–1910), American Civil War soldier *

Thomas Kramer Thomas Kramer (born April 27, 1957) is a German-born real estate developer and venture capitalist, noteworthy for his part in the redevelopment of South Beach, Miami, Florida. Thomas Kramer's development projects include the Apogee, the Portofino To ...

(born 1957), German-born real estate developer and venture capitalist * Tim Kramer (1952 or 1958 – 1992), American porn star * Tom Kramer (born 1968), American baseball pitcher *

Tommy Kramer Thomas Francis Kramer (born March 7, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) from 1977 to 1990. He played college football at Rice University and was selected by the Mi ...

(born 1955), American football quarterback *

Tosca Kramer Tosca Berger Kramer (June 17, 1903 – December 27, 1976) was a New Zealand-born United States, American violinist and viola, violist. Kramer, along with her parents, was instrumental in bringing classical music performance and instruction to th ...

(1903–1976), New Zealand-born American violinist and violist *

Trey Kramer Raymond "Trey" Kramer is a former American football placekicker. Kramer attended Woodford County High School, in Versailles, Kentucky, where he was a member of the soccer team. After his senior season, he moved on to Transylvania University wh ...

(born 1988), American football player

V

Vjekoslav Kramer Vjekoslav Kramer is a Bosnian chef, reality television participant, and media personality known for his food-focused television shows. Vjeko Kramer was born in Travnik but moved to Osijek where he completed both elementary and high school. He then ...

(born 1976), Bosnian television chef

W

Walter R. Kramer Walter R. Kramer (August 22, 1914 – October 15, 1995) was a U.S. badminton player. His last residences were in California and Washington state. Early life He was born August 22, 1914 in Buchs, St. Gallen, Switzerland. He moved to the U.S. ...

(1914–1995), U.S. badminton champion * Wayne Kramer (guitarist) (born 1948), American musician with the group MC5 *

Wayne Kramer (filmmaker) Wayne Kramer (born 26 May 1965) is a filmmaker and storyboard artist. Kramer has written and directed films such as the 2003 film ''The Cooler'', which garnered an Oscar nomination for its star Alec Baldwin, as well as two Golden Globe nominat ...

(born 1965), South African screenwriter and film director *

Wilhelm Kramer Wilhelm Kramer (17 December 1801 in Halberstadt – 7 December 1876 in Berlin) was a German otologist. Biography He studied medicine at the universities of Göttingen and Berlin, receiving his doctorate from the latter institution in 1823. H ...

(1801–1876), German otologist *

Wilhelm Heinrich Kramer Wilhem Heinrich Kramer (1724 in Dresden – 13 October 1765) was a German physician and naturalist. Kramer studied in Vienna (Austria) then practiced medicine in Bruck, close to the capital, for at least fourteen years. He published in 1756 a wor ...

(died 1765), German-born Austrian Hungarian botanist, physician and military surgeon *

William M. Kramer William Mordecai Kramer (March 29, 1920 – June 8, 2004) was an American rabbi, university professor and art collector. He served as the rabbi of Temple Beth Emet in Burbank, California from 1965 to 1996. He was an associate professor of r ...

(1920–2004), American rabbit and art collector * Wolfgang Kramer (born 1942), German game designer

Y

* Yep Kramer (born 1957), Dutch speed skater

Fictional people

* Bernard Kramer, founder of ''Kramer Associates'' in Robert Sobel's alternate history novel ''

For Want of a Nail "For Want of a Nail" is a proverb, having numerous variations over several centuries, reminding that seemingly unimportant acts or omissions can have grave and unforeseen consequences. Analysis The proverb has come down in many variations ov ...

'' * Chas Kramer, a character played by Shia LaBeouf in the 2005 film Constantine (film) * Cosmo Kramer, a character in the television series ''Seinfeld'' *

Jens Kramer ''Verbotene Liebe'' (, "Forbidden Love") was a German television soap opera created by Reg Watson for Das Erste. The show was set primarily in the German city of Düsseldorf although, at times, the city of Cologne and the Spanish island of Mal ...

, character on the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe * John Kramer (Saw), a fictional character in the ''Saw'' film series; also known as Jigsaw * Lisa Kramer, a character played by Debra Messing in the 2004 American romantic comedy film ''

Along Came Polly ''Along Came Polly'' is a 2004 American romantic comedy film written and directed by John Hamburg and starring Ben Stiller and Jennifer Aniston. The story follows Reuben Feffer who finds his life taking a different turn when he reconnects and fall ...

'' * Margaux Kramer, a character played by

Ami Foster Ami Foster is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Margaux Kramer in the TV series ''Punky Brewster''. Biography Foster, a native of California, won the National Tap Dance Championship after which she was discove ...

in the television sitcom '' Punky Brewster'' * Rex Kramer, Danger Seeker, a character in the 1977 American comedy film '' The Kentucky Fried Movie'' * Rex Kramer, a character in the 1980 American comedy film '' Airplane!'' * Tromp Kramer, Afrikaner Detective in James McClure's '' Kramer and Zondi'' novels * Ted, Joanna, and Billy Kramer, characters in the 1979 American drama film ''

Kramer vs. Kramer ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' is a 1979 American legal drama film written and directed by Robert Benton, based on Avery Corman's 1977 novel of the same name. The film stars Dustin Hoffman, Meryl Streep, Jane Alexander, and Justin Henry. It tells the stor ...

'' portrayed by Dustin Hoffman, Meryl Streep, and Justin Henry

Kramers

* Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers (1894–1952), Dutch physicist, known for

Kramers' law Kramers' law is a formula for the spectral distribution of X-rays produced by an electron hitting a solid target. The formula concerns only bremsstrahlung radiation, not the element specific characteristic radiation. It is named after its discov ...

Kramers' opacity law Kramers' opacity law describes the opacity of a medium in terms of the ambient density and temperature, assuming that the opacity is dominated by bound-free absorption (the absorption of light during ionization of a bound electron) or free-free ...

Kramers theorem In quantum mechanics, the Kramers' degeneracy theorem states that for every energy eigenstate of a time-reversal symmetric system with half-integer total spin, there is another eigenstate with the same energy related by time-reversal. In other w ...

Kramers–Heisenberg formula The Kramers–Heisenberg dispersion formula is an expression for the cross section for scattering of a photon by an atomic electron. It was derived before the advent of quantum mechanics by Hendrik Kramers and Werner Heisenberg in 1925, based on the ...

, Kramers–Kronig relations, and

Kramers–Wannier duality The Kramers–Wannier duality is a symmetry in statistical physics. It relates the free energy of a two-dimensional square-lattice Ising model at a low temperature to that of another Ising model at a high temperature. It was discovered by Hendrik ...

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Kramers

See also