July 9

Events

Pre-1600

*118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
* 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I.
* 491 – Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theoderic the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric forces Odoacer back into Ravenna.
* 551 – A major earthquake strikes Beirut, triggering a devastating tsunami that affected the coastal towns of Byzantine Phoenicia, causing thousands of deaths.
* 660 – Korean forces under general Kim Yu-sin of Silla defeat the army of Baekje in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol.
* 869 – The 8.4–9.0 Sanriku earthquake strikes the area around Sendai in northern Honshu, Japan. Inundation from the tsunami extended several kilometers inland.
* 969 – The Fatimid general Jawhar leads the Friday prayer in Fustat in the name of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, thereby symbolically completing the Fatimid conquest of Egypt.
*1357 – Emperor Charles IV assists in laying the foundation stone of Charles Bridge in Prague.
* 1386 – The Old Swiss Confederacy makes great strides in establishing control over its territory by soundly defeating the Duchy of Austria in the Battle of Sempach.
*1401 – Timur attacks the Jalairid Sultanate and destroys Baghdad.
*1540 – King Henry VIII of England annuls his marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.
* 1572 – Nineteen Catholics suffer martyrdom for their beliefs in the Dutch town of Gorkum.

1601–1900

* 1609 – Bohemia is granted freedom of religion through the Letter of Majesty by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.
* 1701 – A Bourbon force under Nicolas Catinat withdraws from a smaller Habsburg force under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Battle of Carpi.
*1745 – French victory in the Battle of Melle allows them to capture Ghent in the days after.
* 1755 – The Braddock Expedition is soundly defeated by a smaller French and Native American force in its attempt to capture Fort Duquesne in what is now downtown Pittsburgh.
* 1762 – Catherine the Great becomes Empress of Russia following the coup against her husband, Peter III.
*1763 – The Mozart family grand tour of Europe began, lifting the profile of prodigal son Wolfgang Amadeus.
*1776 – George Washington orders the Declaration of Independence to be read out to members of the Continental Army in Manhattan, while thousands of British troops on Staten Island prepare for the Battle of Long Island.
*1789 – In Versailles, the National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly and begins preparations for a French constitution.
* 1790 – The Swedish Navy captures one third of the Russian Baltic fleet.
* 1793 – The Act Against Slavery in Upper Canada bans the importation of slaves and will free those who are born into slavery after the passage of the Act at 25 years of age.
* 1795 – Financier James Swan pays off the $2,024,899 US national debt that had been accrued during the American Revolution.
*1807 – The second Treaty of Tilsit is signed between France and Prussia, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition.
*1810 – Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland as part of the First French Empire.
*1811 – Explorer David Thompson posts a sign near what is now Sacajawea State Park in Washington state, claiming the Columbia District for the United Kingdom.
*1815 – Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord becomes the first Prime Minister of France.
*1816 – Argentina declares independence from Spain.
*1821 – Four hundred and seventy prominent Cypriots including Archbishop Kyprianos are executed in response to Cypriot aid to the Greek War of Independence.
*1850 – U.S. President Zachary Taylor dies after eating raw fruit and iced milk; he is succeeded in office by Vice President Millard Fillmore.
* 1850 – Persian prophet Báb is executed in Tabriz, Persia.
* 1863 – American Civil War: The Siege of Port Hudson ends, giving the Union complete control of the Mississippi River.
*1868 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law.
*1875 – The Herzegovina Uprising against Ottoman rule begins, which would last until 1878 and have far-reaching implications throughout the Balkans.
* 1877 – The inaugural Wimbledon Championships begins.
*1893 – Daniel Hale Williams, American heart surgeon, performs the first successful open-heart surgery in United States without anesthesia.
*1896 – William Jennings Bryan delivers his Cross of Gold speech advocating bimetallism at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.
*1900 – The Federation of Australia is given royal assent.
* 1900 – The Governor of Shanxi province in North China orders the execution of 45 foreign Christian missionaries and local church members, including children.

1901–present

*1918 – In Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101 and injuring 171 people, making it the deadliest rail accident in United States history.
*1922 – Johnny Weissmuller swims the 100 meters freestyle in 58.6 seconds breaking the world swimming record and the 'minute barrier'.
*1926 – Chiang Kai-shek accepts the post of commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Northern Expedition to unite China under the rule of the Nationalist government.
*1932 – The state of São Paulo revolts against the Brazilian Federal Government, starting the Constitutionalist Revolution.
*1937 – The silent film archives of Fox Film Corporation are destroyed by the 1937 Fox vault fire.
*1943 – World War II: The Allied invasion of Sicily begins, leading to the downfall of Mussolini and forcing Hitler to break off the Battle of Kursk.
*1944 – World War II: American forces take Saipan, bringing the Japanese archipelago within range of B-29 raids, and causing the downfall of the Tojo government.
* 1944 – World War II: Continuation War: Finland wins the Battle of Tali–Ihantala, the largest battle ever fought in northern Europe. The Red Army withdraws its troops from Ihantala and digs into a defensive position, thus ending the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive.
*1955 – The Russell–Einstein Manifesto calls for a reduction of the risk of nuclear warfare.
*1956 – The 7.7 Amorgos earthquake shakes the Cyclades island group in the Aegean Sea with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''Violent''). The shaking and the destructive tsunami that followed left fifty-three people dead. A damaging M7.2 aftershock occurred minutes after the mainshock.
*1958 – A 7.8 strike-slip earthquake in Alaska causes a landslide that produces a megatsunami. The runup from the waves reached on the rim of Lituya Bay; five people were killed.
*1961 – Greece becomes the first member state to join the European Economic Community by signing the Athens Agreement, which was suspended in 1967 during the Greek junta.
* 1962 – Starfish Prime tests the effects of a nuclear test at orbital altitudes.
*1977 – The Pinochet dictatorship in Chile organises the youth event of Acto de Chacarillas, a ritualised act reminiscent of Francoist Spain.
*1979 – A car bomb destroys a Renault motor car owned by "Nazi hunters" Serge and Beate Klarsfeld outside their home in France in an unsuccessful assassination attempt.
*1982 – Pan Am Flight 759 crashes in Kenner, Louisiana, killing all 145 people on board and eight others on the ground.
*1986 – The New Zealand Parliament passes the Homosexual Law Reform Act legalising homosexuality in New Zealand.
*1993 – The Parliament of Canada passes the Nunavut Act leading to the 1999 creation of Nunavut, dividing the Northwest Territories into arctic (Inuit) and sub-arctic (Dene) lands based on a plebiscite.
*1995 – The Navaly church bombing is carried out by the Sri Lanka Air Force killing 125 Tamil civilian refugees.
*1997 – A Fokker 100 from the Brazilian airline TAM launches engineer Fernando Caldeira de Moura Campos into 2,400 meters of free fall after an explosion that depressurized the aircraft.
*1999 – Days of student protests begin after Iranian police and hardliners attack a student dormitory at the University of Tehran.
*2002 – The African Union is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The organization's first chairman is Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa.
*2006 – One hundred and twenty-five people are killed when S7 Airlines Flight 778, an Airbus A310 passenger jet, veers off the runway while landing in wet conditions at Irkutsk Airport in Siberia.
*2011 – South Sudan gains independence and secedes from Sudan.
* 2011 – A rally takes place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to call for fairer elections in the country.

Births

Pre-1600

*1249 – Emperor Kameyama of Japan (d. 1305)
*1455 – Frederick IV of Baden, Dutch bishop (d. 1517)
* 1511 – Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen consort of Denmark and Norway (d. 1571)
* 1526 – Elizabeth of Austria, Polish noble (d. 1545)
* 1577 – Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English-American soldier and politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1618)
*1578 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1637)

1601–1900

*1654 – Emperor Reigen of Japan (d. 1732)
* 1686 – Philip Livingston, American merchant and politician (d. 1749)
*1689 – Alexis Piron, French epigrammatist and playwright (d. 1773)
*1721 – Johann Nikolaus Götz, German poet and author (d. 1781)
*1753 – William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock, English admiral and politician, 34th Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1825)
*1764 – Ann Ward, English author and poet (d. 1823)
*1775 – Matthew Lewis, English author and playwright (d. 1818)
*1777 – Paavo Ruotsalainen, Finnish farmer and lay preacher (d. 1852)
* 1800 – Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, German physician, pathologist, and anatomist (d. 1885)
* 1808 – Alexander William Doniphan, American lawyer and colonel (d. 1887)
*1819 – Elias Howe, American inventor, invented the sewing machine (d. 1867)
*1825 – A. C. Gibbs, American lawyer and politician, 2nd Governor of Oregon (d. 1886)
* 1828 – Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian cardinal (d. 1913)
*1834 – Jan Neruda, Czech journalist and poet (d. 1891)
*1836 – Camille of Renesse-Breidbach (d. 1904)
* 1848 – Robert I, Duke of Parma (d. 1907)
* 1853 – William Turner Dannat, American painter (d. 1929)
*1856 – John Verran, English-Australian politician, 26th Premier of South Australia (d. 1932)
* 1858 – Franz Boas, German-American anthropologist and linguist (d. 1942)
* 1867 – Georges Lecomte, French author and playwright (d. 1958)
* 1879 – Carlos Chagas, Brazilian physician and parasitologist (d. 1934)
* 1879 – Ottorino Respighi, Italian composer and conductor (d. 1936)
*1887 – James Ormsbee Chapin, American-Canadian painter and illustrator (d. 1975)
* 1887 – Saturnino Herrán, Mexican painter (d. 1918)
* 1887 – Samuel Eliot Morison, American admiral and historian (d. 1976)
*1889 – Léo Dandurand, American-Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and referee (d. 1964)
*1893 – George Geary, English cricketer and coach (d. 1981)

1901–present

*1901 – Barbara Cartland, prolific English author (d. 2000)
* 1902 – Peter Acland, English soldier (d. 1993)
*1905 – Clarence Campbell, Canadian ice hockey player and referee (d. 1984)
* 1907 – Eddie Dean, American singer-songwriter (d. 1999)
* 1908 – Allamah Rasheed Turabi, Pakistani philosopher and scholar (d. 1973)
* 1908 – Minor White, American photographer, critic, and educator (d. 1976)
*1909 – Basil Wolverton