Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, russian: Объединённый институт ядерных исследований, ОИЯИ), in Dubna, Moscow Oblast (110 km north of Moscow), Russia, is an international research center for nuclear sciences, with 5500 staff members including 1200 researchers holding over 1000 Ph.Ds from eighteen countries. Most scientists, however, are eminent Russian scientists.

The institute has seven laboratories, each with its own specialisation: theoretical physics, high energy physics (particle physics), heavy ion physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear reactions, neutron physics, and information technology. The institute has a division to study radiation and radiobiological research and other ad hoc experimental physics experiments.

Principal research instruments include a nuclotron superconductive particle accelerator (particle energy: 7 GeV), three isochronous cyclotrons (120, 145, 650 MeV), a phasitron (680 MeV) and a synchrophasotron (4 GeV). The site has a neutron fast-pulse reactor (1500MW pulse) with nineteen associated instruments receiving neutron beams.

Founding

The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research was established on the basis of an agreement signed on March 26, 1956, in Moscow by representatives of the governments of the eleven founding countries, with a view to combining their scientific and material potential. The USSR contributed 50 percent, the People's Republic of China 20 percent. On February 1, 1957, JINR was registered by the United Nations. The institute is located in Dubna, 120 km north of Moscow.

At the time of the creation of JINR, the Institute of Nuclear Problems (INP) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR already existed at the site of the future Dubna since the late 1940s, and it launched a program of fundamental and applied research at the synchrocyclotron. The Electrophysics Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (EFLAN) was established, and under the guidance of Academician Vladimir Veksler, work began to create a new accelerator – a proton synchrophasotron – with a record energy of 10 GeV at that time.

By the mid-1950s, there was a worldwide consensus that nuclear science should be accessible and that only broad cooperation could ensure the progressive development of this research, as well as the peaceful use of atomic energy. Thus, in 1954, near Geneva, CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) was established. At about the same time, the countries that belonged to the socialist community decided to establish a Joint Institute for Nuclear Research on the basis of the INP and EFLAN.

The first director of the United Institute was Professor D. I. Blokhintsev, who just completed the creation of Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant. The first vice-directors of JINR were professors Marian Danysz (Poland) and V. Votruba (Czechoslovakia).

The history of the formation of the JINR is associated with the names of prominent scientists and Professors. The following list provides some of the names of prominent Scientists.

*Nikolay Bogolyubov
* Lajos Jánossy
* Leopold Infeld
* Igor Kurchatov
* Heinz Pose
* G. Nevodnichansky
* AM Petrosyants
* E. Slavsky
* Heinz Barwich
* :de:Karl Lanius
* Igor Tamm
* Aleksandr Topchiev
*H. Hulubey
*L. Janos
* Alexander Baldin
* Wang Ganchang
* Vladimir Veksler
* Nikolay Govorun
* M. Gmitro
* E. Tsyganov
* Venedikt Dzhelepov
* I. Zvara
* Jaroslav Kožešník
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* D. Kish
* Kroó Norbert
* Jaroslav Kožešník
* Karl Lanius
* Moisey Markov
* Șerban Țițeica
* VA Matveev
* MG Meshcheryakov
* Georgi Nadjakov
* Nguyen Van Hieu
* Le Van Thiem
* Yuri Oganessian
* Lénárd Pál
* Heinz Pose
* Bruno Pontecorvo
* VP Sarantsev
* N. Sodnoy
* Boris Arbuzov
* R. Sosnovski
* Aureliu Emil Săndulescu
* Albert Tavkhelidze
* I. Todorov
* I. Ulegla
* I. Ursu
* Georgy Flyorov
* Ilya Frank
* H. Hristov
* Andrzej Hrynkiewicz
* Șerban Țițeica
* F. Shapiro
* Dmitry Shirkov
* D. Ebert
* Heinz Barwich
* E. Yanik (Polish: Jerzy Janik)

Cooperation

The JINR cooperates with many organizations. One of the main organizations with which JINR cooperates is UNESCO; its collaboration with JINR started in 1997 in order to develop basic sciences and try to achieve sustainable development. Joint activities include training programmes and grant mechanisms for researchers in the basic science. This international scientific cooperation and knowledge sharing in key scientific fields is one of the main 2030 UNESCO goals, the achievement of Sustainable Development. The United Nations General Assembly and UNESCO General Conference named 2019 as The International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPTE 2019); this reinforced the cooperation between this two organization. in addition, JINR is one of the observers of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).

The JINR members are 18 states:

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Associate members are:

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Scientific collaboration with organizations including:
* CERN – since 2014
* UNESCO – since 1997
* BMBF (since 1991)
* INFN (1996)
* University of Turin (since 1999)
* EPS since 1990

Structure of research

The main fields of the institute's research are:
* Theoretical physics
* Elementary particle physics
* Relativistic nuclear physics
* Heavy ion physics
* Low and intermediate energy physics
* Nuclear physics with neutrons
* Condensed matter physics
* Radiobiology
* Computer networking, computing and computational physics
* Educational programme

The JINR possess eight laboratories and University Centre.
, , The laboratory producing new elements
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, Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics (FLNP) , , Nuclear physics
, IBR-2, IREN , , IBR-2 high-flux pulsed Fast-neutron reactor and together with IREN Facility are main Neutron source
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, Laboratory of Information Technologies (LIT) , , Theoretical physics
, HybriLIT , , Provision with the network, computing and information resources as well as mathematical support of experimental and theoretical studies
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, Laboratory of Radiation Biology (LRB) , , Radiation therapy, Radiobiology
, , ,

Superheavy Element Factory

The Superheavy Element Factory (SHE factory) at the JINR, opened in 2019, is a new experimental complex dedicated to superheavy element research. Its facilities enable a tenfold increase in beam intensity; such an increase in sensitivity enables the study of reactions with lower cross sections that would otherwise be inaccessible. Sergey Dmitriev, director of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, believes that the SHE factory will enable closer examination of nuclei near the limits of stability, as well as experiments aimed at the synthesis of elements 119 and 120.

Scientific achievements

More than 40 major achievements in particle physics have been made through experiments at JINR. Including
* 1957 - prediction of Neutrino oscillation in published on JETP by Bruno Pontecorvo
* 1959 – nonradiative transitions in mesoatoms
* 1960 – antisigma-minus hyperon
* 1966 – element 102 (nobelium)
* 1972 – postradiative regeneration of cells
* 1973 – quark counting rule
* 1975 – phenomenon of slow neutron confinement
* 1976 - element 107 (bohrium)
* 1988 – regularity of resonant formation of muonic molecules in deuterium
* 1999 - element 114 (flerovium)

* 2000 - element 116 (livermorium)
* 2002 - element 118 (oganesson)
* 2003 - element 115 (moscovium) and element 113 (nihonium)
* 2006 – chemical identification of element 112 (copernicium)
* 2010 – successful synthesis of element 117 (tennessine)

Prizes and awards

JINR has instituted awards to honour and encourage high-level research in the fields of physics and mathematics since 1961.
* The Bogolyubov Prize – The Bogoliubov Prize is an award offered to young researchers in theoretical physics.
* The Bogolyubov Prize – an international award to scientists with outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and applied mathematics.
* The Bruno Pontecorvo Prize – is an award to scientists with contribution to elementary particle physics.
The first award was dedicated to Wang Ganchang, deputy director from 1958 to 1960 and the Soviet Professor Vladimir Veksler for the discovery of antisigma-minus hyperon. The experimental group led by Professor Wang Ganchang, analysed more than 40,000 photographs which recorded tens of thousands of nuclear interactions taken in the propane bubble chamber, produced by the 10 GeV synchrophasotron used to bombard a target forming high energy mesons, was the first to discover the anti-sigma minus hyperon particles on March 9, 1959:

::$\pi^- + C\to \bar\Sigma^- + K^0 + \bar K^0 + K^- + p^+ + \pi^+ + \pi^- + \hbox$

:The discovery of this new unstable antiparticle which decays in (1.18±0.07)·10⁻¹⁰ s into an antineutron and a negative pion was announced in September of that year:

::$\bar\Sigma^-\to \bar n^0 + \pi^-$

:No-one doubted at the time that this particle was elementary, but a few years later, this hyperon, the proton, the neutron, the pion and other hadrons had lost their status of elementary particles as they turned out to be complex particles too consisting of quarks and antiquarks.

Directors

* Dmitry Blokhintsev (1956–1965)
*Nikolay Bogolyubov (1966–1988)
* Dezső Kiss (1989–1991)
* Vladimir Kadyshevsky (1992–2005)
* Alexei Sisakian (2005–2010)
* Mikhail G. Itkis (May 2010–September 2011) ''ad interim''
* Victor A. Matveev (2012–2020)
*Grigory V. Trubnikov (2021 - )

Gallery

Wang Ganchang early 1950s.jpg, Wang Ganchang
USSR 1976 4503 2692 0.jpg, Postage stamp of the USSR, 1976
RUSMARKA-1660.jpg, Georgy Flyorov, founder of JINR
Yuri Oganessian.jpg, Yuri Oganessian
RIAN archive 110291 Kozulin checking the experiment readiness of the supersensitive analyzer.jpg, Eduard Kozulin, head of group at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, checking the experiment readiness of the super sensitive analyzer of heavy atoms mass.
Г.Дубна,_Московская_обл.,_Россия._-_panoramio_-_Oleg_Yu.Novikov_(2).jpg, a picture of JINR members

See also

* Nuclotron
* Institute for Nuclear Research
* Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian particle physics laboratory in Novosibirsk
* Institute for High Energy Physics, Russian particle physics laboratory in the vicinity of Moscow; located south of Moscow
* Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russian particle physics laboratory in the vicinity of Moscow; located in Moscow proper
* Bogolyubov Prize for young scientists, an award for young scientists provided by JINR

Notes

References

External links

JINR Website

Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Website

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joint Institute For Nuclear Research
Research institutes established in 1956
Research institutes in Russia
Nuclear research institutes
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
International research institutes
Particle physics facilities
Nuclear research institutes in Russia
Nuclear technology in the Soviet Union
Institutes associated with CERN

Ivan Zlatev