The Institute of Solid State Physics (ISSP; russian: Институт физики твердого тела) of the

Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across t ...

is a research institution, located in the small town of

Chernogolovka Chernogolovka (russian: Черноголо́вка) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Center of the town is located some 43 km (27 miles) northeast of the Moscow city limit and 59 km (37 miles) from Red Square. Its population in 2018 ...

near

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

. Founded on February 15, 1963, the institute has grown to become one of the largest

physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...

institutes in the country. Its main fields of research are

condensed matter physics Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the sub ...

and materials science.

About the institute

The Institute of Solid State Physics was established on February 15, 1963 by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the

). The main organizers of the institute were Georgii Kurdyumov,

Yuri Osipyan Yuri Andreevich Osipyan (russian: Юрий Андреевич Осипьян; February 15, 1931 – September 10, 2008) was a Soviet, Russian-Armenian physicist who worked in the field of solid state physics. Osipyan was born in Moscow and graduat ...

, and Cheslav Kopetsky. Osipyan was the director of the institute from 1963 to 2001. During his tenure as the director, he contacted students from universities such as

Lomonosov Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...

and brought them to the institute for practical training and education. He was principal research adviser of the institute from 2002 to 2008. The institute has 22 laboratories, and more than 200 physical scientists and engineers. It carries out research in theoretical and experimental

and

physical metallurgy {{unreferenced, date=April 2017 Physical metallurgy is one of the two main branches of the scientific approach to metallurgy, which considers in a systematic way the physical properties of metals and alloys. It is basically the fundamentals and app ...

. The fundamental insights gained in these fields are also applied to develop new technologies. The institute is one of the leaders in areas such as

superconductivity Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic flux fields are expelled from the material. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike ...

, physics of

fullerenes A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ...

, physics of defects,

crystal growth A crystal is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Crystal growth is a major stage of a crystallization process, and consists of the a ...

amorphous In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid (or non-crystalline solid, glassy solid) is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal. Etymology The term comes from the Greek ''a'' ("wi ...

and

nanocrystalline A nanocrystalline (NC) material is a polycrystalline material with a crystallite size of only a few nanometers. These materials fill the gap between amorphous materials without any long range order and conventional coarse-grained materials. De ...

materials, and other areas of condensed matter physics. The institute is also an educational center; it provides education and training to undergraduate as well as

doctorate A doctorate (from Latin ''docere'', "to teach"), doctor's degree (from Latin ''doctor'', "teacher"), or doctoral degree is an academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism ''l ...

students in physical sciences. Students from

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT; russian: Московский Физико-Технический институт, also known as PhysTech), is a public research university located in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It prepares speciali ...

Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys The National University of Science and Technology (MISiS) (russian: Национальный исследовательский технологический университет МИСиС) is a public technological university in the field ...

, and Faculty of Physics and Division of Physical Chemistry of Lomonosov Moscow State University are allowed to study and train at the institute. The Department of General and Applied Physics of MIPT collaborates with the institute. The institute also organizes conferences and seminars on various areas of condensed matter physics.

Andre Geim , birth_date = , birth_place = Sochi, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union , death_date = , death_place = , workplaces = , nationality = Dutch and British , fields = Condensed matter physics ...

obtained his PhD from the institute in 1987, he would go on to win the

Nobel Prize in Physics ) , image = Nobel Prize.png , alt = A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then " ...

in 2010 "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene".

Laboratories

The institute has 22 laboratories: *''Laboratory of Spectroscopy of Defect Structures'' was one of the first laboratories established within ISSP. It carries out research in fields such as

, the electronic properties of extended defects in

semiconductors A semiconductor is a material which has an electrical resistivity and conductivity, electrical conductivity value falling between that of a electrical conductor, conductor, such as copper, and an insulator (electricity), insulator, such as glas ...

, etc. *''Laboratory of Nonequilbrium Electron Processes'' was established in 1976 and carries out research in fields such as

Bose–Einstein condensate In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67&n ...

. *''Laboratory of Electronic Kinetics'' was established in 1974 by Vsevolod Gantmakher. It carries out research in the fields such as

electron scattering Electron scattering occurs when electrons are deviated from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter interaction or, if an external magnetic field is present, the electron may be deflected by the Lorentz fo ...

and

that occurs in disordered materials. *''Laboratory of Quantum Transport'' was established in 1988 and carries out research in transport properties of low-dimensional semiconductors at ultra-low temperatures and in quantizing magnetic fields. *''Laboratory of Quantum Crystals'' carries out research in fields of

quantum fluid A quantum fluid refers to any system that exhibits quantum mechanical effects at the macroscopic level such as superfluids, superconductors, ultracold atoms, etc. Typically, quantum fluids arise in situations where both quantum mechanical effects an ...

quantum solid In physics, a quantum (plural quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an fundamental interaction, interaction. The fundamental notion that a physical property can be "quantized" is referred to as "the ...

and transport properties in condensed matter systems. *''Laboratory of Superconductivity'' carries out research in various fields of superconductivity. *''Theoretical Department'' carries out research in fields such as

spintronics Spintronics (a portmanteau meaning spin transport electronics), also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-sta ...

nanostructures A nanostructure is a structure of intermediate size between microscopic and molecular structures. Nanostructural detail is microstructure at nanoscale. In describing nanostructures, it is necessary to differentiate between the number of dimensi ...

and

quantum cryptography Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution ...

. *''Laboratory of Structural Research'' carries out research in fields such as structure and phase transitions in

amorphous metal An amorphous metal (also known as metallic glass, glassy metal, or shiny metal) is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with disordered atomic-scale structure. Most metals are crystalline in their solid state, which means they have a high ...

s, nanocrystalline materials, scintillators,

fullerene A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ...

s, and other materials. *''Laboratory of Real Structure of Crystals'' carries out research concerning the arise of stable defects and how they move in crystals in highly excited states. *''Laboratory of Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Surfaces'' was founded in 1980 by Vitas A. Grazhulis. It carries out research in atomic and electronic structure of metal compounds (such as

manganite Manganite is a mineral composed of manganese oxide-hydroxide, MnO(OH), crystallizing in the monoclinic system (pseudo-orthorhombic). Crystals of manganite are prismatic and deeply striated parallel to their length; they are often grouped togethe ...

s), transport properties of semiconductors, and so forth. *''Laboratory of High Pressure Physics'' carries out investigations in phase transition in solids; it also carries out studies in crystalline, nanocrystalline, amorphous metals and carbon nanostructures. *''Laboratory of Optical Strength and Diagnostics of Crystals'' was organized in 1987. During the initial period, it investigated the interactions of intense laser radiation with solids and technological development of optical devices, which had the ability to withstand radiation fluxes with an average power of tens of

kilowatt The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3. It is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. The watt is named after James Wa ...

s (kW). The laboratory carries out research concerning, among others, the optical diagnostics of crystals. *''Laboratory of Materials Science'' carries out research in various aspects of material sciences and metallurgy. *''Laboratory of Reinforced Systems'' carries out investigations in fiber composites with

ceramic matrix composite In materials science, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and a subgroup of ceramics. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. The fibers and the matrix both can consist of any ceramic mate ...

s (CMC) and

metal matrix composite In materials science, a metal matrix composite (MMC) is a composite material with fibers or particles dispersed in a metallic matrix, such as copper, aluminum, or steel. The secondary phase is typically a ceramic (such as alumina or silicon carb ...

s (MMC), and formation of nano-structure in amorphous alloys of iron and cobalt. *''Laboratory of Internal Boundaries in Metals'' was founded in 1983. It carries out research in kinetics and thermodynamics of individual grain and interphase boundaries, grain boundary phase transitions, grain growth, grain boundary diffusion, and migration of grain boundary diffusion. *''Laboratory of Crystallization from High-Temperature Solutions'' carries out investigations in fields such as phase equilibrium in oxide systems and single

. *''Profiled Crystals Laboratory'' was founded in 2007. It investigates growing volume and profiled crystals melt, and develops technologies for growing shaped sapphire crystals, and new materials and coatings based on

silicon carbide Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum (), is a hard chemical compound containing silicon and carbon. A semiconductor, it occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite, but has been mass-produced as a powder and crystal sin ...

(SiC). *''Laboratory of Controlled Crystal Growth'' carries out investigates various aspects of

. *''Laboratory of Physical-Chemical Basis of Crystallization'' carries out investigation in the melt growth of single crystals of inorganic compounds and the

chemical physics Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of chemistry and physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical process ...

behind the compounds. *''Laboratory of Materials for Electrochemical Technologies'' was established in July 2013. It carries out research in the development of new materials for

solid oxide fuel cell A solid oxide fuel cell (or SOFC) is an electrochemical conversion device that produces electricity directly from oxidizing a fuel. Fuel cells are characterized by their electrolyte material; the SOFC has a solid oxide or ceramic electrolyte. A ...

s (SOFC), ceramic membranes and similar devices. *''Nanolithography Sector'' investigation include among others the formation of new techniques of optical and electron

nanolithography Nanolithography (NL) is a growing field of techniques within nanotechnology dealing with the engineering (patterning e.g. etching, depositing, writing, printing etc) of nanometer-scale structures on various materials. The modern term reflects on ...

. *''Department of Special Materials Processing'' carries out research in the production of graphite, crystal, quartz and glass articles.

References

External links

Official Website of Institute of Solid State Physics
{{authority control 1963 establishments in the Soviet Union Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences Research institutes in the Soviet Union Physics institutes