Science (from

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

''scientia'', meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes

knowledge Knowledge can be defined as Descriptive knowledge, awareness of facts or as Procedural knowledge, practical skills, and may also refer to Knowledge by acquaintance, familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called pro ...

in the form of testable

explanation An explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts. It may establish rules or laws, and may clarify the existing rules or laws in relatio ...

s and

predictions A prediction (Latin ''præ-'', "before," and ''dicere'', "to say"), or forecast, is a statement about a future event or data. They are often, but not always, based upon experience or knowledge. There is no universal agreement about the exact ...

about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into three major

branches A branch, sometimes called a ramus in botany, is a woody structural member connected to the central trunk of a tree (or sometimes a shrub). Large branches are known as boughs and small branches are known as twigs. The term ''twig'' usually r ...

that consist of the natural sciences (

biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary i ...

, chemistry,

physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...

astronomy Astronomy () is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, g ...

and Earth science), which study

nature Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physical world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. Although humans are ...

in the broadest sense; the

social sciences Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of so ...

(e.g.

psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between ...

sociology Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. It uses various methods of empirical investigation an ...

economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes ...

history History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...

) which study people and societies; and the

formal sciences Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game t ...

(e.g. mathematics,

logic Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from premise ...

theoretical computer science computer science (TCS) is a subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on mathematical aspects of computer science such as the theory of computation, lambda calculus, and type theory. It is difficult to circumscribe the ...

), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement, however, on the formal sciences being a science as they do not rely on

empirical evidence Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences ...

. Disciplines that use science, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences.

A

Acanthochronology Acanthochronology is the study of cactus spines or ''Euphorbia'' thorns grown in time ordered sequence (i.e. in series). Physical, morphological or chemical characteristics and information about the relative order or absolute age of the spines or ...

– study of cactus spines grown in time ordered sequence *

Acarology Acarology (from Ancient Greek /, , a type of mite; and , ) is the study of mites and ticks, the animals in the order Acarina. It is a subfield of arachnology, a subdiscipline of the field of zoology. A zoologist specializing in acarology is call ...

– study of mites and ticks * Aceology – science of remedies, or of therapeutics; iamatology * Acology – study of medical remedies * Acoustics – science of sound * Actinobiology – synonymous with

radiobiology Radiobiology (also known as radiation biology, and uncommonly as actinobiology) is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, especially health effects of radiation. ...

* Adenology – study of glands * Aedoeology – science of generative organs *

Aerobiology Aerobiology (from Greek ἀήρ, ''aēr'', "air"; βίος, ''bios'', "life"; and -λογία, ''-logia'') is a branch of biology that studies organic particles, such as bacteria, fungal spores, very small insects, pollen grains and viruses ...

– study of airborne organisms * Aerodonetics – science or study of gliding *

Aerodynamics Aerodynamics, from grc, ἀήρ ''aero'' (air) + grc, δυναμική (dynamics), is the study of the motion of air, particularly when affected by a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It involves topics covered in the field of fluid dy ...

– dynamics of gases; science of movement in a flow of air or gas * Aerolithology – study of aerolites; meteorites * Aeropalynology – study of pollens and spores in atmosphere *

Aerology Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of ...

– study of the atmosphere * Aeronautics – study of navigation through air or space *

Aerostatics A subfield of fluid statics, aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion with respect to the coordinate system in which they are considered. The corresponding study of gases in motion is called aerodynamics. Aerostatics studies densit ...

– science of air pressure; art of ballooning *

Agnoiology Agnoiology (from the Greek ἀγνοέω, meaning ignorance) is the theoretical study of the quality and conditions of ignorance, and in particular of what can truly be considered "unknowable" (as distinct from "unknown"). The term was coined by J ...

– study of ignorance * Agonistics – art and theory of prize-fighting * Agriology – comparative study of primitive peoples * Agrobiology – study of plant nutrition; soil yields *

Agroecology Agroecology (US: a-grō-ē-ˈkä-lə-jē) is an academic discipline that studies ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems. Bringing ecological principles to bear can suggest new management approaches in agroecosystems. Th ...

– study of ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems * Agrogeology – study of agrominerals *

Agrology Agrology (from Greek , ''agros'', "field, tilled land"; and , ''-logia'') is the branch of soil science dealing with the production of crops. The use of the term is most active in Canada. Use of the term outside Canada is sporadic but significant ...

– study of agricultural soils * Agronomics – study of productivity of land *

Agrostology Agrostology (from Greek , ''agrōstis'', "type of grass"; and , ''-logia''), sometimes graminology, is the scientific study of the grasses (the family Poaceae, or Gramineae). The grasslike species of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), the rush family ...

– science or study of grasses * Alethiology – study of truth * Algedonics – science of pleasure and pain * Algology (

botany Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...

) – study of algae * Algology (

medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pr ...

) – study of pain *

Anaesthesiology Anesthesiology, anaesthesiology, or anaesthesia is the medical specialty concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery. It encompasses anesthesia, intensive care medicine, critical emergency medicine, ...

– study of anaesthetics *

Anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having it ...

– study of the structure of the body *

Andragogy Andragogy refers to methods and principles used in adult education. The word comes from the Greek ἀνδρ- (''andr-''), meaning "man", and ἀγωγός (''agogos''), meaning "leader of". Therefore, andragogy literally means "leading men", whe ...

– theory and practice of education of adults *

Andrology Andrology (from grc, ἀνήρ, ''anēr'', genitive , ''andros'', "man"; and , ''-logia'') is a name for the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological p ...

– study of men's physiology * Anemology – study of wind *

Angiology Angiology (from Greek , ''angeīon'', "vessel"; and , ''-logia'') is the medical specialty dedicated to studying the circulatory system and of the lymphatic system, i.e., arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels. In the UK, this field is more oft ...

– study of blood flow and lymphatic system * Anthropobiology – study of human biology *

Anthropology Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species. Social anthropology studies patterns of be ...

– study of human cultures *

Anthrozoology Anthrozoology, also known as human–nonhuman-animal studies (HAS), is the subset of ethnobiology that deals with interactions between humans and other animals. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with other disciplines including a ...

– study of human-animal interaction *

Apiology Melittology (from Greek , ''melitta'', "bee"; and ''-logia'') is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of bees. It may also be called apicology. Melittology covers the species found in the clade Anthophila within the superfamil ...

– study of bees *

Aquatic ecology An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem formed by surrounding a body of water, in contrast to land-based terrestrial ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems contain communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environment. The tw ...

– study of aquatic environment *

Arachnology Arachnology is the scientific study of arachnids, which comprise spiders and related invertebrates such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen. Those who study spiders and other arachnids are arachnologists. More narrowly, the study of s ...

– study of arachnids *

Archaeology Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landsca ...

– study of human material remains * Archelogy – study of first principles * Archology – science of the origins of government * Areology – study of Mars * Aretaics – science of virtue *

Aristology Aristology is the art or science of cooking and dining. It encompasses the preparation, combination, and presentation of dishes and the manner in which these dishes are integrated into a meal. An Aristologist is someone who studies or takes part ...

– science or art of dining * Aromachology – study of smell and odor * Arthrology – study of joints *

Arthropodology Arthropodology (from Greek - ''arthron'', "joint", and , ''gen''.: - ''pous'', ''podos'', "foot", which together mean "jointed feet") is a biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods,http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/Arth ...

– study of arthropods like

insects Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of j ...

and arachnids * Astacology – science of crayfish * Asteroseismology – study of star oscillations * Astheniology – study of diseases of weakening and aging *

Astrobotany Astrobotany is an applied sub-discipline of botany that is the study of plants in space environments. It is a branch of astrobiology and botany. It has been a subject of study that plants may be grown in outer space typically in a weightless but ...

– study of plants in space * Astrobiology – study of extraterrestrial life *

Astrodynamics Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from Newton's laws of ...

– study of motion of rockets and spacecraft *

Astrogeology Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. Although the geo ...

– study of extraterrestrial geology *

Astronomy Astronomy () is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, g ...

– study of celestial bodies and phenomena * Astrophysics – study of behaviour of interstellar matter * Atmology – the science of aqueous vapor *

Audiology Audiology (from Latin , "to hear"; and from Greek , ''-logia'') is a branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders. Audiologists treat those with hearing loss and proactively prevent related damage. By employing vario ...

– study of hearing *

Autecology Autecology is an approach in ecology that seeks to explain the distribution and abundance of species by studying interactions of individual organisms with their environments. An autecological approach differs from both community ecology (synecology) ...

– study of ecology of one species * Autology – scientific study of oneself *

Auxology Auxology,(from Greek , ''auxō'', or , ''auxanō'', "grow"; and , ''-logia''), is a meta-term covering the study of all aspects of human physical growth. (Although, it is also fundamental of biology.) Auxology is a multi-disciplinary science involv ...

– science of growth *

Avionics Avionics (a blend of ''aviation'' and ''electronics'') are the electronic systems used on aircraft. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fit ...

– science of electronic devices for aircraft * Axiology – science of the ultimate nature of value

B

Bacteriology Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classificat ...

– study of bacteria *

Balneology Balneotherapy ( la, balneum "bath") is a method of treating diseases by bathing, a traditional medicine technique usually practiced at spas. Since ancient times, humans have used hot springs, public baths and thermal medicine for therapeutic ef ...

– science of the therapeutic use of baths *

Batrachology Batrachology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians including frogs and toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians. It is a sub-discipline of herpetology, which also includes non-avian reptiles (snakes, lizards, amphisbaen ...

– study of frogs * Barodynamics – science of the support and mechanics of bridges * Barology – study of gravitational force *

Bathymetry Bathymetry (; ) is the study of underwater depth of ocean floors (''seabed topography''), lake floors, or river floors. In other words, bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography. The first recorded evidence of water ...

– study of underwater depth of ocean floors or lake floors * Batology – the study of brambles * Bibliology – study of books * Bibliotics – study of documents to determine authenticity * Bioecology – study of interaction of life in the environment *

Biogeochemistry Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, ...

– study of chemistry of the surface of the Earth *

Biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary i ...

– study of life *

Biochemistry Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology and ...

– study of chemical processes within and relating to living organism *

Biomechanics Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of ...

– study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems *

Biometrics Biometrics are body measurements and calculations related to human characteristics. Biometric authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control. It is also used to identify i ...

– study of biological measurement for security purposes * Bionomics – study of organisms interacting in their environments *

Biophysics Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. ...

– study of physics of biological phenomena * Biopsychology – application of the science of biology to the study of psychology *

Biotribology Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of ...

– study of friction, wear and lubrication of biological systems *

Botany Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...

– study of plants *

Bromatology Food science is the basic science and applied science of food; its scope starts at overlap with agricultural science and nutritional science and leads through the scientific aspects of food safety and food processing, informing the developm ...

– study of food *

Bryology Bryology (from Greek , a moss, a liverwort) is the branch of botany concerned with the scientific study of bryophytes ( mosses, liverworts, and hornworts). Bryologists are people who have an active interest in observing, recording, classifying ...

– study of mosses and liverworts

C

* Cacogenics – study of racial degeneration * Caliology – study of bird's nests * Calorifics – study of heat * Cambistry – science of international exchange *

Campanology Campanology () is the scientific and musical study of bells. It encompasses the technology of bells – how they are founded, tuned and rung – as well as the history, methods, and traditions of bellringing as an art. It is common to collect t ...

– study of bells *

Carcinology Carcinology is a branch of zoology that consists of the study of crustaceans, a group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, copepods, barnacles and crabs. Other names for carcinology are malacostracology, crustaceology ...

– study of crabs and other crustaceans *

Cardiology Cardiology () is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the cardiovascular system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular h ...

– study of the heart * Caricology – study of sedges * Carpology – study of fruit *

Cartography Cartography (; from grc, χάρτης , "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and , "write") is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an i ...

– science of making maps and globes *

Castrametation In the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, the Latin word ''castrum'', plural ''castra'', was a military-related term. In Latin usage, the singular form ''castrum'' meant 'fort', while the plural form ''castra'' meant 'camp'. The singular and ...

– art of designing a camp * Catacoustics – science of echoes or reflected sounds *

Catallactics Catallactics is a theory of the way the free market system reaches exchange ratios and prices. It aims to analyse all actions based on monetary calculation and trace the formation of prices back to the point where an agent makes his or her choice ...

– science of commercial exchange * Catechectics – art of teaching by question and answer *

Celestial mechanics Celestial mechanics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of objects in outer space. Historically, celestial mechanics applies principles of physics (classical mechanics) to astronomical objects, such as stars and planets, to ...

– study of motion of objects in outer space * Cell biology – study of the different structures and functions of both eukaryote and prokaryote cells *

Cetology Cetology (from Greek , ''kētos'', " whale"; and , ''-logia'') or whalelore (also known as whaleology) is the branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises in the scientific order ...

– study of whales and dolphins * Chalcography – art of engraving on copper or brass * Chalcotriptics – art of taking rubbings from ornamental brasses * Chaology – study of chaos or chaos theory * Characterology – study of development of character * Chemistry – study of properties and behaviours of substances * Chirocosmetics – beautifying the hands; art of manicure *

Chirography Chirography (from Greek χείρ ''hand'') is the study of penmanship and handwriting in all of its aspects. History According to Georges Jean (1992, p. 12), standardised writing 'cannot be said to exist until there is an agreed upon repert ...

– study of handwriting or penmanship * Chirology – study of the hands *

Chiropody Podiatry () or podiatric medicine () is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, and leg. A Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM), or a podiatrist, is a healthcare ...

– medical science of feet *

Chorology Chorology (from Greek , ''khōros'', "place, space"; and , ''-logia'') can mean * the study of the causal relations between geographical phenomena occurring within a particular region * the study of the spatial distribution of organisms ( biogeogra ...

– science of the geographic description of anything * Chrematistics – study of wealth; political economy * Chromatics – study of color *

Chronobiology Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines timing processes, including periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms, such as their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronob ...

– study of biological rhythms * Chrysology – study of precious metals * Ciselure – art of chasing metal *

Classical mechanics Classical mechanics is a physical theory describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. For objects governed by classi ...

– study of motion of macroscopic objects *

Climatology Climatology (from Greek , ''klima'', "place, zone"; and , ''-logia'') or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years. This modern field of study ...

– study of climate * Clinology – study of aging or individual decline after maturity * Codicology – study of manuscripts *

Coleopterology Coleopterology (from Coleoptera and Greek , ''-logia'') is the scientific study of beetles, a branch of entomology. Practitioners are termed coleopterists and form groups of amateurs and professionals for business and pleasure. Among these is Th ...

– study of beetles and weevils * Cometology – study of comets *

Computer science Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to practical disciplines (includi ...

– study of processes that interact with data *

Conchology Conchology () is the study of mollusc shells. Conchology is one aspect of malacology, the study of molluscs; however, malacology is the study of molluscs as whole organisms, whereas conchology is confined to the study of their shells. It includ ...

– study of shells *

Connectomics Connectomics is the production and study of connectomes: comprehensive maps of connections within an organism's nervous system. More generally, it can be thought of as the study of neuronal wiring diagrams with a focus on how structural connectivi ...

– study of connectomes *

Contact mechanics Contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of solids that touch each other at one or more points.Johnson, K. L, 1985, Contact mechanics, Cambridge University Press.Popov, Valentin L., 2010, ''Contact Mechanics and Friction. Physical P ...

– study of the deformation of solids that touch each other * Coprology – study of feces *

Cosmetology Cosmetology (from Greek , ''kosmētikos'', "beautifying"; and , '' -logia'') is the study and application of beauty treatment. Branches of specialty include hairstyling, skin care, cosmetics, manicures/ pedicures, non-permanent hair removal such ...

– study of cosmetics *

Cosmochemistry Cosmochemistry (from Greek κόσμος ''kósmos'', "universe" and χημεία ''khemeía'') or chemical cosmology is the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions. This is done ...

– study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions *

Cosmology Cosmology () is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe. The term ''cosmology'' was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's ''Glossographia'', and in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher ...

– study of the universe *

Craniology Phrenology () is a pseudoscience which involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits.Wihe, J. V. (2002). "Science and Pseudoscience: A Primer in Critical Thinking." In ''Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience'', pp. 195–203. C ...

– study of the skull * Criminology – study of crime and criminals *

Cryobiology Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος ryos "cold", βίος ios "life", and λό ...

– study of life under cold conditions *

Cryptology Cryptography, or cryptology (from grc, , translit=kryptós "hidden, secret"; and ''graphein'', "to write", or ''-logia'', "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adver ...

– study of codes *

Cryptozoology Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that searches for and studies unknown, legendary, or extinct animals whose present existence is disputed or unsubstantiated, particularly those popular in folklore, such as Bigfoot, the Loch Ness ...

– study of animals for whose existence there is no conclusive proof * Ctetology – study of the inheritance of acquired characteristics * Cyclonology – study of tropical cyclones, e.g. hurricanes * Cynology – scientific study of dogs *

Cytology Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living an ...

– study of living cells

D

* Dactyliology – study of rings * Dactylography – study of fingerprints * Dactylology – study of sign language *

Deltiology Deltiology (from Greek , , diminutive of , , "writing tablet, letter"; and , ) is the study and collection of postcards. The word was first coined by Professor Randall Rhoades of Ashland, Ohio, in 1945. However, it took about twenty years for ...

– collection and study of picture postcards *

Demography Demography () is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. Demographic analysis examines and measures the dimensions and dynamics of populations; it can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as edu ...

– study of population * Demology – study of human behaviour * Dendrochronology – study of tree rings *

Dendrology Dendrology ( grc, δένδρον, ''dendron'', "tree"; and grc, -λογία, ''-logia'', ''science of'' or ''study of'') or xylology ( grc, ξύλον, ''ksulon'', "wood") is the science and study of woody plants (trees, shrubs, and lianas), ...

– study of trees *

Deontology In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek: + ) is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules and principles, r ...

– theory or study of moral obligation *

Dermatoglyphics Dermatoglyphics (from Ancient Greek ''derma'', "skin", and ''glyph'', "carving") is the scientific study of fingerprints, lines, mounts and shapes of hands, as distinct from the superficially similar pseudoscience of palmistry. Dermatoglyphics a ...

– study of skin patterns and fingerprints *

Dermatology Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin.''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.'' Random House, Inc. 2001. Page 537. . It is a speciality with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist is a specialist medica ...

– study of skin * Desmology – study of ligaments * Diabology – study of devils * Diagraphics – art of making diagrams or drawings *

Dialectology Dialectology (from Greek , ''dialektos'', "talk, dialect"; and , '' -logia'') is the scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics. It studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their ass ...

– study of dialects *

Dietetics A dietitian, medical dietitian, or dietician is an expert in identifying and treating disease-related malnutrition and in conducting medical nutrition therapy, for example designing an enteral tube feeding regimen or mitigating the effects of ...

– study of prevention of health conditions and diseases through human nutrition and regulation of diet *

Dioptrics Dioptrics is the branch of optics dealing with refraction, similarly the branch dealing with mirrors is known as catoptrics. Dioptrics is the study of the refraction of light, especially by lenses. Telescopes that create their image with an obj ...

– study of light refraction *

Diplomatics Diplomatics (in American English, and in most anglophone countries), or diplomatic (in British English), is a scholarly discipline centred on the critical analysis of documents: especially, historical documents. It focuses on the conventions, p ...

– science of deciphering ancient writings and texts * Diplomatology – study of diplomats * Docimology – art of assaying * Dosiology – study of doses * Dynamics – study of forces and their effects on motion * Dysgenics – study of racial degeneration

E

Ecclesiology In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of the Church (congregation), Church, the origins of Christianity, its relationship to Jesus, its role in salvation, its ecclesiastical polity, polity, its Church discipline, discipline, its escha ...

– study of church affairs * Eccrinology – study of excretion *

Ecology Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overl ...

– study of environment *

Economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes ...

– study of material wealth (production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services) *

Edaphology Edaphology (from Greek , ''edaphos'', "ground",, ''-logia'') is concerned with the influence of soils on living beings, particularly plants. It is one of two main divisions of soil science, the other being pedology. Edaphology includes the study ...

– study of soils *

Egyptology Egyptology (from ''Egypt'' and Greek , ''-logia''; ar, علم المصريات) is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious p ...

– study of ancient Egypt * Eidology – study of mental imagery *

Ekistics Ekistics is the science of human settlements Doxiadis, Konstantinos ''Ekistics'' 1968 including regional, city, community planning and dwelling design. Its major incentive was the emergence of increasingly large and complex conurbations, tending ...

– study of human settlement *

Electrochemistry Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with the potential difference as an outco ...

– study of relations between electricity and chemicals *

Electrodynamics In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions o ...

– study of the effects arising from the interactions of electric currents with magnets, with other currents, or with themselves *

Electrology Electrology is the practice of electrical hair removal to permanently remove human hair from the body. Electrolysis is the actual process of removing hair using electricity. In electrolysis, a qualified professional called an electrologist slid ...

– study of electricity * Electrostatics – study of static electricity *

Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions of ...

– study of electromagnetic force *

Embryology Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, ''embryon'', "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, ''-logia'') is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos ...

– study of embryos * Emetology – study of vomiting * Emmenology – study of menstruation * Endemiology – study of local diseases *

Endocrinology Endocrinology (from '' endocrine'' + '' -ology'') is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental event ...

– study of glands * Energetics – study of energy under transformation within various fields * Engineering studies – study of engineering *

Enigmatology A puzzle is a game, problem, or toy that tests a person's ingenuity or knowledge. In a puzzle, the solver is expected to put pieces together ( or take them apart) in a logical way, in order to arrive at the correct or fun solution of the puzzle ...

– study of enigmas (puzzles) * Entomology – study of insects * Entozoology – study of parasites that live inside larger organisms * Enzymology – study of enzymes * Ephebiatrics – branch of medicine dealing with adolescence *

Epidemiology Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evide ...

– study of diseases and epidemics * Epileptology – study of epilepsy *

Epistemology Epistemology (; ), or the theory of knowledge, is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. Epistemology is considered a major subfield of philosophy, along with other major subfields such as ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epis ...

– study of grounds of knowledge * Eremology – study of deserts * Ergology – study of effects of work on humans *

Ergonomics Human factors and ergonomics (commonly referred to as human factors) is the application of psychological and physiological principles to the engineering and design of products, processes, and systems. Four primary goals of human factors learnin ...

– study of people at work *

Escapology Escapology is the practice of escaping from restraints or other traps. Escapologists (also classified as escape artists) escape from handcuffs, straitjackets, cages, coffins, steel boxes, barrels, bags, burning buildings, fish-tanks, and ...

– study of freeing oneself from constraints *

Eschatology Eschatology (; ) concerns expectations of the end of the present age, human history, or of the world itself. The end of the world or end times is predicted by several world religions (both Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic), which teach that nega ...

– study of death; final matters *

Ethnobiology ] Ethnobiology is the scientific study of the way living things are treated or used by different human cultures. It studies the dynamic relationships between people, biota, and environments, from the distant past to the immediate present.culture ...

– study of dynamic relationships between peoples * Ethnobotany – study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and people * Ethnogeny – study of origins of races or ethnic groups *

Ethnochoreology Ethnochoreology (also dance ethnology, dance anthropology) is the study of dance through the application of a number of disciplines such as anthropology, musicology, ethnomusicology, and ethnography. The word itself is relatively recent and etym ...

– study of dances and its implication in culture *

Ethnology Ethnology (from the grc-gre, ἔθνος, meaning 'nation') is an academic field that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology). ...

– study of cultures *

Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology is the study of how social order is produced in and through processes of social interaction.Garfinkel, H. (1974) 'The origins of the term ethnomethodology', in R.Turner (Ed.) Ethnomethodology, Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp 15–18. I ...

– study of everyday communication and social interaction * Ethnomusicology – study of comparative musical systems *

Ethology Ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Behaviourism as a term also describes the scientific and objecti ...

– study of natural or biological character * Ethonomics – study of economic and ethical principles of a society * Etiology – science of causes, especially of disease *

Etymology Etymology ()The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the Phonological chan ...

– study of origins of words *

Euthenics Euthenics () is the study of improvement of human functioning and well-being by improvement of living conditions. "Improvement" is conducted by altering external factors such as education and the controllable environments, including environmenta ...

– science concerned with improving living conditions *

Exobiology Astrobiology, and the related field of exobiology, is an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. Astrobiology is the multidisciplinary field that investig ...

– study of extraterrestrial life * Exoplanetology – study of exoplanets

F

Felinology Felinology is the study of cats.As noted in the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Veterinary MedicinCurriculum The term is of Latin-Greek origin and comes from the Latin word ' (of cats, feline) and the Greek ' (science). Felinology is concerne ...

– study of felines * Finance – science or study of money management *

Floristry Floristry is the production, commerce, and trade in flowers. It encompasses flower care and handling, floral design and arrangement, merchandising, production, display and flower delivery. Wholesale florists sell bulk flowers and related su ...

– art of cultivating and selling flowers * Fluid dynamics – study of flow of fluids *

Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids ( liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical and ...

– study of fluids behaviour at rest and in motion *

Fluid statics Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies the condition of the equilibrium of a floating body and submerged body " fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium and the pressure in a fluid, or exerted by a fluid, on an imm ...

– study of fluids behaviour at rest * Fluviology – study of watercourses *

Folkloristics Folklore studies, less often known as folkloristics, and occasionally tradition studies or folk life studies in the United Kingdom, is the branch of anthropology devoted to the study of folklore. This term, along with its synonyms, gained currenc ...

– study of folklore and fables *

Forestry Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. ...

– study of the creation, management, use, conservation, and repair of forests and associated resources * Fracture mechanics – study of the propagation of cracks in materials *

Futurology Futures studies, futures research, futurism or futurology is the systematic, interdisciplinary and holistic study of social and technological advancement, and other environmental trends, often for the purpose of exploring how people will li ...

– study of future

G

Garbology Garbology is the study of modern refuse and trash as well as the use of trash cans, compactors and various types of trash can liners. As an academic discipline it was pioneered at the University of Arizona and long directed by William Rathje. The ...

– study of garbage *

Gastroenterology Gastroenterology (from the Greek gastḗr- “belly”, -énteron “intestine”, and -logía "study of") is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders. The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract ...

– study of the digestive system *

Gastronomy Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between food and culture, the art of preparing and serving rich or delicate and appetizing food, the cooking styles of particular regions, and the science of good eating. One who is well versed in gastr ...

– study of fine dining *

Gemmology Gemology or gemmology is the science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materials. It is a geoscience and a branch of mineralogy. Some jewelers (and many non-jewelers) are academically trained gemologists and are qualified to identify ...

– study of gems and jewels *

Gender Studies Gender studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation. Gender studies originated in the field of women's studies, concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics. The field ...

– study of gender *

Genealogy Genealogy () is the study of families, family history, and the tracing of their lineages. Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kin ...

– study of descent of families * Genesiology – study of reproduction and heredity *

Genetics Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Hartl D, Jones E (2005) It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar wor ...

– study of genes *

Geochemistry Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the ...

– study of chemistry of the earth's crust *

Geochronology Geochronology is the science of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments using signatures inherent in the rocks themselves. Absolute geochronology can be accomplished through radioactive isotopes, whereas relative geochronology is ...

– study of measuring geological time *

Geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, an ...

– study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants *

Geology Geology () is a branch of natural science concerned with Earth and other astronomical objects, the features or rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Ea ...

– study of the rocks of a planet *

Geometry Geometry (; ) is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is ...

– study the sizes, shapes, positions angles and dimensions of things. * Geomorphogeny – study of the characteristics, origins, and development of land forms * Geomorphology – study of landforms and landform evolution * Geoponics – study of agriculture *

Geotechnics Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics for the solution of its respective engineering problems. It al ...

– study of increasing habitability of the earth * Geratology – study of decadence and decay * Gerocomy – study of old age * Gerontology – study of the elderly and aging * Gigantology – study of giants *

Glaciology Glaciology (; ) is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, c ...

– study of ice ages and glaciation *

Glossology Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguis ...

– study of language; study of the tongue * Glyptography – art of engraving on gems * Glyptology – study of gem engravings * Gnomonics – the art of measuring time using sundials *

Gnosiology Gnosiology ("study of knowledge") is "the philosophy of knowledge and cognition". In Soviet and post-Soviet philosophy, the word is often used as a synonym for epistemology. The term is also currently used in regard to Eastern Christianity. Etym ...

– study of knowledge; philosophy of knowledge * Gnotobiology – study of life in germ-free conditions * Graminology – study of grasses *

Grammatology In modern usage, the term grammatology refers to the scientific study of writing systems or scripts.Gelb, Ignace. 1952. ''A Study of Writing''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press This usage was first elucidated in English by linguist Ignace G ...

– study of systems of writing *

Graphemics Graphemics or graphematics is the linguistic study of writing systems and their basic components, i.e. graphemes. At the beginning of the development of this area of linguistics, Ignace Gelb coined the term '' grammatology'' for this discipline; ...

– study of systems of representing speech in writing * Graphology – study of handwriting * Gromatics – science of surveying * Gynaecology – study of women's physiology * Gyrostatics – study of rotating bodies

H

* Haemataulics – study of movement of blood through blood vessels *

Hagiology A hagiography (; ) is a biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader, as well as, by extension, an adulatory and idealized biography of a founder, saint, monk, nun or icon in any of the world's religions. Early Christian hagiographies might ...

– study of saints * Halieutics – study of fishing *

Hamartiology In Christianity, sin is an immoral act considered to be a transgression of divine law. The doctrine of sin is central to the Christian faith, since its basic message is about redemption in Christ. Hamartiology, a branch of Christian theolog ...

– study of sin *

Harmonics A harmonic is a wave with a frequency that is a positive integer multiple of the '' fundamental frequency'', the frequency of the original periodic signal, such as a sinusoidal wave. The original signal is also called the ''1st harmonic'', ...

– study of musical acoustics * Hedonics – part of ethics or psychology dealing with pleasure * Helcology – study of ulcers * Heliology – science of the sun *

Helioseismology Helioseismology, a term coined by Douglas Gough, is the study of the structure and dynamics of the Sun through its oscillations. These are principally caused by sound waves that are continuously driven and damped by convection near the Sun's sur ...

– study of sun's interior by observing its surface oscillations *

Helminthology Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms (helminths). The field studies the Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of helminths and their effects on their host (biology), hosts. The origin of the first compound of the word is the Greek ''wikt:ἕλ� ...

– study of worms * Hematology – study of blood *

Hemodynamics Hemodynamics or haemodynamics are the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms of autoregulation, just as hydraulic circuits are controlled by control systems. The hemodynamic response continuously m ...

– study of the dynamics behind blood circulation *

Hepatology Hepatology is the branch of medicine that incorporates the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas as well as management of their disorders. Although traditionally considered a sub-specialty of gastroenterology, rapid expansion ...

– study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas * Heredity – study of passing of traits from parents to offspring *

Heresiology In theology or the history of religion, heresiology is the study of heresy, and heresiographies are writings about the topic. Heresiographical works were common in both medieval Christianity and Islam. Heresiology developed as a part of the emerg ...

– study of heresies * Hermeology – study of Mercury * Herpetology – study of reptiles and amphibians *

Hierology Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects (a ...

– science of sacred matters * Hippiatrics – study of diseases of horses * Hippology – study of horses *

Histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...

– study of the tissues of organisms * Histopathology – study of changes in tissue due to disease *

Historiography Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians ha ...

– study of writing history * Historiology – study of history *

Homiletics In religious studies, homiletics ( grc, ὁμιλητικός ''homilētikós'', from ''homilos'', "assembled crowd, throng") is the application of the general principles of rhetoric to the specific art of public preaching. One who practices or ...

– art of preaching *

Home Economics Home economics, also called domestic science or family and consumer sciences, is a subject concerning human development, personal and family finances, consumer issues, housing and interior design, nutrition and food preparation, as well as texti ...

– deals with home and economics *

Hoplology Hoplology is the study of human combative behavior and performance. Etymology and history of the term The word ''hoplology'' is derived from the Greek terms ''hoplos'' (a mythical plate-armored animal) and ὅπλον ''hóplon'', the equipmen ...

– study of human combative behavior and performance * Horography – art of constructing sundials or clocks *

Horology Horology (; related to Latin '; ; , interfix ''-o-'', and suffix ''-logy''), . is the study of the measurement of time. Clocks, watches, clockwork, sundials, hourglasses, clepsydras, timers, time recorders, marine chronometers, and atomic clo ...

– science of time measurement *

Horticulture Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

– study of gardening *

Hydrobiology Hydrobiology is the science of life and life processes in water. Much of modern hydrobiology can be viewed as a sub-discipline of ecology but the sphere of hydrobiology includes taxonomy, economic and industrial biology, morphology, and physiolog ...

– study of aquatic organisms * Hydrodynamics – study of movement in liquids *

Hydrogeology Hydrogeology (''hydro-'' meaning water, and ''-geology'' meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aqui ...

– study of ground water *

Hydrography Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primar ...

– study of investigating bodies of water * Hydrokinetics – study of motion of fluids *

Hydrology Hydrology () is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is call ...

– study of water resources *

Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology is a branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere. Hydrologists often use data provided by meteorologists. As an example, a meteorologist might ...

– study of atmospheric moisture *

Hydropathy Hydrotherapy, formerly called hydropathy and also called water cure, is a branch of alternative medicine (particularly naturopathy), occupational therapy, and physiotherapy, that involves the use of water for pain relief and treatment. The term ...

– study of treating diseases with water *

Hydrostatics Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies the condition of the equilibrium of a floating body and submerged body "fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium and the pressure in a fluid, or exerted by a fluid, on an imme ...

– study of fluids behaviour at rest * Hyetology – science of rainfall * Hygiastics – science of health and hygiene *

Hygienics Hygiene is a series of practices performed to preserve health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases." Personal hygiene refer ...

– study of sanitation; health * Hygiology – hygienics; study of cleanliness *

Hygroscopy Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules via either absorption or adsorption from the surrounding environment, which is usually at normal or room temperature. If water molecules become suspended among the substance' ...

– study of humidity *

Hygrometry Psychrometrics (or psychrometry, ; also called hygrometry) is the field of engineering concerned with the physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures. Common applications Although the principles of psychrometry apply to any p ...

– science of humidity *

Hymnography A hymnwriter (or hymn writer, hymnist, hymnodist, hymnographer, etc.) is someone who writes the text, music, or both of hymns. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, the composition of hymns dates back to before the time of David, who composed many of ...

– study of writing hymns *

Hymnology Hymnology (from Greek ὕμνος ''hymnos'', "song of praise" and -λογία ''-logia'', "study of") is the scholarly study of religious song, or the hymn, in its many aspects, with particular focus on choral and congregational song. It may be m ...

– study of hymns * Hypnology – study of sleep; study of hypnosis *

Hypsography Hypsometry () is the measurement of the elevation and depth of features of the Earth's surface relative to mean sea level. On Earth, the elevations can take on either positive or negative (below sea level) values. The distribution is theorised ...

– science of measuring heights

I

* Iamatology – study of remedies * Iatrology – treatise or text on medical topics; study of medicine * Iatromathematics – archaic practice of medicine in conjunction with astrology * Ichnography – art of drawing ground plans; a ground plan * Ichnology – science of fossilized footprints * Ichthyology – study of fish * Iconography – study of drawing symbols *

Iconology Iconology is a method of interpretation in cultural history and the history of the visual arts used by Aby Warburg, Erwin Panofsky and their followers that uncovers the cultural, social, and historical background of themes and subjects in the visu ...

– study of icons; symbols * Ideogeny – study of origins of ideas * Ideology – science of ideas; system of ideas used to justify behaviour * Idiomology – study of idiom, jargon or dialect * Idiopsychology – study of the psychology of one's own mind *

Immunochemistry Immunochemistry is the study of the chemistry of the immune system. This involves the study of the properties, functions, interactions and production of the chemical components (antibodies/immunoglobulins, toxin, epitopes of proteins like CD4, a ...

– study of chemistry of the immune system * Immunogenetics – study of genetic characteristics of immunity *

Immunology Immunology is a branch of medicineImmunology for Medical Students, Roderick Nairn, Matthew Helbert, Mosby, 2007 and biology that covers the medical study of immune systems in humans, animals, plants and sapient species. In such we can see the ...

– study of immunity *

Immunopathology Immunopathology is a branch of medicine that deals with immune responses associated with disease. It includes the study of the pathology of an organism, organ system, or disease with respect to the immune system, immunity, and immune responses. In ...

– study of immunity to disease * Insectology – study of insects * Irenology – study of peace *

Iridology Iridology (also known as iridodiagnosisCline D; Hofstetter HW; Griffin JR. ''Dictionary of Visual Science''. 4th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston 1997. or iridiagnosis) is an alternative medicine technique whose proponents claim that pattern ...

– study of the iris; diagnosis of disease based on the iris of the eye

K

* Kalology – study of beauty *

Karyology A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of metaphase chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes. Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is disce ...

– study of cell nuclei * Kinematics – study of motion *

Kinesics Kinesics is the interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions and gestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole. The equivalent popular culture term is body language, a t ...

– study of gestural communication *

Kinesiology Kinesiology () is the scientific study of human body movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, anatomical, biomechanical, pathological, neuropsychological principles and mechanisms of movement. Applications of kinesiology to human healt ...

– study of human movement and posture * Kinetics – study of forces producing or changing motion * Koniology – study of atmospheric pollutants and dust * Ktenology – science of putting people to death * Kymatology – study of wave motion

L

* Labeorphily – collection and study of beer bottle labels * Larithmics – study of population statistics *

Laryngology Laryngology is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders, diseases and injuries of the larynx, colloquially known as the voice box. Laryngologists treat disorders of the larynx, including diseases that affects the voice, swallowing, or upper a ...

– study of larynx *

Lepidopterology Lepidopterology ()) is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies. Someone who studies in this field is a lepidopterist or, archaically, an aurelian. Origins Post-Renaissance, the ...

– study of butterflies and moths *

Leprology Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria ''Mycobacterium leprae'' or ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis''. Infection can lead to damage of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This nerve damag ...

– study of leprosy * Lexicology – study of words and their meanings *

Lexigraphy In a written language, a logogram, logograph, or lexigraph is a written character that represents a word or morpheme. Chinese characters (pronounced '' hanzi'' in Mandarin, ''kanji'' in Japanese, ''hanja'' in Korean) are generally logograms, a ...

– art of definition of words *

Lichenology Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga (or a cyanobacterium) with a filamentous fungus. Study of lichens draws knowledge from several ...

– study of lichens *

Limacology Limacology (from Latin , "slug", and Greek , '' -logia'') is the branch of zoology which deals with slugs, i.e. shell-less gastropod mollusks. A person that studies limacology is referred to as a limacologist. However, slugs are an extremely pol ...

– study of slugs * Limnobiology – study of freshwater ecosystems *

Limnology Limnology ( ; from Greek λίμνη, ''limne'', "lake" and λόγος, ''logos'', "knowledge") is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. The study of limnology includes aspects of the biological, chemical, physical, and geological characteris ...

– study of bodies of fresh water *

Linguistics Linguistics is the science, scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure ...

– study of language * Liturgiology – study of liturgical forms and church rituals * Loimology – study of plagues and epidemics * Loxodromy – study of sailing along rhumb-lines *

Ludology Game studies, also known as ludology (from ''ludus'', "game", and ''-logia'', "study", "research"), is the study of games, the act of playing them, and the players and cultures surrounding them. It is a field of cultural studies that deals with a ...

– study of games

M

* Macroeconomics – branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the whole economy * Magirics – art of cookery * Magnanerie – art of raising silkworms *

Magnetics Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that are mediated by a magnetic field, which refers to the capacity to induce attractive and repulsive phenomena in other entities. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particle ...

– study of magnetism *

Magnetohydrodynamics Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD; also called magneto-fluid dynamics or hydromagnetics) is the study of the magnetic properties and behaviour of electrically conducting fluids. Examples of such magnetofluids include plasmas, liquid metals, ...

– study of electrically conducting fluids *

Magnetostatics Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields in systems where the currents are steady (not changing with time). It is the magnetic analogue of electrostatics, where the charges are stationary. The magnetization need not be static; the equati ...

– study of magnetic fields in systems where the currents are steady * Malacology – study of molluscs *

Malariology Malaria is a Mosquito-borne disease, mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes Signs and symptoms, symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue (medical), tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In se ...

– study of malaria * Mammalogy – study of mammals * Manège – art of horsemanship *

Mariology Mariology is the theological study of Mary, the mother of Jesus. Mariology seeks to relate doctrine or dogma about Mary to other doctrines of the faith, such as those concerning Jesus and notions about redemption, intercession and grace. Chri ...

– study of the Virgin Mary * Marine biology – study of the ocean's ecosystem * Mastology – study of mammals * Mathematics – study of magnitude, number, and forms * Mazology – mammalogy; study of mammals *

Mechanics Mechanics (from Ancient Greek: μηχανική, ''mēkhanikḗ'', "of machines") is the area of mathematics and physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects. Forces applied to object ...

– study of action of force on bodies * Meconology – study of or treatise concerning opium * Media studies – study of

mass media Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place include a variety of outlets. Broadcast media transmit informati ...

Medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pr ...

– science of diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of disease * Melissopalynology – study of honey *

Melittology Melittology (from Greek , ''melitta'', "bee"; and ''-logia'') is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of bees. It may also be called apicology. Melittology covers the species found in the clade Anthophila within the superfamily ...

– study of bees * Melology – study of music; musicology * Mereology – study of part-whole relationships * Mesology – ecology *

Metallogeny Metallogeny is the study of the genesis and regional-to-global distribution of mineral deposits, with emphasis on their relationship in space and time to regional petrologic and tectonic features of the Earth's crust. The term metallogeny (métallo ...

– study of the origin and distribution of metal deposits *

Metallography Metallography is the study of the physical structure and components of metals, by using microscopy. Ceramic and polymeric materials may also be prepared using metallographic techniques, hence the terms ceramography, plastography and, collecti ...

– study of the structure and constitution of metals * Metallurgy – study of alloying and treating metals *

Metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. It includes questions about the nature of conscio ...

– study of principles of nature and thought *

Metapolitics Metapolitics (sometimes written meta-politics) is metalinguistic talk about politics; a political dialogue about politics itself. In this mode, metapolitics takes on various forms of inquiry, appropriating to itself another way toward the discourse ...

– study of politics in theory or abstract *

Metapsychology Metapsychology (Greek: ''meta'' 'beyond, transcending', and ''ψυχολογία'' 'psychology') is that aspect of any psychological theory which refers to the structure of the theory itself (hence the prefix "meta") rather than to the entity it d ...

– study of nature of the mind *

Metascience Metascience (also known as meta-research) is the use of scientific methodology to study science itself. Metascience seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducing inefficiency. It is also known as "''research on research''" ...

– study of science *

Meteoritics Meteoritics is the science that deals with meteors, meteorites, and meteoroids. It is closely connected to cosmochemistry, mineralogy and geochemistry. A specialist who studies meteoritics is known as a ''meteoriticist''. Scientific research in ...

– study of meteors *

Meteorology Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did no ...

– study of weather *

Methodology In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods. However, the term can also refer to the methods themselves or to the philosophical discussion of associated background assumptions. A method is a structured procedure for br ...

– the study or description of methods * Methyology – study of alcohol *

Metrics Metric or metrical may refer to: * Metric system, an internationally adopted decimal system of measurement * An adjective indicating relation to measurement in general, or a noun describing a specific type of measurement Mathematics In mathema ...

– study of versification * Metrology – science of weights and measures *

Microanatomy Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vis ...

– study of microscopic tissues *

Microbial ecology Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment. It concerns the three major domains of life—Eukaryota, Archaea, and Bacteria—as well as viru ...

– study of microbial environment * Microbiology – study of microscopic organisms * Microclimatology – study of local climates * Microeconomics – branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources * Micrology – study or discussion of trivialities * Micropalaeontology – study of microscopic fossils * Microphytology – study of very small plant life * Microscopy – study of minute objects * Mineralogy – study of minerals *

Molecular biology Molecular biology is the branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions. The study of chemical and physi ...

– study of the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells * Molinology – study of mills and milling * Momilogy – study of mummies *

Morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

– study of forms and the development of structures * Muscology – study of mosses * Museology – study of museums * Musicology – study of music *

Mycology Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogen ...

– study of funguses * Myology – study of muscles *

Myrmecology Myrmecology (; from Greek: μύρμηξ, ''myrmex'', "ant" and λόγος, ''logos'', "study") is a branch of entomology focusing on the scientific study of ants. Some early myrmecologists considered ant society as the ideal form of society and ...

– study of ants *

Mythology Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society, such as foundational tales or origin myths. Since "myth" is widely used to imply that a story is not objectively true, the identification of a narra ...

– study of myths; fables; tales

N

* Naology – study of church or temple architecture * Nasology – study of the nose * Nautics – art of navigation * Necroplanetology – study of the destruction of planets *

Nematology Nematology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of nematodes, or roundworms. Although nematological investigation dates back to the days of Aristotle or even earlier, nematology as an independent discipline has its recognizable ...

– study of nematodes * Neonatology – study of newborn babies * Neossology – study of nestling birds * Nephology – study of clouds * Nephrology – study of the kidneys *

Neurobiology Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders. It is a multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developme ...

– study of anatomy of the nervous system *

Neuroeconomics Neuroeconomics is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision-making, the ability to process multiple alternatives and to follow through on a plan of action. It studies how economic behavior can shape our understanding of t ...

– study of human decision making and the ability to process multiple alternatives and to choose an optimal course of action *

Neurology Neurology (from el, νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the brain, the spinal ...

– study of nervous system * Neuropsychology – study of relation between brain and behaviour * Neurypnology – study of hypnotism * Neutrosophy – study of the origin and nature of philosophical neutralities * Nomology – the science of the laws; especially of the mind * Noology – science of the intellect * Nosology – study of diseases * Nostology – study of senility * Notaphily – study and collecting of bank-notes and cheques * Numerology – pseudoscientific study of numbers * Numismatics – study of coins * Nymphology – study of nymphs * Nanotechnology – study of nanite

O

* Obstetrics – study of midwifery * Oceanography – study of oceans * Oceanology – study of oceans * Odontology – study of teeth * Odonatology– study of dragonflies and damselflies * Oenology – study of wines * Oikology – science of housekeeping * Olfactology – study of the sense of smell * Ombrology – study of rain * Oncology – study of tumours * Oneirology – study of dreams * Onomasiology – study of nomenclature * Onomastics – study of proper names * Ontology – science of pure being; the nature of things * Oology – study of eggs * Ophiology – study of snakes * Ophthalmology – study of eye diseases * Optics – study of light * Optology – study of sight * Optometry – science of examining the eyes * Orchidology – study of orchids * Ornithology – study of birds * Organ (anatomy), Organology (

) – study of form, structure, development, and functions of plant or animal organs * Organology (musicology) – study of musical instruments in relation to history, culture, construction, acoustic properties and classification * Orology – study of mountains * Orthoepy – study of correct pronunciation * Orthography – study of spelling * Orthopterology – study of cockroaches * Oryctology – mineralogy or paleontology * Osmics – scientific study of smells * Osmology – study of smells and olfactory processes * Osphresiology – study of the sense of smell * Osteology – study of bones * Otology – study of the ear * Otorhinolaryngology – study of ear, nose and throat

P

* Paedology – study of children * Paidonosology – study of children's diseases; pediatrics * Palaeoanthropology – study of early humans * Palaeobiology – study of fossil plants and animals * Palaeoclimatology – study of ancient climates * Palaeoichthyology – study of ancient fish * Palaeolimnology – study of ancient lakes * Palaeontology – study of fossils * Palaeopedology – study of early soils * Paleobotany – study of ancient plants * Paleo-osteology – study of ancient bones * Palynology – study of pollen * Papyrology – study of paper * Paradoxology – study of paradoxes * Parapsychology – study of unexplained mental phenomena * Parasitology – study of parasites * Paroemiology – study of proverbs * Parthenology – study of virgins * Pataphysics – science of imaginary solutions * Pathology – study of disease * Patrology – study of early Christianity * Pedagogics – study of teaching * Pedology – study of soils * Pelology – study of mud * Penology – study of crime and punishment * Periodontics – study of gums * Peristerophily – pigeon-collecting * Pestology – science of pests * Petrology – study of rocks * Pharmacognosy – study of drugs of animal and plant origin * Pharmacology – study of drugs * Pharology – study of lighthouses * Pharyngology – study of the throat * Phenology – study of organisms as affected by climate * Phenomenology (philosophy), Phenomenology – study of phenomena * Philematology – act or study of kissing * Phillumeny – collecting of matchbox labels * Philology – study of ancient texts; historical linguistics * Philosophy – science of knowledge or wisdom * Phoniatrics – study and correction of speech defects * Phonology – study of speech sounds * Photobiology – study of effects of light on organisms * Photonics – study of photons * Phraseology – study of phrases * Phrenology – study of bumps on the head * Phycology – study of algae and seaweeds * Physics – study of properties of matter, force and energy * Physiology – study of processes of life * Phytology – study of plants; botany * Piscatology – study of fishes * Pisteology – science or study of faith * Planetology – study of planets * Plumology – study of feathers * Plutology – political economy; study of wealth * Pneumatics – study of mechanics of gases * Pneumonology – study of diseases involving the respiratory tract * Podiatry – study and treatment of disorders of the foot; chiropody * Podology – study of the feet * Polemology – study of war * Pomology – study of fruit-growing * Pogonology – study of beards * Posology – science of quantity or dosage * Potamology – study of rivers * Praxeology – study of practical or efficient activity; science of efficient action * Primatology – study of primates * Proctology – study of rectum, anus, and colon * Prosody (Latin), Prosody – study of versification * Protistology – study of protists * Proxemics – study of man's need for personal space * Psalligraphy – art of paper-cutting to make pictures * Psephology – study of election results and voting trends * Pseudology – art or science of lying * Pseudoptics – study of optical illusions * Psychobiology – study of biology of the mind * Psychogenetics – study of internal or mental states * Psychognosy – study of mentality, personality or character * Psychology – study of mind * Psychopathology – study of mental illness * Psychophysics – study of link between mental and physical processes * Pteridology – study of ferns * Pterylology – study of distribution of feathers on birds *Punnology – study of puns * Pyretology – study of fevers * Pyrgology – study of towers * Pyroballogy – study of artillery * Pyrography – study of woodburning * Pyrotechnics – study of combustion through fire or explosions

Q

* Quinology – study of quinine. * Quantum computing – the exploitation of collective properties of quantum states, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform computation. * Quantum mechanics – a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles * Queer theory – study of issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity

R

* Raciology – study of racial differences * Radiobiology – study of the scientific principles, mechanisms, and effects of the interaction of ionizing radiation with living matter * Radiochemistry – study of ordinary chemical reactions under radioactive circumstances * Radiology – study of X-rays and their medical applications * Reflexology – study of reflexes * Rheology – science of the deformation or flow of matter * Rheumatology – study of rheumatism * Rhinology – study of the nose * Rhochrematics – science of inventory management and the movement of products * Robotics – deals with the designing, construction, and operation of robots * Runology – study of runes

S

* Sarcology – study of fleshy parts of the body * Satanology – study of the devil * Scatology – study of excrement or obscene literature * Schematonics – art of using gesture to express tones * Sciagraphy – art of shading * Scripophily – collection of bond and share certificates * Sedimentology – study of sediment * Seismology – study of earthquakes * Selenodesy – study of the shape and features of the moon * Selenology – study of the moon * Semantics – study of meaning * Semantology – science of meanings of words * Semasiology – study of meaning; semantics * Semiology – study of signs and signals * Semiotics – study of signs and symbols * Serology – study of serums * Sexology – study of sexual behaviour * Siderology – study of iron and its alloys, including steel * Significs – science of meaning * Silvics – study of tree's life * Sindonology – study of the shroud of Turin * Sinology – study of China * Sitology – dietetics * Sociobiology – study of biological basis of human behaviour * Sociology – study of society * Solid mechanics – study of behaviour of solid materials * Somatology – science of substances * Sophiology – science of ideas * Soteriology – study of theological salvation * Snow hydrology – study of snow * Spectrology – study of ghosts * Spectroscopy – study of spectra * Speleology – study and exploration of caves * Seed, Spermology – study of seeds * Sphagnology – study of peat moss * Sphygmology – study of the pulse * Splanchnology – study of the entrails or viscera * Spongology – study of sponges * Stasiology – study of political parties * Statics – study of bodies and forces in equilibrium * Stellar astronomy – study of stars, their origins, and their evolution. * Stemmatology – study of relationships between text * Stereochemistry – study of chemistry of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. * Stoichiology – science of elements of animal tissues * Stomatology – study of the mouth * Storiology – study of folk tales * Stratigraphy – study of geological layers or strata * Stratography – art of leading an army * Stylometry – studying literature by means of statistical analysis * Suicidology – study of suicide * Supramolecular chemistry – study of the chemistry of assembled molecular sub-units * Symbology – study of symbols * Symptomatology – study of symptoms of illness * Synecology – study of ecological communities * Synectics – study of processes of invention * Syntax – study of sentence structure * Syphilology – study of syphilis * Systematics – study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present * Systematology – study of systems

T

* Taxidermy – art of curing and stuffing animals * Taxonomy (biology), Taxonomy – study of plant, animals and microorganisms classification * Tectonics – science of structure of objects, buildings and landforms * Tegestology – study and collecting of beer mats * Teleology – study of final causes; analysis in terms of purpose * Telmatology – study of swamps * Tempestology – study of tropical cyclones, e.g. hurricanes * Teratology – study of birth defects and later abnormalities in living organisms * Terrestrial ecology – study of terrestrial environment * Teuthology – study of cephalopods * Textology – study of the production of texts * Thalassography – science of the sea * Thanatology – study of death and its customs *Thaumatology – study of miracles * Theoretical computer science – science combining computer science and mathematics * Theriogenology – study of animals' reproductive systems * Thermodynamics – study of relation of heat to motion * Thermokinematics – study of motion of heat * Thermology – study of heat * Therology – study of wild mammals * Thremmatology – science of breeding domestic animals and plants * Threpsology – science of nutrition * Tidology – study of tides * Timbrology – study of postage stamps * Tocology – obstetrics; midwifery * Tokology – study of childbirth * Tonetics – study of pronunciation * Topography – study of the shape and features of land surfaces * Topology – study of places and their natural features * Toponymics – study of place-names * Toreutics – study of artistic work in metal * Toxicology – study of poisons * Toxophily – love of archery; archery; study of archery * Traumatology – study of wounds and their effects * Tribology – study of friction and wear between surfaces * Trichology – study of hair and its disorders * Trophology – study of nutrition * Tsiganology – study of gypsies * Turbology – study of tornadoes * Turnery – art of turning in a lathe * Typhlology – study of blindness and the blind * Typography – art of printing or using type * Typology (disambiguation), Typology – study of types of things

U

* Uranography – descriptive astronomy and mapping * Uranology – study of the heavens; astronomy * Urbanology – study of cities * Urenology – study of rust molds * Urology – study of urine and the urinary tract

V

* Venereology – study of venereal disease * Veterinary medicine – study of medicine in domesticated animals * Vexillology – study of flags * Victimology – study of victims * Vinology – scientific study of vines and winemaking * Virology – study of viruses * Vitrics – study of glassy materials; glassware * Volcanology – study of volcanoes

X

* Xenobiology – study of biological systems which do not exist in nature * Xylography – art of engraving on wood * Xylology – study of wood

Z

* Zenography – study of the planet Jupiter * Zooarchaeology – study of animal remains of archaeological sites * Zoochemistry – study of chemistry of animals * Zoogeography – study of geographic distribution of animals * Zoogeology – study of fossil animal remains * Zoology – study of animals * Zoonomy – animal physiology * Zoonosology – study of animal diseases * Zoopathology – study of animal diseases * Zoophysics – physics of animal bodies * Zoophysiology – study of physiology of animals * Zoophytology – study of plant-like animals * Zoosemiotics – study of animal communication * Zootaxy – science of classifying animals * Zootechnics – science of breeding animals * Zygology – science of joining and fastening * Zymology – science of fermentation * Zymurgy – branch of chemistry dealing with brewing and distilling * Zythology – study of beer

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