human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondri ...

, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the

Late Pleistocene The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as Upper Pleistocene from a stratigraphic perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division of the Pleistocene Epoch withi ...

, before the

Last Glacial Maximum The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Late Glacial Maximum, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period that ice sheets were at their greatest extent. Ice sheets covered much of Northern North America, Northern Eu ...

and the settlement of the Americas). estimated at ( 95% CI) in: In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central and Northeast Asia. Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the

indigenous peoples of the Americas The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples. Many Indigenous peoples of the A ...

, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).

Subclades

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially

Aleuts The Aleuts ( ; russian: Алеуты, Aleuty) are the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands, which are located between the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Both the Aleut people and the islands are politically divided between the U ...

), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in

Inuit Inuit (; iu, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 'the people', singular: Inuk, , dual: Inuuk, ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territorie ...

of Canada and Greenland, is a branch of D4b1c. D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese,

Okinawans The Ryukyuan people ( ryu, 琉球民族 (るーちゅーみんずく), Ruuchuu minzuku or ryu, どぅーちゅーみんずく, Duuchuu minzuku, label=none, ja, 琉球民族/りゅうきゅうみんぞく, Ryūkyū minzoku, also Lewchewan or L ...

Koreans Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , ; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states: North Korea and South Korea (collectively and simply r ...

, northern

Han Chinese The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctive v ...

(''e.g.'' from

Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...

), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the

Hulunbuir Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir ( mn, , ''Kölün buyir'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, ''Khölönbuir''; zh, s=呼伦贝尔, ''Hūlúnbèi'ěr'') is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China ...

region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak,

Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...

and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner, and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner. D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of

Sakhalin Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, r=Sakhalín, p=səxɐˈlʲin; ja, 樺太 ''Karafuto''; zh, c=, p=Kùyèdǎo, s=库页岛, t=庫頁島; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, ''Sahaliyan''; Orok: Бугата на̄, ''Bugata nā''; Nivkh ...

, the

Buryats The Buryats ( bua, Буряад, Buryaad; mn, Буриад, Buriad) are a Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the ...

and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the

Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, w ...

of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and

Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , , , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian; russian: казахи) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to northern parts of Central Asia, chiefly Kazakhstan, but also part ...

of the

Altai Republic The Altai Republic (; russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay, ; Altai: , ''Altay Respublika''), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbour ...

, and the

Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan *Kyrgyz people *Kyrgyz national games *Kyrgyz language *Kyrgyz culture *Kyrgyz cuisine *Yenisei Kirghiz *The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China ...

of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture. It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...

, the

Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 10 ...

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part ...

, and

, with some cases observed in

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland ...

, Southwest Asia, and

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

. Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan *D4* - China, Korea, Japan, Thailand ( Lisu from

Mae Hong Son Province Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one o ...

), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece *D1 – America **D1a – Colombia ***D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião) ***D1a2 – Guaraní **D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico **D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican **D1d ***D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican ***D1d2 – Mexican **D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró) **D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA ***D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena ***D1f2 – Colombia ***D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American) **D1g –

Southern Cone The Southern Cone ( es, Cono Sur, pt, Cone Sul) is a geographical and cultural subregion composed of the southernmost areas of South America, mostly south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it covers Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, bou ...

of South America ***D1g1 ****D1g1a ****D1g1b ***D1g2 ****D1g2a ***D1g3 ***D1g4 ***D1g5 ***D1g6 **D1h ***D1h1 – Mexican ***D1h2 – Mexican **D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic) ***D1i1 – Mexican ***D1i2 – Mexican **D1j –

of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina) ***D1j1 ****D1j1a *****D1j1a1 – Argentina *****D1j1a2 **D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic) **D1m – Mexican **D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico **D1r – Peru **D1u ***D1u1 – Peru *D4a – China, Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang), Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana), Pakistan (Saraiki), Mongolia **D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi ***D4a1a – Japan ****D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea *****D4a1a1a – Japan ***D4a1b – Japan, Korea ****D4a1b1 – Japan ***D4a1c – Japan, Korea ***D4a1d – Japan ***D4a1e – China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Yakut ****D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs ***D4a1f – Japan ****D4a1f1 – Japan ***D4a1g – China, Bargut ***D4a1h – Japan **D4a2 – Japan, Korea ***D4a2a – Japan, Korea ***D4a2b – Japan **D4a3 ***D4a3a ****D4a3a* – China (

Henan Henan (; or ; ; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is a ...

), Korea ****D4a3a1 – China (Taihang area in Henan province, Hunan Han, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture) ****D4a3a2 – Japan ***D4a3b ****D4a3b* – China ****D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）, Pakistan (Kalash) ****D4a3b2 – China, Taiwan **D4a4 – Japan **D4a5 **D4a6 - China (Eastern China, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture),

Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label= Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It ...

*D4a-b **D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang) ***D4a7 ****D4a7* – China *****D4a7a ******D4a7a* – Taiwan *******D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung) *****D4a7b ******D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) *******D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan), Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) Singapore (Malaysian) **D4a8 – China *D4b – Thailand ( Thai from

Central Thailand Central Thailand (Central plain) or more specifically Siam (also known as Suvarnabhumi and Dvaravati) is one of the regions of Thailand, covering the broad alluvial plain of the Chao Phraya River. It is separated from northeast Thailand (Isan) ...

) **D4b1 ***D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur), Mongols ***D4b1a ****D4b1a* – China (

Bargut The Barga (Mongol: Барга; ) are a subgroup of the Buryats which gave its name to the Baikal region – "Bargujin-Tukum" (Bargujin Tökhöm) – "the land's end", according to the 13th-14th centuries Mongol people's conception. History In th ...

from Inner Mongolia), South Korea, Thailand ( Iu Mien from Nan Province) ****D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan *****D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan ****D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic

Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug ( bua, Агын Буряадай автономито тойрог) was a federal subject of the Russian Federation. On 1 March 2008, the region merged with Chita Oblast (which it was surrounded by) to form the new Z ...

*****D4b1a2a ******D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing) ******D4b1a2a1 – China (

, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars,

Ayon Ayon may refer to: People * Ayon (surname) Places *Ayon, Russia, a rural locality (a ''selo'') in Chaunsky District, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia *Ayon Island Ayon Island is an island in the coast of Chukotka in the East Siberian Sea. The ...

, Yanranay,

Karaginsky District Karaginsky District (russian: Караги́нский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #46 and municipalLaw #336-oz district ( raion) of Koryak Okrug of Kamchatka Krai, Russia, one of the eleven in the krai. It is located in the northern ce ...

), Inuit (Canada, Greenland), Canada, Native American (USA) ******D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan ***D4b1b'd ****D4b1b - China, Taiwan *****D4b1b1 – Japan ******D4b1b1a – Japan *******D4b1b1a1 – Japan *****D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang) ****D4b1d – China ( Gelao from Daozhen) ***D4b1c ****D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit *****D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, ''etc.''), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi *****D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska) *****D3b – Oroqen *****D3c ******D3c* – Buryat ******D3c1 *******D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula) *******D3c1a ********D3c1a1 *********D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia) *********D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire) ********D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia) *****D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River) *****D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia) **D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP ( Middle Jōmon period)

Yokohama is the second-largest city in Japan by population and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of T ...

, China, Thailand ( Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India ( Gallong) ***D4b2a – Japan ****D4b2a1 – Japan ****D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea *****D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan ******D4b2a2a1 – Japan ******D4b2a2a2 – Japan *****D4b2a2b – Japan ***D4b2b – China (Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, ''etc.''), South Korea, Japan, Thailand ( Khmu from Nan Province), Saudi Arabia ****D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Uyghur, Persian *****D4b2b1a – Japan *****D4b2b1b – Japan *****D4b2b1c – Japan *****D4b2b1d – Japan ****D4b2b2 – China (Tujia, Han from

, ''etc.''), Taiwan (Hakka) *****D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam ( Lachi) ******D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia *****D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea *****D4b2b2c – China, Buryat ****D4b2b3 – Japan ****D4b2b4 – Northeast India (

Sherdukpen The Sherdukpen are an ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh state of India. Their population of 9,663 is centered in West Kameng district in the villages of Rupa, Jigaon, Thongri, Shergaon, to the south of Bomdila. All of these are at elevations ...

), China, Russia ( Tuvan) ****D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan ****D4b2b6 – Chinese (Beijing,

, Denver), Korea, Armenian ****D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka) ****D4b2b8 – Uyghur ****D4b2b9 *****D4b2b9* – China, Xibo *****D4b2b9a ******D4b2b9a* – Buryat ******D4b2b9a1 – China ***D4b2c ***D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat) *D4c **D4c1 – Uyghur ***D4c1a – Japan, Korea ****D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz) ***D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia ****D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet ****D4c1b2 – Japan **D4c2 – Turkmenistan ***D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation ****D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi ***D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine ***D4c2c – Japan *D4d – Japan, Korea *D4e **D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA ***D4e1a – Thailand (

Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * A ...

from Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from

, ''etc.''), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan ****D4e1a1 – Japan, Chinese ****D4e1a2 – Thailand, Sonowal Kachari *****D4e1a2a – Japan, Korea ****D4e1a3 – China ( Yao from Bama, ''etc.''), Thailand ( Hmong, Iu Mien), Vietnam ( Cờ Lao, Phù Lá) ***D2 – Uyghur ****D2a'b *****D2a – Aleut, Tlingit ******D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada *******D2a1a – Aleut *******D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo ******D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo *****D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region) ******D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar) *******D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk ******D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut ****D2c – Buryat ***D4e1c – Mexican **D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American) ***D4e2a – Japan, Korea ***D4e2b – Japan ***D4e2c – Japan ***D4e2d – Japan **D4e3 – Northeast Thailand ( Black Tai, Saek), China, Lachungpa **D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi, Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation ***D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur ****D4e4a1 – Yukaghir, Evenk, Even ***D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar **D4e5 ***D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan ( Aichi) ***D4e5b - Orok (Sakhalin),

Even Even may refer to: General * Even (given name), a Norwegian male personal name * Even (surname) * Even (people), an ethnic group from Siberia and Russian Far East **Even language, a language spoken by the Evens * Odd and Even, a solitaire game wh ...

(Nelkan on the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region), Kyrgyz (

Artux Artux, Artush ( ug, ئاتۇش شەھىرى; ky, ارتىش, Артыш, Artysh), and officially rendered as Atuş ( zh, s=阿图什市, p=Ātúshí Shì),The official spelling according to is a county-level city and the capital of the Kyrgyz au ...

), Bashkortostan, Han Chinese (

Denver Denver () is a consolidated city and county, the capital, and most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Its population was 715,522 at the 2020 census, a 19.22% increase since 2010. It is the 19th-most populous city in the Unit ...

) *D4f – Shor **D4f1 – Japan, Korea, Bargut *D4g **D4g* – Japan, Korea **D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan ***D4g1a – Japan ***D4g1b – Japan, Taiwan, Belarus ***D4g1c – Japan **D4g2 – China ***D4g2a – Japan ****D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (

from Lopburi Province), Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan *****D4g2a1a – Japan *****D4g2a1b – China, Thailand ( Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province) *****D4g2a1c – Thailand (

from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province), China, Wancho,

Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir may refer to: * Kashmir, the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent * Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), a region administered by India as a union territory * Jammu and Kashmir (state), a region administered ...

***D4g2b – China, Buryat ****D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi *****D4g2b1a – Japan *D4h **D4h* – Thailand ( Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province), Philippines **D4h1 ***D4h1* – China ***D4h1a - Korea ****D4h1a1 – Korea, Japan ****D4h1a2 – Japan ***D4h1b – Hunan ( Han), Japan ***D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet ****D4h1c1 – Japan, Korea ***D4h1d – Bargut **D4h2 – Ulchi **D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province) ***D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA, and Colombia. ****D4h3a1 – Chile *****D4h3a1a – Chile ******D4h3a1a1 – Chile ******D4h3a1a2 – Chile ****D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina ****D4h3a3 – Chile *****D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA ****D4h3a4 – Peru ****D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina ****D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador ****D4h3a7 – ancient Canada ****D4h3a8 – Mexico ****D4h3a9 – Peru ***D4h3b – China **D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan ***D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut *D4i **D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian) **D4i1 – Japan **D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England **D4i3 ***D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu) ***D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal) **D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (

Miao Miao may refer to: * Miao people, linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China * Miao script or Pollard script, writing system used for Miao languages * Miao (Unicode ...

), Vietnam (H'Mông) **D4i5 – Japan *D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Bargut, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus **D4j1 – Thailand ( Palaung from Chiang Mai Province), Uyghur ***D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan ****D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand ( Lahu from

, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan *****D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet *****D4j1a1b – Toto ****D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh ***D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan) ****D4j1b2 – Gallong **D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut, Dolgan ***D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) **D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania ***D4j3 – Russian Federation, Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province) ****D4j3a – China, Inner Mongolia, Ulchi *****D4j3a1 – Japan ****D4j3b - Thailand ( Lisu from

), Tibet ( Lhoba), Uyghur ***D4j11 – Japan, Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Hungary, Italy **D4j4 – Nganasan, Even ( Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic), Evenk (

Nyukzha The Nyukzha (russian: Нюкжа) is a river in Amur Oblast and Transbaikalia, East Siberia, Russian Federation. It is the second largest tributary of the Olyokma river in terms of length and area of its basin. The Nyukzha is long and has a dr ...

river basin, Iengra River basin) ***D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic, Iengra River basin), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut ( Vilyuy River basin) **D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (

Khorasan Khorasan may refer to: * Greater Khorasan, a historical region which lies mostly in modern-day northern/northwestern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan * Khorasan Province, a pre-2004 province of Ira ...

), Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir, Even (Sakha Republic), Evenk (Sakha Republic) **D4j-T146C! ***D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa ***D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse) **D4j7 – Tubalar ***D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut **D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Yakut, Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina **D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan **D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk **D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy **D4j14 – Japan **D4j15 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan **D4j16 – China *D4k'o'p **D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, ''etc.''), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan **D4o –

Teleut ''Telenget, Telengut'' , native_name_lang = alt , image = TeleutsinRussia.png , population = , region1 = * , pop1 = 2,643 , ref1 = , region2 = , pop2 = , ref2 ...

, Uyghur, Buryat ***D4o1 ****D4o1* – Uyghur, Tubalar (Northeast Altai) ****D4o1a – Japan, Buryat ****D4o1b – Kyrgyz (

), Chelkan,

Teleut ''Telenget, Telengut'' , native_name_lang = alt , image = TeleutsinRussia.png , population = , region1 = * , pop1 = 2,643 , ref1 = , region2 = , pop2 = , ref2 ...

, Khamnigan, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Han Chinese (N. China) ***D4o2 – Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak, Ulchi, China (Han from

) ****D4o2* – Bargut (Inner Mongolia) ****D4o2a – Manchu *****D4o2a* – Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Evenk ( New Barag Left Banner), Even (Kamchatka), Koryak *****D4o2a1 – Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur, China *****D4o2a2 – Yakut, Uyghur, ancient Yana River basin *****D4o2a3 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai) **D4p ***D4p* – Altaian, Buryat ***D4p1 – Japan ***D4p2 – Buryat *D4l **D4l1 ***D4l1a – Japan ****D4l1a1 – Japan ***D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur **D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central,

Vilyuy The Vilyuy ( rus, Вилю́й, p=vʲɪˈlʲʉj; sah, Бүлүү, ''Bülüü'', ) is a river in Russia, the longest tributary of the Lena. About long, it flows mostly within the Sakha Republic. Its basin covers about . History The river is fir ...

), Uyghur, Kazakh ***D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir ****D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir ****D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir ***D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa) *D4m **D4m* – Tubalar (Northeast Altai) **D4m1 – Japan **D4m2 – Mongolia, South Korea ***D4m2a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Yakut, Buryat, Evenk, Even, Yukaghir, South Korea ****D4m2a* – Nivkh, Buryat ****D4m2a1 *****D4m2a1* – Evenk (Central Siberia) *****D4m2a1a – Evens (two from Sakkyryyr and one from Tompo), Yukaghir ****D4m2a2 – Nivkh ****D4m2a3 – Yakut ****D4m2a4 – Nivkh ***D4m2b – Tuvinian, Daur Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Mongolia, Uyghur **D4m3 – Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan,

), Uyghur *D4n **D4n* – Japan, Korea **D4n1 ***D4n1* – Japan ***D4n1a – Japan **D4n2 ***D4n2a – China ***D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Tibet, Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast) *D4q – Taiwan,MtDNA Haplotree at FTDNA
/ref> China,

Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Taj ...

, India (Jammu and Kashmir), Germany, Poland, Netherlands, United States **D4q1 – Toto ***D4q1a – Toto **D4q2 - Kyrgyz, India (Uttar Pradesh Upper Caste Brahmin) ***D4q2a -

**D4q3 - Uyghur **D4q4 - Lhoba *D4r – Thailand, Myanmar *D4s **D4s1 ***D4s1* – Vietnam ( Si La, Hà Nhì) ***D4s1a – Vietnam ( Hà Nhì) **D4s2 – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli, Kyrgyz) **D4s3 – Tibet (Lhasa), Uyghur, Tuvinian *D4t – China, Korea, Japan *D4u **D4u* **D4u1 ***D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai) ***D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli) *D4v – Thailand *D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu *D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima) *D4y – Vietnam ( La Chí) *D4z – China

D5'6

D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea ...

and

, especially in China, Korea, and Japan. It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%) among the

Yakuts The Yakuts, or the Sakha ( sah, саха, ; , ), are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenk Districts ...

, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion. *D5 - Taiwan ( Paiwan) **D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean, Tai Yuan in

Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thail ...

***D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland ****D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 5% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200ybpYFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)
/ref>) *****D5a1a - Japan ******D5a1a1 - Japan ******D5a1a2 - Japan ****D5a2 - Gallong, Korea (TMRCA 12,500 5% CI 8,900 <-> 17,100ybp) *****D5a2a - Russia (

Tula Oblast Tula Oblast (russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, ''Tulskaya oblast'') is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically in the European Russia region of the country and is part of the Central Federal District, covering ...

, Buryat), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 5% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200ybp) ******D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea *******D5a2a1 - China (Han from

, ''etc.''), Tibet (

Monpa The Monpa or Mönpa () is a major tribe of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. The Tawang Monpas have a migration history from Changrelung. The Monpa are believed to be the only nomadic tribe in Northeast India – they are totally dependen ...

, Deng), Vietnam ( Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh ********D5-C16172T! - Burusho, Tubalar, Kumandin (Turochak), Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig), Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Wancho, Gallong,

, Myanmar (Burmese from Pakokku), Thailand ( Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province), China (Han from Fujian,

, ''etc.''), Taiwan *********D5a2a1a - Japan (Aichi, Chiba, ''etc.''), China **********D5a2a1a1 - Japan (Aichi, ''etc.'') ***********D5a2a1a1a - Japan (Chiba, ''etc.'') ***********D5a2a1a1b - China (Uyghurs), Poland **********D5a2a1a2 - Japan (Gifu, Tokyo, ''etc.'') ********D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari, Gallong, China (Han from Zhanjiang, ''etc.''), Tibet (Lhoba, Tingri, Deng), Kyrgyz (Artux) *********D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan) *******D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic) (TMRCA 3,500 5% CI 2,300 <-> 5,000ybp) *****D5a2b - Thailand ( Iu Mien from Nan Province), Vietnam ( Si La, Hà Nhì), Tibet ( Deng, Sherpa), China (TMRCA 10,400 5% CI 7,200 <-> 14,500ybp) ****D5a3 - Tibet, Korea, Japan (TMRCA 11,100 5% CI 6,300 <-> 18,100ybp) *****D5a3a - China, Tibet, Finland ******D5a3a1 - China, Uyghur, Ukraine *******D5a3a1a - Finland, Norway (Saami), Russia (Veliky Novgorod, ''etc.''), Mansi *****D5a3b - China, Korea (

Seoul Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the Capital city, capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the North Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea ...

) ***D5b - Uyghur, China ****D5b1 *****D5b1* - China, Uyghur *****D5b1a ******D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, ''etc.'') ******D5b1a2 - Japan *****D5b1b ******D5b1b* - Japan, Korea ******D5b1b1 - Japan, Korea, Uzbekistan ******D5b1b2 *******D5b1b2* - Japan, Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Uyghur *******D5b1b2a - Uyghur *******D5b1b2b - Uyghur *******D5b1b2c - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) ******D5b1b3 - Japan ******D5b1b4 - China *****D5b1c ******D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming) ******D5b1c1 - China, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh) *******D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.'') *******D5b1c1a ********D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, ''etc.''), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore) ********D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, ''etc.'') ********D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi) *******D5b1c1b - China ******D5b1c2 - Uyghur *****D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Yakut *****D5b1e - China *****D5b1f - China ****D5b2 - Japan ****D5b3 *****D5b3* - Vietnam ( Kinh,

Tay Tay may refer to: People and languages * Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname * Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam ** Tày language *Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 639 ...

), Thailand ( Phuan), Laos ( Lao), Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.'') *****D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma) ******D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, ''etc.'') *****D5b3b - Thailand ( Shan from

, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam ( Kinh) ****D5b4 - Thailand ( Siamese, Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, ''etc.''), China (Han) ****D5b5 - Uyghur **D5c ***D5c1 - Japan, Han Chinese (Beijing) ****D5c1a - Japan, Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.''), China, Uyghur, Tubalar, Kumandin (

Turochak Turochak (russian: Туроча́к, alt, Турачак, ''Turaçak'') is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Turochaksky District of the Altai Republic, Russia. Population: Climate Turochak has a humid continental cl ...

Soltonsky District Soltonsky District (russian: Солто́нский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #28-ZS and municipalLaw #86-ZS district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the east of the krai. The area of the district ...

), Shor (

Biyka Biyka (russian: Бийка; alt, Бий, ''Biy'') is a rural locality (a selo) in and the administrative centre of Biykinskoye Rural Settlement, Turochaksky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 537 as of 2016. There are 15 stre ...

, ''etc.''), Kyrgyzstan (TMRCA 4,500 5% CI 3,300 <-> 6,100ybp) ***D5c-T16311C! - Vietnam ( Kinh), Mongolian, ChinaMtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref> ****D5c2 - China, Japan *D6 **D6a - Philippines, East Timor ***D6a1 ****D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan ****D6a1a - China, Japan ***D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines **D6c - China (

She people The She people (; Shehua: ; Cantonese: , Fuzhou: ) are an ethnic group in China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The She are the largest ethnic minority in Fujian, Zhejiang, and J ...

, Han from Zhanjiang), Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand ( Phutai from

Kalasin Province Kalasin ( th, กาฬสินธุ์, ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (''changwat''), located in upper northeastern Thailand, also called Isan. The province was established by the Act Establishing Changwat Kalasin, BE 2490 (194 ...

) ***D6c1 - Philippines ****D6c1a - Philippines ( Maranao)

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

References

External links

*General **Ian Logan'
Mitochondrial DNA Site
*Haplogroup D **Mannis van Oven'

from ''

National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly the ''National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is a popular American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. Known for its photojournalism, it is one of the most widel ...

'' ** {{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup D (Mtdna) D

Subclades

D4

D5'6

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

See also

References

External links