History of West Sumatra

West Sumatra ( id, Sumatra Barat) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. The province has an area of , with a population of 5,534,472 at the 2020 census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. The official estimate at mid 2021 was 5,580,232.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2022. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as the provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau to the northeast, Jambi to the southeast, and Bengkulu to the south. The province is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven cities. It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside of Java, although several of them are relatively low in population compared with cities elsewhere in Indonesia. ' is the province's capital and largest city.

West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people, although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than the province's boundaries, covering up to the southern region of North Sumatra, the western region of Riau, the western region of Jambi, the northern region of Bengkulu, and in Malaysia. Another native ethnic group is the Mentawai people, who inhabit the western islands of the same name. Islam is a predominant religion in the province, with about 97.4% of the total population.

West Sumatra was the centre of the Pagaruyung Kingdom, founded by Adityawarman in 1347. The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523. The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra's West Coast ( nl, Sumatra's Westkust), whose administrative area included the present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi. Before becoming a province in 1957, West Sumatra was a part of the province of Central Sumatra (1948–1957), alongside Riau, Jambi, and the Riau Islands.

Etymology

West Sumatra is known by the name ''Bumi Minangkabau'' (Land of Minangkabau), as it is the home and origin of the Minangkabau people. The ''Minangkabau'' name comes from two words namely, ''Minang'' (win) and ''Kabau'' (cattle). The name is associated with a Minangkabau legend known as ''Tambo''. From the ''Tambo'', it is said that at one time there was a foreign kingdom (usually interpreted as the Majapahit Empire) which came from the sea and would conquer what is now West Sumatra. To prevent fighting in the region, the local people propose a cattle race competition with the foreign forces. The foreign forces agreed and sent a large and aggressive cattle to the competition, while the local community sent a cattle calf who was still breastfeeding to the competition. In the competition, the cattle calf who was still breastfeeding thought the large and aggressive cattle was the mother. So the calf immediately ran towards the large and aggressive cattle to find milk until he tore apart the big cattle's stomach. The victory inspired the local people to use the name ''Minangkabau,'' which comes from the phrase "''Manang kabau''" (winning cattle). The story of the Tambo is also found in the which also mentions that the victory made the country that was previously named ''Pariangan'' changed to the name ''Minangkabau''. Furthermore, the use of the name ''Minangkabau'' is also used to refer to a ''nagari'' (village), namely the ''Nagari Minangkabau'', which is located in Sungayang District, Tanah Datar Regency.

In the historical record of the Majapahit Empire, which dated from 1365, also mentioned the name ''Minangkabwa'' as one of the Malay countries that has been conquered by the Majapahit. Likewise in the Ming Chronicles from 1405, there was the royal name of ''Mi-nang-ge-bu'' of the six kingdoms who sent messengers facing Yongle Emperor in Nanjing. On the other hand, the name ''Minang'' (Minanga kingdom) itself has also been mentioned in the Kedukan Bukit inscription dated from 682 which is written in Sanskrit. In the inscription, it was stated that the founder of the Srivijaya Empire named Dapunta Hyang departed from a place called ''Minānga''. Some experts who refer to the source of the inscription suspects that the 4th line words (... ''minānga'') and the 5th line words (''tāmvan'' ...) are actually incorporated, so that they become ''mināngatāmvan'' and are translated as the meeting point of twin rivers. The twin river is supposed to refer to the meeting of two sources of the Kampar River, namely the Kampar Kiri River and the Kampar Kanan River. But this hypothesis is denied by the Dutch indologist Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis, which proves that ''tāmvan'' has nothing to do with "meeting point", because these can also be found in other Srivijaya relics.

History

Prehistoric era

From the ''tambo'' received from generation to generation, their ancestors were from the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great). Even though the ''tambo'' is not systematically arranged and is more legendary than the facts and tends to a literary work that has become the property of many people. However, this tambo story is more or less comparable to the Malay Annals who also tells how the Minangkabau people sent their representatives to ask Sang Sapurba, one of the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain, to become their king.

The Minang community is part of the Deutro-Malay community who migrated from the mainland of Southern China to the island of Sumatra around 2,500-2,000 years ago. It is estimated that this community group entered from the east of the island of Sumatra, along the Kampar river to the highlands called ''darek'' and became the home of the Minangkabau people. Some of these ''darek'' areas then form a kind of confederation known as ''luhak'', which is then referred to as ''Luhak Nan Tigo'', which consists of ''Luhak Limo Puluah'', ''Luhak Agam'', and ''Luhak Tanah Data''. During the era of the Dutch East Indies, the ''luhak'' area became a territorial government area called ''afdeling'', headed by a resident who by the Minangkabau community was called the name ''Tuan Luhak.'' Initially, The Minangkabau people were included as a sub-group of the Malays, but since the 19th century, the mention of the Minangkabau and the Malays began to be distinguished from seeing matrilineal culture that persisted compared to the patrilineal adopted by Malay society in general.

Precolonial era

According to the Minangkabau ''Tambo'', in the period between the 1st century to the 16th century, many small kingdoms stood on what is now West Sumatra. These kingdoms included the Kuntu, Kandis, Siguntur, Pasumayan Koto Batu, Batu Patah, Sungai Pagu, Inderapura, Jambu Lipo, Taraguang, Dusun Tuo, Bungo Setangkai, Talu, Kinali, Parit Batu, Pulau Punjungand Pagaruyung Kingdoms. These kingdoms are never long living, and are usually under the influence of larger kingdoms, such as Malayu and Pagaruyung.

The Malayu Kingdom is estimated to have appeared in 645 which is estimated to be located in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari river. Based on the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, this kingdom was conquered by Srivijaya in 682. And then in 1183 it appeared again based on the Grahi Inscription in Cambodia, and then the ''Negarakertagama'' and ''Pararaton'' recorded the existence of the Malay Kingdom which had its capital in Dharmasraya. A military expedition to West Sumatra called the Pamalayu emerged in 1275-1293 under the leadership of Kebo Anabrang of the Singasari Kingdom. After the submission of the ''Amoghapasa'' carved on the Padang Roco Inscription, the Pamalayu team returned to Java with the daughters of King Dharmasraya, Dara Petak and Dara Jingga. Dara Petak was married to Raden Wijaya, the king of Majapahit, as well as the heir of the Singasari kingdom, while Dara Jingga was married to Adwayawarman. Jayanagara was born from the marriage of Raden Wijaya and Dara Petak, who would become the second king of Majapahit, while Adityawarman was born from the marriage of Dara Jingga and Adwayawarman; he later to become King of the Pagaruyung Kingdom.

The Hindu-Buddhist influence in western Sumatra emerged around the 13th century, and began during the Pamalayu Expedition by Kertanagara, and later during the reign of Adityawarman and his son Ananggawarman. The power of Adityawarman is estimated to be strong enough to dominate the central and the surrounding Sumatra region. This can be proven by the title ''Maharajadiraja'' which is carried by Adityawarman as it is carved on the back of the Amoghapasa Statue, which is found in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari river (now part of the Dharmasraya Regency). The Batusangkar inscription mentioned Ananggawarman as a yuvaraja performing the Tantris teaching ritual from Buddhism called hevajra which is the ceremony of the transfer of power from Adityawarman to his crown prince, this can be attributed to the Chinese chronicle of 1377 about the ''San-fo-ts'i'' messenger to the Emperor of China requested a request for recognition as a ruler in the ''San-fo-ts'i'' region. Some inland areas of central Sumatra are still influenced by Buddhism, among others, the Padangroco temple, the Padanglawas temple and Muara Takus temple. Most likely the area was formerly part of Adityawarman's conquered area. Whereas the recorded devout adherents besides Adityawarman in the previous period were Kublai Khan and king Kertanegara of Singhasari.

The spread of Islam after the end of the 14th century had little effect, especially relating to the patrilineal system, and gave a relatively new phenomenon to the people in the interior of Minangkabau. At the beginning of the 16th century, the ''Suma Oriental'', written between 1513 and 1515, recorded from the three Minangkabau kings, only one of whom had been a Muslim convert from 15 years before.Cortesão, Armando, (1944), ''The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires'', London: Hakluyt Society, 2 vols. The influence of Islam in Pagaruyung developed around the 16th century, namely through travelers and religious teachers who stopped or came from Aceh and Malacca. One of the famous ulama of Aceh, Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili, was a cleric who was thought to first spread Islam in Pagaruyung. By the 17th century, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung finally transformed itself into an Islamic sultanate. The first Islamic king in the Minangkabau traditional culture was named Sultan Alif.Batuah, A. Dt. & Madjoindo, A. Dt., (1959), ''Tambo Minangkabau dan Adatnya'', Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

With the entry of Islam, the customary rules that are contrary to the teachings of Islam began to be replaced with the Islamic-based law. There is a famous Minangkabau custom proverb, "''Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah''", which means that the Minangkabau adat is based on Islam, while Islam is based on the Qur'an. But in some cases, several systems and methods of adat are still maintained and this is what drove the outbreak of civil war known as the Padri War. That was initially between the ulamas and the ''Adats'', who were the Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs; later, the Dutch involved themselves in the war.Kepper, G., (1900), ''Wapenfeiten van het Nederlands Indische Leger; 1816-1900'', M.M. Cuvee, Den Haag.

Islam also had an influence on Pagaruyung's kingdom government system with the addition of government elements such as ''Tuan Kadi'' and several other terms related to Islam. The naming of the Sumpur Kudus District, which contains the words derived from the word ''Quduus'' (holy) as the seat of ''Rajo Ibadat'' and ''Limo Kaum'' which contains the word ''qaum'' is clearly an influence from Arabic or Islam. In addition, in the adat apparatus, the term ''Imam'', ''Katik'' (Khatib), ''Bila'' (Bilal), ''Malin'' (Mu'alim), which is a substitute for Hindu and Buddhist terms used previously, such as the term ''Pandito'' (priest), also appears.

Colonial era

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Pagaruyung Kingdom was forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Aceh Sultanate, and to recognize the designated Aceh governors for the west coast of Sumatra. But around 1665, the Minangkabau people on the west coast rose and rebelled against the Aceh governor. From the letter of the Minangkabau ruler who called himself Raja Pagaruyung submitted a request to the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and the VOC at that time took the opportunity at once to stop the Aceh monopoly on gold and pepper. Furthermore, the VOC through its regent in Padang, Jacob Pits whose territory included from Kotawan in the south to Barus in the north of Padang sent a letter dated October 9, 1668 addressed to the Ahmadsyah Sultan, Iskandar Zur-Karnain, the Minangkabau ruler who was rich in gold and told the VOC has controlled the west coast coastal area so that the gold trade can be re-flowed on the coast. According to Dutch records, the Ahmadsyah Sultan died in 1674 and was replaced by his son Sultan Indermasyah. When the VOC succeeded in expelling the Aceh Sultanate from the coast of West Sumatra in 1666, Aceh's influence weakened on Pagaruyung. The relationship between the overseas regions and the coast with the center of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung becomes closer. At that time Pagaruyung was one of the trading centers on the island of Sumatra, due to the production of gold there. Thus it attracted the attention of the Dutch and the British to establish relations with Pagaruyung. There is a record that in 1684, a Portuguese named Tomas Dias paid a visit to Pagaruyung at the behest of the Dutch governor general in Malacca.

Around 1750 the Pagaruyung kingdom began to dislike the presence of the VOC in Padang and once tried to persuade the British who were in Bengkulu to expel the Dutch from the region even though the British did not respond. But in 1781, the British managed to control Padang for a while, and at that time came messengers from Pagaruyung to congratulate him on the success of the British expelling the Dutch from Padang. According to Marsden, Minangkabau land has long been considered rich in gold, and at that time the power of the Minangkabau king was said to have been divided into king ''Suruaso'' and the king of ''Sungai Tarab'' with the same power. Previously in 1732, the VOC regent in Padang had noted that there was a queen named ''Yang Dipertuan Puti Jamilan'' who had sent spears and swords made from gold, as a sign of her inauguration as the ruler of the golden land. While the Dutch and British succeeded in reaching the interior of the Minangkabau region, they had never found significant gold reserves in the area.

As a result of the conflict between the British and French in the Napoleonic Wars where the Dutch were on the French side, the British fought the Dutch and again succeeded in taking control of the west coast of West Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. The British governor Thomas Stamford Raffles visited Pagaruyung in 1818, when the Padri War began. At that time Raffles discovered that the capital city of the kingdom had been burned by the war that had taken place. After the peace between England and the Netherlands occurred in 1814, the Dutch re-entered Padang in May 1819. The Dutch reaffirmed their influence on the island of Sumatra and Pagaruyung, with the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 with Britain. The power of the King of Pagaruyung was very weak in the days leading up to the Padri war, although the king was still respected by his subject. The areas on the west erncoast fell into the influence of Aceh, while Inderapura on the southern coast practically became an independent kingdom even though officially still under the rule of the king of Pagaruyung.

In the early 19th century a conflict broke out between the ''Padri'' and the ''Adat''. In several negotiations there was no agreement between them. Along with that in some countries Pagaruyung's kingdom was in turmoil, and the peak of the war was when the ''Padri'' under the leadership of Tuanku Pasaman attacked Pagaruyung in 1815. Sultan Arifin Muningsyah was forced to abdicate and escape from the royal capital to Lubuk Jambi. Under pressure by the ''Padri'', the Pagaruyung royal family requested assistance from the Dutch, and before that they had conducted diplomacy with the British when Raffles visited Pagaruyung and promised them assistance. On February 10, 1821, Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah who was the nephew of Sultan Arifin Muningsyah who was in Padang along with 19 other traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch to cooperate in fighting the ''Padri'', even though he was considered not entitled to make an agreement with on behalf of the kingdom of Pagaruyung. As a result of this agreement, the Netherlands made it a sign of the surrender of the kingdom of Pagaruyung to the Dutch government. After the Dutch captured Pagaruyung from the ''Padri'', in 1824 at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Raaff, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah returned to Pagaruyung, but in 1825, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, the last king in Minangkabau, died and was later buried in Pagaruyung. While SultanTangkal Alam Bagagarsyah on the other hand wanted to be recognized as the King of Pagaruyung, but the Dutch East Indies government from the beginning had limited its authority and only appointed him the Regent of Tanah Datar. Probably because the policy gave rise to encouragement to Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar to start thinking about how to expel the Dutch from the region.

After emerging victorious from the Diponegoro War in Java, the Dutch then tried to conquer the ''Padri'' with shipments of soldiers from Java, Madura, Celebes and the Moluccas. But the Dutch colonial ambitions seemed to make the ''Adat'' and the ''Padri'' try to forget their differences in secret to drive the Dutch away. On 2 May 1833 Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar was arrested by Lieutenant Colonel Elout in Batusangkar on charges of treason. He was exiled to Batavia (present-day Jakarta) until his death, and was buried in the Mangga Dua cemetery. After the fall, the influence and prestige of the kingdom of Pagaruyung remained high, especially among Minangkabau people who were overseas. One of Pagaruyung's royal heirs was invited to become a ruler in Kuantan, Malaysia. Likewise when Raffles was still on duty in the Malay Peninsula, he met Pagaruyung's relatives who were in Negeri Sembilan, and Raffles intended to appoint Yang Dipertuan Ali Alamsyah who he considered to be the direct descendant of the Minangkabau king as a king under British protection. After the end of the Padri War, Tuan Gadang of Batipuh asked the Dutch East Indies government to give a higher position than just the Tanah Datar Regent he held after replacing Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar, but this request was rejected by the Dutch, this later included one of the drivers of the outbreak of the 1841 rebellion in Batipuh in addition to the '' cultuurstelsel'' problem.

The name West Sumatra originated in the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) era, where the designation of the area for the west coast of Sumatra was ''Hoofdcomptoir van Sumatra's Westkust''. Then with the strengthening of the political and economic influence of the VOC, until the 18th century this administrative region included the west coast of Sumatra from Barus to Inderapura.Asnan, Gusti, (2007), ''Memikir ulang regionalisme: Sumatra Barat tahun 1950-an'', Yayasan Obor Indonesia, . Along with the fall of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung, and the involvement of the Dutch in the Padri War, the Dutch East Indies government began to make the interior of Minangkabau a part of ''Pax Nederlandica'', an area under Dutch supervision, and the Minangkabau region was divided into the ''Residentie Padangsche Benedenlanden'' and the ''Residentie Padangsche Bovenlanden''. Furthermore, in the development of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, this area was incorporated in the ''Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust'', including the ''Residentie Bengkulu'' region which had just been surrendered by the British to the Dutch. Then expanded again by including Tapanuli and Singkil. But in 1905, the status of Tapanuli was upgraded to ''Residentie Tapanuli'', while the Singkil area was given to ''Residentie Atjeh''. Then in 1914, ''Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust'', was demoted to ''Residentie Sumatra's Westkust'', and added the Mentawai Islands region in the Indian Ocean into ''Residentie Sumatra's Westkust,'' and in 1935 the Kerinci region was also incorporated into ''Residentie Sumatra's Westkust.'' After the breakdown of the ''Gouvernement Sumatra's Oostkust'', the Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi regions were given to ''Residentie Riouw'', and ''Residentie Djambi'' was also formed in almost the same period.

Japanese occupation and Independence

During the Japanese occupation, ''Residentie Sumatra's Westkust'' changed its name to ''Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu''. On the basis of military geo-strategy, the Kampar area was separated from ''Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu'' and incorporated into the territory of ''Rhio Shu''.

At the beginning of the Indonesian independence in 1945, the West Sumatra region was incorporated in the Sumatra province based in Bukittinggi. Four years later, Sumatra Province was divided into three provinces, namely North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, and South Sumatra. West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi were part of the residency within the Province of Central Sumatra. During the PRRI period, based on emergency law number 19 of 1957, Central Sumatra Province was further divided into three provinces namely West Sumatra Province, Riau Province, and Jambi Province. The Kerinci region which was previously incorporated in the South Sumatra Regency of Kerinci, was incorporated into Jambi Province as a separate regency. Likewise, the Kampar, Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi areas are designated as part of Riau Province.

Communism in Sumatra has historically had an influence in the politics and society of Sumatra. Padang, Pariaman, Silungkang, Sawah Lunto, Alahan Panjang and Suliki of West Sumatra have been cited as areas which were particularly active in communism. During the PRRI rebellion, the insurgents arrested leftist activists and placed them in detention camps in West Sumatra. PKI cadres were detained at Situjuh and Suliki, whilst followers of the national communist Murba Party and other groups were detained at the Muara Labuh camp. Incidentally, Hadji Abdullah Ahmad, a noted anti-communist and religious leader was from the Minangkabau Highlands, where communism was active. Numerous examples of anti-communist resentment also occurred, for instance during the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966, PKI-organised squatters' movements and campaigns against foreign businesses in Sumatra's plantations provoked quick reprisals against Communists.Stoler, Ann Laura.
Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra's Plantation Belt, 1870-1979
''. Ann Arbor, Mich: The University of Michigan Press, 1995. pp. 163-164 Repression against alleged PKI members and sympathizers continued for several years. As late as 1976 mass lay-offs of former members of the communist plantation workers' union Sarbupri members took place in Sumatra, actions motivated by the communist past of these individuals.

Geography

West Sumatra lies in the middle of the western coast of Sumatra, and has an area of 42,130.82 km². Geographic features include plains, mountainous volcanic highlands formed by the Barisan mountain range that runs from north-west to south-east, and an offshore island archipelago called the Mentawai Islands. The West Sumatran coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375 km from North Sumatra province in the north-west to Bengkulu in the south-east. The lakes of West Sumatra include: Maninjau (99.5 km²), Singkarak (130.1 km²), Diatas (31.5 km²), Dibawah (14.0 km²), Talang (5.0 km²). The rivers of West Sumatra include: Kuranji, Anai, Ombilin river, Ombilin, Suliki river, Suliki, Agam river, Agam, Sinamar river, Sinamar, Arau river, Arau. The mountains & volcanoes of West Sumatra include: Mount Kerinci, Kerinci (3,805 m), Mount Marapi, Marapi (2,891 m), Mount Sago, Sago (2,271 m), Mount Singgalang, Singgalang (2,877 m), Mount Talakmau, Talakmau (2,912 m), Mount Talang, Talang (2,572 m), Mount Tandikat, Tandikat (2,438 m).

West Sumatra is one of the earthquake-prone areas in Indonesia, due to its location in the tectonic slab located between the confluence of two major continental plates (the Eurasian plate and Indo-Australian plate) and Great Sumatran fault, plus the activity of the active volcanoes. Large earthquakes that occurred recently in West Sumatra earthquake were the 2009 Sumatra earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami. The area was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

Climate

This region has a tropical monsoon climate, similar to most other Indonesian provinces. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April. Variation in rainfall ranges from 2,100 mm to 3,264 mm. The month December is the month with the most rainfall. While the dry season usually starts in June to September.

The season in West Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September wind flows from Australia and do not contain much water vapor, resulting in a dry season. Conversely in December to March many wind currents contain water vapor from Asia and the Pacific Ocean during the rainy season. Such conditions occur every half year after passing the transition period in between April - May and October - November.

The city of Padang is one of Indonesia's wettest cities, with frequent rainfall throughout the course of the year.
As in most other province of Indonesia, West Sumatra has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification ''Af'') bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall.

Flora and Fauna

The province includes large areas of dense tropical forest, which is home to a host of species including: ''Rafflesia arnoldii'' (world's largest flower), Sumatran tiger, siamang, Malayan tapir, goat antelope, Sumatran serow, rusa deer, sun bear, Malayan sun bear, Bornean clouded leopard, and many birds and butterflies.

The province includes two national parks: Siberut National Park and Kerinci Seblat National Park, as well as a number of nature reserves: Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, Batang Palupuh Nature Reserve, Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, and Beringin Sakti Nature Reserve.

Government

The Province of West Sumatra is led by a governor who is elected directly with his representative for a 5-year term. In addition to being a regional government, the Governor also acts as a representative or extension of the central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010.

While the relationship between the provincial government and the regency and city governments is not a sub-ordinate, each of these regional governments governs and manages government affairs according to the principle of autonomy and co-administration.

Nagari

Until 1979, the smallest administrative unit in West Sumatra was called a ''Nagari (settlement), nagari'', which had existed before Indonesian independence. With the enactment of Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning village governance, the status of nagari was eliminated and replaced with villages, and several jorong statuses were upgraded to villages. The position of nagari guardians was also removed and government administration was carried out by village heads. But since the onset of Post-Suharto era, government reform and regional autonomy, since 2001, the term ''nagari'' has been used again in this province.

The political culture that lived in the West Sumatra village government since the policy of uniformity (Law No.5 of 1979) was applied to the parochial political culture. this condition is seen through the power system, the ruling system, the terms of the ruler, and the role of the ruler in the village government.

The kinship system in developing participant political culture began to shift, in terms of the level of sensitivity, the form of tolerance in kinship, and the role of seniority in kinship. This means that the lack of togetherness in the kinship power system.

Nagari government is an autonomous government structure, has a clear territory and adheres to adat as a regulator of the life of its members. the regency replaced the term village government that was used previously. Whereas for the nagari in the city government system still as a traditional institution, it has not become part of the regional government structure.

Opportunities that occur in village government are the emergence of individualistic economic growth. This condition is a result of dependence on the central government, resulting in lack of independence. This condition can weaken the resilience of the area of the economy itself. However, now the villages of West Sumatra have tried to build efforts to facilitate the political policies of the village government or since exchanging back into nagari, namely changing the structure and process between village government structures made under Law No. 5 of 1979.

''Nagari'' was initially led jointly by the princes or ''datuk'' in the ''nagari'', then during the Dutch East Indies government one of the princes was chosen to become the guardian of the Nagari. Then in running the government, the nagari guardians are assisted by a number of jorong or jorong guardians, but now assisted by the ''nagari'' secretary and Civil service, civil servants depending on the needs of each ''nagari''. This ''nagari'' guardian was chosen by the ''anak nagari'' (nagari residents) democratically in direct elections for 6 years in office.

Administrative divisions

West Sumatra Province is subdivided into twelve Regencies of Indonesia, regencies and seven autonomous cities, which lie outside any regency. The regencies and cities are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2021.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2022.

Human Development Index

Cities and Regencies in West Sumatra in order of the Human Development Index (HDI). The figures come from the 2020 Indonesia Human Development Report, published by Statistics Indonesia.

As a new regency, Dharmasraya got the highest score (59.43) from a possible 100 among other new regencies.

Before the reforms of 1999 and the implementation of regional autonomy in 2001, the lowest local government unit under the district administrations was the Javanese model of the village, the ''Village (Indonesia), desa''. Under regional autonomy, the traditional Minangkabau ''Nagari (settlement), nagari'', which are larger than villages elsewhere in Indonesia, have been reintroduced in place of the ''desa''.

Demographics

The Census population of West Sumatra was 2.8 million in 1971, 3.4 million in 1980, 4.0 million in 1990, 4.25 million in 2000, 4.85 million in 2010, and 5.53 million in 2020, of whom 2,786,360 were male and 2,748,112 were female. In 2014, 88% were recorded by the Statistics Indonesia, Badan Pusat Statistik as Minangkabau people. Batak people, mainly from Mandailing people, Mandailing sub-ethnic group, and Javanese people, Javanese comprised 4% of the population respectively, while Mentawai people who live in the Mentawai islands made up 1%.

In 2015, about 44.2% of West Sumatran lived in urban areas. Most of the urban population of West Sumatra is concentrated in the centre-west coast of province and Minangkabau Highlands. West Sumatra has 3 cities with populations over 100,000. Padang is the major metropolitan areas with the population of 909,040 in 2020. Minangkabau highlands cities of Payakumbuh and Bukittinggi rank as West Sumatra's next most populous cities, with populations of 139,576 and 121,028 respectively in 2020.

Ethnicity

West Sumatra is the native homeland of Minangkabau people. They speak Minangkabau language and predominantly Muslim. West Sumatran have historically played the important role within the Muslim community in Indonesia. Up until today the region is considered one of the strongholds of Islam in Indonesia. They have a reputation as traders, intellectuals as well as politically savvy people who have successfully exported their culture, language, cuisine and beliefs throughout Indonesia.

Mentawai people, Mentawaians live on the Mentawai Islands, off the western coast of Sumatra, that are also part of the native people of province. They speak Mentawai languages, which are not intelligible with either Indonesian nor Minangkabau. Small minority of the Mentawais are Christians nowadays. In the Mentawai Islands, where the majority of the population is Mentawai, it is rare to find Minangkabau people. Chinese Indonesians, Chinese Indonesian are only found in big cities, such as Padang, Bukittinggi, and Payakumbuh. In Padang and Pariaman, there are also small numbers of Nias people, Nias and Tamils, Tamil people.

Language

The language used in everyday life in West Sumatra is the Minangkabau language which has several dialects, such as the Bukittinggi dialect, Pariaman dialect, South Coastal dialect, and Payakumbuh dialect. In the Pasaman and West Pasaman regions bordering North Sumatra, the Batak Mandailing dialect is also spoken. Meanwhile, in the Mentawai archipelago, the Mentawai language is widely used. Tamil language, Tamil is spoken by Tamils in Padang.

Indonesian language, Indonesian is widely understood as a second-language. It is used as the language of education as well as interethnic communication.

Religion

Islam is the majority religion adopted by 98% of the population of West Sumatra. Christians, concentrated in the Mentawai Islands, number around 1.6%, Buddhists are around 0.26%, and Hindus are around 0.01%, the two latter being adopted by immigrant communities.

Various places of worship, which are dominated by mosques and musallas, can be found in every district and city in West Sumatra. The biggest mosque is the Great West Sumatra Mosque in Padang. The oldest mosques include the Ganting Grand Mosque in Padang and the Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque in Solok Regency. The typical Minangkabau architecture dominates both the form of the mosque and the musala. The Grand Mosque of West Sumatra has a gonjong-shaped building, decorated with Minang carvings and calligraphy. There is also a mosque with a roof consisting of several levels, which are getting smaller and more concave.

Masjid Tuo Kayu Jao Indonesia.jpg, Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque in Solok, one of oldest mosques in Indonesia
Masjid Al Hakim Padang.jpg, Al-Hakim Mosque, Padang
Catholic church at Sawahlunto.jpg, Saint Barbara Catholic church in Sawahlunto
See Hin Kiong 2019.jpg, See Hin Kion Chinese temple, Padang

Culture

Traditional Music

The nuances of Minangkabau in every West Sumatra music mixed with any type of music at this time will definitely be seen from every song that circulates in the community. This is because Minang music can be formulated with any kind of music that makes it pleasant to hear and acceptable to the public. The musical elements giving the nuance consist of traditional musical instruments, ''saluang'', ''bansi'', ''talempong'', Rebab, ''rabab'', ''pupuik'', ''serunai'', and ''gandang tabuik''.

There is also a ''saluang jo dendang'', which is the delivery of chanting accompanied by ''saluang'', also known as ''sijobang''.

Minangkabau music in the form of instrumental and songs from this area are generally melancholy. This is closely related to the structure of the community which has a sense of brotherhood, kinship relations and love of a high homeland supported by the habit of going abroad.

The music industry in West Sumatra is growing with the emergence of Minangkabau artists who can blend modern music into traditional Minangkabau music. The development of modern Minang music in West Sumatra dates back to the 1950s, marked by the birth of the Gumarang Orchestra. Elly Kasim, Tiar Ramon and Nurseha are well-known West Sumatra singers in the 1970s to the present. At present the singers, songwriters and music stylists in West Sumatra are under the auspices of the PAPPRI organization (Association of Indonesian Singer Music Songwriters) and PARMI (Indonesian Minang Artist Association).

Record companies in West Sumatra that support the Minang music industry include: Tanama Record, Planet Record, Pitunang Record, Sinar Padang Record, Caroline Record located in Padang and Minang Record, Gita Virma Record located in Bukittinggi.

Traditional Dance

Broadly speaking, dance from West Sumatra is from the customs of the Minangkabau people and the Mentawai people. The peculiarities of Minangkabau dance are generally influenced by the Islamic religion, the uniqueness of matrilineal customs and the habit of migrating their communities also give a great influence on the soul of a classical dance that is classic, including ''tari pasambah'', ''Tari Piring, tari piring'', ''tari payung'', and the ''tari indang''. Meanwhile, there is also a performance typical of other Minangkabau ethnic groups in the form of a unique blend of martial arts called ''Pencak Silat, silek'' with dancing, singing and acting known as ''Randai''.

As for the typical Mentawai people dance is called ''Turuk Laggai''. This ''Turuk Langai'' dance generally tells about animal behavior, so the title is adjusted to the names of the animals, for example ''tari burung'' (bird), ''tari monyet'' (monkey), ''tari ayam'' (chicken), ''tari ular'' (snake) and so on.

Traditional house

The traditional house of West Sumatra, especially from the Minangkabau people, is called ''Rumah Gadang''. The ''rumah Gadang'' is usually built on a plot of land belonging to the parent family in the tribe and people from generation to generation.Graves, Elizabeth E., (2007), ''Asal usul elite Minangkabau modern: respons terhadap kolonial Belanda abad XIX/XX'', Jakarta:Yayasan Obor Indonesia, . Not far from the ''rumah gadang'' complex is usually also built a ''surau'' that functions as a place of worship and a place of residence for unmarried adult men. The ''rumah gadang'' is made in the form of a rectangle and is divided into two front and rear parts, generally made of wood, and at first glance it looks like a stilt house with a distinctive roof, prominent like a buffalo horn, the local people call it ''Gonjong'' and the roof was formerly made from palm fiber before changing to a zinc roof. This ''rumag Bagonjong'' according to the local community was inspired by the''Tambo'', which tells of the arrival of their ancestors by boat from the sea. Another distinctive feature of this traditional house is not using iron nails but using wooden pegs, but strong enough as a binder.

While the Mentawai people also have a traditional house in the form of a large stilt house with a floor height of up to one meter of land called ''uma.'' ''Uma'' is inhabited jointly by five to ten families. In general, this uma construction was built without the use of nails, but it was cooked with wood and a cross-linking system.

Traditional weapon

Traditional, West Sumatra weapons are ''Kris, Keris'' and Karambit, Kerambit shaped like tiger nails. Keris are usually used by men and placed on the front, and are generally used by the princes, especially in any official event, especially in the event of a gala or inaugural title, but it is also commonly used by the bridegroom in the community wedding ceremony the local called it ''baralek''. While kerambit is a small sharp weapon that curves like a tiger's nails, because it is inspired by the hooves of the beast. This deadly weapon is used by Minang ''silat'' warriors in short-range battles which are usually secret weapons, especially those using tiger martial arts moves. Various other types of weapons have also been used such as spears, long swords, arrows, chopsticks and so on.

Economy

Gradually, the economy of West Sumatra began to move positively after experiencing pressure due to the impact of the 2009 Sumatra earthquakes, 2009 earthquake that hit the region. The impact of this disaster was seen in quarter IV-2009, where economic growth only reached 0.90%. But now the economy of West Sumatra has improved, with growth rates above the national average. In 2012 the West Sumatra economy grew by 6.35%, better than the previous year which was only 6.25%. And in the first quarter of 2013 the economy of West Sumatra has grown to 7.3%. The high economic growth of West Sumatra in the past three years has reduced poverty in the province from 8.99% (2011) to 8% (2012). For the Gross Regional Domestic Revenue (GRDP), in 2012 the province had a GRDP of Rp 110.104 trillion, with a GDP per capita of Rp 22.41 million.

Workforce

Along with the growth of the economy of West Sumatra, the number of workers needed is also increasing. This has led to a decline in unemployment in the province. Between February 2011-February 2012, the number of unemployed people decreased from 162,500 people to 146,970 people. The open Unemployment Rate, unemployment rate declined from 7.14% to 6.25%. This figure is below the national average in the end of 2011 which reached 6.56%. In February 2012, the number of West Sumatra's workforce reached 2,204,218 people, an increase of 90,712 compared to the total workforce in February 2011.

Most of the population working is absorbed in the agricultural sector. Employment in this sector is able to absorb 42.4% of the existing workforce. However, this absorption percentage declined compared to the previous year which was 44%. Meanwhile, the percentage of working population absorbed in the trade sector again increased, from 18.5% in February 2011 to 19.8% in February 2012. Likewise, absorption in the service sector increased, from 16.7% to 17.4%.

Agriculture

In the fourth quarter of 2012, the agricultural sector experienced relatively high growth, driven by the stretching of the food crops subsector. In this quarter the growth of the agricultural sector reached 4.14%, higher than the previous quarter of 2.05%. The good performance of the plantation sector in 2012 has sustained the growth of the agricultural industry by 4.07%.

Processing industry

The West Sumatra industry is dominated by small scale industries or households. The number of industrial units is 47,819 units, consisting of 47,585 small industrial units and 234 large medium industrial units, with a ratio of 203: 1. In 2001 large medium industry investment reached Rp 3,052 billion, or 95.60% of total investment, while small industries the investment is only Rp. 1,412 billion or 4.40% of the total investment. The value of the production of large medium industries in 2001 reached Rp. 1,623 billion, which is 60% of the total production value, and the value of small industrial production only reaches Rp. 1,090 billion, or 40% of the total value of production.

For the cement processing industry, in 2012 West Sumatra produced 6,522,006 tons, higher than last year's 6,151,636 tons. While the sales volume in 2012 was 6,845,070 tons, an increase of 10.20% compared to last year which was 6,211,603 tons.

Services

The return of the economy of West Sumatra in the aftermath of the earthquake and the recovery of the global economy, especially in the central Sumatra zone, was also a driving factor for the re-moving of the service sector (7.38%). The service sectors that are quite important in this province are finance, hotels, restaurants and travel agents. The growth of hotels in West Sumatra in the last three years has been quite rapid. This is in line with the increasing number of tourists who come to this province. During 2012 there were 36,623 foreign tourists visiting West Sumatra, an increase of 8.27% compared to last year which was 33,827 tourists.

Mining

West Sumatra has the potential of group A, B and C mining materials. Group A mining materials, namely coal, are found in the city of Sawahlunto. While group B mining materials consisting of Mercury (element), mercury, sulfur, Ironsand, iron sand, copper, lead and silver are spread in Sijunjung Regency, Sijunjung, Dharmasraya, Solok Regency, Solok, South Solok Regency, South Solok, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, Limapuluh Koto, Pasaman Regency, Pasaman, and Tanah Datar Regency, Tanah Datar Regencies. Group C mining materials spread throughout all districts and cities, mostly consisting of sand, stone and gravel.

Banking

The development of various banking indicators in the fourth quarter of 2012 showed improvement in line with the recovery in the post-earthquake economic conditions. In 2012, the total assets of commercial banks in the province reached Rp. 40.1 trillion with the value of lending by commercial banks amounting to Rp. 33.8 trillion. While the total assets of rural banks in the province reached Rp 1.53 trillion with the value of lending by the bank amounting to Rp 1.03 trillion.

Transport

The province is served by Minangkabau International Airport, opened in July 2005, 23 km north-west of Padang, Indonesia, Padang in Ketaping, Padang Pariaman regency. The airport has direct international services to Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia, as well as servicing most large cities in Indonesia.

Significant roads include the Trans-Sumatran Highway which runs the length of the province, heading north-west towards Medan and south-east towards Jakarta, the road between Padang and Bukittinggi, and the road between Bukittinggi and Pekanbaru. The provincial government plans to upgrade the later two roads over the next few years to improve traffic flows.

In January 2012, the Kelok 9, Kelok Sembilan 970-meter long overpass was ready to be opened to the public and was in the trial stage which will be opened for vehicles in April 2012. Kelok Sembilan means 9 sharp turns is an area through which a road with tight bends passes through hilly terrain in the middle of a valley, a nice scenery, but cause congestion. After the overpass opens, the old Kelok Sembilan road is still open together with the new Kelok Sembilan for tourists.

Regular bus services run between Padang and Bukittinggi, and the other major cities of Sumatra. Other public transport options within the province include train, oplet, taxicab, taxi and horse cart (''Translift Bendi, bendi'').

Teluk Bayur port in Padang is the largest and busiest on the western coast of Sumatra. It is used for exporting goods from West Sumatra as well as from some areas of the neighboring provinces.

Railway services run between Padang and Pariaman city on weekends only and make a good day trip.

Tourism

The prime tourist attractions of West Sumatra are the natural environment, and the culture and history of the Minangkabau and Mentawai people.

Natural attractions of the mainland include the tropical forests, mountains, volcanos, lakes, valleys, rivers & waterfalls in the highlands, the fauna and flora, and the beaches around Padang. Many areas are protected as part of national parks and reserves. The city of Bukittinggi is a popular central location in the highlands from which to explore the culture and history of the Minangkabau people, including architecture, crafts, dances, music and food. There are a number of museums and cultural centers. Pariaman has one of the famous festivals, Tabuik. The Mentawai Islands are a popular destination for surfers and those looking to experience the culture and more primitive lifestyle of the Mentawai people. For developing West Sumatra tourism, in 2006 the government opened tourist train railway service run between Padang – Padang Panjang – Sawahlunto. The Tour de Singkarak international cycling race had boosted the number of the foreign tourists to West Sumatra. The majority of the foreign tourists are Malaysians and Australian.

The favourite tourism places are :

*Jam Gadang – the clocktower in the downtown of Bukittinggi
* Panorama – Viewing to Sianok valley
* Air Manih beach – The beach that stretch from the north to south of Padang coastal
* Padang mountain
* Caroline beach
*Pagaruyung Palace in Batusangkar
* Harau valley
*Lake Maninjau
*Lake Singkarak
*Lake Diatas and Lake Dibawah
*Sikuai, Sikuai Island

There are 25 islands at Pesisir Selatan Regency potential to be tourist sites. Cubadak Island (9 hectares), Pagang Island (12 hectares) and Pulau Penyu (Turtle Island) have been developed well. At the northern part will be developed Semangki Besar Island, Semangki Kecil Island, Marak Island, Setan Terusan Island, and Karao Island. At the southern part will be developed Kerabak Ketek Island, Kerabak Gadang Island, and Kosong Island.

The traditional dance is "Tari Piring" or Plate Dance which is originally came from Solok, West Sumatra.

Education

Education is highly valued in the Minangkabau culture, therefore West Sumatra was once a center of education on the island of Sumatra, especially in the education of Islam by mosque as the main base place. During the colonial rule Islamic schools of education are so marginalized in comparison with the Dutch East Indies model which is considered more modern. Since Islamic scholars sponsored many village schools, West Sumatra had one of the highest literacy rates in Indonesia.

West Sumatra is home to several universities, the most notable of which is Andalas University. It is the oldest university in Indonesia outside Java.

Sport

West Sumatra is also home of several professional football (soccer), soccer clubs. The most popular of them is Semen Padang, which regularly plays its matches in Haji Agus Salim Stadium, the biggest stadium in West Sumatra.

Tour de Singkarak, an annual road cycling race since 2009 is an UCI Asia Tour, official tournament series of Union Cycliste International (UCI). It covers more than 700 kilometers, from Padang passing around lake Singkarak and runs through inland West Sumatran cities. This sporting event is also meant to promote West Sumatra tourism

Cuisine

Padang cuisine, Padang food is the cuisine of the Minangkabau people. Padang food is famous for its rich taste of succulent coconut milk and spicy chili. Minang cuisine put much emphasis in three elements; ''gulai'' (curry), ''lado'' (chili pepper) and ''bareh'' (rice). No traditional Padang meal is complete without the three—spicy chili sauce, thick curry, and perfect steamed rice. Among the cooking traditions in Indonesian cuisine, Minangkabau cuisine and most of Sumatran cuisine, demonstrate Indian cuisine, Indian and Middle eastern cuisine, Middle Eastern influences, with dishes cooked in curry sauce with coconut milk and the heavy use of spices mixture.

Because most Minangkabau people are Muslims, Minangkabau cuisine follows halal dietary law rigorously. Protein intake are mostly taken from beef, water buffalo, goat, lamb meat, and poultry and fish. Minangkabau people are known for their fondness of cattle meat products including offal. Almost all the parts of a cattle, such as meat, ribs, tongue, tail, Liver (food), liver, tripe, brain, bone marrow, spleen, intestine, cartilage, tendon, and skin are made to be Minangkabau delicacies. Seafood is popular in coastal West Sumatran cities, and most are grilled or fried with spicy chili sauce or in curry gravy. Fish, shrimp, and cuttlefish are cooked in similar fashion. Most of Minangkabau food is eaten with hot steamed rice or compressed rice such as ''katupek'' (ketupat). Vegetables are mostly boiled such as boiled cassava leaf, or simmered in thin curry as side dishes, such as gulai of young jackfruit or cabbages.

In Padang food establishments, it is common to eat with one's hands. They usually provide ''kobokan'', a bowl of tap water with a slice of Lime (fruit), lime in it to give a fresh scent. This water is used to wash one's hands before and after eating. If a customer does not wish to eat with bare hands, it is acceptable to ask for a spoon and fork.

The cuisine is usually cooked once per day. To have ''Nasi Padang'' in restaurants customers choose from those dishes, which are left on display in high-stacked plates in the windows. During a dine-in ''hidang'' (serve) style Padang restaurant, after the customers are seated, they do not have to order. The waiter immediately serves the dishes directly to the table, and the table will quickly be set with dozens of small dishes filled with highly flavored foods such as beef rendang, curried fish, stewed Greens (vegetable), greens, chili eggplant, curried beef liver, tripe, intestines, or foot tendons, fried beef lung, fried Chicken as food, chicken, and of course, sambal, the spicy sauces ubiquitous at Indonesian tables. Customers take—and pay for—only what they want from this array. The best known Padang dish is rendang, a spicy meat stew. ''Soto Padang'' (crispy beef in spicy soup) is local residents' breakfast favorite, meanwhile ''sate'' (beef satay in curry sauce served with ketupat) is a treat in the evening.

The serving style is different in ''Nasi Kapau'' food stalls, a Minangkabau Bukittinggi style. After the customer is seated, he or she is asked which dishes they desire. The chosen dishes will be put directly upon the steamed rice or in separate small plates.

There are myriad Padang food establishments throughout Indonesia and the region, according to ''Ikatan Warung Padang Indonesia'' (Iwapin) or Warung Padang Bonds. In greater Jakarta alone there are at least 20,000 Padang restaurant establishments. Several notable Minangkabau restaurant chains are Sederhana, Garuda, Pagi Sore, Simpang Raya, Sari Ratu, Sari Minang, Salero Bagindo and Natrabu.

The importance of Padang food establishments (''warung'' or ''rumah makan'' Padang) for Indonesian workers' lunch break in urban areas, was demonstrated in 2016; when Jakarta municipal Civil service, civil servants demanded the raise of ''uang lauk pauk'' (food allowance, as a component of civil servant's salary), following the raise of ''Nasi Padang'' price in Greater Jakarta area.

See also

* List of people from West Sumatra
* List of governors of West Sumatra
* List of rivers of West Sumatra
* Minangkabau businesspeople

References

External links

Government website

*

{{Authority control

West Sumatra,
Provinces of Indonesia
West Sumatra culture