Ancient Hawaii
Discovery and settlement
The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate.Religion
There were atheists, known as 'aia, in Hawaii. However, the dominant religion in Hawaii, similar to many other Polynesian societies, was the kapu or taboo religion, which has a theology, ritual and a code of conduct. There are manyLiloa, Hākau and ʻUmi a Līloa
Liloa
Līloa was a legendary ruler of the island of__Hākau_
Just_before_his_death,_Liloa_bestowed_on_Hākau_the_succession_as_Chief,_telling_Umi_that_he_was_to_serve_as_his_"man"_(Prime_Minister)_and_that_both_were_to_respect_the_other_and_should_either_have_issue_with_the_other_it_would_be_for_them_to_decide._At_first_a_decent_king,_Hākau_soon_became_brutal._To_avoid_his_brother's_anger,_'Umi_exiled_himself_to_another_district. Hākau_refused_to_help_Nunu_and_Ka-hohe,_his_father's_two_favorite,_ailing_Kahuna_who_had_requested_food._This_was_considered_highly_insulting.__ʻUmi-a-Līloa_
ʻUmi-a-Līloa_was_a_ruling_''aliʻi_ai_moku''_(district_high_chief_of_Hawai'i)._He_became_chief_after_the_death_of_his_half_brother_Hākau_Aikāne
'' Aikāne''_relationships_or_(mostly_male)_homosexual_or_bisexual_activity_in_the_pre-colonial_era_was_an_accepted_tradition._Land_division_system
Land_was_divided_up_in_strict_adherence_to_the_wishes_of_the_''Ali‘i_Nui''._The_traditional_system_of_land_has_four_hierarchical_levels: *''mokupuni''_(island) *''moku''_(subdivisions_of_an_island) *''ahupuaʻa_(''subdivision_of_''moku'') *''ʻili''_(two_or_three_per_ahupuaʻa,_but__Governance
The_Kingdom_was_administered_by_an_ ali'i_chief.__Konohiki_
In_Keelikolani_vs_Robinson,_''kononiki''_is_defined_as_a___Breaking_of_the_Kapu_
In_a_triumph_for_women's_equality,_Hawaiians_overthrew_the_kapu_religious_theocracy_in_1819_by_themselves,_before_the_arrival_of_American_missionaries_and_without_the_support_of_western_powers_like_Great_Britain,_France,_or_the_United_States._On_October_4,_1819,_Kamehameha_II,_who_became_king_after_the_death_of_his_father_Kamehameha_I_(the_founder_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom),_ate_dinner_with_Queen_Ka‘ahumanu,_Kamehameha_I’s_favored_wife,_and_Queen_Keopuolani,_the_mother_of_Kamehameha_II._The_prohibition_on_men_and_women_eating_together,_the_‘ai_kapu,_was_one_of_the_most_ancient_kapus_or_prohibitions:_the_penalty_for_its_violation_was_death._Queen_Ka‘ahumanu,_however,_despised_the_prohibition_as_it_prevented_her_from_entering_certain_religious_temples_where_men_made_political_decisions_over_meals.__Queen_Keopuolani_also_violated_the_prohibition_even_before_the_public_breaking.__Violating_the_‘ai_kapu_at_a_public_dinner,_as_Kamehameha_II_did,_was_a_clear_signal_that_the_kapu_system_was_abolished_given_Kamehameha_II’s_status_as_King,_Kahamumanu’s_status_as_Queen_Regent,_and_Keopuolani’s_status_as_Queen.__The_guests_at_the_dinner_cried_out_“‘ai_noa!_”_(free_eating)._Afterwards,_Kamehameha_II_–_with_the_support_of_his_high_priest_Hewahewa_–_ordered_the_destruction_of_the_ancient_heiau_temples.__After_the_breaking_of_the_kapu,_a_brief_civil_war_then_broke_out,_with_Kamehameha_I’s_nephew,_Kekuaokalani,_opposing._Kekuaokalani’s_forces_were_defeated_by_Kamehameha_II’s_at_Kuamo‘o._The_victory_by_Kamehameha_II’s_forces_established,_as_a_matter_of_Hawaiian_political_history,_that_no_Hawaiian_could_impose_kapu_prohibitions_on_another_ever_again._Contact
Captain___Kingdom_of_Hawaii_
The_Kingdom_of_Hawaii_lasted_from_1795_until_its_overthrow_in_1893_with_the_fall_of_the__House_of_Kamehameha
_Kamehameha_II
_Kaʻahumanu
_The_Royal_Election_of_1874_and_Sugar_reciprocity
_Rebellion_of_1887_and_the_Bayonet_Constitution
On_January_20,_1887,_the_United_States_began_leasing_Pearl_Harbor._Wilcox_Rebellion_of_1888
__Liliuokalani's_attempt_to_re-write_Constitution_
Liliuokalani_assumed_the_throne_in_the_middle_of_an_economic_crisis._The__Overthrow
The_overthrow_was_led_by_Thurston,_who_was_the_grandson_of_American_missionaries_United_States_military_support_
The_coup_efforts_were_supported_by_U.S._Government_Minister___United_States_territory_
__Annexation_
__Plantations_
__World_War_II_
__Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_
__Democratic_Party_
In_1954_a_series_of_non-violent_industry-wide_ strikes,___Statehood_
__Annexation_legacy_
For_all_of_recorded_history_prior_to_annexation,_including_all_census_counts_made_during_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii,_the_number_of_Native_Hawaiians_in_Hawaii_declined.__The_lowest_recorded_number_of_Native_Hawaiians_in_Hawaii_was_37,656_in_the_first_census_conducted_by_the_United_States_in_1900_after_the_annexation_of_Hawaii_to_the_United_States_in_1898.__Since_Hawaii_has_joined_the_United_States_the_Native_Hawaiian_population_in_Hawaii_has_increased_with_every_census_to_289,970_in_2010._See_also
*__References
_Bibliography
*_Beechert,_Edward_D._''Working_in_Hawaii:_A_labor_history''_(University_of_Hawaii_Press,_1985). *_Craig,_Robert_D._''Historical_dictionary_of_Honolulu_and_Hawaiʻi''_(Scarecrow_Press,_1998). *_ *_Fuchs,_Lawrence_H._''Hawaii_Pono:_'Hawaii_the_Excellent':_An_Ethnic_and_Political_History.''_(1961). *_Haley,_James_L._''Captive_Paradise:_A_History_of_Hawaii''_(St._Martin's_Press,_2014). *_Kuykendall,_Ralph_Simpson,_and_Arthur_Grove_Day._''Hawaii:_a_history,_from_Polynesian_kingdom_to_American_state''_(Prentice_Hall,_1961)_als__Specialty_studies
*_Aquino,_Belinda_External_links
Hākau
Just before his death, Liloa bestowed on Hākau the succession as Chief, telling Umi that he was to serve as his "man" (Prime Minister) and that both were to respect the other and should either have issue with the other it would be for them to decide. At first a decent king, Hākau soon became brutal. To avoid his brother's anger, 'Umi exiled himself to another district. Hākau refused to help Nunu and Ka-hohe, his father's two favorite, ailing Kahuna who had requested food. This was considered highly insulting. The two were of the priestly class of the godʻUmi-a-Līloa
ʻUmi-a-Līloa was a ruling ''aliʻi ai moku'' (district high chief of Hawai'i). He became chief after the death of his half brother Hākau and was considered a just ruler, religious and the first to unite almost all of the Big Island. The legend of ʻUmi-a-Līloa is one of the most popular hero sagas in Hawaiian history. ʻUmi's wife wasAikāne
'' Aikāne'' relationships or (mostly male) homosexual or bisexual activity in the pre-colonial era was an accepted tradition. These relationships were accepted as part ofLand division system
Land was divided up in strict adherence to the wishes of the ''Ali‘i Nui''. The traditional system of land has four hierarchical levels: *''mokupuni'' (island) *''moku'' (subdivisions of an island) *''ahupuaʻa (''subdivision of ''moku'') *''ʻili'' (two or three per ahupuaʻa, butGovernance
The Kingdom was administered by an ali'i chief. Divisions were under the control of other smaller chiefs and managed by a steward. The headman of a land division or ahupua`a is a ''konohiki''. ''Mokus'' were ruled by an ''aliʻi ʻaimoku''. ''Ahupua'as were'' run by a headman or chief called aKonohiki
In Keelikolani vs Robinson, ''kononiki'' is defined as aBreaking of the Kapu
In a triumph for women's equality, Hawaiians overthrew the kapu religious theocracy in 1819 by themselves, before the arrival of American missionaries and without the support of western powers like Great Britain, France, or the United States. On October 4, 1819, Kamehameha II, who became king after the death of his father Kamehameha I (the founder of the Hawaiian Kingdom), ate dinner with Queen Ka‘ahumanu, Kamehameha I’s favored wife, and Queen Keopuolani, the mother of Kamehameha II. The prohibition on men and women eating together, the ‘ai kapu, was one of the most ancient kapus or prohibitions: the penalty for its violation was death. Queen Ka‘ahumanu, however, despised the prohibition as it prevented her from entering certain religious temples where men made political decisions over meals. Queen Keopuolani also violated the prohibition even before the public breaking. Violating the ‘ai kapu at a public dinner, as Kamehameha II did, was a clear signal that the kapu system was abolished given Kamehameha II’s status as King, Kahamumanu’s status as Queen Regent, and Keopuolani’s status as Queen. The guests at the dinner cried out “‘ai noa! ” (free eating). Afterwards, Kamehameha II – with the support of his high priest Hewahewa – ordered the destruction of the ancient heiau temples. After the breaking of the kapu, a brief civil war then broke out, with Kamehameha I’s nephew, Kekuaokalani, opposing. Kekuaokalani’s forces were defeated by Kamehameha II’s at Kuamo‘o. The victory by Kamehameha II’s forces established, as a matter of Hawaiian political history, that no Hawaiian could impose kapu prohibitions on another ever again.Contact
CaptainKingdom of Hawaii
The Kingdom of Hawaii lasted from 1795 until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of theHouse of Kamehameha
The ''House of Kamehameha'' ''(Hale O Kamehameha)'', or the ''Kamehameha dynasty'', was the reigning Royal Family of theKamehameha II
After Kamehameha I's death, Liholiho left Kailua for a week and returned to be crowned king. At the lavish ceremony attended by commoners and nobles he approached the circle of chiefs, as Kaʻahumanu, the central figure in the group and Dowager Queen, said, ''"Hear me O Divine one, for I make known to you the will of your father. Behold these chiefs and the men of your father, and these your guns, and this your land, but you and I shall share the realm together".'' Liholiho agreed officially, which began a unique system of dual-government consisting of a King and co-ruler similar to aKaʻahumanu
Kaʻahumanu was born onThe Royal Election of 1874 and Sugar reciprocity
Sugar became a major export from Hawaii soon after Cook's arrival. The first permanent plantation began inRebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution
On January 20, 1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor. Shortly afterwards, a group of mostly non-Hawaiians calling themselves the ''Hawaiian Patriotic League'' began the Rebellion of 1887. They drafted their own constitution on July 6, 1887. The new constitution was written byWilcox Rebellion of 1888
The Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 was a plot to overthrow King David Kalākaua and replace him with his sister in aLiliuokalani's attempt to re-write Constitution
Liliuokalani assumed the throne in the middle of an economic crisis. TheOverthrow
The overthrow was led by Thurston, who was the grandson of American missionaries and derived his support primarily from the American and European business class and other supporters of theUnited States military support
The coup efforts were supported by U.S. Government MinisterUnited States territory
Annexation
In March 1897,Plantations
World War II
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Democratic Party
In 1954 a series of non-violent industry-wide strikes,Statehood
PresidentAnnexation legacy
For all of recorded history prior to annexation, including all census counts made during the Kingdom of Hawaii, the number of Native Hawaiians in Hawaii declined. The lowest recorded number of Native Hawaiians in Hawaii was 37,656 in the first census conducted by the United States in 1900 after the annexation of Hawaii to the United States in 1898. Since Hawaii has joined the United States the Native Hawaiian population in Hawaii has increased with every census to 289,970 in 2010. For manySee also
*References
Bibliography
* Beechert, Edward D. ''Working in Hawaii: A labor history'' (University of Hawaii Press, 1985). * Craig, Robert D. ''Historical dictionary of Honolulu and Hawaiʻi'' (Scarecrow Press, 1998). * * Fuchs, Lawrence H. ''Hawaii Pono: 'Hawaii the Excellent': An Ethnic and Political History.'' (1961). * Haley, James L. ''Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii'' (St. Martin's Press, 2014). * Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson, and Arthur Grove Day. ''Hawaii: a history, from Polynesian kingdom to American state'' (Prentice Hall, 1961) alsSpecialty studies
* Aquino, BelindaExternal links
Hākau
Just before his death, Liloa bestowed on Hākau the succession as Chief, telling Umi that he was to serve as his "man" (Prime Minister) and that both were to respect the other and should either have issue with the other it would be for them to decide. At first a decent king, Hākau soon became brutal. To avoid his brother's anger, 'Umi exiled himself to another district. Hākau refused to help Nunu and Ka-hohe, his father's two favorite, ailing Kahuna who had requested food. This was considered highly insulting. The two were of the priestly class of the godʻUmi-a-Līloa
ʻUmi-a-Līloa was a ruling ''aliʻi ai moku'' (district high chief of Hawai'i). He became chief after the death of his half brother Hākau and was considered a just ruler, religious and the first to unite almost all of the Big Island. The legend of ʻUmi-a-Līloa is one of the most popular hero sagas in Hawaiian history. ʻUmi's wife wasAikāne
'' Aikāne'' relationships or (mostly male) homosexual or bisexual activity in the pre-colonial era was an accepted tradition. These relationships were accepted as part ofLand division system
Land was divided up in strict adherence to the wishes of the ''Ali‘i Nui''. The traditional system of land has four hierarchical levels: *''mokupuni'' (island) *''moku'' (subdivisions of an island) *''ahupuaʻa (''subdivision of ''moku'') *''ʻili'' (two or three per ahupuaʻa, butGovernance
The Kingdom was administered by an ali'i chief. Divisions were under the control of other smaller chiefs and managed by a steward. The headman of a land division or ahupua`a is a ''konohiki''. ''Mokus'' were ruled by an ''aliʻi ʻaimoku''. ''Ahupua'as were'' run by a headman or chief called aKonohiki
In Keelikolani vs Robinson, ''kononiki'' is defined as aBreaking of the Kapu
In a triumph for women's equality, Hawaiians overthrew the kapu religious theocracy in 1819 by themselves, before the arrival of American missionaries and without the support of western powers like Great Britain, France, or the United States. On October 4, 1819, Kamehameha II, who became king after the death of his father Kamehameha I (the founder of the Hawaiian Kingdom), ate dinner with Queen Ka‘ahumanu, Kamehameha I’s favored wife, and Queen Keopuolani, the mother of Kamehameha II. The prohibition on men and women eating together, the ‘ai kapu, was one of the most ancient kapus or prohibitions: the penalty for its violation was death. Queen Ka‘ahumanu, however, despised the prohibition as it prevented her from entering certain religious temples where men made political decisions over meals. Queen Keopuolani also violated the prohibition even before the public breaking. Violating the ‘ai kapu at a public dinner, as Kamehameha II did, was a clear signal that the kapu system was abolished given Kamehameha II’s status as King, Kahamumanu’s status as Queen Regent, and Keopuolani’s status as Queen. The guests at the dinner cried out “‘ai noa! ” (free eating). Afterwards, Kamehameha II – with the support of his high priest Hewahewa – ordered the destruction of the ancient heiau temples. After the breaking of the kapu, a brief civil war then broke out, with Kamehameha I’s nephew, Kekuaokalani, opposing. Kekuaokalani’s forces were defeated by Kamehameha II’s at Kuamo‘o. The victory by Kamehameha II’s forces established, as a matter of Hawaiian political history, that no Hawaiian could impose kapu prohibitions on another ever again.Contact
CaptainKingdom of Hawaii
The Kingdom of Hawaii lasted from 1795 until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of theHouse of Kamehameha
The ''House of Kamehameha'' ''(Hale O Kamehameha)'', or the ''Kamehameha dynasty'', was the reigning Royal Family of theKamehameha II
After Kamehameha I's death, Liholiho left Kailua for a week and returned to be crowned king. At the lavish ceremony attended by commoners and nobles he approached the circle of chiefs, as Kaʻahumanu, the central figure in the group and Dowager Queen, said, ''"Hear me O Divine one, for I make known to you the will of your father. Behold these chiefs and the men of your father, and these your guns, and this your land, but you and I shall share the realm together".'' Liholiho agreed officially, which began a unique system of dual-government consisting of a King and co-ruler similar to aKaʻahumanu
Kaʻahumanu was born onThe Royal Election of 1874 and Sugar reciprocity
Sugar became a major export from Hawaii soon after Cook's arrival. The first permanent plantation began inRebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution
On January 20, 1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor. Shortly afterwards, a group of mostly non-Hawaiians calling themselves the ''Hawaiian Patriotic League'' began the Rebellion of 1887. They drafted their own constitution on July 6, 1887. The new constitution was written byWilcox Rebellion of 1888
The Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 was a plot to overthrow King David Kalākaua and replace him with his sister in aLiliuokalani's attempt to re-write Constitution
Liliuokalani assumed the throne in the middle of an economic crisis. TheOverthrow
The overthrow was led by Thurston, who was the grandson of American missionaries and derived his support primarily from the American and European business class and other supporters of theUnited States military support
The coup efforts were supported by U.S. Government MinisterUnited States territory
Annexation
In March 1897,Plantations
World War II
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Democratic Party
In 1954 a series of non-violent industry-wide strikes,Statehood
PresidentAnnexation legacy
For all of recorded history prior to annexation, including all census counts made during the Kingdom of Hawaii, the number of Native Hawaiians in Hawaii declined. The lowest recorded number of Native Hawaiians in Hawaii was 37,656 in the first census conducted by the United States in 1900 after the annexation of Hawaii to the United States in 1898. Since Hawaii has joined the United States the Native Hawaiian population in Hawaii has increased with every census to 289,970 in 2010. For manySee also
*References
Bibliography
* Beechert, Edward D. ''Working in Hawaii: A labor history'' (University of Hawaii Press, 1985). * Craig, Robert D. ''Historical dictionary of Honolulu and Hawaiʻi'' (Scarecrow Press, 1998). * * Fuchs, Lawrence H. ''Hawaii Pono: 'Hawaii the Excellent': An Ethnic and Political History.'' (1961). * Haley, James L. ''Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii'' (St. Martin's Press, 2014). * Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson, and Arthur Grove Day. ''Hawaii: a history, from Polynesian kingdom to American state'' (Prentice Hall, 1961) alsSpecialty studies
* Aquino, BelindaExternal links