The Garhwali people are an Indian ethnolinguistic group native to the

Garhwal Garhwal may refer to the following topics associated with Uttarakhand, India: Places *Garhwal Himalaya, a sub-range of the Himalayas *Garhwal Kingdom, a former kingdom * Garhwal District (British Garhwal), a former district of British India *Gar ...

, in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, who speak

Garhwali Garhwali may refer to: * Garhwali people, an ethno-linguistic group who live in northern India * Garhwali language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by Garhwali people * anything from or related to: ** Garhwal division, a region in state of Uttarakh ...

, an Indo-Aryan language.

Etymology

In modern usage, "Garhwali" is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, and ancestral or genetic origins is from the Garhwal Himalayas. Their

ethnonym An ethnonym () is a name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and used ...

is derived from the word ''Garhwal'' or ''Gadwal''. The earliest reference to this region is in the Skanda Purana which called it ''Kedar Khand'' and ''Himvat''. It describes the area that contained Gangadwar (Haridwar and Kankhala), Badrinath, Gandhamardan, and Kailash.

History

Garhwal Kingdom

Portrait of a couple in a village at Uttarakhand,India

The Kingdom of Garhwal was founded by Parmars. The area comprises 52 principalities called (fortresses). These were small and had their own chiefs who were responsible for the welfare of the . The Parmar dynasty ruled the Kingdom until 1803 before the "Gurkhas" invaded Kumaon and Garhwal, driving the Garhwal chief into the plains. For 12 years the Gurkhas ruled the country with an iron rod, until a series of encroachments by them on British territory led to the Anglo–Nepalese War in 1814. At the termination of the campaign, Garhwal and Kumaon were converted into British districts, while the Tehri principality was restored to a son of the former chief (that is King Pradymun), King

Sudarshan Shah Sudarshan Shah, also known as Raja Sudarshan Shah of Garhwal Kingdom, was the ruler and the founder of modern-day New Tehri city of Tehri district. He reigned the kingdom from 1804 - 1859. British army aided the king to reign the territory after ...

. A part of this kingdom was taken by the British, and later, it became known as the British Garhwal which spread over the area of 5,629 mi² (14,580 km²). After the British rule, Garhwal made rapid development. Two battalions of the Indian army (the 39th Garhwal Rifles) were deployed in the area, stationed at the military cantonment of Lansdowne. Grain was one of the major corps of this area. Apart from this, cloth, while salt, borax, livestock, and wool were imported from Tibet. The administrative headquarters of the area were established at Pauri. Srinagar (Garhwal) was the largest city and served as an important trade center along with the town of Kotdwara which is situated at Oudh and Rohilkhand railway tracks. Later, it became a part of the

Punjab Hill States Agency The Punjab States Agency was an agency of the Indian Empire. The agency was created in 1921, on the model of the Central India Agency and Rajputana Agency, and dealt with forty princely states in northwest India formerly dealt with by the Prov ...

of British India. Most of the Uttarkashi district acceded to the Union of India in 1949. Garhwali are known for their courage because they were preferred by the British as an army. Garhwali Kingdom was one of the few kingdoms that never came under the Muslim rule influence. The history of Garhwal is older than that of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Worshipping Lord Shiva is attributing reverent honour and homage to him. According to the great Mahabharata, Garhwal is believed to be the land where the ''Vedas'' and the ''Shastras'' were made.

Language

The Garhwali language () is primarily spoken by the Garhwali people of the north-western Garhwal Division from the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand in the Indian Himalayas. The Garhwali language is classified as a Central Pahari language belonging to the Northern Zone of Indo-Aryan languages. Garhwali is one of the 325 recognised languages of India which is spoken by over 2,267,314 people such as Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarkashi, Chamoli,

Dehradun Dehradun () is the capital and the most populous city of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and is governed by the Dehradun Municipal Corporation, with the Uttarakhand Legislative As ...

, Haridwar and Rudraprayag districts of Uttarakhand. The language has many regional dialects including: Srinagari, Tehri (Gangapariya), Badhani, Dessaulya, Lohbya, Majh-Kumaiya, Bhattiani, Nagpuriya, Rathi, Salani (Pauri), Ravai, Parvati, Jaunpuri, Gangadi (Uttarkashi), Chandpuri. Srinagari dialect is the literary standard, while Pauri is generally regarded as the prominent one. However, for a number of reasons, Garhwali is a rapidly shrinking language. The ''UNESCO Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages'' book authored by "Theo Baumann" has described Garhwali language one of the moribund languages that needs to be protected.

Local deities

Chandrabadni Devi Temple is located in Tehri Garhwal. The temple can be reached either from long rout ''Kandikhal'' to ''Srinagar-Tehri'' or ) long ''Jamnikhal en route Dev Prayag-Tehri'' via a link road of ''Jurana''. It can also be reached via () long bridle path. The temple administration body organises several annual events including cultural and religious seminars. Umra Narayan is situated between the mystic and peaceful hills of Rudraprayag where "Devine" temple of Lord Umra Narayan (Isth Dev of gram sann) is located. According to mythology, this temple was built during the time of ''Adi Shankracharya'', and is believed that it was constructed by Adi Shankracharya when he was on his way to Lord Badrinath's temple. The temple has been now renovated and is away from the central city of Rudraprayag. It is also believed that most of the "Isth Devas" in the Garhwal region are the incarnation of "Lord Vishnu" (Narsingh Dev Ji), and sometimes even the incarnation of "Vishnu" itself.

Koteshwar Mahadev Koteshwar Mahadev Temple (Devanagari: कोटेश्वर महादेव) is a Hindu temple dedicated to lord Shiva, and is located approximately from the centre of the Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand, a little above the Alakna ...

is located about three kilometres inside the 'heart' of ''Rudraprayag, Koteshwar Mahadev'' temple. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This place is presumed to be the same spot where Lord Shiva was stopped for meditation where he was on his way to Kedarnath. According to local mythology, this temple has its presence since the time of

Bhasmasur In Hinduism, Bhasmasura ( sa, भस्मासुर, ) is an asura or demon, who was granted the power to burn up and immediately turn into ashes ('' bhasma'') anyone whose head he touched with his hand. The asura was tricked by the Vishnu's ...

(the Deadly Asur/demon), who received a boon from "Shiva" that turned a head into ''Bhasma'' or

ash Ash or ashes are the solid remnants of fires. Specifically, ''ash'' refers to all non-aqueous, non- gaseous residues that remain after something burns. In analytical chemistry, to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples, ash ...

es whenever he touched with boon to anyone's head. Lord Shiva accompanied by another one reached to a cave which was the home of Lord Shiva, and finally lord "Vishnu" helped him by killing the demon. The temple is filled with fantastic energy/aura, and one can feel it. Few drops of water are continually running through the hill.

Dhari Devi Dhari Devi a Hindu temple located on the banks of the Alaknanda River between Srinagar and Rudraprayag in the Garhwal Region of Uttarakhand, India. The temple is home to the upper half of the idol of the goddess Dhari, while the lower half of ...

temple of "Dhari Devi" is situated on the banks of the river Alaknanda. One has to travel from Srinagar (Pauri Garhwal) on Srinagar-Badrinath highway to Kaliya Saur, and then turn down where one has to travel half of a kilometre towards Alaknanda river. The upper part of Goddess "Kali" is worshipped here. According to the local people, the face of the idol changes as a girl, a woman, and an old lady according to the passage of time. This idol is located in an open area. Many times, villagers and some philanthropists tried to build a roof for Goddess, but their efforts returned empty handed as the roof gets dismantle every time. As per "Srimad Devi Bhagwat", there are 108 Shakti Peeth as in India, and this is one of them.

Kalimath Kalimath is a village in Rudraprayag District of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is regarded as a divine place and ''shakti peeth''. Geography It lies at an altitude of around on the Saraswati river in the Himalayas, surrounded by the p ...

, also known as "Kaviltha", is a village which is regarded as a divine place and ''Shakti Peeth''. It lies at an altitude of around (1,800 m) on the river ''Saraswati'' in the Himalayas, surrounded by the peaks of Kedarnath in Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand. Kalimath is situated close to ''Ukhimath'' and ''Guptakashi''. It is one of the "Siddha Peeths" of the region and is regarded a respectful place with religious importance. The temple of the goddess Kali is located in this village and is visited by many devotees throughout the year, especially during the "Navratras". There are 108 ''Shakti Peethas'' in India, and this is one of them as described in the "Srimad Devi Bhagwat". The upper part of goddess Kali is worshipped in "Dhari Devi". Goddess Kali killed the demon "Raktavija" here in this area. After killing the demon, they went under the earth.

Notable people

Film and television

Hindi cinema

* Brijendra Kala (actor, dialogue writer) *

Chitrashi Rawat Chitrashi Rawat (born 29 October 1989) is an Indian model, national level athlete and actress known for her role of Komal Chautala in ''Chak De! India'' in 2007. Chitrashi is a real life hockey player. She started playing hockey at the age of ...

(actress) * Deepak Dobriyal (actor) *

Himani Shivpuri Himani Bhatt Shivpuri (born 24 October 1960) is an Indian actress known for her character roles in Bollywood films and Hindi soap operas. Her films include '' Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!'' (1994), ''Raja'' (1995), '' Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' (1 ...

(actress) * Priyanshu Painyuli (actor) *

Sanjay Khanduri Sanjay M. Khanduri is an Indian film director from Bollywood, best known for the directing ''Ek Chalis Ki Last Local ''. Film career He started his career as an investigative correspondent for news channel TV18. He was second assistant direc ...

(director) * Tigmanshu Dhulia (dialogue writer, director, actor, screenwriter, producer and casting director) * Urvashi Rautela (actress) * Varun Badola (actor) *

Anushka Sharma Anushka Sharma (; born 1 May 1988) is an Indian actress and former producer who works in Hindi films. She has received several awards, including a Filmfare Award. One of the highest-paid actresses in India as of 2018, she has appeared in '' F ...

(actress) *

Tripti Dimri Tripti Dimri (born 23 February 1994) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Hindi films. She made her acting debut in the comedy film ''Poster Boys'' (2017) and had her first lead role in the romantic drama ''Laila Majnu'' (2018). Dimr ...

(actress) * Jagat Rawat (actor) *

Madhurima Tuli Madhurima Tuli (born 19 August 1986) is an Indian actress and model. Her works in Hindi television include the fiction dramas '' Kasturi'', '' Parichay'', ''Kumkum Bhagya'', '' Chandrakanta'' and ''Qayamat Ki Raat'' and the reality shows ''Nac ...

(actress)

Television

* Aditi Sajwan (actress) * Alka Kaushal (actress) *

Asha Negi Asha Negi (born 23 August 1989) is an Indian television actress. She is known for playing Purvi Deshmukh in ''Pavitra Rishta'' and Gauravi Karmarkar in ''Baarish''. In 2010, Negi debuted into television with the role of Madhura in ''Sapnon Se ...

(actress) *

Barkha Sengupta Barkha Bisht Sengupta is an Indian Television and Film Actress. She works in Hindi TV serials and Bengali language, Bengali, Hindi Movies. Barkha Bisht made her first TV appearance in ''Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi'' as Udita. She made her screen de ...

(actress) *

Priyanka Kandwal Priyanka Kandwal (born 18 July 1994) is an Indian television and film actress. In 2013, she made her television debut with Zee TV's ''Pavitra Rishta'' as Dr. Gauri Shahane. In 2017, she portrayed the role of Shweta Kashyap in StarPlus's ''Jaana ...

(actress) *

Raghav Juyal Raghav Juyal (born 10 July 1991) is an Indian dancer, choreographer, actor and television presenter. He is known as the "''King of Slow Motion"'' for his surreal dance moves in slow motion style and for his reinvention of the "''Slow Motion Walk ...

(dancer, choreographer and actor) * Richa Panai (actress) *

Shivangi Joshi Shivangi Joshi (born 18 May 1998) is an Indian actress who primarily works in Hindi television. She made her acting debut with ''Khelti Hai Zindagi Aankh Micholi'' portraying Trisha in 2013. Joshi is best known for her portrayal of dual role Na ...

(actress) * Shruti Bisht (actress) * Shruti Ulfat (actress)

Radio

Abhilash Thapliyal Abhilash Thapliyal (born 24 November) is an Indian radio jockey, film actor and TV host. He has been associated with a few Indian and global radio stations, as well as a few television channels as a voice actor. After being a part of Red FM, Abhi ...

(radio jockey and actor)

Beauty pageants

Anukriti Gusain Anukriti Gusain (born 25 March 1994) is an Indian model and social activist. She won the title of Femina Miss India, Femina Miss India Grand International 2017 at Femina Miss India 2017 pageant. She was previously crowned Miss Asia Pacific Wor ...

(actress,

Femina Miss India Miss India or Femina Miss India is a national beauty pageant in India that annually selects representatives to compete in Miss World, one of the Big Four major international beauty pageants. It is organised by '' Femina'', a women's magazine ...

Miss Asia Pacific World Miss Asia Pacific World is an annual beauty pageant held in South Korea. It has been subject to a number of controversies over rankings, bribes, and breast augmentation surgeries. In the 2014 Miss Asia Pacific World competition, May Myat Noe of ...

2014) *

Manasvi Mamgai Manasvi Mamgai is a former Miss India, model, and Bollywood actress. She resides at Los Angeles, California, USA along with her family. Early life Manasvi was born in Delhi but grew up in Chandigarh. Her mother Prabha, is from Uttarakhand. B ...

(model, Femina Miss India 2010)

Hollywood

* Navi Rawat (Indian-American actress)

Folk music

Basanti Bisht Dr. Basanti Bisht (born, 1953) is a well known folk singer of Uttarakhand, famous for being the first woman singer of the Jagar folk-form of Uttarakhand. The Jagar form of singing is a way of invoking deities, which is traditionally done by men ...

(folk singer, Padma Shri award recipient) *

Chander Singh Rahi Chander Singh Rahi (born Chander Singh Negi, 28 March 1942 – 10 January 2016) was a prominent folk singer, balladeer, musician, poet, storyteller, and cultural conservator from Uttarakhand, India. In recognition of his deep devotion to the m ...

(folk singer, composer, poet musician) *

Jeet Singh Negi Jeet Singh Negi (2 February 1925 – 21 June 2020) was a music composer, singer, lyricist, writer and director from the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. He is considered to be the father of modern Garhwali folk music. Early life Jeet Sin ...

(folk singer) *

Meena Rana Meena Rana is an Indian Uttarakhandi singer. She has released many Garhwali Garhwali may refer to: * Garhwali people, an ethno-linguistic group who live in northern India * Garhwali language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by Garhwali people ...

(folk singer) *

Narendra Singh Negi Narendra Singh Negi (born 12 August 1949), also referred as 'Garh Ratan' and 'Bob Dylan of the hills' is one of the most prominent folk singers, composer and a poet of the Garhwal and Uttarakhand who prominently sings in Garhwali language. Report ...

(folk singer and composer, Padma Shri and

Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (IPA: Saṅgīta Nāṭaka Akādamī Puraskāra), also known as the Akademi Puraskar, is an award given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi Sangeet Natak Akademi (The National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama in Englis ...

recipient) *

Pritam Bhartwan Pritam Bhartwan is a folk singer from Uttarakhand, India. In 2019, he was conferred the Padma Shri honour by the president of India, Ram Nath Kovind, for his contribution to the field of traditional folk art. He also known as jagar Samrat in Utt ...

(folk singer, Padma Shri award recipient)

Art

Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna (15 June 1927 – 2004) was a Hindi and Garhwali writer and poet. He is known for his poems, epics, plays, folk-literature, and essays. Biography Bahuguna was born in Jhala village, Chalaansyun, Pauri, Garhwal in what is p ...

(Hindi writer and poet) *

Ganga Prasad Vimal Ganga Prasad Vimal (also Gangaprasad Vimal, गंगा प्रसाद विमल) (June 3, 1939 – December 23, 2019) was an Indian writer. He was a poet, story writer, novelist and translator. Early life and education Ganga Prasad ...

(Hindi writer and poet) *

Leeladhar Jagudi Leeladhar Jagudi is an Indian teacher, journalist and poet of Hindi literature. He is the author of several poetry anthologies including ''Natak Jari Hai'' and ''Shankha Mukhi Shikharon Par'' and is a recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award, for h ...

(Hindi writer, poet, Padma Shri and Sahitya Akademi Award recipient) *

Manglesh Dabral Manglesh Dabral (16 May 19489 December 2020) was an Indian Hindi poet and journalist. He was associated with Hindi-language newspapers including '' Jansatta'', ''Hindi Patriot'', and ''Purvagrah''. Some of his popular works include ''Pahar Par ...

(Hindi writer, poet and journalist, Sahitya Akademi Award recipient) *

Mola Ram Mola Ram or Maula Ram ( deva, मौला राम) (1743–1833), p.119 was an Indian art, Indian painter, who originated the Garhwal division, Garhwal branch of the Kangra painting, Kangra school of painting., pp.75–76 He was also a poe ...

(18th century Indian painter, who originated the Garhwal branch of the Pahari/Kangra school of painting) *

Ranbir Singh Bisht Ranbir Singh Bisht (1928–1998) was an Indian painter and the Principal of the College of Fine Arts, Lucknow University. Born in 1928 at Landsdowne in Garhwal, in the present day Indian state of Uttarakhand, he secured Drawing Teacher's Trainin ...

(Indian painter and the Principal of the College of Fine Arts, Lucknow University, Padma Shri and

Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship The Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship, also known as Lalit Kala Akademi ''Ratna'' (Sanskrit ''ratna'', "gem") is an honor for the fine arts in India. It is awarded to eminent artists for their lifetime achievements in the field of visual arts by the ...

recipient) *

Taradutt Gairola Tara Dutt Gairola (1875– 1940), was an Indian lawyer, writer, and editor. He is known as the pioneer of modern Garhwali poetry and for his contribution to Indian folk-lore, specially that of Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Biography Born in Dhal Dung v ...

(lawyer, author, editer) *

Viren Dangwal Viren Dangwal (5 August 1947 – 28 September 2015) was an Indian poet, academic, and journalist. He received several awards for his poetry. Viren Dangwal was born in 1947 in Kirti Nagar, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Viren Dangwal was associated ...

(Hindi writer, poet, journalist and academician, Sahitya Akademi Award recipient)

Social work and activism

* Anil Prakash Joshi (environmentalist, Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan recipient) * Chandi Prasad Bhatt (environmentalist,

Chipko movement The Chipko movement ( hi, chipko andolan, italic=yes, lit= reehugging movement) is a forest conservation movement in India. The movement originated in 1973 at the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh) and went on to beco ...

leader, Padma Bhushan and

Ramon Magsaysay Award The Ramon Magsaysay Award (Filipino: ''Gawad Ramon Magsaysay'') is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealis ...

recipient) *

Gaura Devi Gaura Devi (1925 – 1991) was a grassroots activist and a rural women community leader from India who played an important role in the Chipko movement. Life Gaura Devi was born in 1925 in a village named Lata in the state of Uttarakhand. She mo ...

(Leader of Mahila Mangal Dal of Chipko movement) - Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Award recipient) *

Kunwar Singh Negi Kunwar Singh Negi (1927 – 20 March 2014) was an Indian braille editor and social worker. He has transliterated 300 books into braille. His major works include ''Bhagwan Buddh Ka Updesh'' and ''Hazrat Mohammed Ki Vani'', both being about teach ...

(braille editor and social worker, Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan recipient) *

Sunderlal Bahuguna Sunderlal Bahuguna Ji (9 January 1927 – 21 May 2021) was an Indian environmentalist and Chipko movement leader. The idea of the Chipko movement was suggested by his wife and him. He fought for the preservation of forests in the Himalayas, fir ...

(environmentalist, Chipko movement leader, Padma Vibhushan recipient)

Indian independence movement

Nagendra Saklani Nagendra Saklani (1920-1948) was a Communist Party of India leader who sacrificed his life while trying to defend the liberated Kirt Nagar division of the princely state of Tehri Garhwal from the retake bid by the royal forces of Tehri State on ...

(Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter) *

Ram Prasad Nautiyal Ram Prasad Nautiyal ( hi, राम प्रसाद नौटियाल) (1 August 1905 – 24 December 1980) was an Indian independence activist and politician. He was one of the prominent freedom fighters from Uttrakhand and probably ...

(Indian freedom fighter and politician) *

Sri Dev Suman Sri Dev Suman born as Sri Dutt Badoni (25 May 1916 – 25 July 1944) was a social activist and freedom fighter from princely state Tehri Garhwal of British India India. Currently District Tehri of Uttarakhand India. Early life Suman hailed ...

(Indian freedom fighter, journalist and civil rights leader)

Historical figures

Teelu Rauteli Teelu Rauteli (born Tilottama Devi) was a Garhwali Rajput warrior and folk heroine who was born in village Gurrad Talla, Chaundkot, Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, India during the seventeenth century. She is credited with fighting seven ...

, folk heroine of Garhwal, Uttarakhand

Religion

Dabral Baba Govind Prasad Kukreti (25 August 1932 – 31 August 2016), popularly known as Dabral Baba, was an Indian Yoga, yogi and a disciple of Kal Bhairav temple, Ujjain, Vikrant Bhairav and Mahavatar Babaji. He was also known as Baba (honorific), Baba ...

(Indian yogi and mystic) *

Hans Maharaj Hans Rām Singh Rawat, called Shrī Hans Jī Mahārāj and by various other honorifics (8 November 1900 – 19 July 1966), was an Indian religious leader. He was born in Gadh-ki-Sedhia, north-east of Haridwar in present-day Uttarakhand, India. ...

(Indian spiritual leader) * Prem Rawat (Indian American spiritual leader, founder of the Divine Light Mission) *

Swami Rama Swami Rama (; 1925 – 13 November 1996) was an Indian yoga guru. He moved to America in 1969, initially teaching yoga at the YMCA, and founding the Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy in Illinois in 1971; its headquarters moved to ...

(founder of the Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust)

Science and academics

Anand Sharan Raturi Anand Sharan Raturi (born 1919) was an Indian educator who became the first Vice-Chancellor of M. J. P. Rohilkhand University in Uttar Pradesh, India. Raturi was born in Godi-Sirai, Tehri Grahwal district in India to Satya Sharan Raturi and ...

(economist and first vice-chancellor of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University) *

Aditya Narayan Purohit Aditya Narayan Purohit (born 30 July 1940) is an Indian scientist and professor who has mainly worked on ecophysiology of tree species and physiology of high altitude medicinal plants. He was the Vice-Chancellor of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garh ...

(Plant physiologist, Padma Shri awarded and vice-chancellor of

H.N.B. Garhwal University Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University(HNBGU) (formerly known as Garhwal University) is a Central University, established in 1973, located in Srinagar, Uttarakhand in Northern India. The university is named after Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna, ...

) *

Anirudh Kala Anirudh Kala, is an Indian psychiatrist based in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. He had been an active participant in the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) for forty years and had raised awareness about mental health legislation and related issues among ...

(psychiatrist) *

Chandra Prakash Kala Chandra Prakash Kala is an Indian ecologist and professor. His research interests include alpine ecology, conservation biology, indigenous knowledge systems, ethnobotany and medicinal aromatic plants. He is an assistant professor in the facul ...

(ecologist) *

Prem Lal Joshi Prem Lal Joshi (born 1952) is an Indian educationalist, scholar, author and writer for over four decades and has worked in several countries. He has worked as a Professor of Accounting (2013-19) at the Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia. ...

(accounting researcher and professor) *

Ruchi Badola Ruchi Badola is an Indian-born professor and scientist at the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun in the Department of Eco-development Planning and Participatory Management. She has conducted research in the field of community based conservatio ...

(ecologist) *

Vijay Prasad Dimri Vijay Prasad Dimri is an Indian geophysical scientist, known for his contributions in opening up a new research area in Earth sciences by establishing a parallelism between deconvolution and Inversion (geology), inversion, the two vital geophysi ...

(geophysical scientist, Padma Shri recipient)

Indian Armed Forces

Gallantry award recipients

* Naik Darwan Singh Negi, Victoria Cross from 1st Battalion of

39th Garhwal Rifles The 39th Garhwal Rifles was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. History The regiment was first raised in 1887 as the Aligarh Levy but was disbanded after disgracing itself at the Rawalpindi Review in 1888. In 1891, the 39th (The Ga ...

* Rifleman Gabar Singh Negi, Victoria Cross from 2nd Battalion, 39th Garhwal Rifles (posthumous) * Havildar

Gajender Singh Bisht Gajender Singh Bisht (1 July 1972 – 28 November 2008) was an National Security Guards, NSG commando and Havildar (Sergeant) who was killed during the 2008 Mumbai attacks. His act of bravery was honoured with the Ashoka Chakra Award, Ashoka Chak ...

Operation Black Tornado Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man ...

2008, Ashoka Chakra (posthumous) * Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, hero of Indo-China War, 1962; Maha Vir Chakra (posthumous)

Prominent names

* General Bipin Rawat, Chief of Defence Staff and former Chief of the Army Staff * Lt. Gen. Anil Chauhan, Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), Indian Army * Lt. Gen.

Anil Kumar Bhatt Lieutenant General Anil Kumar Bhatt, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM was the Military Secretary of the Indian Army. Prior to this, he served as the 47th Commander, XV Corps of the Indian Army between 1 February 2018 and 7 February 2019. Prior to this ...

, General Officer Commanding (GOC)

XV Corps 15th Corps, Fifteenth Corps, or XV Corps may refer to: *XV Corps (British India) *XV Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army prior to and during World War I *15th Army Corps (Russian Empire), a unit in World War I *XV Royal Bavar ...

, also called as the "Chinar Corps" of the Indian Army, former Director-General of Military Operations (DGMO), Indian Army. * Lt. Gen.

Jaiveer Singh Negi Lieutenant General (Dr) Jaiveer Singh Negi (born 20 September 1960) PVSM, AVSM, YSM, VSM** is a retired General Officer who has served as the 49th Commandant of the Indian Military Academy. He took over from Lieutenant General Sanjay Kum ...

, Commandant of Indian Military Academy, Indian Army * Lt. Gen.

Balwant Singh Negi Lieutenant General Balwant Singh Negi, PVSM, UYSM, YSM, SM, VSM & Bar is a former General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), Central Command of the Indian Army who served in office from 1 December 2015 till 30 September 2018. He assum ...

(Retd.), former General Officer Commander-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), Central Command, Indian Army * Lt. Gen.

Madan Mohan Lakhera Lt Gen (Retd.) Madan Mohan Lakhera, PVSM, AVSM, VSM (born 21 October 1937) is the former Governor of the Indian state of Mizoram. He held that position from July 2006 till September 2011. During 2004–2006, he was the Lieutenant Governor o ...

(Retd.), former

Governor of Mizoram This is a list of governors of Mizoram, an Indian state part of Northeast India Powers and functions The Governor enjoys many different types of powers: *Executive powers related to administration, appointments and removals, *Legislative p ...

, former

Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry Puducherry (formerly known as "Pondicherry") is a Union Territory of India. Governance and administration of the territory fall directly under federal authority. Chief Commissioner (1954 1963) After the ''de facto'' transfer of French settl ...

* Lt. Gen.

Tejpal Singh Rawat Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Tejpal Singh Rawat is an Indian politician belonging to the Indian National Congress in the state of Uttarakhand. He was a member of 14th Lok Sabha. He was elected from Garhwal Parliamentary constituency of Uttarakhand in 2008 ...

(Retd.), former Director General of the Assam Rifles, Indian Army and former MP Lok Sabha * Director-General Rajendra Singh, former Director General of the Indian Coast Guard * Maj. Gen.

B. C. Khanduri Major General Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri (Retd.), AVSM, (born 1 October 1934) is an Indian politician. He was Chief Minister of Uttarakhand from 2007 to 2009 and 2011 to 2012. He was a Member of Parliament in the 16th Lok Sabha representing the ...

(Retd.), former Union Minister of Surface Transport, former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and former MP Lok Sabha * Air Marshal

Brijesh Dhar Jayal Air Marshal Brijesh Dhar Jayal PVSM AVSM VM and Bar is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force, who served in the appointment of Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the South Western Air Command from 1992 to 1993. He was awarded the Param V ...

(Retd.), PVSM AVSM VM & Bar (served as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of South Western Air Command & Deputy Chief of Air Staff). * Air Marshal

Arvindra Singh Butola Air Marshal Arvindra Singh Butola, PVSM, VM, VSM is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force. He was the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Training Command, and assumed office on 14 October 2019 succeeding Air Marshal Surendra Kumar ...

, Air Officer Commander-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Training Command,

Indian Air Force The Indian Air Force (IAF) is the air arm of the Indian Armed Forces. Its complement of personnel and aircraft assets ranks third amongst the air forces of the world. Its primary mission is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial w ...

* Brigadier

Surendra Singh Panwar Brigadier Surendra Singh Panwar (19 October 1919 – 29 April 2002) served as an artillery officer in the Indian Army. Early life and education Surendra Panwar was born in Dehradun, and attended Colonel Brown Cambridge School as a child. He pu ...

(Retd.) * Brigadier S. K. S. Negi (Retd.) * Colonel

Ajay Kothiyal Colonel Ajay Kothiyal, KC, SC, VSM (Retd) is an Indian politician and a former officer of the Indian Army . He is a BJP leader, earlier he was leader of Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and was the CM Candidate for 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assemb ...

(Retd.),

Kirti Chakra The Kirti Chakra is an Indian military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the field of battle. It may be awarded to civilians as well as military personnel, including posthumous awards. It is the ''pe ...

and Shaurya Chakra recipient

Bureaucracy

* Ajit Doval,

National Security Adviser of India The National Security Advisor (NSA; ISO: ) is the senior official on the National Security Council of India, and the chief advisor to the Prime Minister of India on national security policy and international affairs. Ajit Doval is the current NSA ...

, Kirti Chakra, President's Police Medal and Police Medal recipient * Anil Dhasmana, former chief of the

Research and Analysis Wing The Research and Analysis Wing (abbreviated R&AW; hi, ) is the foreign intelligence agency of India. The agency's primary function is gathering foreign intelligence, counter-terrorism, counter-proliferation, advising Indian policymakers, an ...

, the external intelligence agency of India

Judiciary

Mukandi Lal Mukandi Lal (14 October 1885 - 10 January 1982) was an Indian advocate, judge, freedom fighter, politician, writer and art critic from Garhwal. Early life Mukandi Lal was born in Patali village, Malla Nagpur patti in Chamoli, Garhwal in the l ...

(barrister, judge, politician, writer, and art critic from the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal) *

Sudhanshu Dhulia Sudhanshu Dhulia (born 10 August 1960) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. He is former chief justice of the Gauhati High Court and judge of the Uttarakhand High Court. Early life Dhulia was born in Lansdowne in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakh ...

(Justice, Uttarakhand High Court. Judge In-Charge Education, Uttarakhand Judicial and Legal Academy) * Ravindra Maithani (Judge at the

High Court of Uttarakhand The Uttarakhand High Court is the High Court of the state of Uttarakhand in India. The building of Uttarakhand High Court was constructed by Santoni MacDonald in 1900. The Uttarakhand State was carved out from the State of Uttar Pradesh on ...

at Nainital since December 2018)

Politics

Anil Baluni Anil Baluni (born 2 December 1970) is an Indian politician and National Chief Spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party. On 10 March 2018 he was nominated as candidate for the Rajya Sabha from Uttarakhand. He was born in Pauri Garhwal of Uttar ...

(journalist, politician, MP Rajya Sabha) *

Bhakt Darshan Bhakt Darshan (1912–1991) served Garhwal as Member of Parliament in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Lok Sabha (India) as well as being a Deputy Minister and Minister of State in the governments of Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi. He was als ...

(politician, former

Union Minister of State The Union Council of Ministers Article 58 of the ''Constitution of India'' is the principal executive organ of the Government of India, which is responsible for being the senior decision making body of the executive branch. It is chaired by t ...

for Education and Transport, former MP Lok Sabha) *

Brahm Dutt Brahm Dutt (27 March 1926 – 5 October 2014) was an Indian politician and a member of the 8th Lok Sabha & 9th Lok Sabha. He represented the Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha Constituency Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency is one of the five Lok Sa ...

(politician, former Union Minister of State for Petroleum and Natural Gas, former MP Lok Sabha) *

Chandra Mohan Singh Negi Chandra Mohan Singh Negi was an Indian politician and a member of the 8th Lok Sabha and 9th Lok Sabha. He represented the Garhwal Lok Sabha Constituency and was a member of the Congress political party. He was also elected to the 5th and 8t ...

(politician, former MP Lok Sabha) *

Dhan Singh Negi Dhan Singh Negi is an Indian politician who was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from 2017 to 2022 representing the Tehri constituency in Tehri Garhwal district. Previously affiliated to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he sw ...

(politician, Former MLA of Tehri) * Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna (politician, former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh) *

Kamalendumati Shah Kamalendumati Shah (died 1999) was an Indian politician, social worker and a member of Indian Parliament. Hailing from the Tehri Garhwal district of the present day Uttarakhand, she was known to have been active in parliamentary politics. The ...

(former Queen of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal, former MP Lok Sabha) *

Mahant Avaidyanath Mahant Avaidyanath (born Kripal Singh Bisht, 28 May 1921 – 12 September 2014) was an Indian politician and Hindu preacher. He was the Mahant (chief priest) of Gorakhnath Temple, succeeding his guru Digvijay Nath. He was also a politician of t ...

(politician, former Mahant of

Gorakhnath Math The Shri Gorakhnath Mandir also known as Gorakhnath Temple is a temple of the Nath monastic order group of the Nath tradition. The name Gorakhnath derives from the medieval saint, Gorakshanath (c. 11th century), a yogi who travelled widely acro ...

, former MP Lok Sabha) * Lt. Col.

Manabendra Shah Lt. Col. Maharaja Manabendra Shah (26 May 1921 – 5 January 2007) was a member of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Tehri Garhwal constituency of Uttarakhand and was a member of the India ...

(politician, former King of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal, former MP Lok Sabha) * Manohar Kant Dhyani (politician, former MP Rajya Sabha) *

Manorama Dobriyal Sharma Manorama Dobriyal Sharma was an Indian politician of the Indian National Congress party. She represented the Uttarakhand constituency from 26 November 2014 – 18 February 2015, when she died, aged 59. Positions held Reactions on her Death * ...

(politician, former MP Rajya Sabha) *

Paripoornanand Painuli Paripoornanand Painuli (19 November 1924 – 12 April 2019) was an Indian politician and a member of the 5th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 5th Lok Sabha, ( 15 March 1971 — 18 January 1977) elected February–March 1971.The term of the ...

(politician, former MP Lok Sabha) *

Ramesh Pokhriyal Ramesh Pokhriyal "Nishank" (born 15 July 1959), is an Indian politician who was appointed on 31 May 2019 to serve as Minister of Human Resource Development and as of July 2020, following the ministry's name change, his title was changed to Min ...

(politician, Union Minister of Human Resource Development, former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand) *

Rita Bahuguna Joshi Rita Bahuguna Joshi (born 22 July 1949) is an Indian politician and was cabinet minister in the Government of Uttar Pradesh. She was the president of the Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee from 2007 to 2012. She is the daughter of Hemwati Nanda ...

(politician, MP Lok Sabha) *

Satpal Maharaj Satpal Maharaj (born 21 September 1951) is a spiritual master and an Indian politician, serving as the current PWD, tourism, cultural and irrigation minister in the cabinet of Government of Uttarakhand. He was born to Shri Hans Ji Maharaj and ...

(politician, former MP Lok Sabha) * Tirath Singh Rawat (politician, Chief Minister of Uttrakhand) *

Trepan Singh Negi Trepan Singh Negi (17 March 1923 – 3 February 1996) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the 6th and 7th Lok Sabha. He represented the Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha Constituency and was a member of the Congress political party. He was elec ...

(politician, former MP Lok Sabha) * Trivendra Singh Rawat (politician, Former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand) *

Vijay Bahuguna Vijay Bahuguna (born 28 February 1947) is an Indian politician who served as the 6th Chief Minister of Uttarakhand. He is the eldest son of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna, an independence activist and politician, and also a former Chief Minister of Ut ...

(politician, former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand) * Yogi Adityanath (politician, Mahant of Gorakhnath Math, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, former MP Lok Sabha)

Business and industry

P. L. Gairola P. L. Gairola (born 15 December 1948, was the chairman and managing director (CMD) of Dena Bank, a leading commercial bank of India. He was appointed to this position by the Government of India (GoI), and assumed the charge of the bank as its CM ...

, Indian banker, former chairman of Dena Bank *

O. P. Bhatt Om Prakash Bhatt (born 7 March 1951) is an Indian banker and was the Chairman of State Bank of India from June 2006 until 31 March 2011 Presently, he is an independent director on the board of the 'Maharatna' Central Public Sector Enterprise - O ...

, Indian banker, 22nd Chairman of the

State Bank of India State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational public sector bank and financial services statutory body headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. SBI is the 49th largest bank in the world by total assets and ranked 221st in the ''Fortune ...

Sports

Mountaineering

Arvind Raturi Arvind Raturi ( hi, अरविंद रतूड़ी; born 6 June 1992) is the youngest mountaineer from Uttarakhand to scale Mount Everest at the age of 20. As a member of the NCC (National Cadet Corps) Mt Everest Expedition 2013, Arvind su ...

(Mountaineer, scaled Mount Everest as a part of the NCC Mount Everest Expedition Team in 2013) * Major Harsh Vardhan Bahuguna (Mountaineer, Padma Shri recipient (posthumous)) * Major

Jai Vardhan Bahuguna Jai Vardhan Bahuguna (1948 — 10 October 1985) was a leading mountaineer of India and a military personnel. He lost his life in an Indian Army expedition to Mount Everest in October 1985, in which four other army officers were also killed. This ...

(Mountaineer, Shaurya Chakra recipient (posthumous)) *

Mohan Singh Gunjyal Mohan Singh Gunjyal is an Indian mountaineer and adventure sportsman. He is one of the summiters of Mount Everest, entering the list when he successfully climbed the highest peak in the world on 12 May 1992. He achieved the feat, taking the Sout ...

(Indo Tibet Border Police) Summitted Mount Everest. Recipient of

Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award The Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award, formerly known as the National Adventure Awards is the highest adventure sports honour of the Republic of India. The award is named after Tenzing Norgay, one of the first two individuals to reach th ...

and Padma Shri. *

Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal is an Indian Police official and mountaineer, known for climbing the highest peak in the world, Mount Everest, in 1992. He was born on 10 January 1949 at the small village of Sachkhil in the Pauri Garhwal district of the I ...

(Indian Police officer and mountaineer, summited Mount Everest, Padma Shri recipient) * Major

Narendra Dhar Jayal Narendra Dhar Jayal (Nandu Jayal) (25 June 1927 – 28 April 1958) was an Indian mountaineer and an officer of the Bengal Sappers and the Indian Army Corps of Engineers. He is credited with pioneering and patronizing early post-Independence mount ...

(Mountaineer, founding principal of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute at Darjeeling) *

Bachendri Pal Bachendri Pal (born 24 May 1954) is an Indian mountaineer. She is the first Indian woman to climb the summit of world's highest mountain, Mount Everest, what she did in 1984. She was awarded the third highest civilian award Padma Bhushan by Gov ...

(first Indian woman to reach summit of Mt. Everest, Padma Bhushan)

Mixed Martial Arts

* Anshul Jubli (Indian MMA fighter, currently fights in the UFC)

Shooting

* Jaspal Rana ( Commonwealth Games gold medalist in shooting, Padma Shri recipient) * Sushma Rana (

2006 Commonwealth Games The 2006 Commonwealth Games, officially the XVIII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Melbourne 2006 (Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm 2006'' or ''Naarm 2006''), was an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth held ...

at Melbourne)

Chess

Parimarjan Negi Parimarjan Negi (born 9 February 1993) is an Indian chess grandmaster. He achieved the grandmaster title at the age of 13 years, 4 months, and 20 days, which made him the second youngest grandmaster in history at the time. As of July 2021, he ...

(third-youngest chess grand-master in history, Arjuna Award 2010)

Athletics

Manish Rawat Manish Rawat ( hi, मनीष रावत) is an Indian politician and a member of the 18th Legislative Assembly in India. He represents the Sidhauli constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party political party. ...

( Race-walker),

2016 Rio Olympics ) , nations = 207 (including IOA and EOR teams) , athletes = 11,238 , events = 306 in 28 sports (41 disciplines) , opening = 5 August 2016 , closing = 21 August 2016 , opened_by = Vice President Michel Temer , cauldron = Vanderlei Cordeiro de ...

)

Cricket

Amit Uniyal Amit Uniyal is an Indian first-class cricketer. An all rounder, he played for Punjab in first-class cricket, and for Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League. A left-handed all-rounder, Uniyal made his debut in 2001–02 for Punjab. A ...

(Left-arm-fast-medium bowler, plays for Punjab cricket team, currently a part of Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League) *

Aryan Juyal Aryan Juyal (born 11 November 2001) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Uttar Pradesh in the 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 11 February 2018. Prior to his List A debut, he was named in India National Under-19 cricket team for ...

(Wicketkeeper-batsman, part of the India national under-19 cricket team who won the

2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup The 2018 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup was an international limited-overs cricket tournament that was held in New Zealand from 13 January to 3 February 2018. It was the twelfth edition of the Under-19 Cricket World Cup, and the third to be hel ...

) *

Hemlata Kala Hemlata Kala (born 15 August 1975) is an Indian former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter and right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in seven Test matches, 78 One Day Internationals and one Twenty20 International for India between 1 ...

(Player for the

India national women's cricket team The India women's national cricket team, also known as Team India or Women in Blue, represents India in women's international cricket. It is governed by Board of Control for Cricket in India India made its Test debut in 1976, against the West ...

) * Pawan Suyal (First-class cricketer, Left-arm medium-pace bowler, plays for Delhi cricket team in domestic cricket, currently a part of Delhi Capitals in the Indian Premier League) *

Preeti Dimri Preeti Dharmanand Dimri (born 18 October 1986) is an Indian former cricketer who played as a slow left-arm unorthodox bowler. She appeared in two Test matches, 23 One Day Internationals and one Twenty20 International for India between 2006 an ...

(Player for India women's national cricket team) *

Rishabh Pant Rishabh Rajendra Pant (born 4 October 1997) is an Indian international cricketer who plays for the Indian cricket team as a wicket-keeper batter. Having played all formats for India, he is best known for his consistency to score runs in Test c ...

(Player for India national cricket team) Wikipedia

Football

* Deependra Negi (Indian professional

football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...

midfielder for Kerala Blasters in the Indian Super League) *

Manish Maithani Manish Maithani is an Indian Association football, football player who played as a central midfielder for Southern Samity and currently coaches a local club in Dehradun DESA FC. Career Mohun Bagan After two seasons playing as a youth with Ind ...

(Indian precessional football midfielder for

Pune City Pune (; ; also known as Poona, ( the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million As of 2021, Pune Metropolitan Region is the largest i ...

in the Indian Super League) *

Sahil Panwar Sahil Panwar (born 16 December 1999) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Odisha FC in the Indian Super League. Career Born in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Panwar was discovered by Pune while playing for his college, Ma ...

(Indian professional football defender for Pune City in the Indian Super League)

Journalism and literature

(Poet and recipient of the Sahitya Academy Award for his renowned contribution in Hindi Literature) *

(poet and journalist, He was a recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2000) *

Shivprasad Dabral Charan Shivprasad Dabral (12 November 1912 – 24 November 1999), known by his pen name Charan, was an Indian historian, geographer, academic and writer from Uttarakhand. He is also known as 'Encyclopedia of Uttarakhand'. He started writing from 1931 onw ...

(Historian, poet and writer ( Hindi and

) from Uttarakhand)

References

External links

Article on Khas people of Uttarakhand namely ''Jeevat Ke Dhani Uttarakhand Ke Khasiya'' by Indian writer Govinda Singh
* Himalay Parichay - Rahul Sankrityayan, Source
हिमालय परिचय , HIMALAYA PARICHAY , राहुल सांकृत्यायन - Rahul Sankrityayan , Hindi PDF Download , Read Online ,
* https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/supporting-actor/sachin-negi {{Uttarakhand Social groups of Uttarakhand Culture of Uttarakhand Ethnic groups in India Demographic history of India Garhwal division Indo-Aryan peoples

Etymology

History

Garhwal Kingdom

Language

Local deities

Notable people

Film and television

Hindi cinema

Television

Radio

Beauty pageants

Hollywood

Folk music

Art

Social work and activism

Indian independence movement

Historical figures

Religion

Science and academics

Indian Armed Forces

Gallantry award recipients

Prominent names

Bureaucracy

Judiciary

Politics

Business and industry

Sports

Mountaineering

Mixed Martial Arts

Shooting

Chess

Athletics

Cricket

Football

Journalism and literature

See also

References

External links