Galeries Dalmau was an
art gallery
An art gallery is a room or a building in which visual art is displayed. In Western cultures from the mid-15th century, a gallery was any long, narrow covered passage along a wall, first used in the sense of a place for art in the 1590s. The lon ...
in
Barcelona
Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
,
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
, from 1906 to 1930 (also known as Sala Dalmau, Les Galeries Dalmau, Galería Dalmau, and Galeries J. Dalmau). The gallery was founded and managed by the
Symbolist
Symbolism was a late 19th-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts seeking to represent absolute truths symbolically through language and metaphorical images, mainly as a reaction against naturalism and realis ...
painter and
restorer . The aim was to promote, import and export
avant-garde
The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical ...
artistic talent. Dalmau is credited for having launched avant-garde art in Spain.
[Mark Antliff and Patricia Leighten, ''A Cubism Reader, Documents and Criticism, 1906-1914'', University of Chicago Press, 2008, pp. 293–295][Carol A. Hess, ''Manuel de Falla and Modernism in Spain, 1898-1936''](_blank)
University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 76,
In 1912, Galeries Dalmau presented the first declared group exhibition of
Cubism
Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassemble ...
worldwide,
with a controversial showing by
Jean Metzinger
Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (; 24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1 ...
,
Albert Gleizes
Albert Gleizes (; 8 December 1881 – 23 June 1953) was a French artist, theoretician, philosopher, a self-proclaimed founder of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris. Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote the first major treatise on ...
,
Juan Gris
José Victoriano González-Pérez (23 March 1887 – 11 May 1927), better known as Juan Gris (; ), was a Spanish painter born in Madrid who lived and worked in France for most of his active period. Closely connected to the innovative artistic ge ...
,
Marie Laurencin
Marie Laurencin (31 October 1883 – 8 June 1956) was a French painter and printmaker. She became an important figure in the Parisian Avant-garde#:~:text=The avant-garde (/ˌ,art, culture, or society., avant-garde as a member of the Cubism, Cubist ...
and
Marcel Duchamp
Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (, , ; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, Dada, and conceptual art. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso ...
. The gallery featured pioneering exhibitions which included
Fauvism
Fauvism /ˈfoʊvɪzm̩/ is the style of ''les Fauves'' (French language, French for "the wild beasts"), a group of early 20th-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the Representation (arts), repr ...
,
Orphism,
De Stijl
''De Stijl'' (; ), Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden. De Stijl consisted of artists and architects. In a more narrow sense, the term ''De Stijl'' is used to refer to a body o ...
, and
abstract art
Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.
Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th ...
with
Henri Matisse
Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known prima ...
,
Francis Picabia
Francis Picabia (: born Francis-Marie Martinez de Picabia; 22January 1879 – 30November 1953) was a French avant-garde painter, poet and typographist. After experimenting with Impressionism and Pointillism, Picabia became associated with Cubism ...
, and
Pablo Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and Scenic design, theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France. One of the most influential artists of the 20th ce ...
, in both collective and solo exhibitions. Dalmau published the
Dada
Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (Zurich), Cabaret Voltaire (in 1916). New York Dada began c. 1915, and after 192 ...
ist review ''
391
__NOTOC__
Year 391 ( CCCXCI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tatianus and Symmachus (or, less frequently, year 114 ...
'' created by Picabia,
[Francis Picabia, ''391'', several issues available online](_blank)
/ref> and gave support to Troços
''Troços'' is an avant-garde Catalan magazine published for the first time in 1916. It was directed by Josep Maria Junoy, who was also the owner of the magazine. Only 101 copies were printed of the first edition. This number had 8 pages and the ...
by .
Dalmau was the first gallery in Spain to exhibit works by Juan Gris, the first to host solo exhibitions of works by Albert Gleizes, Francis Picabia, Joan Miró
Joan Miró i Ferrà ( , , ; 20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Catalan painter, sculptor and ceramicist born in Barcelona. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació Joan Miró, was established in his native city of Barcelona i ...
, Salvador Dalí
Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquess of Dalí of Púbol (; ; ; 11 May 190423 January 1989) was a Spanish Surrealism, surrealist artist renowned for his technical skill, precise draftsmanship, and the striking and bizarr ...
and Angel Planells
Àngel Planells i Cruañas ( Cadaqués, December 2, 1901 - Barcelona, July 23, 1989) was a Spanish Catalan surrealist painter.
Born in Cadaqués, where he met artists like Eliseu Meifrèn, Joan Roig i Soler and Salvador Dalí. In 1918 he went to ...
. It was also the first gallery to exhibit Vibrationism.[M. Lluïsa Faxedas Brujats, "Barradas' Vibrationism and its Catalan Context"](_blank)
RIHA Journal 0135, 15 July 2016
The gallery presented native pre-avant-garde artists, tendencies and manifestations new to the Catalan art scene, while also exporting Catalan art abroad, through exhibition-exchange projects, such as promoting the first exhibition by Joan Miró
Joan Miró i Ferrà ( , , ; 20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Catalan painter, sculptor and ceramicist born in Barcelona. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació Joan Miró, was established in his native city of Barcelona i ...
in Paris (1921). Aware of the difficulty and marginality of the innovative art sectors, their cultural diffusion, and promotion criterion beyond any stylistic formula, Dalmau made these experiences the center of the gallery's programming. Dalmau is credited for having introduced avant-garde art to the Iberian Peninsula. Due to Dalmau's activities and exhibitions at the gallery, Barcelona became an important international center for innovative and experimental ideas and methods.
Background
Josep Dalmau
Born in Manresa
Manresa () is the capital of the Comarca of Bages, located in the geographical centre of Catalonia, Spain, and crossed by the river Cardener. It is an industrial area with textile, metallurgical, and glass industries. The houses of Manresa are ...
, 1867, Josep Dalmau early on devoted himself to painting. In 1884, he moved to Barcelona where he discovered the Modernisme
''Modernisme'' (, Catalan for "modernism"), also known as Catalan modernism and Catalan art nouveau, is the historiographic denomination given to an art and literature movement associated with the search of a new entitlement of Catalan culture ...
painter Joan Brull
Joan Brull i Vinyoles (25 January 1863, Barcelona - 3 February 1912, Barcelona) was a Catalan painter active in the late 19th century. He was a Catalan symbolist painter, along with other artists including Adrià Gual, Josep Maria Tamburini, and ...
. Dalmau's painting were included in several salon exhibitions in Catalonia. In 1899 (8-28 July) he was given his first and only solo exhibition, at Els Quatre Gats
Els Quatre Gats (; ) is a café in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain that famously became a popular meeting place for famous artists throughout the modernist period in Catalonia, known as ''Modernisme''. The café opened on 12 June 1897 in the famous Ca ...
, a popular meeting place for artists throughout the modernist period. He continued exhibiting his works throughout his lifetime.[Elisenda Andrés Pàmies, ''Les Galeries Dalmau, un projecte de modernitat a la ciutat de Barcelona''](_blank)
2012-13, Facultat d'Humanitats, Universitat Pompeu Fabra[William H. Robinson, Jordi Falgàs, Carmen Belen Lord, ''Barcelona and Modernity: Picasso, Gaudí, Miró, Dalí''](_blank)
Cleveland Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), Yale University Press, 2006,
At the age of thirty, he emigrated to Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
where he lived for six years, and studied painting conservation
The conservation and restoration of paintings is carried out by professional painting conservators. Paintings cover a wide range of various mediums, materials, and their supports (i.e. the painted surface made from fabric, paper, wood panel, fab ...
in Bruges and Gant, Belgium.
In 1906, after having finished his studies in restoration, Dalmau returned to Barcelona. He worked as a technical restorer for Museu de Barcelona. In 1914 he restored the complex work of Marià Fortuny
Marià Josep Maria Bernat Fortuny i Marsal (; es, Mariano José María Bernardo Fortuny y Marsal; June 11, 1838 – November 21, 1874), known more simply as Marià Fortuny or Mariano Fortuny, was the leading Spanish painter of his day, with an ...
, ''The Battle of Tetuan'', 1862–64. In 1915 he restored the altarpieces for the Board of Museums, known as ''Junta de Museus de Catalunya''.
Dalmau opened an antiques gallery in 1906, Carrer del Pi, 10, becoming his first showroom, lasting from 1906 to 1911. The establishment basically dealt with antique objects, and later extended with a section of modern art. The first documented exhibition of modern art was in 1908, with the exhibition by and some Japanese prints. The following year Dalmau hosted a joint exhibition of Joan Colom i Agustí, and Isidre Nonell
Isidre Nonell i Monturiol (; es, Isidro Nonell y Monturiol; 30 November 1872 – 21 February 1911) was a Spanish artist known for his expressive portrayal of socially marginalized individuals in late 19th-century Barcelona.
Life
Isidre Non ...
.
Dalmau is largely credited for having introduced avant-garde art to Barcelona, and more generally, to Spain. His exhibitions, while promoting international artists, connected Catalan artists with the world of art outside of Spain.[Fèlix Fanés, ''Salvador Dalí: The Construction of the Image, 1925-1930''](_blank)
Yale University Press, 2007,
Les Galeries Dalmau
Mid-1911 announced of expansion of the gallery. It was made possible by the revenue obtained in the market of antiques, especially through the import and export from France. It was also made possible from the proceeds of an exhibition of modern and portraits and drawings, organized by the City Council of Barcelona the previous year, in which Dalmau participated as an antique dealer with some valuable works by El Greco
Domḗnikos Theotokópoulos ( el, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος ; 1 October 1541 7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco ("The Greek"), was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. "El G ...
, Feliu Elias (aka Joan Sacs) and two works by Francisco Goya
Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; ; 30 March 174616 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His paintings, drawings, and ...
, ''Portrait of Manuel Godoy
''Portrait of Manuel Godoy'' is a large 1801 oil on canvas painting by the Spanish artist Francisco de Goya, now in the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. It was commissioned by the Spanish Prime Minister Manuel Godoy to commemorate h ...
'', valued at 15,000 pesetas and ''Retrato de niño'', 8,000 pesetas.
The new establishment located in the Gothic Quarter at Carrer de Portaferrissa, 18, was baptized with the name "Galeries Dalmau" with the goal of combining exhibitions of old masters, modern art, and new art. Dalmau was poised to import foreign avant-garde art into the city of Barcelona, widening the city's cultural horizons.
The exhibition space of the gallery was located in the inner courtyard of a house, with a glass ceiling, typical of photography studio or industrial warehouse. It had a threaded mechanism that regulated the light coming in through the skylight. The space was divided by wooden partitions that did not reach the ceiling, and divided into two or three interconnected spaces, and one office. Access to the gallery passed through a long corridor adorned with anonymous unrestored old master landscapes and still lifes.
For the coming years, this became the platform featuring pioneering exhibitions of Fauvism
Fauvism /ˈfoʊvɪzm̩/ is the style of ''les Fauves'' (French language, French for "the wild beasts"), a group of early 20th-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the Representation (arts), repr ...
, Orphism, De Stijl
''De Stijl'' (; ), Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden. De Stijl consisted of artists and architects. In a more narrow sense, the term ''De Stijl'' is used to refer to a body o ...
, and abstract art
Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.
Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th ...
with Francis Picabia, Kees van Dongen
Cornelis Theodorus Maria "Kees" van Dongen (26 January 1877 – 28 May 1968) was a Dutch-French painter who was one of the leading Fauvism, Fauves. Van Dongen's early work was influenced by the Hague School and symbolism and it evolved gradually ...
, Joaquín Torres-García
Joaquín Torres García (28 July 1874 – 8 August 1949) was a Uruguayan-Spanish artist who was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. Torres-García emigrated to Catalunya, Spain as an adolescent, where he began his career as an artist in 1891. For ...
, Henri Matisse
Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known prima ...
, Juliette Roche
Juliette Roche (1884–1980), also known as Juliette Roche Gleizes, was a French painter and writer who associated with members of the Cubism, Cubist and Dada movements. She was married to the artist Albert Gleizes.
Life
She was born in 1884 t ...
, Georges Braque
Georges Braque ( , ; 13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century List of French artists, French painter, Collage, collagist, Drawing, draughtsman, printmaker and sculpture, sculptor. His most notable contributions were in his all ...
, André Derain
André Derain (, ; 10 June 1880 – 8 September 1954) was a French artist, painter, sculptor and co-founder of Fauvism with Henri Matisse.
Biography
Early years
Derain was born in 1880 in Chatou, Yvelines, Île-de-France, just outside Paris. I ...
, Auguste Herbin, Fernand Léger
Joseph Fernand Henri Léger (; February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painting, painter, sculpture, sculptor, and film director, filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism (known as "tubism") which he gradually ...
, André Lhote
André Lhote (5 July 1885 – 24 January 1962) was a French Cubist painter of figure subjects, portraits, landscapes and still life. He was also active and influential as a teacher and writer on art.
Early life and education
Lhote was born ...
, Gino Severini
Gino Severini (7 April 1883 – 26 February 1966) was an Italian Painting, painter and a leading member of the Futurism (art), Futurist movement. For much of his life he divided his time between Paris and Rome. He was associated with neo-classici ...
, Louis Valtat, Félix Vallotton
Félix Édouard Vallotton (; December 28, 1865December 29, 1925) was a Swiss and French painter and printmaker associated with the group of artists known as . He was an important figure in the development of the modern woodcut. He painted portra ...
, Hans Arp
Hans Peter Wilhelm Arp (16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966), better known as Jean Arp in English, was a German-French sculptor, painter, and poet. He was known as a Dadaist and an abstract artist.
Early life
Arp was born in Straßburg (now Stras ...
, María Blanchard
María Blanchard (born María Gutiérrez-Cueto y Blanchard;
spanish-art.org; accessed 4 August 2015. ...
and others in both collective and solo exhibitions.
Art historian Fèlix Fanés writes of the gallery:
To overcome the difficulties of the home market, Dalmau introduced contemporary Catalan art to foreign markets. This strategy, together with the arrival of numerous avant-garde artists in Barcelona during the First World War, served to consolidate the modern image of the Galeries Dalmau. The dealer paved the way for many young people in the tough world of advanced art, having a decisive influence, for example, on the early career of Joan Miró.
Selected exhibitions
1912: Picasso, Torres-García
In 1912 two exhibitions took place consecutively: Joaquín Torres-García
Joaquín Torres García (28 July 1874 – 8 August 1949) was a Uruguayan-Spanish artist who was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. Torres-García emigrated to Catalunya, Spain as an adolescent, where he began his career as an artist in 1891. For ...
, a painter of the Noucentista period; and Pablo Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and Scenic design, theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France. One of the most influential artists of the 20th ce ...
, drawings from his Blue Period (February - March 1912).
1912: Exposició d'Art Cubista
From 20 April to 10 May 1912, Josep Dalmau exhibited, for the first time in Spain, in his new space located at Carrer de Portaferrissa, 18, a repertoire of Cubist artworks. This was the first worldwide group exhibition solely dedicated to Cubism. Some of the paintings had been shown at the 1911 Salon d'Automne
The Salon d'Automne (; en, Autumn Salon), or Société du Salon d'automne, is an art exhibition held annually in Paris, France. Since 2011, it is held on the Champs-Élysées, between the Grand Palais and the Petit Palais, in mid-October. The ...
in Paris. The news of this salon had already spread across Europe, and numerous article had been written about the new art. In Catalonia, Eugeni d'Ors
Eugenio d'Ors i Rovira (; Barcelona, 28 September 1882 – Vilanova i la Geltrú, 25 September 1954) was a spanish people, Spanish writer, essayist, Journalism, journalist, Philosophy, philosopher and Art criticism, art critic. He wrote in both C ...
wrote of the salon two months before the Dalmau show, 1 February 1912, "Pel cubisme a l'estructuralisme" published in "Pàgines Artístiques de La Veu de Catalunya
''La Veu de Catalunya'' (Catalonia voice) was a Catalan newspaper founded by Enric Prat de la Riba that was published in Barcelona from 1 January 1899 to 8 January 1937, with two editions daily.
It was the press organ for the ideological and po ...
", within which Ors depicted Cubism as a provisional stage, a consciousness or rational apprenticeship to build "structuralism
In sociology, anthropology, archaeology, history, philosophy, and linguistics, structuralism is a general theory of culture and methodology that implies that elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader ...
". This article generated controversy, reflection and discussion between Joan Sacs, Joaquim Folch i Torres, and Joaquín Torres-García.(p. 39)
In Paris, the Cubist works at the 1911 Salon d'Automne resulted is a public scandal that brought Cubism to the attention of the general public for the second time. The first was the organized group showing by Cubists in ''Salle 41'' of the 1911 Salon des Indépendants
Salon may refer to:
Common meanings
* Beauty salon, a venue for cosmetic treatments
* French term for a drawing room, an architectural space in a home
* Salon (gathering), a meeting for learning or enjoyment
Arts and entertainment
* Salon (P ...
. Cubist paintings had already been exhibited at the 1910 Salon d'Automne (by Jean Metzinger
Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (; 24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1 ...
, Robert Delaunay
Robert Delaunay (12 April 1885 – 25 October 1941) was a French artist who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, co-founded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes. His later works were more abstra ...
, Henri Le Fauconnier
Henri Victor Gabriel Le Fauconnier (July 5, 1881 – December 25, 1946) was a French Cubist painter born in Hesdin. Le Fauconnier was seen as one of the leading figures among the Montparnasse Cubists. At the 1911 Salon des Indépendants Le Fauco ...
and Fernand Léger
Joseph Fernand Henri Léger (; February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painting, painter, sculpture, sculptor, and film director, filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism (known as "tubism") which he gradually ...
), but not under a group banner or name.[Daniel Robbins, ''Jean Metzinger: At the Center of Cubism'', 1985, Jean Metzinger in Retrospect, The University of Iowa Museum of Art, J. Paul Getty Trust, University of Washington Press, pp. 9-23] The term "Cubisme" was enunciated for the first time for the occasion of the first exhibition to include Cubism outside France: at the Brussels Indépendants, June 1911.[Daniel Robbins, 1964, ''Albert Gleizes 1881 – 1953, A Retrospective Exhibition'', Published by The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, in collaboration with Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris, Museum am Ostwall, Dortmund](_blank)
/ref> And now, the second exhibition beyond the French border was about to take place; the first devoted entirely to Cubism.
This was the backdrop upon which the Barcelona exhibition of Cubist art was set. Josep Dalmau had travelled to Paris to see the 1911 Salon d'Automne.[Mercè Vidal, ''L'Exposició d'Art Cubista de les Galeries Dalmau 1912''](_blank)
Edicions Universitat Barcelona, 1996, He also visited a Cubist exhibition at Galerie d'Art Ancien et d'Art Contemporain (20 November – 16 December 1911), 3 rue Tronchet, where he met several Cubists, including Metzinger. The Dalmau exhibition comprised 83 works by 26 artists, including the Salon Cubists of ''Salle 41''. He later attended the Indépendants 1912 Salon des Indépendants (March–May).
Mercè Vidal, author of ''L'Exposició d'Art Cubista de les Galeries Dalmau 1912'' writes that Dalmau's initiative was not at random, nor the result of chance. 'The presentation of the Cubists in Barcelona came preceded by the interest of the Catalan artists and critics for that movement, from the moment they had first heard news.'
The opening of the ''Exposició d'Art Cubista'' at Les Galeries Dalmau began at 6pm on 20 April 1912. Entrance was strictly by personal invitation. Jacques Nayral's association with Gleizes led him to write the Preface for the Cubist exhibition, which was fully translated and reproduced in the newspaper ''La Veu de Catalunya''. Previously, Jacques Nayral (pseudonym for Jacques Huot), joined forces with Alexandre Mercereau
Alexandre Mercereau (22 October 1884, in Paris – 1945) was a French symbolist poet and critic associated with Unanimism and the Abbaye de Créteil. He founded the Villa Médicis Libre, which helped impoverished artists and operated as charitable ...
, Gleizes, Metzinger, and Le Fauconnier in planning to publish a review dedicated to the plastic arts. As editor-in-chief of publications, he went on to launch as series under the umbrella name ''Tous les arts'', which published the first two seminal books on Cubism: '' Du "Cubisme"'' (1912) by Metzinger and Gleizes, and '' Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques'' (1913) by Guillaume Apollinaire. In his Dalmau catalogue Preface, Nayral writes:
the artist must no longer cling to servile imitations, that artistic joy is not produced by the observance of an exact reproduction of appearance, but that it is born of the interaction of our sensibility and our intelligence, that the deeper the artist leads us into the unknown, the more talent he has. A multiple enigma, which does not reveal itself in its integrity and in a single stroke, but gradually and step by step—just as we read a book page by page.
Nayral then cites Metzinger's 1910 concept that their attempt is to realize a "total image" (depicting the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context),[Jean Metzinger, ''Note sur la peinture'', Pan (Paris), October–November 1910] giving "a plastic consciousness to our instinct", and leading to a more profound truth—a "truth that only the intelligence grasps."
It is lyrical poetry... that one would have to express those profound feelings. No, not even that: in exchange for a supreme and marvelous selfish joy, it would be better not to try to analyze that divine sensation of mystery, that communion with the great unknown, which the contemplation of pure beauty elicits in the depths of our souls.
Extensive media coverage (in newspapers and magazines) before, during and after the exhibition launched the Galeries Dalmau as a force in the development and propagation of modernism in Europe.
Cubists artists consisted of Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp, Juan Gris, Marie Laurencin, August Agero, with works by Henri Le Fauconnier and Fernand Léger listed in the supplement of the catalogue.
Jean Metzinger was considered the most representative of the Cubists. He exhibited a ''Study for " Le Goûter"'' (1911), which was printed on an advertising poster for the Cubist show at Dalmau, and two paintings, '' Nature morte (Compotier et cruche décorée de cerfs)'' (1910-11) and '' Deux Nus (Two Nudes, Two Women)'' (1910-11). Albert Gleizes exhibited ''Paysage (Landscape, Les Maisons)'' (1910-11), '' Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon, Paysage avec personnage'' (1911), ''Study for the portrait of Jacques Nayral'', a drawing entitled ''El año'', and three more untitled works. Marcel Duchamp showed ''La sonate (Sonata)'' (1911) and ''Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
''Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2'' (French: ''Nu descendant un escalier n° 2'') is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. The work is widely regarded as a Modernist classic and has become one of the most famous of its time. Before its first pres ...
'' (1912) was exhibited for the first time. Juan Gris was represented by ''Nu'', four untitled oils, and five drawings. Marie Laurencin showed two watercolors, two oils, two drawings and six etchings. August Agero, presented a ''Statue of man'', ''Statue of woman'', ''Bust of man'', ''Jeune fille à la rose'', a series of dishes, including one titled ''Adam and Eva'' (copper plate) and five drawings. Le Fauconnier exhibited ''Portrait d'un Poète'' and two landscapes of Brittany. Fernand Léger had three drawings in the show.
While press coverage was extensive, it was not always positive. Articles were published in the newspapers ''Esquella de La Torratxa'' and ''El Noticiero Universal''[Juan de Dos, ''Los pintores cubistas en Barcelona'', Crónica de Arte, El Noticiero Universal, 25 April 1912](_blank)
/ref> attacking the Cubists with a series of caricatures laced with text, showing people shaped like cones standing in front of the works. Another depicted Adam and Eve in crude cubic form (Agero presented a sculpture of the subject). Others still interpreted the paintings as cubic scribbles, or an artist at his easel with a cube-like animal head; all with derogatory captions. Others mocked the works, referring to them as "hieroglyphs". Among artists reactions were mixed, sparking a debate among Noucentists. Eugeni d'Ors saw Duchamps ''Nude Descending a Staircase'' as a "sad case, a case of unconsciousness and disorientation". In another article he referred to Duchamps ''Nude'' as "monstrous", because the artist renounced form and a sensual appearance of reality, contradicting the efforts of other Cubists. The following year ''Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2'' was exhibited at the Armory Show where it became the subject of endless scandal.
Art historian Jaime Brihuega writes of the Dalmau Cubist show: "No doubt that the exhibition produced a strong commotion in the public, who welcomed it with a lot of suspicion.[D. José Luis Antequera Lucas, ''Tradición y vanguardia en la pintura española de paisaje entre 1915 y1926 a través de la obra "El año artístico" del crítico de arte José Francés''](_blank)
Universidad de Murcia. Facultad de Letras. Departamento de Historia del Arte. Murcia, 2013 (PDF) Cubism subsequently became one of the most influential art movements of the 20th century; impacting developments in Futurism
Futurism ( it, Futurismo, link=no) was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy, and to a lesser extent in other countries, in the early 20th century. It emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such ...
, Suprematism, Dada
Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (Zurich), Cabaret Voltaire (in 1916). New York Dada began c. 1915, and after 192 ...
, Constructivism
Constructivism may refer to:
Art and architecture
* Constructivism (art), an early 20th-century artistic movement that extols art as a practice for social purposes
* Constructivist architecture, an architectural movement in Russia in the 1920s a ...
, De Stijl
''De Stijl'' (; ), Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden. De Stijl consisted of artists and architects. In a more narrow sense, the term ''De Stijl'' is used to refer to a body o ...
and Art Deco
Art Deco, short for the French ''Arts Décoratifs'', and sometimes just called Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design, that first appeared in France in the 1910s (just before World War I), and flourished in the Unite ...
.[Christopher Green, 2009, ''Cubism, Meanings and interpretations'', MoMA, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2009](_blank)
while Constructivism was influenced by Picasso's technique of constructing sculpture from separate elements.
Selected works exhibited and/or reproduced in the press
File:Jean Metzinger, 1910-11, Deux Nus (Two Nudes), dimensions and whereabouts unknown..jpg, Jean Metzinger, 1910-11, '' Deux Nus (Two Nudes, Two Women)'', oil on canvas, 92 x 66 cm, Gothenburg Museum of Art
Gothenburg Museum of Art ( sv, Göteborgs konstmuseum) is located at Götaplatsen in Gothenburg, Sweden.
It claims to be the third largest art museum in Sweden by size of its collection.
Collections
The museum holds the world's finest collect ...
, Sweden. Exhibited at the first Cubist manifestation, Room 41 of the 1911 Salon des Indépendants
Salon may refer to:
Common meanings
* Beauty salon, a venue for cosmetic treatments
* French term for a drawing room, an architectural space in a home
* Salon (gathering), a meeting for learning or enjoyment
Arts and entertainment
* Salon (P ...
, Paris. Exposició d'Art Cubista, 1912
File:Jean Metzinger, 1911, Étude pour Le Goûter, Exposició d'Art Cubista, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1912 (catalogue).jpg, Jean Metzinger
Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (; 24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1 ...
, 1911, ''Étude pour " Le Goûter"'' (''Study for Tea Time''), Exposició d'Art Cubista, Galeries Dalmau (catalogue)
File:Jean Metzinger, 1911, Etude pour Le Goûter, graphite and ink on paper, 19 x 15 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris.jpg, Jean Metzinger
Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (; 24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1 ...
, 1911, ''Étude pour " Le Goûter"'' (''Study for Tea Time''), graphite and ink on paper, 19 x 15 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris. Exposició d'Art Cubista, 1912
File:Jean Metzinger, Le goûter, Tea Time, 1911, 75.9 x 70.2 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art.jpg, Jean Metzinger
Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (; 24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1 ...
, 1911, '' Le goûter (Tea Time)'', oil on canvas, 75.9 x 70.2 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMoA) is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a hill located at the northwest end of the Benjamin Fr ...
. Exhibited at the 1911 Salon d'Automne. Published in ''Fantasio'', 15 October 1911, '' Du "Cubisme"'', 1912, '' Les Peintres Cubistes'', 1913, and in ''La Veu de Catalunya'', 1 February 1912. André Salmon
André Salmon (4 October 1881, Paris – 12 March 1969, Sanary-sur-Mer) was a French poet, art critic and writer. He was one of the early defenders of Cubism, with Guillaume Apollinaire and Maurice Raynal.
Biography
André Salmon was born in P ...
dubbed this painting "The Mona Lisa of Cubism"
File:Jean Metzinger, ca 1911, Nature morte, oil on canvas, 93.5 by 66.5 cm.jpg, Jean Metzinger
Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (; 24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1 ...
, ca 1911, '' Nature morte (Compotier et cruche décorée de cerfs)'', oil on canvas, 93.5 x 66.5 cm. Exposició d'Art Cubista, 1912
File:Recoveredgleizes.jpg, Albert Gleizes
Albert Gleizes (; 8 December 1881 – 23 June 1953) was a French artist, theoretician, philosopher, a self-proclaimed founder of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris. Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote the first major treatise on ...
, 1911, '' Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon, Paysage avec personnage'', oil on canvas, 146.4 x 114.4 cm. Exhibited at Salon des Indépendants, 1911, Bruxelles, 1911, Exposició d'Art Cubista, 1912
File:Albert Gleizes, 1911, Paysage (Landscape), oil on canvas, 71 x 91.5 cm. Reproduced frontispiece catalogue Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1912.jpg, Albert Gleizes, 1910–11, ''Paysage (Landscape, Les Maisons)'', oil on canvas, 71 x 91.5 cm. Reproduced frontispiece (titled ''Les Maisons'', dated 1910) catalogue Galeries Dalmau, Exposició d'Art Cubista, Barcelona, 1912
File:Marcel Duchamp, 1911, La sonate (Sonata), oil on canvas, 145.1 x 113.3 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art.jpg, Marcel Duchamp
Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (, , ; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, Dada, and conceptual art. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso ...
, 1911, ''La sonate (Sonata)'', oil on canvas, 145.1 x 113.3 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMoA) is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a hill located at the northwest end of the Benjamin Fr ...
. Exposició d'Art Cubista, Barcelona, 1912
File:Duchamp - Nude Descending a Staircase.jpg, Marcel Duchamp
Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (, , ; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, Dada, and conceptual art. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso ...
, 1912, ''Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
''Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2'' (French: ''Nu descendant un escalier n° 2'') is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. The work is widely regarded as a Modernist classic and has become one of the most famous of its time. Before its first pres ...
'', oil on canvas, 147 cm × 89.2 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMoA) is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a hill located at the northwest end of the Benjamin Fr ...
. Exposició d'Art Cubista, Barcelona, 1912
File:Juan Gris, Exposició d'Art Cubista, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1912 (catalogue).jpg, Juan Gris
José Victoriano González-Pérez (23 March 1887 – 11 May 1927), better known as Juan Gris (; ), was a Spanish painter born in Madrid who lived and worked in France for most of his active period. Closely connected to the innovative artistic ge ...
, Exposició d'Art Cubista, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1912 (catalogue page)
File:Juan Gris - Study for Man in a Café.jpg, Juan Gris
José Victoriano González-Pérez (23 March 1887 – 11 May 1927), better known as Juan Gris (; ), was a Spanish painter born in Madrid who lived and worked in France for most of his active period. Closely connected to the innovative artistic ge ...
, 1911, ''Study for "Man in a Café"'', black crayon on laid paper, 55.9 x 41.9 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMoA) is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a hill located at the northwest end of the Benjamin Fr ...
. Exposició d'Art Cubista, 1912
File:Juan Gris, 1912, La Guitare (Guitar and Glasses), oil on canvas, 30 x 58 cm, private collection.jpg, Juan Gris, 1912, ''La Guitare'' (''Guitar and Glasses''), oil on canvas, 30 x 58 cm, private collection. Exposició d'Art Cubista, Barcelona, 1912
File:Marie Laurencin, Exposició d'Art Cubista, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1912 (catalogue).jpg, Marie Laurencin
Marie Laurencin (31 October 1883 – 8 June 1956) was a French painter and printmaker. She became an important figure in the Parisian Avant-garde#:~:text=The avant-garde (/ˌ,art, culture, or society., avant-garde as a member of the Cubism, Cubist ...
, Exposició d'Art Cubista, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1912 (catalogue)
File:August Agero, Jeune fille à la rose, Exposició d'Art Cubista, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1912, catalogue.jpg, August Agero, ''Jeune fille à la rose'', wood sculpture, Exposició d'Art Cubista, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1912, catalogue
1912: Exposició d'art polonès
This was large exhibition of Polish artists living in France transpired at Dalmau during the months of May and June 1912.[''Exposició d'art polonès'' catalogue](_blank)
Galeries Dalmau
1913–1915: Divers artists
Between 1913 and 1915 the gallery held a series of exhibitions by local artists, such as Darío de Regoyos (1913–14), (1913), (1913–14), (1914), Gustavo de Maeztu
Gustavo is the Latinate form of a Germanic male given name with respective prevalence in Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian. It has been a common name for Swedish monarchs since the reign of Gustav Vasa.
It is derived from Gustav /ˈɡʊstɑːv/, al ...
(1914), Celso Lagar
Celso Lagar Arroyo was a Spanish language, Spanish painter. In the late nineteenth century, he was one of the first generation Spanish expressionist painters from the School of Paris, where he lived most of his life. He was influenced greatly by ...
(1915).
1915–16: Kees van Dongen
Kees van Dongen
Cornelis Theodorus Maria "Kees" van Dongen (26 January 1877 – 28 May 1968) was a Dutch-French painter who was one of the leading Fauvism, Fauves. Van Dongen's early work was influenced by the Hague School and symbolism and it evolved gradually ...
exhibited at Galeries Dalmau 26 December 1915 - mid-January 1916. By the time this solo exhibition made it to the walls of Sala Dalmau, van Dongen was already known in Catalonia. Eugeni d'Ors had written about his work in the newspaper ''El Poble Català'' (19 August 1905), and Joan Sacs (Feliu Elias) had already dedicated an article to him in Magazine Nova (4/7/1914). Seven works by van Dongen were shown: ''Tanger, Vacances, Cousine, Le chrysanthème, Intérieur, Portrait of the Princesse Salomé Andreeif'' and ''Danseuse orientale''.
In ''Vell i Nou'' 15 December 1915 it was written that the artist "has managed to interpret with a sweet smile the hell of vice and the perversity of life in the underworld of Paris", and ''La Veu de Catalunya'' 11 December recalled of his work "the especially preeminent place that it occupies among the most advanced pictorial schools". The exhibition was well received by ''L'Esquella de la Torratxa'', 14 January 1916, and the magazine ''Themis'', by Vilanova i la Geltrú, 5 January, in which J.F. Ràfols wrote a detailed account of van Dongen work, although not without some reticence, as he described a "believer exceeded by the artificiality of the type of woman, make-up and frivolous, portrayed by the artist. In Vell i Nou, Romà Jori wrote: "from the union between symbolist poets and impressionist painters this painting is born, which has Van Dongen as one of its most solid representatives".
1916: Serge Charchoune, Helene Grunhoff
The exhibition of Serge Charchoune
Serge Charchoune or Sergey Sharshun (russian: Сергей Иванович Шаршун) was a Russian painter and the first Russian Dada poet. Born August 4, 1888, in Buguruslan, Russia, Charchoune lived most of his life in France where he di ...
and Helene Grunhoff took place 29 April through 14 May 1916. Charchoune attended academies in Moscow before his 1912 arrival in Paris, where he studied Cubism under Jean Metzinger and Le Fauconnier at Académie de La Palette
''Académie de La Palette'', also called ''Académie La Palette'' and ''La Palette'', (English: ''Palette Academy''), was a private art school in Paris, France, active between 1888 and 1925, aimed at promoting'' 'conciliation entre la liberté et l ...
. While in Paris he met the sculptor Hélène Grunhoff (or Helena Grünhoff) (1880-?), with whom he would live for ten years. In 1915, with the outset of World War I, Charchoune and Grunhoff took refuge in Mallorca and Barcelona. The two exhibited again at Galeries Dalmau in 1917.
1916: Albert Gleizes
By 1916 the Galeries Dalmau had become a focal point for abstract art and Cubist activities. Albert and Juliette Gleizes, Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Francis Picabia, Marie Laurencin and her husband , Olga Sacharoff
Olga Nicolaevna Sacharoff (May 28, 1889, Tbilisi, Georgia ‒ 1967, Barcelona) was a Spanish artist of Russo-Persian origin associated with naive art and the Surrealist movement.
Life and work
Olga Sacharoff (also spelled Sakhorova, Zakharova ...
, Serge Charchoune and Rafael Barradas were among the artists to adopt Barcelona as their new home; others included the film theoretician and publisher of the avant-garde magazine '' Montjoie!'', Ricciotto Canudo
Ricciotto Canudo (; 2 January 1877, Gioia del Colle – 10 November 1923, Paris) was an early Italian film theoretician who lived primarily in France. In 1913 he published a bimonthly avant-garde magazine entitled ''Montjoie!'', promoting Cubism ...
; artist and boxer Arthur Cravan
Arthur Cravan (born Fabian Avenarius Lloyd; 22 May 1887 – disappeared 1918) was a Swiss writer, poet, artist and boxer. He was the second son of Otho Holland Lloyd and Hélène Clara St. Clair. His brother Otho Lloyd was a painter and photog ...
, his brother Otho Lloyd
Otho Lloyd (1885‒1979) was a painter and photographer married to the Russian émigré artist Olga Sacharoff. He was the elder brother of Arthur Cravan and a nephew of Constance Lloyd Wilde, the wife of the Irish writer and poet Oscar Wilde.
...
; poet, painter, playwright, choreographer Valentine de Saint-Point
Valentine de Saint-Point (''née'' Anna Jeanne Valentine Marianne Glans de Cessiat-Vercell; 16 February 1875, Lyon – 28 March 1953, Cairo) was a French writer, poet, painter, playwright, art critic, choreographer, lecturer and journalist. She ...
, and art critic Max Goth (Maximilien Gauthier).
Spain remained neutral during World War I, between July 1914 and November 1918. Despite domestic economic difficulties, many artists chose to reside in Spain (and Barcelona in particular).
Gleizes' solo exhibition at Dalmau took place 29 November – 12 December 1916, generating considerable press coverage, for example in ''Vell i Nou'', and by Joan Sacs (Feliu Elias), who under another pseudonym, Apa, drew a caricature of Gleizes, in ''La Publicidad''.
Art historian Daniel Robbins writes of the Barcelona works of Gleizes:
His work was always directly engaged with environment, especially an unfamiliar one. Thus, his 1916 voyage to Spain resulted in a number of obviously Spanish paintings, (''Spanish Dancer'') hot and exuberant (as well as in a lost Sailboat painting, more consonant with the general course of his development in synthetic abstraction) and few of his paintings are as sensual and immediate as those of Bermuda in which a Cezannesque concern for light-modified forms and his consistent diagonal brushwork overcome any conceptual efforts.
1917: Torres-García, Barradas, Charchoune
At this exhibition, featuring Joaquim Torres i García, Rafael Barradas y Serge Charchoune, Vibrationism was exhibited publicly for the first time. In a conference held at Galeries Dalmau, 22 February 1917, Torres-García delivered a lecture in which he cites:
This spirit does come to us without enthusiasm, and this is another characteristic. We are engulfed in flame, we vibrate; our spirit is vibratory, agile; it covers immense spaces in seconds; we feel in ourselves the conviction that we can achieve extraordinary things. Good things fall to us; we become altruistic, sincere, indulgent, cordial. The world is beautiful, exuberant with life, with heat, with light. Serenity, like a sovereign, reigns over everything. The world enjoys perpetual peace.
1918: Joan Miró
By 1917 the young Joan Miró, appreciably affected by the Cubist works exhibited at Galeries Dalmau, became involved in the gallery efforts, and soon applied his own personal interpretation to the Cubist approach. 16 February through 3 March 1918 Dalmau presented Miró's first solo exhibition, and would later arrange his first Parisian solo exhibition, at Galerie la Licorne in 1921.[Joan Miró a la Viquipèdia, Estat de la qüestió el juny de 2016](_blank)
Biography, Works, Fundació Joan Miró, Premi Joan Miró, Text and image sources
The Galeries Dalmau exhibition of Joan Miró was accompanied by a catalogue with a calligram
A calligram is text arranged in such a way that it forms a thematically related image. It can be a poem, a phrase, a portion of scripture, or a single word; the visual arrangement can rely on certain use of the typeface, calligraphy or handwrit ...
poem by Josep Maria Junoy. Listed are a total of 64 works: 2 dated 1914; 7 dated 1915; 25 from 1916; and 30 works from 1917. Reports are that the show was not a success,[Miguel Cabañas Bravo, ''El arte español del siglo XX: su perspectiva al final del milenio''](_blank)
Editorial CSIC, 2001, p. 91, his work was ridiculed and defaced.
Miró's submissions reflected the influence of French movements, Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism, with colors akin to van Gogh and Cézanne (such as ''Portrait of Vincent Nubiola
''Portrait of Vincent Nubiola'' (Catalan: ''Retrat de Vicenç Nubiola'') is an oil painting by Spanish artist Joan Miró. Painted in 1917 when Miró was 24 years old, a year before his first exhibition, the portrait is now considered a masterpie ...
''),[Georges Raillard, ''Miró'', Debate, Madrid, 1992, pp. 48-54, ] as well as the influence of van Dongen and Gleizes. The reaction among critics was mixed, and Miró only managed to sell one work, a still life of a coffee grinder, which was purchased by Catalan artist (who exhibited at Galeries Dalmau in 1908) for 250 pesetas.
Miró subsequently was drawn towards the arts community gathering momentum in Montparnasse and in 1920 moved to Paris, but continued to spend his summers in Catalonia.[Victoria Combalia, "Miró's Strategies: Rebellious in Barcelona, Reticent in Paris", from Joan Miró: Snail Woman Flower Star, Prestel 2008]
1920: Exposición de Arte francés de Vanguardia
The ''Exposición de Arte francés de Vanguardia'' transpired at Les Galeries Dalmau 26 October through 15 November 1920.[Exposición de Arte francés de Vanguardia, Galeries Dalmau, 1920](_blank)
(catalogue) The exhibition of avant-garde French art was one of the most important exhibitions organized by Dalmau, in which the dealer's intention was to offer a representative sample of artists who worked in France, both French and other nationalities. The sheer number of artists was vast, and so too the range of periods covered; from post-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism) was a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction ag ...
to abstract art, Fauvism, Cubism and De Stijl in passing.
It was at this exhibition, in all probability, that dealer Léonce Rosenberg and Miró met for the first time. Dalmau had organized the show with the help of Rosenberg and of Georges Bernheim, the gallery owner and international art expert during the Parisian interwar period. He had exhibited works by Francis Picabia, Raoul Dufy, and many others at the Galerie Georges Bernheim. Virtually all of the Cubists in the show had already exhibited at Rosenberg's Léonce Rosenberg#Galerie de L'Effort Moderne, Galerie de L'Effort Moderne, or would shortly. In 1930 and 1932, Rosenberg presented two large exhibitions of works by Picabia.[Effort Moderne, Galerie L, Paris](_blank)
Index of Historic Collectors and Dealers of Cubism, 1918-1941, Leonard A. Lauder Research Center for Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Artists included María Blanchard, Georges Braque, Henri-Edmond Cross, Jean Dufy, Raoul Dufy, André Derain, André Dunoyer de Segonzac, Othon Friesz, Emile-Othon Friesz, Albert Gleizes, Juan Gris, Henri Hayden, Auguste Herbin, Marie Laurencin, Fernand Léger, André Lhote, Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Manguin, Jean Marchand (painter), Jean Marchand, Albert Marquet, Henri Matisse, Jean Metzinger, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, Diego Rivera, Gino Severini, Paul Signac, Joaquim Sunyer, Léopold Survage, Louis Valtat, Félix Vallotton
Félix Édouard Vallotton (; December 28, 1865December 29, 1925) was a Swiss and French painter and printmaker associated with the group of artists known as . He was an important figure in the development of the modern woodcut. He painted portra ...
, Kees van Dongen, Maurice de Vlaminck, and Manuel Ortiz de Zárate. In all, 45 artists participated with 87 works of art displayed.
The preface of the catalogue was written by French art critic and an ardent propagandist of Cubism Maurice Raynal. 28 Artworks were reproduced in the catalogue.
Maurice Raynal delivered a surreal preface laced with philosophy, theology, seemingly geared towards the collectors inner sensibility:
''Afición ciega razón'', says a Spanish proverb. Well! yes. It is necessary that affection blinds reason. So do not try here to discriminate against efforts divergent from sensibility and sensuality. Look and choose, or rather let yourself be taken, stop in front of what captures you, because we never choose. [...] love does not choose, it takes what it finds. So do not try to compare and therefore do not label. Only true love has to make comparisons, and the elective character we would like to bestow upon it is only a pleasant fantasy around its power. [...] Breathe nature only with all the pores of your sensitivity, contemplate the universe through your window or in your own mirror if you prefer. This one tell you: "This is what nature has shown me". That one will affirm: "That is what I showed nature". Just remember that we only have at home the painting that we deserve. (Maurice Raynal, 1920)
File:Pablo Picasso, 1903, Desemparats (Maternité, Mère et enfant au fichu, Motherhood), pastel on paper, 47.5 x 41 cm, Museu Picasso, Barcelona.jpg, Pablo Picasso, 1903, ''Desemparats (Maternité, Mère et enfant au fichu, Motherhood)'', pastel on paper, 47.5 x 41 cm, Museu Picasso, Barcelona. Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920
File:Young Sailor II.jpg, Henri Matisse
Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known prima ...
, 1906, ''The Young Sailor II'', oil on canvas, 101.3 x 82.9 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920
File:Henri-Edmond Cross, 1907-08, La Pleine de Bormes, oil on canvas, 73.1 x 91.8 cm.jpg, Henri-Edmond Cross, 1907–08, ''La Pleine de Bormes'', oil on canvas, 73.1 x 91.8 cm. Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920
File:Kees van Dongen, 1911, Femme a la balustrade, (Woman on the balustrade, En la plaza), 1911, oil on canvas, 81.3 x 99.1 cm, Annonciade Museum, Saint Tropez.jpg, Kees van Dongen
Cornelis Theodorus Maria "Kees" van Dongen (26 January 1877 – 28 May 1968) was a Dutch-French painter who was one of the leading Fauvism, Fauves. Van Dongen's early work was influenced by the Hague School and symbolism and it evolved gradually ...
, 1911, ''En la plaza'' (''Femme a la balustrade, Woman on the balustrade''), oil on canvas, 81.3 x 99.1 cm, Annonciade Museum, Saint Tropez. Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920
File:Auguste Herbin, 1912, Les roses, oil on canvas, 92.1 x 60.3 cm.jpg, Auguste Herbin, 1912, ''Les roses'', oil on canvas, 92.1 x 60.3 cm. Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920 (page from the catalogue)
File:Louis Valtat, 1913, Nu au fauteuil, oil on canvas, 81.4 x 65.4 cm.jpg, Louis Valtat, 1913, ''Nu au fauteuil'' (''Nu sur fond rose''), oil on canvas, 81.4 x 65.4 cm, private collection. Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920
File:Jean Metzinger, 1917, Nature morte, Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920 (catalogue).jpg, Jean Metzinger
Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (; 24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1 ...
, c.1917, ''Nature morte'', Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920 (page from catalogue)
File:Fernand Léger, 1919, Le disque rouge, Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920 (catalogue page).jpg, Fernand Léger
Joseph Fernand Henri Léger (; February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painting, painter, sculpture, sculptor, and film director, filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism (known as "tubism") which he gradually ...
, 1919, ''Le disque rouge'', Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920 (catalogue page)
File:Paul-Élie Gernez, Saint-Claude.jpg, , ''Saint-Claude'', Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920 (catalogue)
File:Joaquim Sunyer, c.1920, La sandía, oil on canvas, 59 x 71.5 cm, Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.jpg, Joaquim Sunyer, c.1920, ''La sandía (The Watermelon)'', oil on canvas, 59 x 71.5 cm, Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Exposició d'Art francès d'Avantguarda, Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona, 1920
1922: Francis Picabia
Francis Picabia presented his first and only solo exhibition in Barcelona at the Galleries Dalmau, from 18 November to 8 December 1922. Picabia, by this time, had already transited through a Cubist phase (in Paris) and a proto-Dada phase (New York City). Picabia exhibited forty-seven works at the Galeries Dalmau, all recent (produced within months of the show) and previously unpublished. The works were an eclectic mix of figurative art, abstract and mechanical representations ("late machinist"). This was a transition period between Dada and Surrealism. The subjects of the work included was reflected in the titles: ''Aviation, Astrolab, Thermometer for the blind'', ''Spanish Woman'' and ''Optophone''.[Rafael Santos Torroella, ''Francis Picabia i Barcelona'', Francis Picabia, Exposició Antològica Barcelona 1985 (Barcelona: Fundació Caixa de Pensions; Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura)] Before the opening, a lecture on modern art was delivered at the by André Breton, who once wrote that "Paris is bigger than Picabia, but Picabia is the capital of Paris."[''Francis Picabia. Machines and Spanish Women''](_blank)
Fundació Antoni Tàpies, Barcelona He also wrote the preface published in the catalogue for the occasion:
"[...] Indeed, the work no longer resides in the more or less successful combination of colors, in the game of lines that approaches more or less high degree the reality. There is no similarity, not even distant. The joke of representation has lasted too long [...] giving way to compositions where the plastic values, exempt of all representative or symbolic intent, may not play as significant a role as the signature or title. [...] "
The negative reviews from the Catalan cultural and artistic institutions following the first publications of 391, appeared to have interfered in Picabia's exhibition at Dalmau, despite the fact that tendencies were flowing inexorably toward the avant-garde, Dada included. Neither André Breton's conference or the exhibition catalog were particularly successful. However, there was published an extensive article on Picabia and Breton's conference in ''La publicitat'', written by the art critic .
To his credit, writes Elisenda Andrés Pàmies, since 1912 Josep Dalmau had been the first and only Catalan dealer to have established relationships with the creators of the diaspora and welcomed them into Les Galleries Dalmau. Picabia's exhibition solidified that continuity.
Dalmau published the first four issues of the Dada
Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (Zurich), Cabaret Voltaire (in 1916). New York Dada began c. 1915, and after 192 ...
ist review ''391
__NOTOC__
Year 391 ( CCCXCI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tatianus and Symmachus (or, less frequently, year 114 ...
'' (1917-1924) and ''Cinquante-deux miroirs'' (1914-1917) created by Picabia.
File:Francis Picabia, Flamenca, 391, n. 3, March 1, 1917.jpg, Francis Picabia
Francis Picabia (: born Francis-Marie Martinez de Picabia; 22January 1879 – 30November 1953) was a French avant-garde painter, poet and typographist. After experimenting with Impressionism and Pointillism, Picabia became associated with Cubism ...
, ''Flamenca'', 391, n. 3, March 1, 1917
File:Francis Picabia, Francis chante le Coq, 391, n. 14, November 1920.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Francis chante le Coq'', 391, n. 14, November 1920
File:Francis Picabia, 391, n. 13, July 1920.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Ce numéro et entouré d'une deníelle rose.'' Page from 391, n. 13, July 1920
File:Francis Picabia, Lampe Illusion, 391, n. 3, March 1, 1917.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Lampe Illusion'', 391, n. 3, March 1, 1917
File:Francis Picabia, Marie, Barcelone, 391, n. 3, March 1, 1917.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Marie, Barcelone'', 391, n. 3, March 1, 1917
File:Francis Picabia, Molèculaire, 391, No. 8, Feb. 1919.jpg, Francis Picabia, Molèculaire, 391, No. 8, February 1919
File:Francis Picabia, Peigne, Miroir de l'Apparence, 391, n. 2, February 10, 1917.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Peigne, Miroir de l'Apparence'', 391, n. 2, February 10, 1917
File:Francis Picabia, Phosphate, Littérature, No. 6, New Series, Paris, 1 November, 1922.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Phosphate, Littérature'', No. 6, New Series, Paris, 1 November 1922
File:Francis Picabia, Américaine, 391, n. 6, July 1917.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Américaine'', 391, n. 6, July 1917
File:Francis Picabia, Âne, 391, July 1917.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Âne'' (English: ''Donkey''), 391, July 1917
File:Francis Picabia, 1922, Aviation, ink, crayon, watercolor on paper, 79.9 x 54 cm, RISD Museum.jpg, Francis Picabia, 1922, ''Aviation'', ink, crayon, watercolor on paper, 79.9 x 54 cm, RISD Museum
File:Francis Picabia, Astrolabe, Galeries Dalmau exhibition catalogue, 1922.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Astrolabe'', Galeries Dalmau exhibition catalogue, 1922
File:Francis Picabia, Thermomètre pour aveugles, Galeries Dalmau exhibition catalogue 1922.jpg, Francis Picabia, ''Thermomètre pour aveugles'' (''Thermometer for the Blind''), Galeries Dalmau exhibition catalogue 1922
File:Francis Picabia,1922, Femme Espagnole (Espagnole à la cigarette), watercolor, gouache and pencil on paper, 72 x 51 cm.jpg, Francis Picabia, 1922, ''Femme Espagnole'' (''Espagnole à la cigarette''), watercolor, gouache and pencil on paper, 72 x 51 cm, private collection
1923: Passeig de Gràcia
In 1923 the gallery relocated to one of the major avenues in Barcelona, Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona, Passeig de Gràcia, 62, where is remained until 1930, when the gallery would close permanently.
1925–1927: Salvador Dalí
The exhibition of Salvador Dalí
Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquess of Dalí of Púbol (; ; ; 11 May 190423 January 1989) was a Spanish Surrealism, surrealist artist renowned for his technical skill, precise draftsmanship, and the striking and bizarr ...
, from 14 to 27 November 1925, was the artists first solo exhibition. At the time Dalí was not yet immersed in the surrealism, surrealist style for which he would later become famous. The exhibition among the public and critics was well received. The following year he exhibited again at Dalmau, 31 December 1926 to 14 January 1927, with support of the art critic .
During the mid-1920s, the gallery scene in Barcelona was very sophisticated, organized and complex. Dalmau was faced with competition in 1925 when the Maragall brothers—, youngest son of the poet Joan Maragall, and Raimon Maragall—purchased the gallery Sala Parés, joining the world of galleries and energizing the market. Sala Parés became a rival of Galeries Dalmau, since it attracted an important branch of artists (Modernism and Noucentisme), formerly promoted by Dalmau and (founded in 1915).
1926: Exposició de Modernisme Pictòric Català
This exhibition included a group of Catalan artist, and a group of European artists. Josep Dalmau exhibited three of his own works, along with Miró, Dalí, Torres-García, Sunyer, Junyer, Mompou, Cassanyes, and others. Also present were the works by Gleizes, Laurencin, Picabia, Weber, Vlaminck, Dufy, Delaunay, and Grunoff.
1927: Federico García Lorca
Josep Dalmau, Salvador Dalí, J. V. Foix, Josep Carbonell, M. A. Cassanyes, Lluís Góneora, R. Saínz de la Maza Lluís Montanyà, Rafael Barradas, and J. Gutiérrez Gílí-Sebastià Gasch invited Federico García Lorca to exhibit drawing at the Galeries Dalmau, from 25 June – 2 July 1927.[''Exposició de dibuixos de Federico García Lorca'', Galeries Dalmau, 25 June – 2 July 1927, Barcelona (invitation and catalogue)](_blank)
/ref>
Lorca's works were a blend of popular and avant-garde styles, complementing the artists poetry collection, Canción, "Canción" (Song), which was printed a month prior to the exhibition. Both his poetry and drawings reflected the influence of traditional Andalusians, Andalusian motifs, Cubism, and a preoccupation with sexual identity. Several drawings consisted of superimposed dreamlike faces (or shadows). He later described the double faces as self-portraits, showing "man's capacity for crying as well as winning", inline with his conviction that sorrow and joy were inseparable, just as life and death.[Leslie Stainton, ''Lorca - a Dream of Life''](_blank)
Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013,
In a sketch titled ''The Kiss'', he drew a face much like his own, attached at the lips with another face, the profile of which resembled Dalí. Dalí had also drawn Lorca's face next to his own. Dalí later wrote of this period in his life as an artist, "for the duration of an eclipse", Lorca's shadow "came to darken the virginal originality of my spirit and of my flesh." Lorca too was consumed by Dalí, something visible in both his Cubist idiom and Surrealist syntax. The exhibition included a recognizable portrait of Dalí (cat. no. 14), part of a series Lorca had drawn at the time.
Lorca's exhibition attracted less attention than Dalí's, though there was some favorable press coverage, mainly by his friends, Dalí included. To Lorca's surprise, he did sell four drawings. Once the exhibition completed he gave the rest of the drawings to his friends.
1929: Art Modern Nacional i Estranger
The Exhibition of Modern National and Foreign Art took place at Galeries Dalmau, Passeig de Gràcia, 31 October through 15 November 1929. Artists included Hans Arp
Hans Peter Wilhelm Arp (16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966), better known as Jean Arp in English, was a German-French sculptor, painter, and poet. He was known as a Dadaist and an abstract artist.
Early life
Arp was born in Straßburg (now Stras ...
, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, André Lhote
André Lhote (5 July 1885 – 24 January 1962) was a French Cubist painter of figure subjects, portraits, landscapes and still life. He was also active and influential as a teacher and writer on art.
Early life and education
Lhote was born ...
, Piet Mondrian, Otto van Rees (artist), Otto van Rees, Otto Weber (painter), Otto Weber, Theo van Doesburg, Otto Freundlich, Georges Vantongerloo, Jean Hélion, Gustavo Cochet, along with large contingent of Catalan artists.
Reviews included a lengthy exposé in ''La Gaceta Literaria'' by Sebastià Gasch, particularly on the Cubist aspect of the exhibition, and by , under the pseudonym Baiarola, in ''La Veu de Catalunya''.
1930: Àngel Planells
Angel Planells
Àngel Planells i Cruañas ( Cadaqués, December 2, 1901 - Barcelona, July 23, 1989) was a Spanish Catalan surrealist painter.
Born in Cadaqués, where he met artists like Eliseu Meifrèn, Joan Roig i Soler and Salvador Dalí. In 1918 he went to ...
was a surrealist painter. This was the artists first solo exhibition.
1930: Gallery closes
The closing of Galeries Dalmau was possibly due to several factors: the use of operational procedures obsolete in the art market of the twenties, expenses, increasing competition, and the low profitability obtained from the sales. Sebastià Gasch, attributed the demise of Galeries Dalmau to the attitude of Josep Dalmau, "the almost absolute disappearance of that eagerness of selection that presided over his old galleries." He also pointed out, "Galleries Dalmau lost all their ingenuity when moving from the intensity of the Gothic Quarter of Barcelona—Portaferrissa—to the dilapidated Passeig de Gràcia."
In 1936, Dalmau became president of the ''Associació d'Artistes Independents'' and drafted its manifesto. He died the following year.
Artists exhibited
* This list does not include Polish artists of the ''Exposició d'art polonès'', 1912Artists who exhibited their works in the Dalmau Galleries
Ajuntament de Girona
Acín Aquilué, Ramón
Agero, August
Amat Pagès, Josep
Aragay, Josep
Aymat, Tomàs
Badrinas Escudé, Antoni
Ballesté, Jacint
Bardas, Nicolau Isidro
Barradas, Rafael
Basiana Arbiell, Evarist
Bechini, Gabriel
Begué, Hortense
Beltran Sanfeliu, Josep
Benet Vancells, Rafael
Bergnes, Guillem
Blanchard, María
Blanes, Camilo
Bosch Canals, Andreu
Boussingault, Jean-Louis
Braque, Georges
Bréton, André
Burty, Frank
Camarasa, F.
Camps, Francesc
Canals, Ricard
Cano, Manolo
Carles Rosich, Domingo
Cassanyes, Magí
Castanys, Valentí
Cénac Bercciartu, Enrique
Charchoune, Serge
Cid, Remigio
Clapés Puig, Aleix
Climent, Enrique
Cochet, Gustavo
Colom, Joan
Coscolla Plana, Feliu
Costa, Miquel
Costa, Pere
Cross, Henri-Edmond
Cueto, Germán
Dalí Domènech, Salvador
Dalmau Rafel, Josep
Dam, Bertil
De Regoyos, Darío
De Togores Llach, Josep
Delaunay, Sònia
Derain, André
Donskaia, Tatiana
Duchamp, Marcel
Dufy, Raoul
Dufy, Jean
Dunoyer de Segonzac, André
Dunyach Sala, Josep
Elias Bracons, Feliu
Enguiu Malaret, Ernest
Espinal Armengol, Marià
Estivill, Ricard
Fabrés, Júlia
Fernández Peña, Manuel
Ferrer, Agustí
Figueras, Llàtzer
Flores Garcia, Pedro
Friesz, Emile-Othon
Garay, Luis
García Lorca, Federico
García Maroto, Gabriel
Gausachs Armengol, Josep
Genover, Ignasi
Gérardin, Marthe-Antoine
Gernez, Paul-Élie
Gilberto, Lluís
Gimeno Arasa, Francesc
Gimeno, Martí
Gleizes, Albert
Gol, Josep Maria
Goller, Joseph
Gómez dela Serna, Ramón
Gómez, Helios
González Sevilla
Gosé Rovira, Xavier
Gottlieb, Leopold
Gris, Juan
Grunhoff, Helene
Guàrdia Esturí, Jaume
Guarro, Joan
Güell, Xavier
Gusef, Kallinic
Guyás, An
Hayden, Henri
Herbin, Auguste
Hermann-Paul, René Georges
Hoffmann, Robert
Homs Ferrés, Elvira
Humbert Esteve, Manel
Jack, Georges (?)
Jernàs, Elsa
Jönzen, Hadar
Jou, Lluís
Jujol, Josep Maria
Junyer, Joan
Kammerer, Ernst
Labarta, Francesc
Lagar, Celso
Lagut, Irène
Laprade, Pierre
Laurencin, Marie
Le Corbusier
Le Fauconnier, Henri
Léger, Fernand
Leyde, Kurt
Lhote, André
Lipchitz, Jacques
López Morella, Ramón
Losada, Manuel
Lotiron, Robert
Maeztu, Gustavo de
Malagarriga Ormat, Elvira
Manguin, Henri
Marchand, Jean
Marès, Frederic
Maristany de Trias, Luís
Marquès Puig, Josep Maria
Marquet, Albert
Matilla Marina, Segunda
Matisse, Henri
Mercadé, Lluís
Metzinger, Jean
Mimó, Claudi
Miret, Ramon
Miró, Joan
Mompou, Josep
Moreau, Luc-Albert
Moreno, Arturo
Moya Ketterer, José
Mutermilch, Mela
Natali, Renato
Nonell, Isidre
Obiols Palau, Josep
Olivé, Jacint
Ortiz de Zárate, Manuel
Öström, Folke
Palau Oller, Josep
Pascual Rodés, Ivo
Pascual Vicent, J.
Pérez Moro, Julio
Picabia, Francis
Picasso, Pablo
Pichot Gironès, Ramon
Planas, Pau
Planells Cruañas, Àngel
Portusach de Mascareñas, Josefina
Prat Ubach, Pere
Pretzfelder, Max
Pujó, Josep
Pujol Montané, Josep
Pujol Ripoll, Josep
Pujol, A. P.
Pujols, Francesc
R.de Pujulà, Germaine
Ràfols Fontanals, Josep Francesc
Ricart Nin, Enric Cristòfor
Rincón, Vicente
Rivera, Diego
Roqueta, Ramon
Roussel, Ker-Xavier
Ruiz, Diego
Rusiñol, Santiago
Ruth Cahn, Fräulein
Sermaise Perillard, Louis
Severini, Gino
Soucek, Slavi
Store, Emili
Sucre, Josep Maria del
Sunyer, Joaquím
Survage, Léopold
Timm, Ernest
Torné Esquius, Pere
Torné, Trinitat
Torres García, Joaquim
Traz, Georges de
Valtat, Louis
Vallotton, Félix
Vaño
Van Dongen, Kees
Van Rees, Otto
Velásquez Cueto, Lola
Vèrgez, Eduard
Vila Pujol, Joan
Vilà, Salvador
Villà Bassols, Miquel
Violet, Gustave
Vives, Mario
Vlaminck, Maurice
Weber, Otto
Xarraga, Angel
Ysern Alié, Pere
References
External links
Galeries Dalmau, ''Focus of avant-garde art in Catalonia'', Ajuntament de Girona
Elisée Trenc Ballester, ''L'avant-garde plastique à Barcelone, le vibracionisme, Barradas et Torres-García (1916–1920)'', Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle, 1996, p. 91-113 (French)
Josep Dalmau, Index of Historic Collectors and Dealers of Cubism
Leonard A. Lauder Research Center for Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Art museums and galleries in Catalonia
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