Fyappiy

The ''Fyappins'' ( inh, фаьппий, fäppiy) were an Ingush subgroup (''society'') that mostly inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus. Historically they bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and lastly in the south with Gudomakarians. The centre of the society was the fortified village (''aul'') of Erzi or Metskhal.

During the 16–17th centuries, part of the ''Fyappins'' migrated to Tusheti, Georgia, due to a lack of land. The descendants of the migrants are known as Bats people. In the 17–18th centuries, another wave of migration accured, to the region of Aukh (modern day Dagestan).

In 1733, due to the worry of expansion of Ottoman Turks in the region, ''Fyappins'' tried to establish ties with Kingdom of Kartli. As the Russian Empire started expanding its territories in the Caucasus Region 19th century, Caucasian War broke out. During the war, ''Fyappin'' Society was devasted after a Russian punitive expedition in 1830.

After the end of Caucasian War, ''Fyappins'' became part of various ''okrugs'' of the Terek ''Oblast'', which in turn was part of Caucasus Viceroyalty. Namely the ''okrugs'': Voeynno-Ossetian ''okrug'', Ingush ''okrug'', ''Vladikavkazsky Okrug'', '' Sunzhensky Otdel'' and lastly the Nazran ''okrug''.

Etymology

Endonyms

The endonym Fyappiy in their native Ingush language is "Фаьппий", written as "Fäppij" in old Ingush latin writing system.

translated the ethnonym in Ingush language as "settlers marching in a discordant crowd". Similarly, Rusudan Kharadze and Aleksey Robakidze made a hypothesis that the ethnonym might be connected with term "alien/new settler" (but not as in ethnically different from the main mass of Ingush). According to linguist , the ethnonym has no etymological explanation. connected the name in the form of ''Veppiy'' with the Khazar king Uobos, mentioned in the ''Georgian Chronicles''. Thus, elevating the name to the 10th century AD.

Exonyms

Historically the Fyappins were known by the exonym of Georgian origin ''Kists'' or ''Kistins'' and its other variants such as ''Nearby Kists'' or ''Nearby Kistins''. The terms later appeared later in Russian literature. Eventually the meaning of this ethnonym expanded and covered all Nakh peoples, despite originally being the ethnonym of Fyappins. The Kist ethnonym was replaced by the ethnonym "Metskhalins" in the 19th century and the Kistin society became known as the "Metskhalin society" respectively, after the chancellery of the society was transferred to Metskhal.

The Ossetians called the Fyappins as ''Maqqal'' () and the river , on which the society sat on, ''Maqqaldon'' (), the namesake for one of the Russian names for Armkhi, ''Makaldon'' (). The ethnonym ''Maqqal'' was also infrequently used to mark Fyappins on some maps. The ethnonym ''Maqqal'' is connected with the Ingush and Ossetian word for Kite, ''Maqqal'' (/). According to Anatoly Genko, the Ossetians got this name from the name of the ''aul'' of Erzi and its inhabitants, the ''Erzians''.

History

Early history

One of the mountainous Ingush societies, ''Fyappins'' inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus. All ''Fyappin'' villages and settlements were descended from the inhabitants of a mountainous fortified village (''aul''), Falkhan. Fyappins bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and lastly in the south with Gudomakarians.

Historically the ''Fyappins'' were known by the exonym of Georgian origin ''Kists'' or ''Kistins'' and its other variants such as ''Nearby Kists'' or ''Nearby Kistins''. The historical area where they lived, on the other hand, was called "Kistetia", as well as "Kistia" or "Kistinia". The first mention of Kists dates back to the 7th century, in the work ''Ashkharhatsuyts'' in the form ''Kusts'', although in the context it was used to generally describe the Ingush people, not just the ''Fyappins''.

During the 16–17th centuries, part of the ''Fyappins'' migrated to Tusheti, Georgia, in search of land. Today the descendants of these ''Fyappins'' are known as the Bats people. A new wave of migration of ''Fyappins'' took place in the 17–18th centuries to the region of Aukh (modern day Dagestan). Today the descendants of those migrants are known as the ''Vyappiy'' and refer to Tyarsh as their ancestral village as can be attested by their family chronicle ('):

In 1733 fearing the expansion of Ottoman Turks, ''Fyappins'' and Dzherakh wrote Vakhtang VI a letter, declaring their act of oath for Kartli. It was signed by 16 ''Fyappin'' and Dzherakh representatives from different surnames.

Contacts with Russia and incorporation into Russia

On 8 January 1811, foremen of 13 ''Fyappin'' villages made act of oath for the Russian Empire. However, it is worth noting that even after the oath of individual Ingush society or clans, the former Russian-Ingush relations remained the same. In fact, both sides took these type of oaths as conclusion
union treaties.

During the Caucasian War, ''Fyappins'' were also the subject of the Russian Expansion. On July 1830, two Russian columns under the command of Major General Abkhazov set out on a punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia. The Russian troops went through the Darial and Assa Gorges. Especially the inhabitants of Eban put up a fierce resistance. As a result of this expedition, Fyappins were briefly subdued by Russian Empire, while their ''auls'' were devasted. For the first time, district courts were established and a civil system was introduced to mountainous Ingushetia. After the general uprising of Chechnya on March 1840 when Chechens joined Caucasian Imamate, Pavel Grabbe reported on 30 March 1840 that Kists (i.e. ''Fyappins'') are either in great agitation or they openly participate on the side of Caucasian Imamate:

Within the Russian Empire ''Fyappins'' were part of the Ossetian-Military ''Okrug'' (1857–1862), Ingush ''okrug'' (1862–1871), ''Vladikavkazsky okrug'' (1871–1888), '' Sunzhensky otdel'' (1888–1909) and Nazran ''okrug'' (1909–1920).

Modern

During the Russian Civil War, the self-proclaimed state of Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus emerged in the Caucasus Region, whose finance minister , a ''Fyappin'' representative. He was also a prominent figure in Ingushetia, leading the Ingush National Council.

In 1944, the Ingush people (including ''Fyappins'') were deported to Central Asia and were only allowed to return back in 1957, after Nikita Khrushchev reversed many of Josif Stalin's policies, including the mentioned deportation. ''Fyappin'' representatives like the writer and poet Issa Kodzoev were subjected to repressions by the Soviet Regime after they wrote about repressions of Stalin. In 1989, he was together with other ''Fyappin'' representatives like Sulambek Mamilov part of the committee for revival of Ingush Autonomy within Russian SFSR of Soviet Union. Today, the representatives from ''Fyappin'' society live mostly all across Ingushetia.

Composition

''Fyappin'' society consisted of following fortified villages (''auls''), tribal organisations (''teips'') and surnames (''nyaqhash''/''vyarash''):

Demographics

Aukh ''Fyappiy''

Aukh ''Fyappiy'', referred as the ''Vyappiy'' ( ce, Ваьппий, Väppiy; inh, Фаьппий, Fäppiy) is an Chechen and Ingush clan (''teip'') inhabiting Aukh, a region in modern day Dagestan. The cultural center of the ''Vyappiy'' was Erzi, located in Ingushetia. In the 17–18 centuries, they left Ingushetia and migrated to the Aukh. According to their teptar, they came from the mountainous ''aul'' of Tyarsh. Vyappiy were famous for being the blacksmiths and craftsmen.

Notable people

* , an Ingush employee of the , secretary of the Security Council of the Republic of Ingushetia, hero of the Russian Federation.
* Akhmed Kotiev, an Ingush boxer, Minister of Physical Culture and Sports of the Republic of Ingushetia.
* Amur Amerkhanov, an Ingush artist, director, singer.
* , an Ingush historian, archivist.
* , the first Ingush people's poet, member of the Union of Soviet Writers, chairman of the Union of Writers of the Checheno-Ingushetia.
* Issa Kodzoev, an Ingush writer, poet, teacher.
* Mikhail Gutseriev — high-profile Ingush businessman.
* Mukharbek Didigov, an Ingush politician, statesman, engineer.
* Nazyr Mankiev, an Ingush wrestler, 2008 Olympic gold medalist.
* , Ingush historian, writer.
* Ruslan Mamilov, an Ingush artist, director, sculptor.
* , an Ingush artist, singer.
* Timur Matiev, an Ingush historian ( dr. of historical sciences), Head of the Department of History of the Ingush State University.
* , Ingush educator, social thinker, major political and public figure, agricultural economist, sociologist, publicist.
* Yunus-bek Yevkurov, politician, former Head of Ingushetia.
* , Soviet military and political figure. Active participant in the First World War and the Russian Civil War on the side of the Reds, commander of the Ingush cavalry brigade.
* Zarifa Sautieva, Ingush activist.

Notes

References

Bibliography

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{{refend

Ingush societies
Ingush people