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François Coignet (10 February 1814 – 30 October 1888) was a French
industrialist A business magnate, also known as a tycoon, is a person who has achieved immense wealth through the ownership of multiple lines of enterprise. The term characteristically refers to a powerful entrepreneur or investor who controls, through perso ...
and a pioneer in the development of
reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete (RC), also called reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and ferroconcrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having hig ...
as the first person to use iron-reinforced concrete to construct buildings.Day, p. 284


Biography

Coignet, along with his brothers Louis (b. 1819) and Stephane (b. 1820), took over the family business, a chemical plant in
Lyon Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...
, in 1846. In 1847, he built some concrete houses using poured
cement A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel ( aggregate) together. Cement mix ...
that was not reinforced with iron. In 1850, Coignet married Clarisse Gauthier (1823-1918) and a year later, he settled in Saint-Denis, a
commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or comune or other derivations may also refer to: Administrative-territorial entities * Commune (administrative division), a municipality or township ** Communes of ...
near Paris, where in 1852 he opened a second plant and obtained a patent for
cement clinker 200px, Typical clinker nodules 200px, Hot clinker Cement clinker is a solid material produced in the manufacture of Portland cement as an intermediary product. Clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually to in diameter. It is produced by sinte ...
. Coignet then built a cement factory at Saint-Denis using exposed lime walls and followed the pisé de terre system, a rammed-earth method of construction. This was the first time he worked with this method in concrete. Later, he took out a patent in England entitled "''Emploi de Béton''", which gave details of his construction techniques. Coignet started experimenting with iron-reinforced concrete in 1852 and was the first builder to use it as a building material. He decided, as a
publicity stunt In marketing, a publicity stunt is a planned event designed to attract the public's attention to the event's organizers or their cause. Publicity stunts can be professionally organized, or set up by amateurs. Such events are frequently utilize ...
and to promote his cement business, to build a house made of ''béton armé'', a type of reinforced concrete. In 1853, he built the world's first iron-reinforced concrete structure, a four-story house at 72 rue Charles Michels in St. Denis. The house was designed by local architect
Theodore Lachez Theodore may refer to: Places * Theodore, Alabama, United States * Theodore, Australian Capital Territory * Theodore, Queensland, a town in the Shire of Banana, Australia * Theodore, Saskatchewan, Canada * Theodore Reservoir, a lake in Saskatche ...
.Collins, p. 28 File:72 rue Charles-Michels drawing 1855.jpg, alt= 1855 architectural drawing, 1855 architectural drawing File:Masion Coignet 1.jpg, alt= Masion Coignet facing east and north, Facing east and north File:Maison François Coignet 2.jpg, alt= Masion Coignet facing south and east, Facing south and east File:Saint-Denis - Maison François Coignet -1.JPG, alt=72 rue Charles-Michels in 2010, 72 rue Charles-Michels in 2010 In 1855, a committee of fourteen architects led by
Henri Labrouste Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste () (11 May 1801 – 24 June 1875) was a French architect from the famous École des Beaux-Arts school of architecture. After a six-year stay in Rome, Labrouste established an architectural training worksh ...
inspected the house. In Labrouste’s report, he said all of the work for the house was done entirely of cement and artificial stone. It also showed Coignet used different materials of little value and mixed them with lime and water to make decorative moldings and
cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a ...
that crowned the building. The railing was also a molded concrete mass. In March of that year, he had taken out a patent entitled ''Béton Économique'' that showed how inexpensive aggregates could be used in concrete. He then built several more concrete houses that were still standing in 2021. This report showed Coignet made a concrete mixture of
wood ash Wood ash is the powdery residue remaining after the combustion of wood, such as burning wood in a fireplace, bonfire, or an industrial power plant. It is largely composed of calcium compounds along with other non-combustible trace elements presen ...
and
slag Slag is a by-product of smelting (pyrometallurgical) ores and used metals. Broadly, it can be classified as ferrous (by-products of processing iron and steel), ferroalloy (by-product of ferroalloy production) or non-ferrous/base metals (by-prod ...
with
lime Lime commonly refers to: * Lime (fruit), a green citrus fruit * Lime (material), inorganic materials containing calcium, usually calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide * Lime (color), a color between yellow and green Lime may also refer to: Botany ...
and then used this mixture in the rammed earth method of construction. The report said the committee had doubts about the soundness of Coignet's techniques and that they could be dangerous. As of 2021, the house has been abandoned for many years and squatters have periodically taken over the property. While it has deteriorated, the house is classed as a world patrimony and has been classified as a historical monument since 1998. Coignet had an exhibit at the 1855 Paris Exposition to show his technique of reinforced concrete. At the exhibit, he forecast the technique would replace stone as a means of construction. In 1856, he patented a technique of reinforced concrete using iron '' tirants''. In 1861 he published his techniques. Coignet is the inventor of molded concrete, which is known as ''Béton Coignet''. He had much success building with this technique. He became a renowned building contractor and showed his many designs, including the molded concrete church of
Le Vésinet Le Vésinet () is a suburban commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is a part of the affluent outer suburbs of western Paris, from the centre of Paris. In 2019, it had a population of 15,943. ...
near Paris, which, with its spire, is the first modern monumental concrete building.


Construction projects

One of Coignet's largest projects was the of the ''
Aqueduct de la Vanne Aqueduct may refer to: Structures * Aqueduct (bridge), a bridge to convey water over an obstacle, such as a ravine or valley *Navigable aqueduct, or water bridge, a structure to carry navigable waterway canals over other rivers, valleys, rail ...
'' (Paris metropolitan water supply) with over of arches of over -high spans. He built the aqueduct between 1867 and 1874. Coignet also helped construct the lighthouse at
Port Said Port Said ( ar, بورسعيد, Būrsaʿīd, ; grc, Πηλούσιον, Pēlousion) is a city that lies in northeast Egypt extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal. With an approximate population of 6 ...
, Egypt, the high retaining walls of the
Passy Cemetery Passy Cemetery (french: Cimetière de Passy) is a small cemetery in Passy, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. History The current cemetery replaced the old cemetery (''l'ancien cimetière communal de Passy'', located on Rue Lekain), ...
and Trocadéro Cemetery in Paris.Concrete and constructional engineering, p. 159
/ref>


Gallery

File:Egypt-IMG 0960.jpg, alt=Lighthouse of Port Said in Egypt,
Lighthouse of Port Said The Port Said Lighthouse is one of the most important architectural and tourist landmarks in the city of Port Said in Egypt. Considered a unique example for the evolution of architecture during the nineteenth century in the city, the lighthouse w ...

Port Said, Egypt File:Cimetiere de Passy walls.jpg, alt= Passy Cemeter walls in Paris,
Passy Cemetery Passy Cemetery (french: Cimetière de Passy) is a small cemetery in Passy, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. History The current cemetery replaced the old cemetery (''l'ancien cimetière communal de Passy'', located on Rue Lekain), ...
walls
Paris, France File:Trocadero and cemetery.jpg, alt=Trocadéro and cemetery in Paris,
Trocadéro The Trocadéro (), site of the Palais de Chaillot, is an area of Paris, France, in the 16th arrondissement, across the Seine from the Eiffel Tower. It is also the name of the 1878 palace which was demolished in 1937 to make way for the Palai ...
and cemetery
Paris, France File:Saint Jean de Luz 002.jpg, alt=Far view of sea wall at Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France, Far view of sea wall at
Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France File:Sea wall at Saint Jean de Luz.jpg, alt=Close-up of sea wall at Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France, Close-up of sea wall at
Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France


See also

*
Edmond Coignet Edmond Coignet (4 July 1856 – 1915) was a French engineer and entrepreneur. He has been instrumental in the theory of reinforced concrete. Life and Achievements Coignet was the son of industrialist François Coignet (1814-1888) and educated ...
*
Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete (RC), also called reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and ferroconcrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having hig ...
*
New York and Long Island Coignet Stone Company Building The Coignet Stone Company Building (also the Pippen Building) is a historical structure in the Gowanus neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City, at the intersection of Third Street and Third Avenue. Designed by architects William Field and So ...


Notes


References

* Collins, Peter et al., ''Concrete: the vision of a new architecture'', McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 2004, * Day, Lance, ''Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology'', Routledge, 2003, * Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica: micropaedia: ready reference'', Edition: 15, illustrated, * Sutherland, R. J. M. et al., ''Historic Concrete: Background to Appraisal'', Thomas Telford, 2001, {{DEFAULTSORT:Coignet, Francois 1814 births 1888 deaths Concrete pioneers Engineers from Lyon French civil engineers Structural engineers