The following purported languages of South America are listed as unclassified in Campbell (2012), Loukotka (1968), ''

Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (stylized as ''Ethnoloɠue'') is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensiv ...

'', and ''

Glottolog ''Glottolog'' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, developed and maintained first at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany (between 2015 and 2020 at the Max Planck Institute for ...

''. Nearly all are extinct. It is likely that many of them were not actually distinct languages, only an ethnic or regional name.

Campbell (2012)

Campbell Campbell may refer to: People Surname * Campbell (surname), includes a list of people with surname Campbell Given name * Campbell Brown (footballer), an Australian rules footballer * Campbell Brown (journalist) (born 1968), American television ne ...

(2012:116-130) lists the following 395 languages of South America as unclassified. Most are extinct.Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). 2012. ''The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Many were drawn from Loukotka (1968)Loukotka, Čestmír. 1968. ''Classification of South American Indian Languages'' Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, UCLA. and Adelaar & Muysken (2004).Adelaar, Willem F.H., and Pieter C. Muysken. 2004. ''The Languages of the Andes''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The majority are not listed in ''

''. The list is arranged in alphabetical order. *Aarufi – Colombia *Aburuñe – Bolivia *Acarapi – Brazil * Aconipa (Tabancal, Tabancara) – Ecuador; only 5 words known *

Aguano The Aguano (also Awano, Ahuano, Hilaca, Uguano, Aguanu, Santacrucino, Tibilo) are a people of Peru. In 1959, they consisted of 40 families. They inhabit the lower Huallaga and upper Samiria Rivers, and the right bank tributary of the Marañon ...

(Awano, Ahuano, Uguano, Aguanu, Santa Crucino) – Peru *Alarua – Brazil *Alon – Peru *Amasifuin – Peru * Amikoana (Amikuân) – Brazil *Amoeca – Brazil *Amuimo – Brazil *Anetine – Bolivia *Angara – Peru *Anicun – Brazil * Anserma (including Caramanta, Cartama) – Colombia *Aparea – Argentina *Apitupá – Brazil *Apiyipán – Bolivia *Aracadaini – Brazil *Arae – Brazil *Aramayu – Brazil *Aramurú – Brazil *Arapoá – Brazil * Arara do Beiradão (Arara do Rio Branco, Arara do Aripuanã) – Brazil *Ararau – Brazil * – Peru, Colombia (a purported language isolate called "Arda" has no relation, but was a misidentified vocabulary of the West African language Popo (Gen)) *Arma-Pozo – Colombia (cf. Arma) *Aroásene – Brazil *Artane – Bolivia *Atavila – Peru * Aticum (Araticum) – Brazil *Atunceta – Colombia *Aueiko – Brazil *Avis – Brazil *Axata Darpa – Paraguay *Ayacore – Peru *

Bagua The bagua or pakua (八卦) are a set of eight symbols that originated in China, used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each lin ...

– Peru; only 3 words known *Baixóta – Brazil *Bakurönchichi – Brazil *Bauá – Brazil *Bikutiakap – Brazil *Bixarenren – Brazil *Boimé (Poyme) – Brazil *Bolona – Ecuador *Bracamoro (Papamuru) – Peru *Buritiguara – Brazil *Caapina – Brazil *Cachipuna – Peru *Cafuana – Brazil *

Cagua Cagua () is a city of Venezuela, capital of the Sucre Municipality of Aragua State. Cagua is part of the metropolitan area of Maracay. History Cagua was established in 1620 as "Cagua La Vieja", a town of original Spaniards. Cagua was rebuilt ...

– Colombia *Caguan (Kaguan) – Argentina *Cahan – Brazil *Cajamarca – Peru *Cajatambo – Peru *Camana (Maje) – Peru *Camaraxo – Brazil *Camaré – Brazil *Campaces – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan, with Tsafiki, but unconfirmed *Canelo – Ecuador *Cañacure – Bolivia *Capueni – Brazil *Capua – Brazil *

Cara Cara or CARA may refer to: Places * Čara, a village on the island of Korčula, Croatia * Cara, a village in Cojocna Commune, Cluj County, Romania * Cara Island Cara Island ( gd, Cara) is a small island which is located off the west coast o ...

(Scyri, Caranqui, Otavalo) – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan *

Carabayo The Carabayo (who perhaps call themselves Yacumo) are an uncontacted people of Colombia living in at least three long houses, known as ''malokas'', along the Rio Puré (now the Río Puré National Park) in the southeastern corner of the country. ...

(Yuri, "Amazonas Macusa") *Caraguata – Brazil *Carapacho – Peru *Carára – Brazil *Carari – Brazil, Amazonas. A short word-list. *Cararú (Cajurú) – Brazil *Caripó (Curupeche) – Brazil *Cascoasoa – Peru *Casigara – Brazil *Casota – Argentina *Cauacaua (Kawakawa) – Brazil *Cauauri – Brazil *Caucahue – southern Chile *Cauni – Brazil *Caupuna – Brazil *Cavana (Maje) – Peru *Caxago – Brazil *Cayú – Brazil *Ceococe – Brazil *

Chachapoya The Chachapoyas, also called the "Warriors of the Clouds", was a culture of the Andes living in the cloud forests of the southern part of the Department of Amazonas of present-day Peru. The Inca Empire conquered their civilization shortly be ...

(Chacha) – Peru *Chancay – Brazil *Chechehet ("Pampa") – Argentina; Loukotka (1968) gives the words ''chivil'' 'two', ''chu'' 'earth', and ''hati'' great. *Chedua – Peru *Chicha – Bolivia *Chincha – Peru *Chinchipe – Peru * Chipiajes – Colombia *Chitarero – Colombia *Cholto – Peru *Chongo – Peru * Chono – Chile *Chumbivilca – Peru; possibly a variety of Puquina; might be Aymaran *Chunanawa – Peru *Churima – Bolivia *Chusco – Peru *Ciaman – Colombia *Cognomona – Peru *Colima – Ecuador; possibly Cariban *Comanahua – Peru *Comaní – Brazil *Comechingón – near Córdoba, Argentina; possibly Huarpean * Copallén (Copallín) – Peru; only 4 words known *Coritananhó – Brazil * Coxima (Koxima) – Colombia *Culaycha – Argentina *Cumayari – Brazil *Cumbazá (Belsano) – Peru *Curanave – Brazil *Curi – Brazil *Curiane – northeastern South America; precise location unknown *Curierano – Brazil *Curizeta – Peru *Curubianan – Brazil *Curumiá – Brazil *Curumro (Kurumro) – Paraguay *Curuzirari – Brazil *Cutaguá – Brazil *Cutría – Brazil *Cuximiraíba – Brazil *Cuxiuára – Brazil *Damanivá – Brazil *Dawainomol – Paraguay *Demacuri – Brazil *

Diaguita The Diaguita people are a group of South American indigenous people native to the Chilean Norte Chico and the Argentine Northwest. Western or Chilean Diaguitas lived mainly in the Transverse Valleys which incised in a semi-arid environment. Ea ...

(Cacan, Kakán) – northwest Argentina; subdivisions are Calchaquí, Capayán, Catamarcano, Hualfín, Paccioca azioca Pular, Quilme, Yacampis *Divihet – Argentina *Dokoro – Brazil *Duri – Brazil *Egualo – Argentina *Eimi – Peru *Emischata – Argentina *Envuelo – Colombia *Erema – Brazil * Ewarhuyana – Brazil; possibly 12 speakers in Pará State *Foklása – Brazil *Gadio – Brazil *Galache – Brazil *Gambéla – Brazil *

Gorgotoqui Gorgotoqui is a currently undocumented extinct language of the Chiquitania region of the eastern Bolivian lowlands. It may have been a Bororoan languages, Bororoan language. Spellings Alternate spellings include ''Borogotoqui, Brotoqui, Corocoqui ...

– Bolivia *Goyana – Brazil *Guaca (and Nori) – Colombia *Guacará – Argentina *Guadaxo – Brazil *Guaimute – Brazil *Guajarapo (Guasaroca) – Bolivia * Guanaca – Colombia; possibly a relative of Guambiano (Barbacoan) *Guane – Colombia; possibly Chibchan *Guanarú – Brazil *Guanavena – Brazil *Guarino – Brazil *Guenta – Colombia *Guyarabe – Brazil *Hacaritama – Colombia *Harritiahan – Brazil *Hiauahim (Javaim) – Brazil * Himarimã – Brazil; uncontacted group *Huacavilca – Ecuador; extinct *Huambuco – Peru; might be a misspelling of Huánuco *Huayana – Peru *Huayla – Peru *

Humahuaca Humahuaca () is a small city in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. Since 2003 declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO at the Paris conference. It has 11,369 inhabitants as per the , and is the principal town (seat) of the Department of Humahuaca. T ...

(Omaguaca) – Argentina; apparent subdivisions are Fiscara, Jujuy, Ocloya, Osa, Purmamarca, Tiliar; Mason (1950:302) proposed an "Ataguitan" grouping that includes Humahuaca, Diaguita, and Atacameño * Iapama – Brazil *Ibabi Aniji – Peru *Idabaez – Colombia; only 1 word and a chief's name are known; Pacific coast,

Bahía Solano Bahía Solano is a municipality and town in the Chocó Department, Colombia. Bahia, as it is locally known, is an economic and tourist center of coastal Choco. The municipal head is Ciudad Mutis. Bahia is home to José Celestino Mutis Airport ...

to Cape Marzo in Colombia (Loukotka 1968) *Imaré – Brazil *Ina – Brazil *Iñajurupé – Brazil *Irra – Colombia *Iruri – Brazil *Isolados do Massaco (?) – Brazil *Isolados do Tanarú (?) – Brazil *Itipuna – Brazil *Itucá (Cuacá) – Brazil *Jacariá – Brazil *Jaguanai – Brazil *Jaguanan – Brazil *Jamundi – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data *Jeticó (Jiripancó) – Brazil *Jitirijiti – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data *Jurema – Brazil *Juruena – Brazil *Jururu – Brazil * Kaimbé (Caimbé, Caimbe) – Brazil; extinct *

Kamba Kamba may refer to: *Kamba people The Kamba or Akamba (sometimes called Wakamba) people are a Bantu ethnic group who predominantly live in the area of Kenya stretching from Nairobi to Tsavo and north to Embu, in the southern part of the f ...

(Camba) – Brazil; possibly Tupian, extinct * Kambiwá (Cambiuá, Cambioá) – Brazil; extinct *Kantaruré – Brazil *

Kapinawá The Kapinawâ are an indigenous people of Buíque, Pernambuco in eastern Brazil. In addition to their primary residence in Buíque Buíque is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Pernambuco, mesoregion of Agreste. It has an estimated popul ...

– Brazil; extinct * Karahawyana – Brazil; possibly Cariban * Katembri (Kariri de Mirandela) – Brazil *Kiapüre (Quiapyre) – Brazil * Kohoroxitari – possibly Tocanoan; may be the same as Baniwa *Kokakôre – Brazil *Komokare – Brazil *

Korubo The Korubo or Korubu, also known as the Dslala, are an indigenous people of Brazil living in the lower Vale do Javari in the western Amazon Basin. The group calls themselves 'Dslala', and in Portuguese they are referred to as ''caceteiros'' (clu ...

(Caceteiros) – Brazil; possibly Panoan; may be the same as Marúbo, or related to Yanomámi ( Yanomaman) *Koshurái – Brazil *Kururu – Brazil *Lache – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data *Lambi – Brazil *Lili – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data *Llamish – Peru *Macamasu – Brazil *Macarú – Brazil *Macuani – Brazil *Macuaré – Brazil *Macuja – Brazil *Macuruné – Brazil *Mairajiqui – Brazil *Malaba – Ecuador; may be Barbacoa (Chibchan), but no data * Malibú – Colombia; possibly Chibchan *Malquesi – Paraguay *Manesono (Mopeseano) – Bolivia *Manta – Ecuador; possibly Chimú, but only a few patronyms are known *Maracano – Brazil *Marapaña – Brazil *Maricoxi – Brazil *Maricupi – Brazil *Maripá – Brazil *Maruquevene – Brazil *Masa – Argentina *Masarari – Brazil *Masaya – Colombia *Mashco – Peru; uncontacted, possibly related to Piro (Arawakan), or "Preandine" (Arawakan) *Matará – Argentina * Maynas (Mayna, Maina, Rimachu) – Peru; past attempts to link it to Jivaroan, Cahuapanan, Zaparoan, and Candoshi * Maxiena (Ticomeri) – Bolivia *Mayu – Brazil; possibly the same as

Mayo Mayo often refers to: * Mayonnaise, often shortened to "mayo" * Mayo Clinic, a medical center in Rochester, Minnesota, United States Mayo may also refer to: Places Antarctica * Mayo Peak, Marie Byrd Land Australia * Division of Mayo, an Aust ...

(Panoan) or Morike (Arawakan); ''mayu'' is the Quechuan word for 'river, water' *Menejou – Brazil *Minhahá – Brazil * Miarrã – Brazil *

Mocana Mocana (founded 2002) is a San Jose-based company that focuses on and embedded system security for industrial control systems and the Internet of Things (IoT). One of its main products, the IoT Security Platform, is a high-performance, ultra-op ...

– Brazil; may be related to Malibú, but only 2 words known *Moheyana – Brazil *Morcote – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data *Moriquito – Brazil *Morua – Brazil *Moyobamba (Moyo-Pampa) – Peru *Muriva – Brazil *Muzapa – Peru *Muzo – Colombia; may be Pijao (Cariban), but only 3 words known * Natagaimas – Colombia; extinct *Nacai – Brazil *Nambu – Bolivia *Nauna – Brazil *Nindaso – Peru *Nocadeth – Brazil *Nomona – Peru *Ñumasiara – Brazil *Ocra – Peru *Ocren – Brazil *Ohoma – Argentina; may be the same as Hohoma or Mahoma *Oivaneca – Brazil * Olmos – Peru; possibly connected with Sechura *Onicoré – Brazil *Onoyóro – Brazil *Orí – Brazil *Ortue – Bolivia *Otecua – Peru *Otegua – Colombia * Otí (Eochavante, Chavante) – Brazil; Greenberg classifies it as Macro-Gé, though this is unlikely according to Ribeiro (2006:422) * Pacabuey – Colombia; may be Malibú (Chibchan), but no data *Pacarará (Pakarara) – Brazil *Pacimonari – Venezuela *Paguara – Brazil *Panatagua (Pantahua) – Peru; extinct, possibly Arawakan * Panche – Colombia; possibly Cariban * Pankararé (Pankaré) – Bahía, Brazil; extinct *Pantágora (Palenque) – Colombia *Pao – Venezuela *Papamiän – Brazil *Papana – Brazil * Papavô – Brazil; uncontacted, may be Arawakan or Panoan (?) *Paragoaru – Brazil? *Paraparixana – Brazil *Parapicó – Brazil * Patagón – Peru; possibly Cariban *Patiti – Brazil *Payacú – Brazil *Payanso – Peru *

Pehuenche Pehuenche (or ''Pewenche'', people of the "pehuen" or "pewen" in Mapudungun) are an indigenous people of South America. They live in the Andes, primarily in present-day south central Chile and adjacent Argentina. Their name derives from their de ...

(Peguenche) – Argentina *Peria (Poria) – Brazil *Perovosan – Bolivia *Piapia – Brazil *

Pijao The Pijao (also Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) are an indigenous people from Colombia. Ethnography The Pijao or Pijaos formed a loose federation of Amerindians and were living in the present-day department of Tolima, Colombia. In pre-Columbian time ...

(Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) – Colombia *Pipipan – Brazil *Pocoana – Brazil *Porcá – Brazil *Porú (Procáze) – Brazil *Pubenza ( Popayan) – Colombia *Puná (Puná Island) – Ecuador *

Puquina Puquina (or Pukina) is a small, putative language family, often portrayed as a language isolate, which consists of the extinct Puquina language and Kallawaya, although it is assumed that the latter is just a remnant of the former mixed with Qu ...

– Peru, Bolivia, Chile *Quelosi – Argentina *Querandí (Carendie) – Argentina, near Buenos Aires; may be related to Gününa Küne. Loukotka (1968) gives the words ''zobá'' 'moon' and ''afia'' 'bow' *Quiquidcana (Quidquidcana, Kikidkana) – Peru *Quijo (Kijo) – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but only 3 words are known *Quillacinga (Quillasinga) – Ecuador; may be Sebondoy (Chibchan); Fabre (1998:676) reports that the Kamsa (speakers of a language isolate) are descended, at least in part, from the Quillasinga * Quimbaya – Colombia; may be Chocó, but only 1 word is known *Quimbioá – Brazil *Quindío (Quindio) – Colombia * Quingnam – Peru; extinct, possibly the same as Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora of colonial sources; according to Quilter et al. (2010), a list of numbers was recently found *Qurigmã – Brazil *Rabona – Ecuador; possibly Candoshi (Murato), but there are similarities with Aguaruna (Jivaroan) *Roramí (Oramí) – Brazil * Sácata (Sacata, Zácata, Chillao) – Peru; extinct; may be Candoshi or Arawakan, but only 3 words known *Sacosi – Bolivia *Sacracrinha (Sequaquirihen) – Brazil *

Sanavirón This is a list of indigenous languages of the Americas, Indigenous languages that are or were spoken in the present territory of Argentina. Although the official language of Argentina is Spanish language, Spanish, several Indigenous peoples of th ...

– Argentina, near Córdova. Loukotka classified it as an isolate, but there is insufficient data to justify this. *Sapeiné – Peru *Seden – Brazil *Siberi – Bolivia *Sintó (Assek, Upsuksinta) – Paraguay *Sinú (Zenú) – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data *Sipisipi – Peru *Socorino – Bolivia *Stanatevogyet – Paraguay *Supuselo – Argentina *Surucosi – Bolivia *Suruim – Brazil *Tacunbiacu – Bolivia *Taguaylen – Argentina *Tacarúba (Tacarua) – Brazil *Taluhet – Argentina *Tamacosi – Bolivia *Tamaní – Colombia *Tamaquéu – Brazil *Tamararé – Brazil *Tambaruré – Brazil *Taminani – Brazil *Tanquihua – Peru *Tapacurá – Brazil *

Tapeba The Tapeba people are an indigenous people of Brazil, who formed from the remnant populations of tribes around the Village of Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres de Caucaia in Ceará, Brazil. They are native Portuguese-speakers and are also known as Tapeb ...

– Brazil *Tapuisú – Brazil * Tarairiú (Tarairiu, Ochucuyana) – Brazil *Tarimoxi – Brazil *Taripio – Brazil, Suriname *Tavúri – Brazil *Tchagoyána – Brazil *Tchicoyna – Brazil *Tegua – Colombia *Tepqui – Peru *Tevircacap – Brazil *Tiboi – Bolivia *Timaná – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan) *Tingán – Peru * Tingui-Boto – Brazil; extinct; also known as Tingui, Tingui-Botó, Carapató, Karapató *Tobachana – Brazil *Tohazana – Venezuela *Tomata – Bolivia *Tomina – Bolivia *

Tonocoté Lule is an indigenous language of northern Argentina. Lule may be extinct today. Campbell (1997) writes that in 1981 there was an unconfirmed report that Lule is still spoken by 5 families in Resistencia in east-central Chaco Province. It is ...

– Argentina, Chaco region *Tororí – Brazil * Truká – Brazil *

Tremembé Tremembé is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. The population is 47,714 (2020 est.) in an area of 191.09 km². The elevation is 560 m. A shr ...

(Teremembé, Taramembé) – Brazil *Tubichaminí *Tucumanduba – Brazil *Tulumayo – Peru *Tupijó – Brazil *Tupiokón – Brazil *Tutura – Bolivia *Uairua – Brazil *Uauarate – Brazil *Uranaju – Brazil *Urucuai – Brazil *Uruma – Brazil * Uru-Pa-In – Brazil *Urupuca – Brazil *Ururi – Brazil, Mato Grosso *Vanherei – Brazil *Vouve – Brazil * Waitaká (Guaitacá, Goyatacá, Goytacaz) – Brazil; subdivisions: Mopi, Yacorito, Wasu, Miri * Wakoná (Wacona, Acona) – Brazil *Walêcoxô – Brazil * Wasu (Waçu, Wassu) – Brazil *Wau – Peru *Xaquese – Bolivia *Xaray – Bolivia *Xibata – Brazil *Xipará – Brazil *Xiroa – Ecuador; mentioned in early sources, and may be a variant spelling of Jívaro * Xokó – Brazil; only 4 words are known; also known as Chocó, Shoco, Shokó, Chocaz *Yalcón – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan), but no data *Yamesí – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan), but no data *Yampará – Bolivia *Yaperú (Naperú, Apirú) – Paraguay * Yarí – Colombia; may be a Carijona (Cariban dialect), West Tucanoan, or Huitoto(an) *Yariguí (Yarigüí) – Colombia; may be Opone (Karaib), but no data (

Yarigui people The Yariguí people were an indigenous Colombian tribe that gave their name to a mountainous area they once inhabited in the Andean cloud forest. It has been said that they committed mass suicide instead of submitting to Spanish colonial rule. T ...

) *Yauei – Brazil *Yenmu – Colombia *Yoemanai – Brazil *Yufiua – Brazil *Yumbo – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but no data *Zapazo – Peru *Zuana – Brazil *Yurimagua (Zurimagua, Jurimagua) – Peru *Zurina – Brazil

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following languages of South America as unclassified. They are extinct unless otherwise noted.

Southern South America and Chacos Region

Divisions A (South) and B (Chaco) (Loukotka 1968: 63): *Aperea – unknown language of the old mission of

Santiago Sánchez Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, whose ...

in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. *Axata Darpa – unknown language of an unknown tribe of the

Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco or Dry Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato Gro ...

of Paraguay. *Casota – unknown language of the old mission of

Santa Lucía, Corrientes Santa Lucía is a city in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. It has 11,589 inhabitants as per the . It lies on the western shore of the Santa Lucía River, between this river and the nearby Paraná, about 20 km northeast from the city of ...

, Argentina. *Culaycha – unknown language of the old mission of

, Argentina. *Dawainomol – unknown language from the

of Paraguay. *Divihet –

Colorado River The Colorado River ( es, Río Colorado) is one of the principal rivers (along with the Rio Grande) in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The river drains an expansive, arid drainage basin, watershed that encompasses parts of ...

and

Sauce Chico River The Sauce Chico River is a river of Argentina. See also *List of rivers of Argentina This is a list of rivers of Argentina. Longest Rivers By drainage basin This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under ...

, province of La Pampa, Argentina. *Egualo – unknown language of the old mission of

, province of Corrientes, Argentina. *Emischata – unknown language of the old mission of

, Argentina. *Jaguanan –

Iguape Iguape is a municipality located into the Ribeira Valley in the southern portion of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 30,989 (2020 estimate) in an area of , making it the largest municipality area in São Paulo state. The city was ...

, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. *Kaguan – mission of

, Corrientes, Argentina. *Kurumro – language of an unknown tribe of the Paraguayan

. *Malquesi – western shore of Laguna Porongos, province of Córdoba, Argentina. *Masa – unknown language of the old mission of

. *Ohoma – extinct and unknown language near the old mission of Homa or Ohoma, province of Corrientes, Argentina. *Peguenche non-araucano – a lost language of the Neuquén province, Argentina. *Quelosi – unknown language east of the

Mar Chiquita Mar Chiquita is a coastal lagoon in the southeast province of Buenos Aires in eastern Argentina. It is located by the Atlantic coast, 30 km north of Mar del Plata. The area is a natural reserve where a number of animal species live around ...

, province of Córdoba, Argentina. *Sintó or Assek or Upsuksinta – language of an unknown tribe in the interior of the

of Paraguay, north of the Choroti tribe. *Stanatevogyet – unknown language of the Paraguayan

. *Supeselb – lost language of the old mission of

province. *Taguaylen – lost language of the old mission of

province.

Central Brazil

Division C (Central Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 86-87): *Arae – unknown language left bank of the

Araguaia River The Araguaia River ( pt, Rio Araguaia , Karajá: ♂ ''Berohokỹ'' eɾohoˈkə̃ ♀ ''Bèrakuhukỹ'' ɛɾakuhuˈkə̃ is one of the major rivers of Brazil though it is almost equal in volume at its confluence with the Tocantins. It has a total ...

south of

Bananal Island Bananal Island ( pt, Ilha do Bananal, ) is a large river island formed from the bisection of the Araguaia River, in southwestern Tocantins, Brazil. The island is formed by a fork in a very flat section of the Araguaia River. Bananal Island is ...

. *Buritiguara – unknown language state of Mato Grosso near the confluence of the

and

Manso River Manso may refer to: Places * Manso, Haute-Corse, France * Manso, Ghana People * Manso (surname) * Manso Indians, an indigenous American people Given name * Manso, Prefect of Amalfi (), Italian noble * Manso I of Amalfi (died 1004), Ital ...

. *Cahan – Iguatimí River (

Iguatemi River The Iguatemi River is a river of Mato Grosso do Sul state in southwestern Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Mato Grosso do Sul List of rivers in Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tr ...

) and Espocil River, state of Mato Grosso. *Curumiá – sources of the

Brilhante River The Brilhante River is a river of Mato Grosso do Sul state in southwestern Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Mato Grosso do Sul List of rivers in Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tr ...

, Mato Grosso. *Cutaguá – state of Mato Grosso on the Dourados River. *Gaelio – state of Espirito Santo, exact locality unknown. *Guadaxo – upper course of the Anhandui River, Mato Grosso. *Guaimute – near the falls of Salto Grande, Espirito Santo. *Guariteré – Mato Grosso, exact locality unknown. *Imaré –

Taquari River The Taquari River ( pt, Rio Taquari) is a river in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil. It is a left tributary of the Paraguay River. The town of Coxim is situated on the Taquari. The Taquari River is considered the most de ...

, state of Mato Grosso. *Ina – unknown language,

Paranaíba River The Paranaíba River is a Brazilian river whose source lies in the state of Minas Gerais in the Mata da Corda mountains, municipality of Rio Paranaíba, at an altitude of 1,148 meters; on the other face of this mountain chain are the sources of t ...

, Mato Grosso. *Iñajurupé – lost language of the old mission of Gracioso, Goiás state. *Jurema – unknown language of Piauí state, exact locality unknown. *Kokakôre – Mato Grosso state along the

Tocantins River The Tocantins River ( pt, Rio Tocantins, link=no , , Parkatêjê dialect, Parkatêjê: ''Pyti'' ɨˈti is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means "toucan's beak" (''Tukã'' for "toucan ...

. *Komokare – unknown language of Goiás state, exact locality unknown. *Koróge – Pogúbe River ( Poguba River), Mato Grosso. *Kururu – state of Mato Grosso on the

Carinhanha River The Carinhanha River ( pt, Rio Carinhanha) is a river of Bahia and Minas Gerais states in eastern Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Bahia *List of rivers of Minas Gerais ReferencesBrazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Bahia Rivers of ...

. *Macuruné – Mucunis River (

Mucuri River The Mucuri River is a river of Bahia and Minas Gerais states in eastern Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Bahia *List of rivers of Minas Gerais A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * List (sur ...

?), state of Minas Gerais. *Papana – between the

Doce River The Doce River (literally the "sweet river"; pt, Rio Doce ) is a river in southeast Brazil with a length of . The river basin is economically important. In 2015 the collapse of a dam released highly contaminated water from mining into the river ...

and

Jequitinhonha River The Jequitinhonha River () flows mainly through the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Its source lies near Diamantina in the Espinhaço Mountains at an elevation of , after which it flows northward and then east-northeastward across the uplands. A ...

, Minas Gerais. *Urupuca – Urupuca River ( Urupaça River), Minas Gerais. *Ururi – state of Mato Grosso, exact location unknown. *Vanherei – sources of the Piquiri River, state of Mato Grosso. *Yaperú or Naperú or Apirú – Paraguay near Asunción.

Northeast Brazil

Division D (Northeast Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 92-95): *Aconan or Wakoná – originally spoken around

Lagoa Comprida Lagoa (Portuguese for ''lagoon'') may refer to the following: People *Barbara Lagoa, Cuban-American federal judge Places Brazil *Campina da Lagoa, Paraná * Lagoa, Paraíba, Paraíba * Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro, a quarter of Rio de Janeiro * Lagoa A ...

and in

Penedo Penedo is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the state of Alagoas in Brazil. The population is 63,846 (2020 est.) in an area of . Penedo lies south-west of the state capital of Maceió. History Founded in 1614, Penedo has many importan ...

; now survivors of the original tribe who speak only Portuguese are found in the city of

Porto Real do Colégio Porto Real do Colégio is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. Former indigenous languages The unclassified extinct Wakoná language was formerly spoken in Penedo. Loukotka (1968) reported that the remaining ethnic descendant ...

. *Anicun – source of the Uruhu River ( Uru River) and Dos Bois River. *Apitupá – unknown language, Aquitipi River, Bahia state. *Aramurú – state of Sergipe on the

São Francisco River The São Francisco River (, ) is a large river in Brazil. With a length of , it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil (after the Amazon, the Paraná and t ...

. *Arapoá – around Jaboatão in the state of Pernambuco. *Arariú – unknown language near

Meruoca Meruoca is a municipality in the state of Ceará in the Northeast region of Brazil. History The unclassified extinct Arariú language was spoken around Meruoca on the Acatajú River. See also *List of municipalities in Ceará This is a list ...

on the Acatajú River, state of Ceará. *Aticum or Araticum – Pernambuco, near

Carnaubeira Carnaubeira da Penha is a city in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, 498 km away from the state's capital, Recife. History The unclassified extinct language ''Aticum'' or ''Araticum'' was spoken near Carnaubeira. Demographics The population i ...

. The survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Avis – unknown language of the state of Pernambuco, valley of the Pajeú River. *Baixóta – now speak Portuguese in the Serra Catolé, Pernambuco. *Boime or Poyme – state of Sergipe near

Aracajú Aracaju () is the capital of the state of Sergipe, Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country on the coast, about 350 km (217 mi) north of Salvador. According to the 2020 estimate, the city has 664,908 inhabitants, which re ...

on the

. *Caimbé – village of Masacara near

Mirandela Mirandela () is a city and a municipality in northeastern Portugal. The city itself has a population of about 15,000. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 23,850, in an area of 658.96 km². Mirandela is famous for its cuisine, part ...

, state of Bahia. The survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Camaraxo – between

Ilhéus Ilhéus () is a major city located in the southern coastal region of Bahia, Brazil, 211 km south of Salvador, Brazil, Salvador, the state's capital. The city was founded in 1534 as Vila de São Jorge dos Ilhéus and is known as one of the mos ...

and

Serra dos Aimorés Serra dos Aimorés (" Botocudo mountain") is a mountainous area in eastern Brazil straddling the border between Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais. Its name derives from the Aimoré The Aimoré ''(Aymore, Aimboré)'' are one of several South Am ...

, state of Bahia. *Cambioá –

Serra Negra Serra Negra is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It belongs to the meso-region of Campinas. Population (2020) was 29,452 inhabitants. Total area: 203,5 km2, demographic density: 112 inhabitants/km2 Location The name of th ...

, Pernambuco state. *Cararú or Cajurú – Soroabé Island in the

, Pernambuco state. *Caripó or Curupehe –

near Boa Vista, Pernambuco. *Caxago – state of Sergipe on the

. *Ceococe –

São Pedro, Pernambuco SAO or Sao may refer to: Places * Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD * Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso * Saco Transportation Center (station code SAO), a train station in Saco, Maine, U.S. ...

and Serra Pão de Açúcar, Pernambuco. *Foklása – state of Pernambuco in the

Serra dos Cavalos Serra (Latin for "saw") may refer to: People * Serra (footballer) (born 1961), Portuguese footballer * Serra (surname) * Serra (given name) Cities, towns, municipalities Brazil *Serra, Espírito Santo, a city in the Greater Vitória area *Ampar ...

. *Galache – near Macaubas, state of Bahia. *Gambéla – unknown language near

Ourém Ourém (), formerly known as Vila Nova de Ourém, is a municipality in the district of Santarém in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 45,932, in an area of 416.68 km2. The municipality of Ourém contains two cities: Ourém (about 12,000 r ...

and

São José, Maranhão SAO or Sao may refer to: Places * Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD * Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso * Saco Transportation Center (station code SAO), a train station in Saco, Maine, U.S. ...

state. *Guarino – middle course of the

Tijuco River The Tijuco River ( Portuguese, ''Rio Tijuco'') is a river of Minas Gerais state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Paranaíba River, which it joins in the reservoir created by São Simão Dam. See also * Tributaries of the Río de ...

, Mato Grosso. *Itucá or Cuacá – originally spoken in the

, Pernambuco state. The last survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Jeriticó or Jiripancó – village of Pindaé near

Brejo dos Padres Tacaratu is a municipality in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The population in 2020, according with IBGE is 26,106 and the area is 1264.5 km2. Demographics The indigenous Pankararú people live in Brejo dos Padres and other villages of Ta ...

Tacaratu Tacaratu is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The population in 2020, according with Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE is 26,106 and the area is 1264.5 km2. Demographics The indi ...

, Pernambuco. Survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Jururu – state of Ceará, but exact location is unknown. *Macamasu – the exact location of which is unknown. *Macarú – village of

. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Mairajiqui –

Bahia de Todos os Santos The Bay of All Saints ( pt, Baía de Todos os Santos), also known as All Saints' Bay and Todos os Santos Bay, is the principal bay of the Brazilian state of Bahia, to which it gave its name. It sits on the Brazilian coast, eastern coast of Brazil ...

, state of Bahia. *Moriquito – Alagoas state on the lower course of the

. *Nacai – Aquitipi River, Bahia. *Ocren – Bahia on the

near Salitre. *Orí – Bahia, between the

Itapicuru River The Itapicuru River is a river in Bahia state of eastern Brazil. The Itapicuru rises in the northern part of the state, and flows east to empty into the Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, w ...

and

Vaza-Barris River The Vaza-Barris River ( pt, Rio Vaza-Barris) is a river in northeastern Brazil. The Vaza-Barris originates in northeastern Bahia state, and flows east through Bahia and Sergipe states to empty into the Atlantic Ocean near São Cristóvão. Cour ...

. *Pacarará – state of Pernambuco in the Serra Cacaréa and Serra Arapuá. *Parapicó –

Serra Comonati Serra (Latin for "saw") may refer to: People * Serra (footballer) (born 1961), Portuguese footballer * Serra (surname) * Serra (given name) Cities, towns, municipalities Brazil *Serra, Espírito Santo, a city in the Greater Vitória area *Ampar ...

, Pernambuco. *Peria or Poria – village of

Rodelas Rodelas is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. Geography The municipality contains part of the Raso da Catarina Ecological Station, created in 2001. The municipality was designated a priority area for conserv ...

, Bahia. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Pipipan – lower course of the

Moxotó River The Moxotó River is a tributary of the São Francisco River in northeastern Brazil. The Moxotó originates on the Borborema Plateau in Pernambuco state, and flows southwest to join the São Francisco. The lower portion of the river forms the borde ...

, Pernambuco. *Porcá – on Várgea Island in the

, Pernambuco. *Porú or Procáze – originally spoken in the

Serra Nhumarana Serra (Latin for " saw") may refer to: People * Serra (footballer) (born 1961), Portuguese footballer * Serra (surname) * Serra (given name) Cities, towns, municipalities Brazil * Serra, Espírito Santo, a city in the Greater Vitória area *Amp ...

and Serra Cassuca, later on the Várgea Islands and

Nossa Senhora de O Islands ''Nossa'' is a genus of moths in the family Epicopeiidae. The genus was described by William Forsell Kirby in 1892. Species *''Nossa alpherakii'' (Herz, 1904) *''Nossa moorei'' ( Elwes, 1890) *''Nossa nagaensis'' ( Elwes, 1890) *''Nossa nelcinna ...

in the

. Now probably extinct. *Quiambioá –

, Pernambuco. *Qurigmã – the first inhabitants of São Salvador Bay (

Salvador, Bahia Salvador (English: ''Savior'') is a Brazilian municipality and capital city of the state of Bahia. Situated in the Zona da Mata in the Northeast Region of Brazil, Salvador is recognized throughout the country and internationally for its cuisine ...

), state of Bahia. *Romarí or Omarí – originally spoken in the Serra de Pao de Açúcar, state of Pernambuco. Now there are a few survivors with an unknown language in the village of

Propriá Propriá is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Sergipe Sergipe (), officially State of Sergipe, is a state of Brazil. Located in the Northeast Region along the Atlantic coast of the country, Sergipe is the smallest state in Br ...

, Sergipe state. *Sacracrinha or Sequaquirihen – state of Bahia near the mouth of the

Salitre River The Salitre River is a river of Bahia state in eastern Brazil. It is a right tributary of the São Francisco River. The river basin includes part of the Morro do Chapéu State Park, created in 1998. See also *List of rivers of Bahia List of ...

in the

. *Tacarúba or Tacarua – island of Soroabé in the

, state of Pernambuco. *Tamaquéu –

in the state of Pernambuco, at the confluence with the

. *Tchili – city of

Cimbres Pesqueira (formerly known as Cimbres) is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Pernambuco. It had an estimated population in 2020 according to the IBGE, of 67,735. Its area is 980.876 km². History The municipality was created in 1762 u ...

, Pernambuco. *Teremembe or Tremembé or Taramembé – originally spoken by a tribe on the coast between the mouth of the Monim River and the mouth of the Chorro River (

Choró River The Choró River is a river of Ceará state in eastern Brazil. History An unclassified extinct language called Teremembe, Tremembé, or Taramembé was originally spoken by a tribe on the coast between the mouth of the Monim River and the mouth of ...

), state of Ceará. *Tupijó – state of Bahia by the neighbors of the Maracá tribe. *Uruma – state of Sergipe on the

. *Vouve – Piancó River, Pernambuco state. *Walêcoxô – unknown language from the city of

, Pernambuco. *Xibata – unknown language of a tribe in the state of Ceará. Exact location is unknown.

North Central South America

Tropical North Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 165-168): *Aburuñe – Xarayes Lagoon (

Pantanal The Pantanal () is a natural region encompassing the world's largest tropical wetland area, and the world's largest flooded grasslands. It is located mostly within the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, but it extends into Mato Grosso and p ...

), Bolivia. *Anetine – near

Mojos The Mojos were a British beat group from the 1960s, best known for their hit UK single, " Everything's Alright", with two other singles charting low in the UK Singles Chart in 1964. Biography The band formed under the name the Nomads as a d ...

, Bolivia. *Apiyipán – language of an unknown tribe of the

Aripuanã River Aripuanã River ( pt, Rio Aripuanã) is a river in the Mato Grosso and Amazonas states in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. The town of Novo Aripuanã is located on its banks where it merges into t ...

, Amazonas. *Artane – unknown language of Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Aueiko –

, Mato Grosso. *Bakurönchichi – language of an unknown tribe of the

Branco River The Branco River ( pt, Rio Branco; Engl: ''White River'') is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north. Basin The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands w ...

, Rondônia. *Bikutiakap – unknown language from Brazil, spoken on the right bank of the

Pimenta Bueno River The Pimenta Bueno River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under ea ...

. *Bixarenren – Tiucunti River, a tributary of the Jamachiua River, Rondônia. *Cabixi –

Steinen River Steinen is the name of several towns: In Germany: * Steinen, Baden-Württemberg, a town in southern Baden-Württemberg * Steinen, Rhineland-Palatinate, a municipality in the Westerwaldkreis, Rhineland-Palatinate In Switzerland: * Steinen, Switzerl ...

, Mato Grosso. *Cañacure –

Mamoré River The Mamoré is a large river in Brazil and Bolivia which unites with the Beni to form the Madeira, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon. It rises on the northern slope of the Sierra de Cochabamba, east of the city of Cochabamba, and is k ...

, Bolivia. *Capua – spoken on the

Rolim de Moura River The Rolim de Moura River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia ReferencesBrazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Rondônia {{Rondônia-river-stub ...

, Rondônia. *Cayú – spoken on the left bank of the

, Rondônia. *Churima – old mission of San José de Maharenos, Beni province, Bolivia. *Cutriá – spoken on the middle course of the

, Rondônia. *Cuximiraíba – spoken at the mouth of the

, Amazonas. *Djupá – spoken on the

Ji-Paraná River The Ji-Paraná River (Machado River), sometimes spelled Jiparaná, is a river in Rondônia state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. For much of its length it runs roughly parallel with the northeastern ...

, Rondônia. *Dokoro –

, Mato Grosso. *Duri –

, Mato Grosso. *Erema –

, Mato Grosso. *Guajarapo or Guasaroca – around Villa María and Santa Ana de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. *Hiauahim or Javaim – "a tribe of cannibals" on the middle course of the

Tapajós River The Tapajós ( pt, Rio Tapajós ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. It is one of the largest cle ...

, Pará state, Brazil. *Iruri – right bank of the

Madeira River The Madeira River ( pt, Rio Madeira, link=no ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is ...

, between the

Maici River Maici River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. The Maici River is a left tributary of the dos Marmelos River Dos Marmelos River ( pt, Rio dos Marmelos) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary ...

and

, Amazonas. *Juruena – spoken on the

Juruena River The Juruena River ( pt, Rio Juruena) is a long river in west-central Brazil, in the state of Mato Grosso. Course The Juruena originates in the Parecis plateau. Within Mato Grosso the river defines the eastern boundary of the Igarapés do Juruen ...

, Mato Grosso. *Kiapüre or Quiapyre – Mequéns River, Rondônia. *Koshurái – language of an unknown tribe on the lower course of the

, Amazonas. *Lambi – extinct language between the

and São Miguel River, Rondônia. *Macuarê – spoken on the left bank of the

, Rondônia. *Manesono or Mopeseano – old mission of San Francisco Borja, Beni province, Bolivia. *Marapanã – spoken by an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Uaimberê River (

Uimeerê River The Uimeerê River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each lar ...

), a tributary of the

, Rondônia. *Maricoxi – sources of the

, Rondônia. *Maxiena or Ticomeri – Mojos Plains west of the mission of

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...

, Beni province, Bolivia. *Minhahá –

, Mato Grosso. *Muriva – mouth of the Jamachim River (

Jamanxim River The Jamanxim River is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil. Originating in the Serra do Cachimbo, it is a tributary of the Tapajós, into which it flows a few kilometers upstream from Itaituba. Course The river flows through the Tapa ...

) to the

, Pará state, Brazil. *Nambu – Guapay River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. *Nocadeth – spoken on the

, state of Amazonas. *Onicoré – between the mouths of the

Manicoré River Manicoré River ( pt, Rio Manicoré) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River and merges into this river about upstream from the town of Manicoré. The headwaters of the river are in the Campos ...

and

Marmelos River Dos Marmelos River ( pt, Rio dos Marmelos) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River, and merges into this river about upstream from the town of Manicoré. The headwaters of the river are in the ...

, state of Amazonas. *Onoyóro –

, Mato Grosso. *Ortue – on Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Papamiän – spoken on the São Simão River, Rondônia. *Paraparixami – between the

and Aninde River, Amazonas. *Patiti – Rondônia territory on the Mequéns River. *Perovosan – south of the Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Piapai – between the Jamachim River (

) and

Iriri River The Iriri River ( pt, Rio Iriri, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Kororoti'', ) is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil, in the state of Pará. It is long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River, India) and the 15th long ...

, state of Pará. *Sacosi – ancient

Puerto de los Reyes Puerto, a Spanish word meaning ''seaport'', may refer to: Places *El Puerto de Santa María, Andalusia, Spain *Puerto, a seaport town in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines *Puerto Colombia, Colombia *Puerto Cumarebo, Venezuela *Puerto Galera, Orient ...

, Bolivia. *Siberi – on Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Socorino – Bolivia. *Surucosi – Bolivia. *Suruim – spoken on the right bank of the

Machado River Machado is a surname of Portuguese origin meaning the word "axe" or "hatchet" dating back to approximately 2nd century Europe. It is commonly found in Portugal, Spain, Brazil and Latin America, and India (Southern Tamil Nadu and Southern Kerala) ...

, Rondônia. *Tacunbiacu – between the Guapay River and the Chiquitos Plains, Bolivia. *Tamacosi – Guapay River near La Barranca, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. *Tamararé – sources of the

and

Galera River The Galera River is a river in the Mato Grosso state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Mato Grosso List of rivers in Mato Grosso (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented unde ...

, Mato Grosso. *Tambaruré – Rondônia at the mouth of the Apaxoná River. *Tapacurá – Tapacurá-assú River, state of Pará. *Tarimoxi – language of an unknown tribe to the north of the Guratégaja tribe, Rondônia. *Tavúri –

, Mato Grosso. *Tevircacap – spoken on the right bank of the

, Rondônia. *Tiboi – unknown language, exact location unknown, Bolivia. *Ticaõ or Tonore or Chikaõ – language of an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Culiseú River, a tributary of the

Xingú River The Xingu River ( ; pt, Rio Xingu, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Byti'', ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. ...

, Mato Grosso. *Tororí – right bank of the

north of the Parintintin tribe, state of Amazonas. *Tupiokón – unknown language spoken on the Paxiúba River, Mato Grosso. *Urucuai – Corumbiara River, Rondônia. *Xacuruina – Sangue River, Mato Grosso. *Xaquese –

, Bolivia. *Xaray – Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Yauei – left bank of the

across from the mouth of the

, state of Amazonas. *Zurina – mouth of the Mamoriá River, Amazonas.

South Central South America

Tropical South Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 178-179): *Alon – Huambo District, Rodríguez de Mendoza, Huambo River, department of San Martín, Peru. *Amasifuin – right bank of the Huallaga River, Peru. *Ayacore – Curaray River, Loreto, Peru. *Becaba – department of Loreto near San Miguel, on the Putumayo River. *Bracamoro or Papamuru – near the city of Jaén, Peru, Jaén, department of Cajamarca, Peru. *Chedua – department of San Martín on the Huambo District, Rodríguez de Mendoza, Huambo River. *Chinchipe – department of Cajamarca on the Chinchipe River. *Chupacho – Monzón District, Monzón River and Chinchao District, Chinchao River, department of Huánuco. *Cognomona – Cognomona region on the upper course of the Huallaga River. *Comanahua – department of Huánuco by the neighbors of the Tepqui language, Tepqui tribe. *Cumbazá or Belsano – between Santa Catalina and Yanayacu, department of San Martín. *Curizeta – Cosanga River, Loreto, Peru. *Eimi – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Napo River, department of Loreto. *Ibabi Aniji – language of an unknown tribe of Peru. (Alvarez 1938) *Muzapa – by the neighbors of the Cognomona language, Cognomona tribe in the department of San Martín. *Otecua – spoken on the Sucumbío River, Loreto. *Payanso – Chipurana District, Chipurana River, Loreto. *Quidquidcana – department of Huánuco in the Magdalena Valley. *Sapeiné – language of an unknown tribe of the Napo River, Loreto. *Tepqui – Santa María River (Peru), Santa María River, Huánuco, Peru. *Tingán – spoken at the mouth of the Monzón District, Monzón River, Huánuco. *Tulumayo – Muna River (Peru), Muna River, Azul River (Peru), Azul River, and Aguaytia River, Huánuco. *Wau – language of an unknown tribe on the Coca River, Loreto.

Central South America

Tropical Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 196-198): *Aarufi – unknown language from the Quebrada de Oksikgnaná, territory of Caquetá, Colombia. *Acarapi – Parime River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil. *Alarua – between the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas state. *Amoeca – language of an unknown tribe living on the Morarô River, state of Amazonas. *Aracadaini – Corodoá River and Aroá River (Arauã River), tributaries of the Cunhuá River (Cuniuá River), state of Amazonas. *Arda – between the Nanay River and the upper course of the Mazán River, Loreto, Peru. *Bauá – Mutum River (Amazonas), Motum River and Corneg River, Amazonas. *Cafuana – Japurá River south of the Wariwa language, Wariwa tribe. *Capueni – between the Amazon River and Ixié River, Amazonas. *Caraguara – between the Amazon River and Lake Anama. *Carari – mouth of the Mucoin River (Mucum River ?), Amazonas. *Casigara – mouth of the Juruá River. *Cauacaua or Kawakawa – Japurá River. *Cauni – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River, Amazonas. *Caupuna – mouth of the Purus River. *Cumayari – spoken by an unknown tribe of the Cumayari region. *Curi – Curi region south of the Pariana language, Pariana tribe. *Curuzirari – between the mouths of the Juruá River and Tefé River. *Cuxiuára – right bank of the Purus River near the mouth. *Envuelto – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Quebrada de Jirijirima, Caquetá territory, Colombia. *Guanarú – Juruá River, north of the Marawa language, Marawa tribe, Amazonas, Brazil. *Guyarabe – between the Amazon River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas. *Itipuna – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River. *Jacariá – Abuna River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil. *Jaguanai – between the mouth of the Japurá River and the Zuana language, Zuana tribe, Rondônia. *Jarauára – unknown language of a tribe living on the Apituán River and Curiá River, tributaries of the Cataichi River, Amazonas. *Macuja – spoken by an unknown tribe on the Poré River, Amazonas. *Mamori – language of an unknown tribe on the Cunhuá River. *Mariman – spoken on the Riozinho River (Cunhuá River), Riozinho River, tributary of the Cunhuá River. *Maripá – Tonantins River, Amazonas. *Maruquevene – between the mouths of the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River. *Masarari – south of the Jutaí River, Amazonas. *Mayu – unknown language spoken on the Jaquirana River, tributary of the Javari River, Amazonas. *Morua – Japurá River south of the Maruquevene language, Maruquevene tribe. *Nauna – Jutaí River south of the Marawa language, Marawa tribe. *Ñumasiara – unknown language spoken on the Giraparaná River and Canamari River. *Paguara – Tefé River. *Pariana – mouth of the Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas. *Pauana – Cafua River, Amazonas. *Pocoana – between the Amazon River and Lake Maracaparu. *Taiguana – unknown language spoken in the Sierra Araracuára, Caquetá territory, Colombia. *Tamaní – unknown language spoken on the Quebrada de Tamaní in Caquetá territory, Colombia. *Tobachana – between the Juruá River and Juri River south of the Itipuna language, Itipuna tribe, state of Amazonas. *Tucumanduba – spoken on the upper course of the Canacau River, a tributary of the Cunhuá River, Amazonas. *Uaia – Içá River west of the Passé language, Passé tribe. *Uairua – between the Juruá River and Jaracui River. *Uauarate – Jutaí River north of the Catuquina language, Catuquina tribe. *Yenmu – unknown language spoken on the Cure River, Amazonas territory, Colombia. *Yoemanai – right bank and at the mouth of the Purus River, Amazonas state, Brazil. *Yufiua – south of the Coeruna language, Coeruna tribe on the Japurá River. *Zuana – Amazon River south of the mouth of the Cafua River, state of Amazonas.

Northeast South America

Tropical Northeast South America (Loukotka 1968: 228-230): *Amuimo – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Nhamundá River, state of Amazonas. *Aramayu – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory, Brazil. *Ararau – unknown language spoken on the Jatapu River, state of Amazonas. *Aroasene – unknown language spoken at the sources of the Nhamundá River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas. *Caapina – between the Maicuru River and Jari River, state of Pará. *Camare – Camoó River (Camaiú River), a tributary of the Trombetas River, Amazonas. *Carara – sources of the Jatapu River, Amazonas. *Cauauri – south of the Curanave language, Curanave tribe, Amazonas. *Comanl – area north of Lake Saracó, state of Pará. *Coritanaho – Ajubacabo River, a tributary of the Trombetas River, state of Pará. *Curanave – west of the Negro River, Amazonas. *Curiane – language of a tribe the location of which is not known exactly. *Curierano – south of the sources of the Orinoco River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela. *Curubianan – Urubu River (Amazonas), Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas *Damanivá – spoken on the Igarapé do Pacú; a tributary of the Caratirimani River and in the Serra do Urubu, Rio Branco territory. *Demacuri – spoken on the Caburi River (Cauaburi River) near São Pedro, state of Amazonas. *Goyana – lower course of the

, territory of Rio Branco. *Guanavena – between the Urubu River (Amazonas), Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas. *Harritiahan – middle course of the Matapi River, Amapá territory. *Macuani – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory. *Maniba – unknown language spoken on the Inirida River and Pupunagua River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. *Maracano – unknown language spoken on the central part of Maracá Island, Rio Branco territory, Brazil. *Maricupi – lower course of the Montoura River, Amapá territory. *Menejou – middle course of the Jarí River, Amapá territory. *Mepuri – middle course of the Negro River, south of the Baré language, Baré tribe, state of Amazonas. *Moheyana – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará. *Oivaneca – Tartarugal River, Amapá territory, Brazil. *Pacimonari – lower course of the Siapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. *Pao – Pao River, state of Monagas, Venezuela. *Paragoaru – Capó River. *Seden – between the Negro River and Uatumã River, Amazonas. *Taminani – Uaçá River and Curupi River (Curapi River), Amapá territory. All of the last survivors now speak only a French creole dialect. *Tapuisú – mouth of the Maicurú River, Amapá territory. *Taripio – unknown language of an unknown tribe that lived to the north of the Rangú language, Rangú tribe in the frontier area of the Brazilian state of Pará and Dutch Guiana. *Tchagoyána – unknown language spoken between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará. *Tchicoyna – unknown language spoken in the state of Pará, on the Cuátari River. *Tohazana – Venezuela. *Uranaju – middle course of the Araguari River (Amapá), Araguari River, Amapá. *Waruwádu – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Ventuari River and Erebato River, state of Bolívar; Venezuela. *Xipará – between the Urubu River (Amazonas), Urubu River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.

Northern Andes

Northern Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 259): *Chirú – southwest of the Coiba language, Coiba tribe, Panama. *Escoria – around the city of Santiago, Panama. *Guenta – department of Huila, Colombia. *Masaya – sources of the Caguán River, north of the Guaque language, Guaque tribe. *Natá – on Parita Bay, Panama. *Otegua – department of Huila, Colombia. *Urraca or Esquegua – north of the modern city of Cañazas, Panama. *Yeral – unknown language of Colombia, exact location unknown.

Former Inca Empire region

South Central Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 272-273): *Angara – ancient Inca province of Angara, department of Ayacucho, Peru. *Arequipa – department of Arequipa. *Atavila – ancient province of Canta, department of Lima. *Cachipuna – Puna de Quillpaco, department of Lima. *Cajamarca – around the city of Cajamarca. *Cajatambo – around the city of Cajatambo, department of Lima. *Camana or Maje – Majes River, Arequipa department. *Cavana – middle course of the Majes River, department of Arequipa. *Chachapoya – around the city of Chachapoya, Amazonas department, Peru. (Bandelier 1940, only a few toponyms.) *Chancay – Chancay River, department of Lima. *Chicha – Cordillera de Chorolque, Potosí province, Bolivia. *Chincha – Chincha Province, Chincha River in the department of Ica. *Chongo – near the city of Jauja, Junín department. *Chucurpu or Chocorvo – spoken in the Conquest days at the sources of the Churchinga River, Huancavelica department. *Conchuco – around the city of Pomabamba, department of Ancash. *Cutervo or Huambo – sources of the Chancay River, department of Junín. *Huacho – around the city of Huacho, Lima department. *Huamachi – on Chongos Alto District, Chongos Alto, department of Junín. *Huamachuco – Condebamba District, Condebamba River, department of Libertad. *Huamalí – Panao District, Panao River, Huánuco department. *Huamanga – Peru. *Huambuco – Chinchipe River, Amazonas department. *Huanca or Wanka – Mantaro River, Junín department, now Quechuanized. *Huayla – middle course of the Santa River, Ancash department, now Quechuanized. *Hunacabamba – Chamaya River, Piura department. *Ica – Ica River, Ica department. *Lampa – Pativilca District, Pativilca River, Ancash department. *Llamish – department of Lima in the Huantán District, Cordillera de Huantán. *Mizque – Mizque River, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized. *Moquegua – department of Moquegua, Peru; possibly a dialect of Aymara. *Moyobamba – around the city of Moyobamba, San Martín department; now Quechuanized. *Nazca – mouth of the Grande River, Ica department. *Ocro – sources of the Santa River, Ancash department. *Pocra – Peru. *Rimac – spoken in the Conquest days around the capital of Peru, Lima. *Rucana – near Andamarca, Lucanas Province, Andamarca, Ayacucho department. *Sipisipi – Peru. *Sora – Pampas River, Apurimac department. *Supe – Huaura Province, Huaura River, department of Lima. *Tanquihua – around the city of Ayacucho, department of Ayacucho. *Tarapaca – province of Tarapacá, Chile. *Tomata – near the city of Tupiza, Potosí province, Bolivia. *Tomina – between the Mizque River and Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized. *Tutura – around the city of Totora, Cochabamba, Totora, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized. *Yampará – middle course of the Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia. *Yauyo – department of Lima, Peru, on the Mala River and Huaco River.

Ethnologue

'' 17 lists the following languages of South America as unclassified: * Abishira language, Abishira (Peru) * ~~Agavotaguerra language, Agavotaguerra~~ (Brazil) (evidently one of the Paresi-Waura languages) *

(Peru) * Aikanã language, Aikanã (Brazil) *

(Colombia) *

(Colombia) * Chipiajes (Colombia) * Coxima (Colombia) * Himarimã (Brazil) * Iapama (Brazil) * Kaimbé (Brazil) *

(Brazil) * Kambiwá (Brazil) *

(Brazil) * Karahawyana (Brazil) *

(Brazil) * Mato Grosso Arára language, Mato Grosso Arára (Brazil) * Natagaimas (Colombia) * Pankararé (Brazil) *

(Colombia) * Yaruro language, Pumé (Venezuela) * Shenenawa language, Shenenawa (Brazil) *

(Brazil) * Tingui-Boto (Brazil) *

(Brazil) * Truká (Brazil) * ~~Uamué language, Uamué~~ (Brazil) (counted as an isolate, but too poorly attested to classify) * Wakoná (Brazil) * Wasu (Brazil) * Xukurú language, Xukurú (Brazil) * Yarí (Colombia)

Additional languages at Glottolog

In addition to many of the languages above, Glottolog lists the following: *Apoto - lower Amazon, unattested *Cálenche (Cálen) = Fayjatases - Chile, 10 words *Envuelto - Colombia, 9 words *Guachipa(s) - Guachipas, Argentina, 3 words, Viegas Barros (2009) *Guaicaro language, Guaicaro (Guaïcaro) - Chile, possibly Alacalufan *Hoxa - Colombia *Pacahuaras-Castillo - Pacaguara, collected by Castillo *Payaya language, Payaya - Texas *Pitaguary - Ceará, Brazil *Quepo(s) - Quepos, Costa Rica, 1 word, Lehmann (1920:238) *Tapajó language, Tapajó - 3 words *Tembey - upper Paraná, 2 words, Ambrosetti (1896:332) *Unainuman - Içá River basin, short word list, Adelaar & Brijnen 2014 *Urucucú(s) - Tapajós River, unattested (see under Tapajó language) *Yanacona - name is the Quechua word for 'serf'; perhaps early Colombian Quechua

Other

Some additional languages have not made in into the lists above. *Boreal Pehuelche - Argentina, 1 word (apparently not the same as Puelche language, Puelche) * (Cabixi-Natterer) - Mato Grosso, Brazil, a short word-list. The name 'Kabixi language, Kabixí' is a generic name for any hostile group, and has been used for a number of unattested languages. An ISO code for it has been retired. *Enoo - Chile, a few words (a neighbor of the Alacalufe) *Gamela of Viana - Maranhão, Brazil, 19 words (Nimendajú 1937:64) - presumably the same as Gamela language, Gamela

References

{{South American languages Languages of South America Lists of languages, Unclassified, South America Unclassified languages of South America,