Elvish Languages (Middle-earth)

J. R. R. Tolkien constructed many Elvish languages; the best known are Quenya and Sindarin. These were the various languages spoken by the Elves of Middle-earth as they developed as a society throughout the Ages. In his pursuit for realism and in his love of language, Tolkien was especially fascinated with the development and evolution of language through time. Tolkien created two almost fully developed languages and a dozen more in various beginning stages as he studied and reproduced the way that language adapts and morphs. A philologist by profession, he spent much time on his constructed languages. In the collection of letters he had written, posthumously published by his son, Christopher John Tolkien, he stated that he began stories set within this secondary world, the realm of Middle-earth, not with the characters or narrative as one would assume, but with a created set of languages. The stories and characters serve as conduits to make those languages come to life. Inventing language was always a crucial piece to Tolkien's mythology and world building. As Tolkien stated:

Tolkien created scripts for his Elvish languages, of which the best known are Sarati, Tengwar, and Cirth.

External history

J. R. R. Tolkien began to construct his first ''Elvin tongue'' c. 1910–1911 while he was at the King Edward's School, Birmingham and which he later named '' Quenya'' (c. 1915). At that time, Tolkien was already familiar with Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, and several ancient Germanic languages, Gothic, Old Norse and Old English. He had invented several cryptographic codes such as Animalic, and two or three constructed languages including Naffarin. He then discovered Finnish, which he described many years later as "like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before. It quite intoxicated me." #214 He had started his study of the Finnish language to be able to read the ''Kalevala'' epic.

Tolkien with his Quenya pursued a double aesthetic goal: "classical and inflected".Parma Eldalamberon 17, p. 135 This urge, in fact, was the motivation for his creation of a 'mythology'. While the language developed, he needed speakers, history for the speakers and all real dynamics, like war and migration: "It was primarily linguistic in inspiration and was begun in order to provide the necessary background of 'history' for Elvish tongues".Tolkien, J. R. R. ''The Lord of the Rings'', "Foreword to the Second Edition". Hostetter, Carl F.
"Elvish as She Is Spoke"
Republished with permission fro

(Marquette, 2006), ed. Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull.

The Elvish languages underwent countless revisions in grammar, mostly in conjugation and the pronominal system. The Elven vocabulary was not subject to sudden or extreme change; except during the first conceptual stage c. 1910–c. 1920. Tolkien sometimes changed the "meaning" of an Elvish word, but he almost never disregarded it once invented, and he kept on refining its meaning, and countlessly forged new synonyms. Moreover, Elven etymology was in a constant flux. Tolkien delighted in inventing new etymons for his Elvish vocabulary.

From the outset, Tolkien used comparative philology and the tree model as his major tools in his constructed languages. He usually started with the phonological system of the proto-language and then proceeded in inventing for each daughter language the many mechanisms of sound change needed.

In the early 30s Tolkien decided that the proto-language of the Elves was Valarin, the tongue of the gods or Valar: "The language of the Elves derived in the beginning from the Valar, but they change it even in the learning, and moreover modified and enriched it constantly at all times by their own invention."J.R.R. Tolkien, "Lambion Ontale: Descent of Tongues", "Tengwesta Qenderinwa" 1, ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 18, p. 23. In his ''Comparative Tables'', Tolkien describes the mechanisms of sound change in the following daughter languages: ''Qenya, Lindarin'' (a dialect of Qenya), ''Telerin, Old Noldorin'' (or ''Fëanorian''), ''Noldorin'' (or ''Gondolinian''), ''Ilkorin'' (esp. of Doriath), ''Danian of Ossiriand, East Danian, Taliska, West Lemberin, North Lemberin, and East Lemberin''.''Parma Eldalamberon'', 19, pp. 18–28

In his lifetime J.R.R. Tolkien never ceased to experiment on his constructed languages, and they were subjected to many revisions. They had many grammars with substantial differences between different stages of development. After the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'' (1954–1955), the grammar rules of his major Elvish languages Quenya, Telerin and Sindarin went through very few changes (this is late Elvish 1954–1973).

Publication of Tolkien's linguistic papers

Two magazines ('' Vinyar Tengwar'', from its issue 39 in July 1998, and ''Parma Eldalamberon'', from its issue 11 in 1995) are exclusively devoted to the editing and publishing of J.R.R. Tolkien's gigantic mass of previously unpublished linguistic papers (including those omitted by Christopher Tolkien from "The History of Middle-earth"). Almost each year, new Elvish words are published and further grammar rules of the Elvish languages are disclosed. Access to the unpublished documents is severely limited, and the editors have yet not published a comprehensive catalogue of the documents they are working on.

Internal history

The Elvish languages are a family of several related languages and dialects. Here is set briefly the story of the Elvish languages as conceived by Tolkien around 1965. They all originated from:

* Primitive Quendian or Quenderin, the proto-language of all the Elves who awoke together in the far east of Middle-earth, Cuiviénen, and began "naturally" to make a language. All the Elvish languages are presumed to be descendants of this common ancestor.

Tolkien invented two subfamilies (subgroups) of the Elvish languages. "The language of the Quendelie (Elves) was thus very early sundered into the branches Eldarin and Avarin". J.R.R. Tolkien, "Tengwesta Qenderinwa", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 18, p. 72

* Avarin is the language of various Elves of the Second and Third Clans, who refused to come to Valinor. It developed into at least six Avarin languages.
* Common Eldarin is the language of the three clans of the Eldar during the Great March to Valinor. It developed into:
** Quenya, the language of the Elves in Eldamar beyond the Sea; it divided into:
*** Vanyarin Quenya or Quendya, colloquial speech of the Vanyar, the Elves of the First Clan;
*** Noldorin Quenya (and later Exilic Quenya), colloquial speech of the Noldor, the Elves of the Second Clan.
** Common Telerin, the early language of all the Teleri
*** Telerin, the language of the Teleri, Elves of the Third Clan, living in Tol Eressëa and Alqualondë.
*** Nandorin, the language of the Nandor, a branch of the Third Clan. It developed into various Nandorin and Silvan languages.
*** Sindarin is the language of the Sindar, a branch of the Third Clan, who dwelt in Beleriand. Its dialects include Doriathrin, in Doriath; Falathrin, in the Falas of Beleriand; North Sindarin, in Dorthonion and Hithlum; Noldorin Sindarin, spoken by the Exiled Noldor.

The acute accent (á, é, í, ó, ú) or circumflex accent (â, ê, î, ô, û, ŷ) marks long vowels in the Elvish languages. When writing Common Eldarin forms, Tolkien often used the macron to indicate long vowels. The diaeresis (ä, ë, ö) is normally used to show that a short vowel is to be separately pronounced, that it is not silent or part of a diphthong. For example, the last four letters of ''Ainulindalë'' represent two syllables, and the first three letters of '' Eärendil'' represent two syllables.

Internal development of the Elvish word for "Elves"

Below is a family tree of the Elvish languages, showing how the Primitive Quendian word ''kwendī'' "people" (later meaning "Elves") was altered in the descendant languages., "Quendi and Eldar"

The languages can thus be mapped to the migrations of the sundered elves.

Fictional philology

A tradition of philological study of Elvish languages exists within the fiction. Elven philologists are referred to by the Quenya term ''Lambengolmor''. In Quenya, ''lambe'' means "spoken language" or "verbal communication."

Known members of the Lambengolmor were Rúmil, who invented the first Elvish script (the Sarati), Fëanor who later enhanced and further developed this script into his Tengwar, which later was spread to Middle-earth by the Exiled Noldor and remained in use ever after, and Pengolodh, who is credited with many works, including the '' Osanwe-kenta'' and the ''Lhammas'' or "The 'Account of Tongues' which Pengolodh of Gondolin wrote in later days in Tol-eressëa"., "The Lhammas"

Independently of the Lambengolmor, Daeron of Doriath invented the Cirth or Elvish-runes. These were mostly used for inscriptions, and later were replaced by the Tengwar, except among the Dwarves.

Pronunciation of Quenya and Sindarin

Sindarin and Quenya have similar pronunciations. The following table gives pronunciation for each letter or cluster in international phonetic script and examples:

Vowels

Consonants (differing from English)
* The letter ''c'' always denotes , even before ''i'' and ''e''; for instance, ''Celeborn'' is pronounced ''Keleborn'', and Cirth is pronounced ''Kirth''; thus, it never denotes the soft ''c'' in ''cent''.
* The letter ''g'' always denotes the hard , as in ''give'', rather than the soft form , as in ''gem''.
* The letter ''r'' denotes an alveolar trill , similar to Spanish ''rr''.
* The digraph ''dh'', as in ''Caradhras'', denotes as in English ''th''is.
* The digraph ''ch'', as in ''Orch'', denotes as in Welsh ''bach'', and never like the ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
* The digraph ''lh'' denotes as in Welsh ''ll''.

Elvish scripts

Tolkien wrote out most samples of Elvish languages with the Latin alphabet, but within the fiction he imagined many writing systems for his Elves. The best-known are the "Tengwar of Fëanor", but the first system he created, c. 1919, is the "Tengwar of Rúmil", also called the sarati. In chronological order, Tolkien's scripts are:

# Tengwar of Rúmil or Sarati
# Gondolinic runes (Runes used in the city of Gondolin)
# Valmaric script
# Andyoqenya
# Qenyatic
# Tengwar of Fëanor
# The Cirth of Daeron

Prior to their exile, the Elves of the Second Clan (the Noldor) used first the Sarati of Rúmil to record their tongue, Quenya. In Middle-earth, Sindarin was first recorded using the "Elvish runes" or Cirth, named later ''certar'' in Quenya. A runic inscription in Quenya was engraved on Aragorn's sword, Andúril. The sword's inscriptions were not shown in the movie trilogy, nor in the book.

''The Etymologies''

''The Etymologies'' is Tolkien's etymological dictionary of the Elvish languages, written during the 1930s. It was edited by Christopher Tolkien and published as the third part of ''The Lost Road and Other Writings'', the fifth volume of the History of Middle-earth. Christopher Tolkien described it as "a remarkable document." It is a list of roots of the Proto-Elvish language, from which J. R. R. Tolkien built his many Elvish languages, especially Quenya, Noldorin and Ilkorin. ''The Etymologies'' do not form a unified whole, but incorporate layer upon layer of changes. It was not meant to be published. In his introduction to ''The Etymologies'', Christopher Tolkien wrote that his father was "more interested in the processes of change than he was in displaying the structure and use of the languages at any given time.", pp. 378–379

The ''Etymologies'' has the form of a scholarly work listing the "bases" or "roots" of the protolanguage of the Elves: Common Eldarin and Primitive Quendian. Under each base, the next level of words (marked by an asterisk) are "conjectural", that is, not recorded by Elves or Men (it is not stated who wrote ''The Etymologies'' inside Middle-earth) but presumed to have existed in the proto-Elvish language. After these, actual words which did exist in the Elvish languages are presented. Words from the following Elvish languages are presented: Danian, Doriathrin (a dialect of Ilkorin), Eldarin (the proto-language of the Eldar), (Exilic) Noldorin, Ilkorin, Lindarin (a dialect of Quenya), Old Noldorin, Primitive Quendian (the oldest proto-language), Qenya, Telerin.

The following examples from ''The Etymologies'' illustrate how Tolkien worked with the "bases":
* BAD- ''*bad-'' judge. Cf. MBAD-. Not in Q enya N oldorin''bauð (bād-)'' judgement; ''badhor, baðron'' judge.
* TIR- watch, guard. Q ''tirin'' I watch, pa.t. ast tense''tirne''; N ''tiri'' or ''tirio'', pa.t. ''tiriant''. Q ''tirion'' watch-tower, tower. N ''tirith'' watch, guard; cf. ''Minnas-tirith''. PQ rimitive Quendian''*khalatirnō'' 'fish-watcher', N ''heledirn'' = kingfisher; ''Dalath Dirnen'' 'Guarded Plain'; ''Palantir'' 'Far-seer'.

This organization reflects what Tolkien did in his career as a philologist. With English words, he worked backwards from existing words to trace their origins. With Elvish he worked both backward and forward. The etymological development was always in flux but the lexicon of the Elvish tongues remained rather stable. An Elvish word (Noldorin or Quenya) once invented would not change or be deleted but its etymology could be changed many times.

Tolkien was much interested in words. Thus ''The Etymologies'' are preoccupied with them, and only a few Elvish phrases are presented. ''The Etymologies'' discuss mainly the Quenya, Old Noldorin, and Noldorin languages. The text gives many insights into Elvish personal and place names which otherwise would remain opaque.

Christopher Tolkien stated that his father "wrote a good deal on the theory of ''sundokarme'' or 'base structure' ... but like everything else it was frequently elaborated and altered". In 2003 and 2004, '' Vinyar Tengwar'' issues 45 and 46 provided addenda and corrigenda to the original published text.

See also

* Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien
* ''A Elbereth Gilthoniel''
* ''Namárië''
* ''Lhammas''

Notes

References

Primary

:''This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.''

Secondary

Sources

*
*
*

Bibliography

This section lists the many sources by Tolkien documenting Elvish texts.

Books

A small fraction of Tolkien's accounts of Elvish languages was published in his novels and scholarly works during his lifetime.

: ''The Hobbit'' (1937) and ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil'' (1962) contain a few elvish names (Elrond, Glamdring, Orcrist), but no texts or sentences.

* 1954–1955 ''The Lord of the Rings''.
* 1968 ''The Road Goes Ever On''.
* 1981 the "Oath of Cirion" in ''Unfinished Tales''.
* 1983 "A Secret Vice" in ''The Monsters and the Critics'', with ''Oilima Markirya'', ''Nieninqe'', and '' Earendel''.
* 1985 "Fíriel's Song", in ''The Lost Road and Other Writings'', p. 72.
* 1985 "Alboin Errol's Fragments", in ''The Lost Road and Other Writings'', p. 47.

Posthumous articles

Many of Tolkien's writings on his invented languages have been annotated and published by Carl F. Hostetter in the journals '' Vinyar Tengwar'' and ''Parma Eldalamberon'', as follows:

* 1989 "The Plotz Quenya Declensions", first published in part in the fanzine ''Beyond Bree'', and later in full in " Vinyar Tengwar'' 6, p. 14.
* 1991 "Koivieneni Sentence" in '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 14, pp. 5–20.
* 1992 "New Tengwar Inscription" in '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 21, p. 6.
* 1992 "Liège Tengwar Inscription" in '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 23, p. 16.
* 1993 "Two Trees Sentence" in '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 27, pp. 7–42.
* 1993 "Koivieneni Manuscript" in '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 27, pp. 7–42.
* 1993 "The Bodleian Declensions", in '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 28, pp. 9–34.
* 1994 "The Entu Declension" in '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 36, pp. 8–29.
* 1995 "Gnomish Lexicon", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 11.
* 1995 "Rúmilian Document" in '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 37, pp. 15–23.
* 1998 "Qenya Lexicon" ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 12.
* 1998 " Osanwe-kenta, Enquiry into the communication of thought", '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 39
* 1998 "From Quendi and Eldar, Appendix D." '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 39, pp. 4–20.
* 1999 "Narqelion", '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 40, pp. 5–32
* 2000 "Etymological Notes: Osanwe-kenta" '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 41, pp. 5–6
* 2000 "From The Shibboleth of Fëanor" (written ca. 1968) '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 41, pp. 7–10 (A part of ''the Shibboleth of Fëanor'' was published in ''The Peoples of Middle-earth'', pp. 331–366)
* 2000 "Notes on Óre" '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 41, pp. 11–19
* 2000 "Merin Sentence" Tyalie Tyalieva 14, p. 32–35
* 2001 "The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor" (written 1967–1969) '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 42, pp. 5–31.
* 2001 "Essay on negation in Quenya" '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 42, pp. 33–34.
* 2001 "Goldogrim Pronominal Prefixes" ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 13 p. 97.
* 2001 "Early Noldorin Grammar", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 13, pp. 119–132.
* 2002 "Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers in Quenya (Part One), '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 43:
: "Ataremma" (''Pater Noster'' in Quenya) versions I–VI, p. 4–26
: "Aia María" (''Ave Maria'' in Quenya) versions I–IV, pp. 26–36
: "Alcar i Ataren" (''Gloria Patri'' in Quenya), pp. 36–38
* 2002 "Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers in Quenya (Part Two), '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 44:
: "Litany of Loreto" in Quenya, pp. 11–20.
: "Ortírielyanna" ('' Sub tuum praesidium'' in Quenya), pp. 5–11
: "Alcar mi tarmenel na Erun" ('' Gloria in Excelsis Deo'' in Quenya), pp. 31–38.
: "Ae Adar Nín" (''Pater Noster'' in Sindarin) '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 44, pp. 21–30.
* 2003 "Early Qenya Fragments", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 14.
* 2003 "Early Qenya Grammar", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 14.
* 2003 "The Valmaric Scripts", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 14.
* 2004 "''Sí Qente Feanor'' and Other Elvish Writings", ed. Smith, Gilson, Wynne, and Welden, ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 15.
* 2005 "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals (Part One)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne. '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 47, pp. 3–43.
* 2005 "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals (Part Two)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne. '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 48, pp. 4–34.
* 2006 "Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets", Part 1, ed. Smith, ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 16.
* 2006 "Early Elvish Poetry: ''Oilima Markirya, Nieninqe'' and ''Earendel''", ed. Gilson, Welden, and Hostetter, ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 16
* 2006 "Qenya Declensions", "Qenya Conjugations", "Qenya Word-lists", ed. Gilson, Hostetter, Wynne, ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 16
* 2007 "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals (Part Three)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne. '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 49, pp. 3–37.
* 2007 "Five Late Quenya Volitive Inscriptions." '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 49, pp. 38–58.
* 2007 "Ambidexters Sentence", '' Vinyar Tengwar'' 49
* 2007 "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", edited by Gilson, ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 17.
* 2009 "Tengwesta Qenderinwa", ed. Gilson, Smith and Wynne, ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 18.
* 2009 "Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets, Part 2", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 18.
* 2010 "Quenya Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 19.
* 2010 "Comparative Tables", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 19.
* 2010 "Outline of Phonetic Development", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 19.
* 2010 "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 19.
* 2012 "The Quenya Alphabet", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 20.
* 2013 "Qenya: Declension of Nouns", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 21.
* 2013 "Primitive Quendian: Final Consonants", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 21.
* 2013 "Common Eldarin: Noun Structure", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 21.
* 2015 "The Fëanorian Alphabet, Part 1", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22.
* 2015 "Quenya Verb Structure", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22.

See also Douglas A. Anderson, ''Carl F. Hostetter: A Checklist'', Tolkien Studies 4 (2007).

External links

Elvish.org FAQ
– Article by Carl F. Hostetter. Succinct citations of Tolkien's own views of the purpose, completeness and usability of his languages.
The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
Publishes the journals ''Parma Eldalamberon'', '' Tengwestië'', and '' Vinyar Tengwar''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elvish Languages (Middle-Earth)


Middle-earth Elves