''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be monoxenous because the life cycle is completed within a single host, and stenoxenous because they tend to be host specific, although a number of exceptions have been identified. Species of this genus infect a wide variety of hosts. Thirty-one species are known to occur in bats (Chiroptera), two in turtles, and 130 named species infect fish. Two species (''E. phocae'' and ''E. weddelli'') infect seals. Five species infect llamas and alpacas: ''E. alpacae'', ''E. ivitaensis'', ''E. lamae'', ''E. macusaniensis'', and ''E. punonensis''. A number of species infect rodents, including ''E. couesii'', ''E. kinsellai'', ''E. palustris'', ''E. ojastii'' and ''E. oryzomysi''. Others infect poultry (''E. necatrix'' and ''E. tenella''), rabbits (''E. stiedai'') and cattle (''E. bovis'', ''E. ellipsoidalis'', and ''E. zuernii''). For full species list, see below. The most prevalent species of ''Eimeria'' that cause coccidiosis in cattle are ''E. bovis'', ''E. zuernii'', and ''E. auburnensis''. In a young, susceptible calf it is estimated that as few as 50,000 infective oocysts can cause severe disease. ''Eimeria'' infections are particularly damaging to the poultry industry and costs the United States more than $1.5 billion in annual loses. The most economically important species among poultry are ''E. tenella'', ''E. acervulina'', and ''E. maxima''. The oocysts of what was later called ''Eimeria stiedai'' were first seen by the pioneering Dutch microscopist

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( ; ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as " the ...

(1632–1723) in the

bile Bile (from Latin ''bilis''), or gall, is a dark-green-to-yellowish-brown fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile ...

of a

rabbit Rabbits, also known as bunnies or bunny rabbits, are small mammals in the family Leporidae (which also contains the hares) of the order Lagomorpha (which also contains the pikas). ''Oryctolagus cuniculus'' includes the European rabbit speci ...

in 1674. The genus is named after the German zoologist Theodor Eimer (1843–1898).

Life cycle

The ''Eimeria'' life cycle has an

exogenous In a variety of contexts, exogeny or exogeneity () is the fact of an action or object originating externally. It contrasts with endogeneity or endogeny, the fact of being influenced within a system. Economics In an economic model, an exogeno ...

phase, during which the oocysts are excreted into the environment, and an

endogenous Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within a living system such as an organism, tissue, or cell. In contrast, exogenous substances and processes are those that originate from outside of an organism. For example, es ...

phase, where parasite development occurs in the host intestine. During the endogenous phase, several rounds of

asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the fu ...

, or schizogony take place, after which the sexual differentiation of gametes and

fertilisation Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to give rise to a new individual organism or offspring and initiate its development. Proce ...

occurs. Parasite transmission occurs via the oral-fecal route. Infections are common in farming environments where many animals are confined in a small space. 450px, ''Eimeria'' life cycle

Oocysts

There are two forms of

oocyst Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism i ...

: sporulated or late oocyst, and unsporulated or early oocyst. An infected host releases oocysts into the environment in their unsporulated form. These contain a multi-layered cell wall making them highly resistant to environmental pressures. Once released, the unsporulated oocysts undergo meiosis upon contact with oxygen and moisture. This process is known as sporulation and the oocysts take approximately 2 to 7 days to become infectious. The sporulated oocyst is said to be tetrasporic meaning it contains four sporocysts, while each sporocyst is dizoic, i.e. it contains two sporozoites. Once ingested, the oocysts undergo a process called excystation, whereby thousands of sporozoites are released into lumen of the intestine. In the case of ''E. tenella'', this process is thought to occur due to the combination of enzymatic degradation and mechanical abrasion of the oocyst wall in the chicken's gizzard.

Sporozoites

The motile sporozoites invade the

enterocyte Enterocytes, or intestinal absorptive cells, are simple columnar epithelial cells which line the inner surface of the small and large intestines. A glycocalyx surface coat contains digestive enzymes. Microvilli on the apical surface increase its ...

s of small intestine, and migrate to their respective sites of development. Invasion is mediated through specialised membrane-bound structures on the surface of the parasite that release secretions. This results in the recognition of, and attachment to host cell

receptor Receptor may refer to: * Sensory receptor, in physiology, any structure which, on receiving environmental stimuli, produces an informative nerve impulse *Receptor (biochemistry), in biochemistry, a protein molecule that receives and responds to a ...

s. This process is known as gliding motility, which is conserved across all species of '' Apicomplexa''. Membrane glyconjugates have been proposed as potential host cell receptors for ''Eimeria'' species. After invasion, the sporozoites develop into trophozoites, then into schizonts, where they undergo several rounds of

. This results in many nuclei developing within the schizont. Each nucleus develops into a

merozoite Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is ...

. Invasion requires the formation of a moving junction between parasite and host cell membranes. In ''E. tenella'', this involves parasite micronemes and rhoptry proteins including RON2, RON5 and AMA-2. It is unlikely that the host cell is completely passive in the invasion process, although evidence of host physical forces that assist in mediating parasite entry remains controversial.

Merozoites

When schizonts rupture, merozoites are released, which either go on to re-infect more enterocytes or develop into either male or female gametes via the process of gametogenesis. These gametes fuse to form an oocyst, which is then released in its non-infectious, unsporulated form through the faeces of the host. Merozoite invasion also requires the formation of a moving junction, however the proteins involved in this process differs from those on sporozoites. Rhoptry proteins AMA-1 and RON4 are found exclusively on merozoites. There is also a greater diversity of variant surface antigens found on the surface of merozoites. It is hypothesised that this may be due to the fact that merozoites are short-lived and a greater antigen repertoire would permit faster binding and invasion.

Taxonomy

350px, Evolutionary relationships among Apicomplexa The ''Eimeria'' lie within the family

Eimeriidae Eimeriidae is a family of Apicomplexa. It contains the following genera: *'' Acroeimeria'' Paperna & Landsberg, 1989 *'' Alveocystis'' Bel'tenev, 1980 *'' Caryospora'' Léger, 1904 *'' Cyclospora'' Schneider, 1881 *'' Diaspora'' Léger, 1898 *''D ...

. ''Eimeria'' accounts for close to 75% of the species within this family, and it is the most specious of the genera of the Apicomplexa with 1,700 described species. Attempts to subdivide this large taxonomic unit into separate genera have been made. The classification of eimeriid coccidian was largely based on morphological and life cycle details. More recently, classification has been done using rDNA and

mitochondrial genes Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial D ...

, which indicate ''Eimeria'' may be

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

to '' Isospora'' and ''

Cyclospora ''Cyclospora'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites. It includes the species ''Cyclospora cayetanensis'', the causative agent of cyclosporiasis. Members of ''Cyclospora'' are characterized as having oocysts with two Apicomplexan life cycle, spor ...

'' ''Eimeria'': These species are tetrasporocystic with dizoic, nonbivalved sporocysts with or without Stieda bodies. This new genus retains the majority of the species. '' Goussia'' (Labbe 1896): These species are tetrasporocystic, dizoic, lack Stieda bodies, and have sporocyst walls consisting of two valves joined by a longitudinal suture. This genus contains about 20 species. ''

Crystallospora ''Crystallospora'' is a genus of Apicomplexa in the family Aggregatidae. History The genus ''Crystallospora'' was created by Labbé in 1896Labbe A (1896) Recherches Zoologiques, Cytologiques et Biologiques sur les Coccidies. Archives de Zoologi ...

'' (Thelohan 1893): The species in this genus is tetrasporocystic and dizoic, and have dodecahedral sporocysts composed of two hexagonal, pyrimidal valves joined at their bases by a suture. This genus contains a single species, ''Crystallospora cristalloides'' '' Epieimeria'': The species in this genus are tetrasporocystic, dizoic, possess Stieda bodies, and undergo merogony and gametogony on the lumenal surface of the intestinal tract. Three species are in this genus.

Species identification

Methods for species identification are varied and among others, include isozyme analysis, the use of rRNA and rDNA probes, DNA

assay An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure in laboratory medicine, mining, pharmacology, environmental biology and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a ...

s and recombinant DNA techniques.

PCR PCR or pcr may refer to: Science * Phosphocreatine, a phosphorylated creatine molecule * Principal component regression, a statistical technique Medicine * Polymerase chain reaction ** COVID-19 testing, often performed using the polymerase chain r ...

has proven most useful for outbreak surveillance. Prior to these methods, species identification was based on phenotypic characteristics such as the site of parasite development, the oocyst structure, the host species, cross

immunity Immunity may refer to: Medicine * Immunity (medical), resistance of an organism to infection or disease * ''Immunity'' (journal), a scientific journal published by Cell Press Biology * Immune system Engineering * Radiofrequence immunity desc ...

and the presence of lesions. Out of these, comparing oocyst structures was the most commonly used method.

Genomics

A whole genome sequencing project is in progress with chosen species, ''Eimeria tenella''. The genome is about 60

megabases A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DN ...

in size and has a

GC-content In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases in a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C). This measure indicates the proportion of G and C bases out o ...

around 53%. The 14 chromosomes range in size from 1 to > 6 megabases. Since 2013, the sequencing and annotation of a further six avian ''Eimeria'' species genomes is in progress.

Pathology and symptoms

Coccidiosis typically results in diarrhoea, weight loss and dehydration. A combination of these factors may result in poor growth and death of the animal, particularly amongst young. Other clinical signs include lethargy, depression, and reduced normal grooming behaviour. Diarrhoea may be bloody due to intestinal epithelium dying off when a large number of oocysts and merozoites burst out of the cells. The severity of the disease is directly dependent on the number of infective ''Eimeria'' oocysts that are ingested. The pathogenesis of infection varies from mild to severe, and is largely dependent on the magnitude of infection. In light infections, the damage to the gut might only be minimal and be rapidly repaired as cells are rapidly replaced by the body. However, in heavy infections, it may only take two weeks for many intestinal epithelial cells to be infected with either ''Eimeria'' meronts or gametocytes. These cause the epithelial cells to burst, which causes significant damage to the intestine epithelial layer, resulting in the release of blood, fluid, and

electrolyte An electrolyte is a medium containing ions that is electrically conducting through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons. This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. Upon dis ...

s into the intestine.

Prevention and treatment

Good

animal husbandry Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, selective breeding, and the raising of livestock. Husbandry has a long history, starti ...

practices and prophylactic application of anticoccidial drugs that target different stages of the parasite lifecycle, such as

sulfonamide In organic chemistry, the sulfonamide functional group (also spelled sulphonamide) is an organosulfur group with the structure . It consists of a sulfonyl group () connected to an amine group (). Relatively speaking this group is unreactive. ...

s, ionophores and

toltrazuril Toltrazuril is a coccidiostat. See also * Clazuril * Diclazuril * Ponazuril Ponazuril ( INN), sold by Merial, Inc., now part of Boehringer Ingelheim, under the trade name Marquis® (15% w/w ponazuril), is a drug currently approved for the tre ...

, are the preferred methods of disease prevention, particularly in the poultry industry. The following drugs can be used for treatment of coccidiosis in cattle: amprolium,

sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline (IUPAC name: 4-Amino-''N''-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide) is a veterinary medicine which can be given to cattle and sheep to treat coccidiosis. It is available in Pakistan with Sanna Laboratories in combination with Amprolium a ...

, and

sulfamethazine Sulfadimidine or sulfamethazine is a sulfonamide antibacterial. There are non-standardized abbreviations for it as "sulfadimidine" (abbreviated SDI and more commonly but less reliably SDD) and as "sulfamethazine" (abbreviated SMT and more commonl ...

. However, it is often more effective to prevent this disease in cattle, which can be aided by the products lasalocid,

decoquinate Decoquinate is a quinolone coccidiostat used in veterinary medicine Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, management, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. Along with thi ...

, and

monensin Monensin is a polyether antibiotic isolated from ''Streptomyces cinnamonensis''. It is widely used in ruminant animal feeds. The structure of monensin was first described by Agtarap et al. in 1967, and was the first polyether antibiotic to have i ...

. There is a growing problem of drug resistance, as well as possible drug residues in the meat once the animal is butchered. As a result, other avenues of control are being explored, particularly vaccine development, although several live attenuated vaccines have been in use since the 1950s. So far, the best practice is to vaccinate the chicks once they hatch from the egg so they are immune for life. Infection with ''Eimeria'' results in life-long

to that particular parasite species, but does not give cross protection against other species. For these reasons, vaccines for control seem promising, of which live attenuated vaccines are most effective. However, the search for highly immunogenic antigens and overcoming antigenic variation of the parasites remains a challenge. Immunity to the parasite varies depending on parasite and host species, as well as the site of invasion. CD4+ T cells and interferon gamma (γ) are crucial components of

natural immunity In biology, immunity is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist harmful microorganisms. Immunity involves both specific and nonspecific components. The nonspecific components act as barriers or eliminators of a wide range of pathogens ...

to infection.

Humoral immunity Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules - including secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides - located in extracellular fluids. Humoral immunity is named so because it in ...

is thought to play little role in protection, and is most likely mediated through secretory

IgA Iga may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Ambush at Iga Pass, a 1958 Japanese film * Iga no Kagemaru, Japanese manga series * Iga, a set of characters from the Japanese novel '' The Kouga Ninja Scrolls'' Biology * ''Iga'' (beetle), a gen ...

antibodies.

Host-parasite relations

Fish

* ''Eimeria aurati'' - goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') * ''Eimeria baueri'' -

crucian carp The crucian carp (''Carassius carassius'') is a medium-sized member of the common carp family Cyprinidae. It occurs widely in northern European regions. Its name derives from the Low German ''karusse'' or ''karutze'', possibly from Medieval Lat ...

(''Carassius carassius'') * ''Eimeria lepidosirenis'' -

South American lungfish The South American lungfish (''Lepidosiren paradoxa'') is the single species of lungfish found in swamps and slow-moving waters of the Amazon, Paraguay, and lower Paraná River basins in South America. Notable as an obligate air-breather, it is ...

(''Lepidosiren paradoxa'') * ''Eimeria leucisci'' - common barbel (''Barbus barbus bocagei'') * ''Eimeria rutili'' - European chub (''Leuciscus cephalus cabeda''),

Iberian nase The Iberian nase (''Pseudochondrostoma polylepis'') is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found in Portugal and in Spain. Its natural habitats are river A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually fres ...

(''Chondrostoma polylepis polylepis'') * ''Eimeria vanasi'' - blue tilapia (''

Oreochromis aureus The blue tilapia (''Oreochromis aureus'') is a species of tilapia, a fish in the family Cichlidae. Native to Northern and Western Africa, and the Middle East, through introductions it is now also established elsewhere, including parts of the U ...

'')

Reptiles

* ''Eimeria amphisbaeniarum'' - Mann's

worm lizard Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As ...

('' Amphisbaena manni'') * ''Eimeria witcheri'' - Mann's worm lizard (''A. manni'') * ''Eimeria yemenensae'' - rock agama (''

Agama yemenensis Religion *Āgama (Buddhism), a collection of Early Buddhist texts *Āgama (Hinduism), scriptures of several Hindu sects *Jain literature (Jain Āgamas), various canonical scriptures in Jainism Other uses * ''Agama'' (lizard), a genus of lizards ...

'')

Birds

* ''

Eimeria acervulina ''Eimeria acervulina'' is a species of ''Eimeria'' that causes coccidiosis in poultry worldwide. Affected birds tend to appear depressed with reduced appetite, diarrhea, and depigmentation. Diagnosis is made by necropsy An autopsy (post-mort ...

'' - chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'')
* ''Eimeria adenoeides'' - turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'')
* '' Eimeria brunetti'' - chicken (''G. g. domesticus'')
* ''Eimeria colchici'' -

common pheasant The common pheasant (''Phasianus colchicus'') is a bird in the pheasant family (biology), family (Phasianidae). The genus name comes from Latin ''phasianus'', "pheasant". The species name ''colchicus'' is Latin for "of Colchis" (modern day Geor ...

(''Phasianus colchicus'') * ''Eimeria curvata'' - ruddy ground dove (''Columbina talpacoti''), scaled dove (''Scardafella squammata'') * ''Eimeria dispersa'' - turkey (''M. gallopavo''), bobwhite quail (''

Colinus virginianus The northern bobwhite (''Colinus virginianus''), also known as the Virginia quail or (in its home range) bobwhite quail, is a ground-dwelling bird native to Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, with introduced populations elsewhere in th ...

'') * ''Eimeria duodenalis'' - pheasant (''Phasianus colchicus'') * '' Eimeria fraterculae'' - Atlantic puffin (''

Fratercula arctica The Atlantic puffin ('), also known as the common puffin, is a species of seabird in the auk family. It is the only puffin native to the Atlantic Ocean; two related species, the tufted puffin and the horned puffin is found in the northeastern P ...

'') * ''Eimeria gallopavonis'' - turkey (''M. gallopavo'')
* ''Eimeria innocua'' - turkey (''M. gallopavo'')
* ''Eimeria praecox'' - chicken (''G. g. domesticus'')
* '' Eimeria maxima'' - chicken (''G. g. domesticus'')
* '' Eimeria meleagridis'' - turkey (''M. gallopavo'') * ''Eimeria meleagrimitis'' - turkey (''M. gallopavo'') * ''Eimeria mitis'' - chicken (''G. g. domesticus'') * ''Eimeria muta'' -

rock ptarmigan The rock ptarmigan (''Lagopus muta'') is a medium-sized game bird in the grouse family. It is known simply as the ptarmigan in the UK. It is the official bird for the Canadian territory of Nunavut, where it is known as the ''aqiggiq'' (ᐊᕿ� ...

(''Lagopus muta islandorum'') * '' Eimeria necatrix'' - chicken (''G. g. domesticus'') * ''Eimeria phasiani'' - pheasant (''P. colchicus'') * ''Eimeria procera'' - grey partridges ('' Perdix perdix'') * ''Eimeria purpureicephali '' - red-capped parrot (''

Purpureicephalus spurius The red-capped parrot (''Purpureicephalus spurius'') is a species of broad-tailed parrot native to southwestern Australia. It was described by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820, with no subspecies recognised. It has long been classified in its own genus ow ...

'') * ''Eimeria rjupa'' -

(''L. m. islandorum'') * '' Eimeria tenella'' - chicken (''G. g. domesticus'')

Mammals

* ''Eimeria ahsata'' - goat ('' Capra hircus''), sheep ('' Ovis aries'') * ''Eimeria alabamensis'' - cattle (''

Bos taurus Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult ma ...

'') * ''Eimeria alijevi'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria aspheronica'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria arloingi'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria arundeli'' - common wombat (''

Vombatus ursinus The common wombat (''Vombatus ursinus''), also known as the coarse-haired wombat or bare-nosed wombat, is a marsupial, one of three extant species of wombats and the only one in the genus ''Vombatus''. The common wombat grows to an average of lo ...

'') * ''Eimeria bakuensis'' - sheep (''O. aries'') * '' Eimeria bovis'' - cattle (''B. taurus'') * ''Eimeria cameli'' - camels ('' Camelus bactrianus'','' Camelus dromedarius'') * ''Eimeria caprina'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria caprovina'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria christenseni'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria clethrionomyis'' - red-backed vole ('' Clethrionomys gapperi'') * ''Eimeria coecicola'' - rabbit (''

Oryctolagus cuniculus The European rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus'') or coney is a species of rabbit native to the Iberian Peninsula (including Spain, Portugal, and southwestern France), western France, and the northern Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa. It has b ...

'') * ''Eimeria contorta'' - mouse ('' Mus musculus'') * ''Eimeria couesii'' - rice rat (''

Oryzomys couesi ''Oryzomys couesi'', also known as Coues's rice rat, is a semiaquatic rodent in the family Cricetidae occurring from southernmost Texas through Mexico and Central America into northwestern Colombia. It is usually found in wet habitats, such as m ...

'') * ''Eimeria crandallis'' - sheep (''O. aries'') * ''Eimeria dammahensis'' - scimitar-homed oryx (''

Oryx dammah The scimitar oryx (''Oryx dammah''), also known as the scimitar-horned oryx and the Sahara oryx, is a ''Oryx'' species that was once widespread across North Africa. In 2000, it was declared extinct in the wild on the IUCN Red List. A captive bre ...

'') * ''Eimeria dowleri'' - eastern red bat (''

Lasiurus borealis The eastern red bat (''Lasiurus borealis'') is a species of microbat in the family Vespertilionidae. Eastern red bats are widespread across eastern North America, with additional records in Bermuda. Taxonomy and etymology It was described in 1 ...

'') * ''Eimeria exigua'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria falciformis'' - mouse (''M. musculus'') * ''Eimeria farasanii'' - mountain gazelle ('' Gazella gazelle farasani'') * ''Eimeria ferrisi'' - mouse (''M. musculus'') * ''Eimeria flavescens'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria gallatii'' - red-backed vole (''C. gapperi'') * ''Eimeria granulosa'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria hirci'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria intestinalis'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria irresidua'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria intricata'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria jolchijevi'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria krijgsmanni'' - mouse (''M. musculus'') * ''Eimeria larimerensis'' - Uinta ground squirrel (''

Spermophilus armatus The Uinta ground squirrel (''Urocitellus armatus''), commonly called a "chisler" and ''Potgut'' in northern Utah,Noble, Katie"Animal of the Week: What is a Potgut?" ''The Green Life'', 13 April 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2019. is a species of rod ...

'') * ''Eimeria macusaniensis'' - llamas ('' Lama glama''), guanacos ('' Lama guanicoe''), alpacas ('' Vicugna pacos''), vicunas ('' Vicugna vicugna'') * ''Eimeria magna'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria marconii'' - red-backed vole (''Clethrionomys gapperi'') * ''Eimeria media'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria melanuri'' - garden dormouse ('' Eliomys quercinus'') * ''Eimeria myoxi'' - garden dormouse (''E. quercinus'') * ''Eimeria nagpurensis'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria nieschulzi'' - brown rat (''R. norvegicus'') * ''Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria ovinoidalis'' - sheep (''O. aries'') * ''Eimeria pallida'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria palustris'' - marsh rice rat ('' Oryzomys palustris'') * ''Eimeria papillata'' - mouse (''M. musculus'') * ''Eimeria perforans'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria phocae'' - Sable Island harbour seals (''

Phoca vitulina The harbor (or harbour) seal (''Phoca vitulina''), also known as the common seal, is a true seal found along temperate and Arctic marine coastlines of the Northern Hemisphere. The most widely distributed species of pinniped (walruses, eared se ...

'') * ''Eimeria pileata'' - red-backed vole (''Clethrionomys gapperi'') * ''Eimeria pipistrellus'' - Kuhl's pipistrelle (''

Pipistrellus kuhlii Kuhl's pipistrelle (''Pipistrellus kuhlii'') is a species of vesper bat that occurs in large areas of North Africa, Southern Europe and West Asia. It lives in temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby ve ...

'') * ''Eimeria piriformis'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria prionotemni'' - Bennett's wallaby (''

Macropus rufogriseus The red-necked wallaby or Bennett's wallaby (''Notamacropus rufogriseus'') is a medium-sized macropod marsupial (wallaby), common in the more temperate and fertile parts of eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Red-necked wallabies have been i ...

'') * ''Eimeria procyonis'' - raccoon ('' Procyon lotor'') * ''Eimeria punctata'' - goat (''C. hircus'') * ''Eimeria roobroucki'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria saudiensis'' - Arabian oryx (''

Oryx leucoryx The Arabian oryx (''Oryx leucoryx'') or white oryx is a medium-sized antelope with a distinct shoulder bump, long, straight horns, and a tufted tail. It is a bovid, and the smallest member of the genus ''Oryx'', native to desert and steppe areas ...

'') * ''Eimeria sealanderi'' - eastern red bat (''Lasiurus borealis'') * ''Eimeria separata'' - mouse (''M. musculus''), rat ('' Rattus rattus'') * ''Eimeria stiedai'' - rabbit (''O. cuniculus'') * ''Eimeria ursini'' - southern hairy nosed wombat (''

Lasiorhinus latifrons The southern hairy-nosed wombat (''Lasiorhinus latifrons'') is one of three extant species of wombats. It is found in scattered areas of semiarid scrub and mallee from the eastern Nullarbor Plain to the New South Wales border area. It is the s ...

'') * ''Eimeria vermiformis'' - mice (''M. musculus'') * ''Eimeria weybridgensis'' - sheep (''O. aries'') * ''Eimeria wobati'' - southern hairy-nosed wombat (''L. latifrons'') * '' Eimeria zuernii'' - cattle (''B. taurus'')

List of species

* '' Eimeria abramovi'' * ''

'' * ''

Eimeria adenoides ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria ahsata'' * '' Eimeria airculensis'' * '' Eimeria alabamensis'' * '' Eimeria albigulae'' * '' Eimeria alijevi'' * ''

Eimeria alpacae ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria amphisbaeniarum'' * '' Eimeria anatis'' * '' Eimeria anguillae'' * ''

Eimeria ankarensis ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria anseris'' * '' Eimeria arizonensis'' * '' Eimeria arabukosokokensis'' * '' Eimeria arnyi'' * '' Eimeria arundeli'' * '' Eimeria anseris'' * '' Eimeria arkhari'' * '' Eimeria arloingi'' * '' Eimeria aspheronica'' * '' Eimeria auburnensis'' * '' Eimeria augusta'' * '' Eimeria aurati'' * '' Eimeria aythyae'' * '' Eimeria azerbaidschanica'' * '' Eimeria bactriani'' * '' Eimeria bakuensis'' * '' Eimeria bareillyi'' * ''

Eimeria baueri ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria battakhi'' * '' Eimeria beckeri'' * '' Eimeria beecheyi'' * ''

Eimeria berkinbaevi ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria brinkmanni'' * ''

Eimeria bombaynsis ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * ''

Eimeria bonasae ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria boschadis'' * '' Eimeria bovis'' * '' Eimeria brantae'' * '' Eimeria brasiliensis'' * '' Eimeria brevoortiana'' * '' Eimeria brinkmanni'' * '' Eimeria brunetti'' * '' Eimeria bucephalae'' * '' Eimeria bufomarini'' * '' Eimeria bukidnonensis'' * ''

Eimeria burdai ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria callospermophili'' * '' Eimeria californicenis'' * ''

Eimeria cameli ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria canadensis'' * '' Eimeria canis'' * '' Eimeria caprina'' * '' Eimeria caprovina'' * '' Eimeria carinii'' * '' Eimeria carpelli'' * '' Eimeria catostomi'' * '' Eimeria catronensis'' * '' Eimeria caviae'' * '' Eimeria cerdonis'' * ''

Eimeria citelli ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

* '' Eimeria chelydrae'' * '' Eimeria christenseni'' * '' Eimeria clarkei'' * '' Eimeria clethrionomyis'' * '' Eimeria coecicola'' * '' Eimeria colchici'' * '' Eimeria columbae'' * '' Eimeria columbarum'' * ''

Eimeria contorta ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria coturnicus'' * ''

Eimeria couesii ''Eimeria couesii'' is an apicomplexan parasite of the genus '' Eimeria'' that infects the intestine of the rice rat ''Oryzomys couesi ''Oryzomys couesi'', also known as Coues's rice rat, is a semiaquatic rodent in the family Cricetidae occu ...

'' * '' Eimeria crandallis'' * '' Eimeria crassa'' * '' Eimeria curvata'' * '' Eimeria cylindrica'' * ''

Eimeria cynomysis ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * ''

Eimeria cyprini ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria dammahensis'' * '' Eimeria danailovi'' * '' Eimeria danielle'' * '' Eimeria debliecki'' * '' Eimeria deserticola'' * '' Eimeria dispersa'' * '' Eimeria dolichotis'' * '' Eimeria dromedarii'' * '' Eimeria duszynskii'' * '' Eimeria ellipsoidalis'' * '' Eimeria elongata'' * '' Eimeria etheostomae'' * '' Eimeria eutamiae'' * '' Eimeria exigua'' * '' Eimeria falciformis'' * '' Eimeria fanthami'' * '' Eimeria farasanii'' * '' Eimeria farra'' * '' Eimeria faurei'' * '' Eimeria fernandoae'' * '' Eimeria ferrisi'' * '' Eimeria filamentifera'' * '' Eimeria franklinii'' * '' Eimeria fraterculae'' * ''

Eimeria freemani ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria fulva'' * ''

Eimeria funduli ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * ''

Eimeria gallatii ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria gallopavonis'' * '' Eimeria gasterostei'' * '' Eimeria gilruthi'' * '' Eimeria glenorensis'' * ''

Eimeria gokaki ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria gonzalei'' * '' Eimeria gorakhpuri'' * '' Eimeria granulosa'' * '' Eimeria grenieri'' * '' Eimeria guevarai'' * '' Eimeria hagani'' * '' Eimeria haneki'' * '' Eimeria hasei'' * ''

Eimeria hawkinsi ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria hermani'' * '' Eimeria hindlei'' * '' Eimeria hirci'' * '' Eimeria hoffmani'' * '' Eimeria hoffmeisteri'' * '' Eimeria hybognathi'' * '' Eimeria ictaluri'' * '' Eimeria illinoisensis'' * ''

Eimeria innocua ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria intestinalis'' * '' Eimeria intricata'' * '' Eimeria iroquoina'' * '' Eimeria irresidua'' * '' Eimeria ivitaensis'' * '' Eimeria judoviciani'' * '' Eimeria kinsellai'' * ''

Eimeria koganae ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * ''

Eimeria kotlani ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria krijgsmanni'' * ''

Eimeria krylovi ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria kunmingensis'' * '' Eimeria lagopodi'' * ''

Eimeria lamae ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria langebarteli'' * '' Eimeria larimerensis'' * '' Eimeria lateralis'' * '' Eimeria laureleus'' * ''

Eimeria lepidosirenis ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria leucisci'' * '' Eimeria ludoviciani'' * '' Eimeria macusaniensis'' * '' Eimeria magnalabia'' * '' Eimeria marconii'' * '' Eimeria maxima'' * '' Eimeria melanuri'' * '' Eimeria meleagridis'' * '' Eimeria menzbieri'' * '' Eimeria micropteri'' * '' Eimeria minasensis'' * ''

Eimeria mitis ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria monacis'' * ''

Eimeria morainensis ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria moronei'' * ''

Eimeria mulardi ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * ''

Eimeria muta ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria myoxi'' * '' Eimeria myoxocephali'' * '' Eimeria natricis'' * '' Eimeria necatrix'' * ''

Eimeria neitzi ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria nieschulzi'' * '' Eimeria nigricani'' * '' Eimeria nocens'' * '' Eimeria nyroca'' * ''

Eimeria ojastii ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria ojibwana'' * '' Eimeria onychomysis'' * '' Eimeria oryzomysi'' * '' Eimeria oryxae'' * '' Eimeria os'' * '' Eimeria osmeri'' * ''

Eimeria ovata ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * ''

Eimeria ovinoidalis ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria palustris'' * '' Eimeria papillata'' * '' Eimeria parvula'' * '' Eimeria pigra'' * '' Eimeria pilarensis'' * '' Eimeria pileata'' * '' Eimeria pipistrellus'' * '' Eimeria phocae'' * '' Eimeria praecox'' * '' Eimeria prionotemni'' * '' Eimeria pseudospermophili'' * '' Eimeria pulchella'' * '' Eimeria pungitii'' * '' Eimeria punonensis'' * '' Eimeria ranae'' * '' Eimeria reedi'' * '' Eimeria reichenowi'' * '' Eimeria ribarrensis'' * ''

Eimeria rjupa ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria rutili'' * '' Eimeria salvelini'' * '' Eimeria saitamae'' * '' Eimeria saudiensis'' * '' Eimeria separata'' * '' Eimeria schachdagica'' * '' Eimeria sevilletensis'' * '' Eimeria sinensis'' * ''

Eimeria sipedon ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria somateriae'' * '' Eimeria spermophili'' * ''

Eimeria squali ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria stiedai'' * '' Eimeria stigmosa'' * '' Eimeria striata'' * '' Eimeria subepithelialis'' * '' Eimeria surki'' * '' Eimeria tamiasciuri'' * ''

Eimeria tedlai ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria tenella'' * '' Eimeria truncata'' * '' Eimeria truttae'' * '' Eimeria uekii'' * ''

Eimeria uniungulati ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * ''

Eimeria ursini ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria vilasi'' * '' Eimeria weddelli'' * '' Eimeria weybridgensis'' * '' Eimeria witcheri'' * '' Eimeria vanasi'' * ''

Eimeria vermiformis ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to be ...

'' * '' Eimeria volgensis'' * '' Eimeria wobati'' * ''

Eimeria wyomingensis ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are consider ...

'' * '' Eimeria yemenensae'' * '' Eimeria yukonensis'' * '' Eimeria zuernii''

References

External links

An overview of ''Eimeria'' and coccidiosisThe Life Cycle of Coccidia
{{Taxonbar, from=Q795375 Apicomplexa genera Conoidasida Poultry diseases Veterinary protozoology Parasites of birds Parasites of equines