From 1948 to 1975, the

U.S. Army Chemical Corps The Chemical Corps is the branch of the United States Army tasked with defending against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until ...

conducted classified human subject research at the

Edgewood Arsenal Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) (sometimes erroneously called Aberdeen Proving ''Grounds'') is a U.S. Army facility located adjacent to Aberdeen, Harford County, Maryland, United States. More than 7,500 civilians and 5,000 military personnel work at ...

facility in

Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to ...

. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose

chemical warfare Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare, biological warfare and radiological warfare, which together make up CBRN, the military acronym ...

agents on

military personnel Military personnel are members of the state's armed forces. Their roles, pay, and obligations differ according to their military branch (army, navy, marines, air force, space force, and coast guard), rank (officer, non-commissioned officer, or e ...

and to test

protective clothing Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, ele ...

pharmaceuticals A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and rel ...

, and

vaccine A vaccine is a biological Dosage form, preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease, infectious or cancer, malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verifie ...

s. A small portion of these studies were directed at

psychochemical warfare Psychochemical warfare — or "drug weapons" — involves the use of psychopharmacological agents ( mind-altering drugs or chemicals) with the intention of incapacitating an adversary through the temporary induction of hallucinations or delirium.D ...

and grouped under the prosaic title of the "Medical Research Volunteer Program" (1956–1975). The MRVP was also driven by intelligence requirements and the need for new and more effective interrogation techniques. Overall, about 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the

Department of Defense Department of Defence or Department of Defense may refer to: Current departments of defence * Department of Defence (Australia) * Department of National Defence (Canada) * Department of Defence (Ireland) * Department of National Defense (Philippin ...

(DoD). Some of the volunteers exhibited symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents but long-term follow-up was not planned as part of the DoD studies. The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy. The

chemical agents A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a ...

tested on volunteers included chemical warfare agents and other related agents: * Anticholinesterase nerve agents ( VX,

sarin Sarin (NATO designation GB G-series, "B"">Nerve_agent#G-series.html" ;"title="hort for Nerve agent#G-series">G-series, "B" is an extremely toxic synthetic organophosphorus compound.organophosphorus Organophosphorus compounds are organic compounds containing phosphorus. They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. Some organophosphorus compounds are highly effective in ...

(OP) and

carbamate In organic chemistry, a carbamate is a category of organic compounds with the general formula and structure , which are formally derived from carbamic acid (). The term includes organic compounds (e.g., the ester ethyl carbamate), formally o ...

pesticides *

Mustard Mustard may refer to: Food and plants * Mustard (condiment), a paste or sauce made from mustard seeds used as a condiment * Mustard plant, one of several plants, having seeds that are used for the condiment ** Mustard seed, seeds of the mustard p ...

agents * Nerve agent

antidote An antidote is a substance that can counteract a form of poisoning. The term ultimately derives from the Greek term φάρμακον ἀντίδοτον ''(pharmakon) antidoton'', "(medicine) given as a remedy". Antidotes for anticoagulants are s ...

s including

atropine Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery. It is typically given i ...

and

scopolamine Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, or Devil's Breath, is a natural or synthetically produced tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic drug that is formally used as a medication for treating motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting ...

* Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. the common OP antidote

2-PAM chloride Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) or 2-PAM, usually as the chloride or iodide salts, belongs to a family of compounds called oximes that bind to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase. It is used to treat organophosph ...

* Psychoactive agents including

LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily mental, vi ...

, PCP,

cannabinoids Cannabinoids () are several structural classes of compounds found in the cannabis plant primarily and most animal organisms (although insects lack such receptors) or as synthetic compounds. The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid tet ...

, and BZ * Irritants and

riot control Riot control measures are used by law enforcement, military, paramilitary or security forces to control, disperse, and arrest people who are involved in a riot, unlawful demonstration or unlawful protest. If a riot is spontaneous and irration ...

agents *

Alcohol Alcohol most commonly refers to: * Alcohol (chemistry), an organic compound in which a hydroxyl group is bound to a carbon atom * Alcohol (drug), an intoxicant found in alcoholic drinks Alcohol may also refer to: Chemicals * Ethanol, one of sev ...

and

caffeine Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is mainly used recreationally as a cognitive enhancer, increasing alertness and attentional performance. Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine t ...

History

Background and rationale

After

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, U.S. military researchers obtained formulas for the three

nerve gas Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by the blocking of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that ...

es developed by the Nazis— tabun,

soman Soman (or GD, EA 1210, Zoman, PFMP, A-255, systematic name: ''O''-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) is an extremely toxic chemical substance. It is a nerve agent, interfering with normal functioning of the mammalian nervous system by inhibiti ...

, and

sarin Sarin (NATO designation GB G-series, "B"">Nerve_agent#G-series.html" ;"title="hort for Nerve agent#G-series">G-series, "B" is an extremely toxic synthetic organophosphorus compound.Edgewood Chemical Biological Center The U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) is the United States's principal research and development resource for non-medical chemical and biological (CB) defense. As a critical national asset in the CB defense community, ECBC suppo ...

. These studies included a secret human subjects component at least as early as 1948, when "psychological reactions" were documented in Edgewood technicians. Initially, such studies focused solely on the lethality of the gases and its treatment and prevention. A classified report entitled "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War" was produced in 1949 by Luther Wilson Greene, Technical Director of the

Chemical and Radiological Laboratories A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., wi ...

at Edgewood. Greene called for a search for novel psychoactive compounds that would create the same debilitating mental side effects as those produced by nerve gases, but without their lethal effect. In his words,

Throughout recorded history, wars have been characterized by death, human misery, and the destruction of property; each major conflict being more catastrophic than the one preceding it ... I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.

In the late 1940s and early '50s, the U.S. Army worked with Harvard anesthesiologist

Henry K. Beecher Henry Knowles Beecher (February 4, 1904 – July 25, 1976) was a pioneering American anesthesiologist, medical ethicist, and investigator of the placebo effect at Harvard Medical School. An article by Beecher's in 1966 on unethical medical exp ...

at its interrogation center at

Camp King Camp King is a site on the outskirts of Oberursel, Taunus (in Germany), with a long history. It began as a school for agriculture under the auspices of the University of Frankfurt. During World War II, the lower fields became an interrogation center ...

in Germany on the use of psychoactive compounds (

mescaline Mescaline or mescalin (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin. Biological sou ...

), including human subject experiments and the debriefing of former Nazi physicians and scientists who had worked along similar lines before the end of the war. In the 1950s, some officials in the

U.S. Department of Defense The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national secur ...

publicly asserted that many "forms of chemical and allied warfare as more 'humane' than existing weapons. For example, certain types of 'psychochemicals' would make it possible to paralyze temporarily entire population centers without damage to homes and other structures." Soviet advances in the same field were cited as a special incentive giving impetus to research efforts in this area, according to testimony by Maj. Gen. Marshall Stubbs, the Army's chief chemical officer. General William M. Creasy, former chief chemical officer, U.S. Army, testified to the

U.S. House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...

in 1959 that "provided sufficient emphasis is put behind it, I think the future lies in the psychochemicals." This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist, E. James Lieberman, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in ''

The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists The ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' is a nonprofit organization concerning science and global security issues resulting from accelerating technological advances that have negative consequences for humanity. The ''Bulletin'' publishes conte ...

'' in 1962. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual afflictions of war."

The experiments

The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories—which is now known as the

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD) is a military medical research institute located at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, US. It is the leading science and technology laboratory of the Department of Def ...

(USAMRICD)—at the Edgewood Area,

Aberdeen Proving Ground Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) (sometimes erroneously called Aberdeen Proving ''Grounds'') is a U.S. Army facility located adjacent to Aberdeen, Harford County, Maryland, United States. More than 7,500 civilians and 5,000 military personnel work at ...

, Maryland. The experiments involved at least 254 chemical substances, but focused mainly on midspectrum incapacitants, such as

THC Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Although the chemical formula for THC (C21H30O2) describes multiple isomers, the term ''THC'' ...

derivatives,

benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), sometimes called "benzos", are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety disorders, i ...

, and BZ. Around 7,000 US military personnel and 1,000 civilians were test subjects over almost three decades. A concrete result of these experiments was that BZ was weaponized, although never deployed. According to a DOD FAQ, the Edgewood Arsenal experiments involved the following "rough breakout of volunteer hours against various experimental categories": An "Independent Study Course" for continuing medical education produced by the

US Department of Veterans Affairs The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a Cabinet-level executive branch department of the federal government charged with providing life-long healthcare services to eligible military veterans at the 170 VA medical centers and ...

, ''Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons'' (October 2003), presents the following summary of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments: The "Independent Study Course" cites mainly a three-volume study by the

Institute of Medicine The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), formerly called the Institute of Medicine (IoM) until 2015, is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization. The National Academy of Medicine is a part of the National Academies of Sciences, E ...

(1982–1985) for its data and conclusions, ''Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents''. Some additional information in the section cited from the Course was based on a 1993 IOM study, ''Veterans at Risk: Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite''. A significant omission from the Course summary above is the number of subjects on which BZ and related compounds were tested. According to the memoirs of James Ketchum, who also cites the IOM study for the data, "24 belladonnoid glycolates and related compounds" were "given to 1,800 subjects". The IOM study also concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely" for this type of compound. In the mid-1970s, in the wake of many health claims made regarding exposure to the agents, the

U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is Bicameralism, bicameral, composed of a lower body, the United States House of Representatives, House of Representatives, and an upper body, ...

began investigations of possible abuse in experiments and of inadequate

informed consent Informed consent is a principle in medical ethics and medical law, that a patient must have sufficient information and understanding before making decisions about their medical care. Pertinent information may include risks and benefits of treatme ...

given to the soldiers and civilians involved.

Scandal and termination

In September 1975, the Medical Research Volunteer Program was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the Edgewood installation. The founder and director of the program, Dr Van Murray Sim, was called before Congress and chastised by outraged lawmakers, who questioned the absence of follow-up care for the human volunteers. An Army investigation subsequently found no evidence of serious injuries or deaths associated with the MRVP, but deplored both the recruiting process and the informed consent approach, which they characterized as "suggest ngpossible coercion".

Aftermath

Government reports

1982-85 IOM report
The

(IOM) published a three-volume report on the Edgewood research in 1982–1985, ''Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents''. The three volumes were: *Vol. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics" (1982). *Vol. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants" (1984) *Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects" (1985) The

National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the Nati ...

, which oversees the IOM, sent a questionnaire to all of the former volunteers that could be located, approximately 60% of the total. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. The study could not rule out long-term health effects related to exposure to the nerve agents. It concluded that "Whether the subjects at Edgewood incurred these changes epression, cognitive deficits, tendency to suicideand to what extent they might now show these effects are not known". With regard specifically to BZ and related compounds, the IOM study concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely". 2004 GAO report
A

Government Accounting Office The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) is a legislative branch government agency that provides auditing, evaluative, and investigative services for the United States Congress. It is the supreme audit institution of the federal govern ...

report of May 2004, ''Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel'' (pp. 1, 24), stated:

n 1993 and 1994we ..reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. This program involved testing nerve agents, nerve agent antidotes, psycho chemicals, and irritants. The chemicals were given to volunteer service members at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; Dugway Proving Ground, Utah; and Forts Benning, Bragg, and McClellan. In total, Army documents identified 7,120 Army and Air Force personnel who participated in these tests. Further, GAO concluded that precise information on the scope and the magnitude of tests involving human subjects was not available, and the exact number of human subjects might never be known.

Safety debates

The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the

mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". The safety record of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments was also defended in the memoirs of psychiatrist and retired colonel James Ketchum, a key scientist: As late as 2014 incomplete information due to the failure to declassify and release relevant classified documents prevented IOM from conducting adequate medical studies related to similar former US biowarfare programs. Even a book critical of the program, written by Lynn C. Klotz and Edward J. Sylvester, acknowledges that:

Unlike the CIA program, research subjects t Edgewoodall signed informed consent forms, both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in. Experiments were carried out with safety of subjects a principal focus. ..At Edgewood, even at the highest doses it often took an hour or more for incapacitating effects to show, and the end-effects usually did not include full incapacitation, let alone unconsciousness. After all, the Edgewood experimenters were focused on disabling soldiers in combat, where there would be tactical value simply in disabling the enemy.

Lawsuits

The U.S. Army believed that legal liability could be avoided by concealing the experiments. However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned them. In the 1990s, the law firm

Morrison & Foerster Morrison & Foerster LLP (also known as MoFo) is an American multinational law firm headquartered in San Francisco, California, with 17 offices located throughout the United States, Asia, and Europe. The firm has over 1,000 lawyers who advise cli ...

agreed to take on a class-action lawsuit against the government related to the Edgewood volunteers. The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets". In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations

Vietnam Veterans of America Vietnam Veterans of America, Inc. (VVA) is a national non-profit corporation founded in 1978 in the United States that is committed to serving the needs of all veterans. It is funded without any contribution from any branch of government. VVA is th ...

, and Swords to Plowshares, and eight Edgewood veterans or their families against CIA, the U.S. Army, and other agencies. The complaint asked the court to determine that defendants' actions were illegal and that the defendants have a duty to notify all victims and to provide them with health care. In the suit, ''Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al.'' Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009), the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages. Instead, they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the U.S. government's use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and biological agent testing experiments. The plaintiffs cited: * The use of troops to test nerve gas, psychochemicals, and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances. * A failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of U.S. and international law regarding the use of human subjects, including the 1953 Wilson Directive and the Nuremberg Code. * A refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them * A deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions, actions which were punctuated by fraud, deception, and a callous disregard for the value of human life. On July 24, 2013, United States District Court Judge Claudia Wilken issued an order granting in part and denying in part plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and granting in part and denying in part defendants' motion for summary judgment. The court resolved all of the remaining claims in the case and vacated trial. The court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment concerning the notice claim: summarily adjudicating in plaintiffs' favor, finding that "the Army has an ongoing duty to warn" and ordering "the Army, through the DVA or otherwise, to provide test subjects with newly acquired information that may affect their well-being that it has learned since its original notification, now and in the future as it becomes available". The court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims. On appeal in Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency, a panel majority held in July 2015 that Army Regulation 70-25 (AR 70-25) created an independent duty to provide ongoing medical care to veterans who participated in U.S. chemical and biological testing programs. The prior finding held that the Army has an ongoing duty to seek out and provide "notice" to former test participants of any new information that could potentially affect their health.

Material Testing Program EA (Edgewood Arsenal) numbers

* EA 229 - Levinstein Mustard (H) * EA 773 - Agent TB *EA 1019 -

Thiodiglycol Thiodiglycol, or bis(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfide (also known as 2,2-thiodiethanol or TDE), is the organosulfur compound with the formula S(CH2CH2OH)2. It is miscible with water and polar organic solvents. It is a colorless liquid. It is structurally ...

* EA 1033 - Distilled Mustard (HD) * EA 1034 - Lewisite (L) * EA 1036 - O-mustard * EA 1152 - Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) * EA 1053 - Nitrogen mustard 3 * EA 1205 - Tabun (GA) *EA 1207 - O-ethylsarin (VX-G) * EA 1208 - Sarin (GB) * EA-1209 - Ethylsarin (GE) * EA 1210 - Soman (GD) * EA-1211 - GH * EA 1212 - Cyclosarin (GF) *EA 1213 - 2,2-Dimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (dimebu, neopentyl sarin) *EA 1214 - 2-Ethylhexyl methylphosphonofluoridate *EA 1221 - O-isopentyl sarin * EA 1224 - DMMP *EA 1230 - 2-Phenoxyethyl methylphosphonofluoridate *EA 1232 - Methylsarin *EA 1244 - O-Tabun-ethylenechlorohydrin *EA-1245 - O-methyl diethyltabun *EA 1246 - G-agent S *EA 1249 - 2-Methylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate * EA 1250 - Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) * EA 1251 - Difluoro, Difluor, DF or DIF * EA 1253 - Dichloro, Dichlor, DC, DCl or DICl. *EA 1255 - sec-butyl sarin *EA 1256 - A organophosphonate *EA 1258 - O-butylsarin *EA 1259 - A organophosphonate *EA 1261 - O-propylsarin *EA 1262 - O-hexylsarin *EA 1263 - O-decylsarin *EA 1264 - 4-(2,6-Dimethylheptyl) methylphosphonofluoridate *EA 1274 - 2-Pentyl methylphosphonofluoridate *EA 1277 - Excelsior * EA 1285 - Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) *EA 1296 - Tenamfetamine *EA 1297 - Methylenedioxyphenethylamine * EA 1298 - Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), an analogue and active metabolite of

MDMA 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly seen in Tablet (pharmacy), tablet form (ecstasy) and crystal form (molly or mandy), is a potent empathogen–entactogen with stimulant properties primarily used for Recreational dru ...

*EA 1299 - EA-1298 (S)-form *EA 1302 - 3-methoxyphenethylamine *EA 1304 - 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-butanamine *EA 1306 - Mescaline *EA 1316 - 3,4-Dimethoxyamphetamine *EA 1319 - alpha-Methylmescaline *EA 1322 - 3,4-dimethoxypropylamine * EA 1356 - (

Racemic In chemistry, a racemic mixture, or racemate (), is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many compounds are produced industrially as racemates. ...

) 2-Methylcyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate *EA 1370 - G-agent *EA 1407 - Vomiting agent *EA 1464 - A quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agentSommer, Harold Z. Krenzer, John Miller, Jacob I. EA 1464 and Related Compounds. II. Improved Synthesis of EA 1464 and Preparation of its Corresponding Di-(Hydrogen Oxalate) Salt, EA 3669 *EA 1465 - A THC derivative *EA 1473 - A quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 1475 -

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly seen in Tablet (pharmacy), tablet form (ecstasy) and crystal form (molly or mandy), is a potent empathogen–entactogen with stimulant properties primarily used for Recreational dru ...

*EA 1476 -

Dimethylheptylpyran Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP, 3-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-Δ6a(10a)-THC, 1,2-dimethylheptyl-Δ3-THC, A-40824, or EA-2233) is a synthetic analog of THC, which was invented in 1949 during attempts to elucidate the structure of Δ9-THC, one of the acti ...

*EA 1477 - A THC derivative *EA 1507 - A carbamate THC derivative * EA 1508 - VG * EA 1511 - VP *EA 1512 - A V-agent * EA 1517 - VE *EA 1518 - A V-agent *EA 1519 - A V-agent *EA 1520 - A V-agent *EA 1521 - A V-agent *EA 1522 - A V-agent *EA 1523 - A V-agent *EA 1533 - A V-agent *EA 1542 - A THC derivative *EA 1543 - A V-agent derived from

*EA 1544 - A THC derivative *EA 1545 - A THC derivative *EA 1576 - A V-agent derived from mevinphos *EA 1599 - V-agent *EA 1622 - O-Isopropyl S-(diethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate *EA 1635 - V-agent *EA 1636 - V-agent * EA 1653 - LSD in tartrate form * EA 1664 - Edemo (VM) *EA 1671 - A solid V-agent *EA 1675 - A solid V-agent *EA 1676 - V-agent * EA 1677 - VS, a "V-series" nerve agent *EA 1679 - V-agent *EA 1680 - V-agent *EA 1694 - EthylV_x *EA 1695 - V-agent *EA 1697 - V-agent *EA 1698 - V-agent *EA 1699 - V_x (V5) *EA 1700 - V-agent * EA 1701 - VX *EA 1703 - V-agent * EA 1724 - QL *EA 1728 - V2 * EA 1729 - LSD in free base form * EA 1763 - V1 *EA 1778 - Nonanoyl morpholide *EA 1788 - Organophosphonate * EA 1779 - CS gas *EA 1811 - Quaternary oxime *EA 1813 - Quaternary oxime *EA 1814 - TMB4 *EA 1821 - Pralidoxime iodide *EA 1941 - Quaternary oxime *EA 1972 - Dimethyl diglycolate (DG) * EA 2012 - bis-Quaternary ammonium phosphonate *EA 2054 - bis-Quaternary ammonium phosphonate *EA 2071 - Pralidoxime lactate * EA 2092 - Benactyzine *EA 2097 - Benzylidene malonitrile (CS14632) *EA 2098 -bis-Quaternary ammonium phosphonate *EA 2129 - Respiratory irritant * EA 2148 - Phencyclidine (PCP) *EA 2170 - Pralidoxime Chloride *EA 2172 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2192 - VX O-hydrolysis product *EA 2214 - Respiratory irritant *EA 2216 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2217 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2218 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2219 - A incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 63.3) *EA 2221 - A incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 158) *EA 2222 - Methylthiosarin *EA 2223 - Thiocyclosarin *EA 2227 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2228 - A incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 200) *EA 2230 - A incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 3125) *EA 2233 - Acetyl dimethylheptylpyran **Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8 *EA 2235 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2236 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2237 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2238 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2240 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2261 - Thio-EA-1356 *EA 2264 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2265 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2276 - V-agent * EA 2277 - BZ ("Substance 78" to Soviets) *EA 2284 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 2302 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 2305 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 2306 - (-)-BZ *EA 2329 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 2333 - (+)-BZ *EA 2337 - Thiosoman (GDS or TGD) *EA 2361 - TGS or GSS *EA 2362 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2363 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2364 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2366 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 2389 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2391 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2392 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2393 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2405 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2407 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2413 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 2419 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 2422 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2433 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 2442 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2464 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2475 - Incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 17860) *EA 2535 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2542 - 2-Bromoethyl bromoacetamide *EA 2545 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2580 - A incapacitating agent *EA 2613 - bis-Quaternary ammonium phosphonate *EA 2615 - Incapacitating agent *EA 2664 - Alkoxyarylamino analog of the Etonitazene (Analgesic potency = 312.5) *EA 3000 -

Botulinum toxin Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum'' and related species. It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromusc ...

* EA 3148 - A "V-series" nerve agent, Cyclopentyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate ("Substance 100A" to Soviets) *EA 3164 - Incapacitating agent * EA 3167 - A BZ variant *EA 3171 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3176 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 3186 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3209 - A bis-quaternary ammonium phosphonate nerve agent *EA 3287 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3305 - 2,5-Dimethylcyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate *EA 3306 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3307 - A irritant agent *EA 3309 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3317 - V-agent *EA 3364 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3365 - Lacrimatory agent *EA 3367 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3382 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3387 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3407 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3430 - 2-Methylcyclopentyl methylphosphonofluoridate *EA 3437 - Respiratory irritant *EA 3439 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3441 - Incapacitating agent * EA 3443 - A BZ variant *EA 3473 - Quaternary ammonium analog of the Etonitazene *EA 3475 - Toxogonin *EA 3480 - Incapacitating agent * EA 3528 - LSD in maleate form *EA 3525 - Incapacitating agent *EA 3534 - G-agent *EA 3536 - Quaternary ammonium analog of the Etonitazene * EA 3547 - CR gas *EA 3561 - A blood agent *EA 3562 - A blood agent *EA 3563 - A blood agent *EA 3564 - A blood agent *EA 3565 - A blood agent *EA 3566 - A blood agent *EA 3567 - A blood agent *EA 3568 - A blood agent *EA 3569 - A blood agent *EA 3570 - A blood agent *EA 3571 - A blood agent *EA 3572 - A blood agent * EA 3580 - A BZ variant *EA 3625 - A irritant agent *EA 3631 - A incapacitating agent *EA 3632 - A blood agent *EA 3633 - A blood agent *EA 3634 - A blood agent *EA 3635 - A blood agent *EA 3636 - A blood agent *EA 3637 - A blood agent *EA 3638 - A blood agent *EA 3639 - A blood agent *EA 3640 - A blood agent *EA 3641 - A blood agent *EA 3669 - EA-1464 oxalate salt *EA 3695 - BZ analogue *EA 3729 - A blood agent *EA 3730 - A blood agent *EA 3731 - A blood agent *EA 3732 - A blood agent *EA 3733 - A blood agent *EA 3734 - A blood agent *EA 3735 - A blood agent *EA 3736 - A blood agent *EA 3737 - A blood agent *EA 3738 - A blood agent *EA 3739 - A blood agent *EA 3740 - A blood agent *EA 3741 - A blood agent *EA 3742 - A blood agent *EA 3743 - A blood agent *EA 3744 - A blood agent *EA 3745 - A blood agent *EA 3746 - A blood agent *EA 3747 - A blood agent *EA 3748 - A blood agent *EA 3749 - A blood agent *EA 3750 - A blood agent *EA 3751 - A blood agent *EA 3752 - A blood agent *EA 3753 - A blood agent *EA 3754 - A blood agent *EA 3755 - A blood agent *EA 3827 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 3828 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 3831 - Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound * EA 3834 - A BZ variant *EA 3859 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 3861 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 3887 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 3887-A - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 3940 - Palytoxin *EA 3947 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 3948 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 3958 - Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 3966 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 3990 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 4026 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 4038 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 4046 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4048 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 4050 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4056 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 4057 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 4059 - alpha-methylene analog of the Etonitazene *EA 4067 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4075 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4076 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4079 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4080 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4081 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4082 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4113 - A analog of the Etonitazene *EA 4129 - Dialkylamino analog of the Etonitazene *EA 4165 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene *EA 4177 - A analog of the Etonitazene *EA 4181 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 4196 - bis(diisopropylaminoethyl) disulfide *EA 4232 - Etonitazene precursor * EA 4243 - V-agent *EA 4245 - A analog of the Etonitazene *EA 4349 - Cyclooctyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Candidate G-agent S No.1) *EA 4352 - G-agent *EA 4557 - A analog of the Etonitazene *EA 4684 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4691 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4718 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4719 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4720 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4789 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4831 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4832 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4833 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4858 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4859 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4870 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 4873 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4874 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent *EA 4879 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4881 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4882 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4883 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4885 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4910 - Metonitazene precursor *EA 4913 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4916 - Alkoxyarylamino analog of the Etonitazene *EA 4919 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4920 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4921 - CHT inert isomer *EA 4922 - CHT inert isomer *EA 4923 - CHT gas *EA 4929 - Benzetimide *EA 4937 - Alkoxyarylamino analog of the Etonitazene (Analgesic potency = 55) * EA 4941 - Etonitazene (free base) *EA 4977 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4978 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4979 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4980 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4981 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4984 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4985 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4986 - Alkoxyarylamino analog of the Etonitazene *EA 4987 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4988 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4989 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4992 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4993 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4994 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4995 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4996 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 4997 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5006 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene (Analgesic potency = 17) *EA 5011 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5014 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5015 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5016 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5019 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5020 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5033 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene *EA 5049 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5094 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5147 - Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5155 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene *EA 5167 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5194 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5195 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5199 - Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5202 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5211 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5225 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5236 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5243 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5244 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5245 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5265 - 2,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate *EA 5270 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene (Analgesic Potency = 1000) *EA 5298 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5299 - Phenylenediacetyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5302 - 33% EA-3834B and 67% EA-4923 *EA 5309 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5310 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5320 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5340 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5345 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5352 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5355 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5360 - Neuroleptic agent * EA 5365 - G-agent V *EA 5366 - GV

methylated In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. These t ...

to iodide salt *EA 5371 - Phenylenediacetyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5382 - Phenylenediacetyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5389 - Thio-EA 5265 *EA 5398 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5400 - G-agent X *EA 5403 - 1,1-Dimethylamino-2-propyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidofluoridate *EA 5410 - GV-agent *EA 5414 - GV4 *EA 5432 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5443 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5444 - Neuroleptic agent *EA 5448 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5458 - GVX *EA 5471 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5474 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5475 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5476 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5478 - V-sub agent T *EA 5479 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5480 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5481 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5482 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5483 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5484 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5485 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5488 - GV-O-Quinuclidinyl *EA 5490 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound *EA 5492 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5493 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5494 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5502 - A GV agent derivative *EA 5506 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5511 - GV-agent *EA 5533 - V-agent *EA 5540 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5579 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5581 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5582 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5583 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5584 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5585 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5586 - Octa-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate *EA 5615 - EA-5365 precursor candidate *EA 5636 - EA-5365 precursor candidate *EA 5696 - Morphine related compound *EA 5752 - IR metallic smoke *EA 5753 - IR metallic smoke *EA 5753D - Dedusted IR metallic smoke *EA 5755 - IR metallic smoke *EA 5761 - Organophosphonate binary *EA 5763 - IR metallic smoke *EA 5763D - Dedusted IR metallic smoke *EA 5768 - IR graphite smoke *EA 5769 - IR metallic smoke *EA 5774 - Soman binary *EA 5774-T - Thickened soman binary * EA 5823 - Sarin (GB) as a binary agent from mixing OPA (

isopropyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name propan-2-ol and also called isopropanol or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable organic compound with a pungent alcoholic odor. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (chemical formula ) it is the simple ...

isopropyl amine Isopropylamine (monoisopropyl amine, MIPA, 2-Propylamine) is an organic compound, an amine. It is a hygroscopic colorless liquid with ammonia-like odor. It is miscible with water and flammable. It is a valuable intermediate in chemical industry. ...

) + DF *EA 5824 - EA-1356 binary *EA 5824-T - EA-1356 binary PMMA thickened *EA 5825 - Organophosphonate binary. *EA 5826 - Organophosphonate binary. *EA 5830 - EA 1699 binary. *EA 5852 - EA 1210 + EA 1356 binary *EA 5864 - Irritant agent *EA 5874 - Carbamate nerve agent *EA 5928 - Isopropyl tert-butylphosphonofluoridate *EA 5944 - G-agent simulant *EA 5945 - G-agent simulant *EA 5957 - A mustard agent *EA 5968 - A IR graphite smoke *EA 5978 - Incapacitating agent *EA 5983 - A mustard agent *EA 5992 - A mustard agent *EA 5995 - Incapacitating agent *EA 5999 - Titanium dioxide smoke *EA 6030 - G-agent * EA 6043 - V-agent *EA 6095 - A mercaptan related compound

References

General sources

*Two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at Edgewood have been self-published: **''Men and Poisons: The Edgewood Volunteers and the Army Chemical Warfare Research Program'' (2005), Xlibris Corporation, 140pp, was written by Malcolm Baker Bowers Jr, who went on to become a prof of psychiatry at Yale. Bowers' book is a "fictionalized" account with names changed. **''Chemical Warfare Secrets Almost Forgotten, A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the Cold War (1955–1975)'' (2006, 2nd edition 2007), foreword by

Alexander Shulgin Alexander Theodore "Sasha" Shulgin (June 17, 1925 – June 2, 2014) was an American medicinal chemist, biochemist, organic chemist, pharmacologist, psychopharmacologist, and author. He is credited with introducing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamph ...

, ChemBook, Inc., 360 pp, was written by Ketchum who was a key player after 1960 and went on to become a professor at the

University of California, Los Angeles The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA's academic roots were established in 1881 as a teachers college then known as the southern branch of the California St ...

. *The

Vanderbilt University Vanderbilt University (informally Vandy or VU) is a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee. Founded in 1873, it was named in honor of shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided the school its initial $1-million ...

Television News Archive has two videos about the experiments, both from a July 1975 ''NBC Evening News'' segment. **NBC newsman

John Chancellor John William Chancellor (July 14, 1927 – July 12, 1996) was an American journalist who spent most of his career with NBC News. He is considered a pioneer in TV news. He served as anchor of the ''NBC Nightly News'' from 1970 to 1982 and continu ...

reported on how

Norman Augustine Norman (Norm) Ralph Augustine (born July 27, 1935) is a United States of America, U.S. aerospace businessman who served as United States Under Secretary of the Army from 1975 to 1977. Augustine served as chairman and CEO of the Lockheed Martin, ...

, then-acting Secretary of Army, ordered a probe of Army use of LSD in soldier and civilian experiments. **Correspondent

Tom Pettit William Thomas Pettit (April 23, 1931 – December 22, 1995) was an American journalist, who was a television news correspondent for NBC from the 1960s through 1995. During most of that period, he filed reports for ''NBC Nightly News'' (as well ...

reported on Major General Lloyd Fellenz, from Edgewood Arsenal, who explained how the experiments there were about searching for humane weapons, adding that the use of LSD was unacceptable. *Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the

U.S. National Archives The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an " independent federal agency of the United States government within the executive branch", charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It i ...

, revealed that eight German scientists worked at Edgewood, under Project Paperclip. Hunt used this finding to assert that in this collaboration, US and former Nazi scientists "used Nazi science as a basis for

Dachau , , commandant = List of commandants , known for = , location = Upper Bavaria, Southern Germany , built by = Germany , operated by = ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) , original use = Political prison , construction ...

-like experiments on over 7,000 U.S. soldiers". *A ''The Washington Post'' article, dated July 23, 1975, by Bill Richards ("6,940 Took Drugs") reported that a top civilian drug researcher for the Army said a total of 6,940 servicemen had been involved in Army chemical and drug experiments, and that, furthermore, the tests were proceeding at Edgewood Arsenal as of the date of the article. *Two TV documentaries, with different content but confusingly similar titles were broadcast: **''Bad Trip to Edgewood'' (1993) on

ITV Yorkshire ITV Yorkshire, previously known as Yorkshire Television and commonly referred to as just YTV, is the British television service provided by ITV Broadcasting Limited for the Yorkshire franchise area on the ITV network. Until 1974, this was prima ...

**''Bad Trip to Edgewood'' (1994) on A&E ''Investigative Reports''. *In 2012, the Edgewood/Aberdeen experiments were featured on CNN and in ''The New Yorker'' magazine."Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments" (CNN; 3/1/12)

Citations

External links

Edgewood Test Vets: ''Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al.'' Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009)
Morrison & Foerster LLP, August 7, 2013
Hunt, Secret Agenda: The U.S. Government, Nazi Scientists and Project Paperclip 1945-1991.

''

The New Yorker ''The New Yorker'' is an American weekly magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. Founded as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is published 47 times annually, with five of these issues ...

'', December 26, 2012
Edgewood/Aberdeen Experiments
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs * David S. Martin
Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments
CNN, March 1, 2012 * Tom Bowman
Former sergeant seeks compensation for LSD testing at Edgewood Arsenal
, July 11, 1991, ''

The Baltimore Sun ''The Baltimore Sun'' is the largest general-circulation daily newspaper based in the U.S. state of Maryland and provides coverage of local and regional news, events, issues, people, and industries. Founded in 1837, it is currently owned by Tr ...

'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Edgewood Arsenal Experiments Central Intelligence Agency operations Chemical warfare History of the government of the United States Human subject research in the United States 20th-century military history of the United States Military psychiatry Mind control Psychedelic drug research Cannabis research Cannabis and the United States military Articles containing video clips