Cynipini is a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

gall wasp Gall wasps, also incorrectly called gallflies, are hymenopterans of the family Cynipidae in the wasp superfamily Cynipoidea. Their common name comes from the galls they induce on plants for larval development. About 1,300 species of this generall ...

s. These insects induce

gall Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to be ...

s in plants of the

beech Beech (''Fagus'') is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia, and North America. Recent classifications recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, ''Engleriana'' and ''Fagus''. The ''Engle ...

and

oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

family,

Fagaceae The Fagaceae are a family of flowering plants that includes beeches, chestnuts and oaks, and comprises eight genera with about 927 species. Fagaceae in temperate regions are mostly deciduous, whereas in the tropics, many species occur as evergre ...

. They are known commonly as the oak gall wasps.Melika, G., et al. (2013)
A new genus of oak gallwasp, ''Cyclocynips'' Melika, Tang & Sinclair (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with descriptions of two new species from Taiwan.
''Zootaxa'' 3630(3), 534-48. It is the largest cynipid tribe, with about 936Medianero, E. and J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. (2013)
''Barucynips panamensis'', a new genus and species of oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) from Panama, and description of one new species of ''Coffeikokkos''.
''ZooKeys'' (277), 25-46. to 1000 recognized species, most of which are associated with oaks. The tribe is mainly native to the

Holarctic The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical region ...

. Cynipini wasps can act as

ecosystem engineer An ecosystem engineer is any species that creates, significantly modifies, maintains or destroys a habitat. These organisms can have a large impact on species richness and landscape-level heterogeneity of an area. As a result, ecosystem enginee ...

s. Their galls can become hosts of

inquilines In zoology, an inquiline (from Latin ''inquilinus'', "lodger" or "tenant") is an animal that lives commensally in the nest, burrow, or dwelling place of an animal of another species. For example, some organisms such as insects may live in the h ...

, and the wasps themselves are hosts to

parasitoid In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable str ...

s. Most of these wasps undergo cyclical

parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis (; from the Greek grc, παρθένος, translit=parthénos, lit=virgin, label=none + grc, γένεσις, translit=génesis, lit=creation, label=none) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development ...

, sometimes reproducing sexually, and sometimes producing young without fertilization.

Genera

* '' Acraspis'' * '' Amphibolips'' * ''

Andricus ''Andricus'' is a genus of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. Life cycle As in all Hymenoptera, sex-determination in species of the genus ''Andricus'' is governed by haplodiploidy: males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, an ...

'' * ''

Antron Antron ( grc, Ἀντρών) or Antrones (Ἀντρῶνες)Demosthenes ''Phil.'' iv. p. 133, Reiske. was a town and polis (city-state) of ancient Thessaly in the district Achaea Phthiotis, at the entrance of the Maliac Gulf, and opposite Oreus ...

'' * '' Aphelonyx'' * '' Atrusca'' * '' Barucynips'' * ''

Bassettia ''Bassettia'' is a genus of gall wasps found in North America. Taxonomic history This genus was circumscribed by William Harris Ashmead in 1887. Ashmead named the genus after "Mr. H. F. Bassett, of Waterbury, Conn., who has done so much toward ...

'' * '' Belonocnema'' * '' Biorhiza'' *'' Burnettweldia'' * ''

Callirhytis ''Callirhytis'' is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. There are more than 90 described species in ''Callirhytis''. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Callirhytis'': * ''Callirhytis afion'' Melika ''et al.'', ...

'' * '' Cerroneuroterus'' * '' Chilaspis'' * '' Coffeikokkos'' * '' Cyclocynips'' * '' Cycloneuroterus'' * ''

Cynips ''Cynips'' is a genus of gall wasps in the tribe Cynipini, the oak gall wasps. One of the best known is the common oak gall wasp (''Cynips quercusfolii''), which induces characteristic spherical galls about two centimeters wide on the undersides ...

'' *'' Disholandricus'' * '' Disholcaspis'' *'' Dros'' *'' Druon'' * '' Dryocosmus'' *''

Erythres Erythres ( el, Ερυθρές, formerly known as Kriekouki, Greek: Κριεκούκι) is a village and a former municipality in the northernmost part of West Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality M ...

'' * '' Eumayria'' * '' Eumayriella'' *'' Femuros'' *'' Grahamstoneia'' * '' Heteroecus'' *'' Heocynips'' * '' Holocynips'' * '' Kinseyella'' *'' Kokocynips'' *'' Latuspina'' * '' Loxaulus'' * '' Melikaiella'' * ''

Neuroterus ''Neuroterus'' is a genus of gall wasps that induce galls on oaks in which the wasp larvae live and feed. Some species produce galls that fall off the host plant and 'jump' along the ground due to the movement of the larvae within. ''Neuroteru ...

'' *'' Nichollsiella'' * '' Odontocynips'' *'' Paracraspis'' * '' Philonix'' * '' Phylloteras'' * '' Plagiotrochus'' * '' Prokius'' * '' Protobalandricus'' * '' Pseudoneuroterus'' *'' Sphaeroteras'' *'' Striatoandricus'' * '' Trichagalma'' * '' Trichoteras'' *'' Trigonaspis'' *'' Xanthoteras'' * '' Zapatella'' * '' Zopheroteras''

References

Cynipidae {{wasp-stub Hymenoptera tribes